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JAMES  F.  O'CCHMAN 
Box  98  Lan&sviile  Station 
Gloucester,  Massachusetts  01930 

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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Getty  Research  Institute 


https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00mcca_4 


FROM 'THE  ART  GALLERY- C  ENTEFNTALi  EXHIBITION. ■ 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 

OF  THE 

Centennial  Exhibition, 

HELD  IN  COMMEMORATION 

OF 

THE  ONE  HUNDREDTH  ANNIVERSARY 

OF 

AMERICAN  INDEPENDENCE. 

WITH  A  FULL  DESCRIPTION  OF 

THE  GREAT  BUILDINGS  AND  ALL  THE  OBJECTS  OF 
INTEREST  EXHIBITED  IN  THEM, 

EMBRACING  ALSO 

A  Concise  History  of  the  Origin  and  Success  of  the  Exhibition,  ?,nd  Biographies  of  the 
Leading  Members  of  the  Centennial  Commission, 

TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED 

A  COMPLETE  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 
BY  JAMES  D.  McCABE, 

AUTHOR  OF  THE  “CKNTKNNTAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES," 
“PATHWAYS  OF  THE  HOLY  LAND,"  ETC.,  ETC. 

EMBELLISHED  WITH  NEARLY  400  FINE  ENGRAVINGS  OF  BUILDINGS,  EXHIBITS  AND 
SCENES  IN  THE  GREAT  EXHIBITION. 


Issued  by  subscription  only,  and  not  for  sale  in  the  book  stores.  Residents  of  any  State  desiring 
a  copy  should  address  the  Publishers,  and  an  Agent  will  cal!  upon  them.  See  page  919. 

PUBLISHED  BY 

THE  NATIONAL  PUBLISHING  COMPANY. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Chicago,  III.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1876,  by 
«J.  22,.  CTOHSTIES, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  ot  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C> 


VIEW  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING,  SHOWING  THE  SPANISH,  EGYPTIAN  AND  DANISH  COURTS 


PREFACE. 


SHE  close  of  the  first  century  of  American  Inde¬ 
pendence  naturally  called  for  some  extraor- 
dinary  and  imposing  commemoration  of  the 
great  event ;  and  when  it  was  proposed  to  cele¬ 
brate  it  by  an  International  Exhibition,  in  which  the 
American  Republic  should  display  to  the  world  the 
triumphs  it  has  achieved  in  the  noble  arts  of  peace 
during  its  first  century  of  national  existence,  and  in 
which  these  triumphs  should  be  compared  in  friendly 
rivalry  with  those  of  other  and  older  nations,  there 
was  a  general  and  cordial  response  of  approval  from 
the  entire  country.  Out  of  this  sentiment  the  Inter¬ 
national  Centennial  Exhibition  was  born.  Foreign 
nations  entered  cordially  into  the  competition  to  which 
they  were  invited,  and  the  enterprise  was  carried  for¬ 
ward  to  completion  with  the  most  gratifying  energy 
and  promptness. 

The  International  Centennial  Exhibition  was  a 
grand  success.  It  surmounted  its  early  difficulties  and 
delighted  its  friends  and  silenced  its  enemies  by  the 
beauty  and  grandeur  of  its  proportions,  and  by  its 

3 


4 


PREFACE. 


positive  and  overwhelming  success  as  compared  with 
the  previous  great  Exhibitions  of  the  world. 

It  is  a  success  of  which  the  American  people  have 
especial  cause  to  be  proud,  for  it  was  entirely  their 
work.  The  great  International  Exhibitions  of  Europe 
were  the  work  of  the  governments  of  the  countries  in 
which  they  were  held,  and  were  fostered  with  the  great¬ 
est  care,  and  every  resource  of  the  state  was  placed  at 
their  disposal  to  insure  success.  The  Centennial 
Exhibition,  on  the  contrary,  was  viewed  with  disfavor 
by  the  American  Government,  which  withheld  its  aid 
until  the  indignant  remonstrances  of  the  people  forced 
it  to  come  forward  and  do  its  share  in  the  work.  The 
Centennial  Exhibition  was  thus  the  work  of  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  conceived  by  them,  carried  for¬ 
ward  to  its  close  by  them,  and  made  by  them  the 
grandest  success  of  the  century. 

The  deepest  interest  was  manifested  by  all  classes  of 
our  people  in  their  beautiful  Exhibition.  Thousands 
came  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  and  yet  other 
thousands  from  abroad,  to  visit  the  great  Exhibition, 
and  all  these  went  away  with  the  acknowledgment 
that,  great  as  their  expectations  were,  they  were  more 
than  realized. 

Believing  that  such  would  be  the  interest  of  the 
American  people  in  the  Exhibition,  the  author  began 
at  an  early  day  the  preparation  of  this  work,  in  which 
he  has  sought  to  present  to  the  reader  not  only  the 
history  of  the  great  enterprise,  from  its  inception  down 


PREFACE. 


5 


to  its  close,  but  at  the  same  time  to  give  to  him  a  life¬ 
like  picture  of  the  Exhibition  and  its  varied  sights 
and  attractions.  Apart  from  his  other  labors,  he 
visited  every  portion  of  the  Exhibition  in  person, 
note-book  in  hand,  and  has  endeavored  to  record 
faithfully  and  accurately  the  various  features  and 
incidents  of  the  great  fair  which  seem  to  him  most 
likely  to  give  the  reader  a  correct  idea  of  it.  He 
ventures  to  hope  that  he  has  succeeded  in  this  task, 
and  that  the  work  will  be  found  of  use  and  interest 
by  those  who  visited  the  Exhibition  and  saw  for 
themselves  the  beautiful  and  instructive  display  de¬ 
scribed  herein,  as  well  as  by  the  thousands  who  could 
not  enjoy  this  privilege.  These  latter  know  the  Ex¬ 
hibition  only  by  the  reports  that  reach  them  through 
their  friends  and  the  newspapers.  For  their  benefit 
chiefly  the  author  has  written  these  pages,  in  which 
he  has  endeavored  to  enable  them  to  become  familiar 
with  the  Exhibition  without  either  the  expense  or 
trouble  attendant  upon  a  visit  to  it.  It  is  believed 
that  those  who  visited  the  Exhibition  will  find  a 
perusal  of  these  pages  of  benefit  to  them.  The  Ex¬ 
hibition  was  a  world  within  itself,  and  the  visitor 
entering  its  portals  was  plunged  at  once  into  the 
midst  of  so  much  that  was  beautiful,  novel,  and  at¬ 
tractive  that  he  was  bewildered.  A  thorough  study 
of  this  eighth  wonder  of  the  world  through  the 
medium  of  some  systematic  and  carefully  prepared 
account  of  it  cannot  fail  to  be  of  great  benefit  to  the 


6 


PREFACE. 


intelligent  visitor.  Such  a  means  of  study  is  offered 
him  in  this  work. 

Those  who  saw  the  Exhibition  will,  it  is  believed, 
admit  the  truthfulness  of  the  picture  herein  presented, 
whatever  they  may  think  of  the  manner  in  which 
the  work  is  executed. 

The  engravings  in  this  work  have  been  prepared 
especially  for  it,  and  at  great  expense.  It  is  sufficient 
to  say  that  they  were  engraved  by  Messrs.  Van  Ingen 
&  Snyder,  Philadelphia,  Harper  &  Bros.,  New  York, 
and  other  well-known  houses. 


Philadelphia, 

February  20th ,  1877. 


Jas.  D.  McCabe. 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA. — HISTORICAL. 

Founding  of  Philadelphia  by  William  Penn— His  Treaty  with  the  Indians 
—Original  Plan  of  the  City— Growth  of  the  City— The  Revolution- 
Occupation  by  the  British — Commercial  Prosperity  of  Philadelphia — 

Its  Banking  Interests — Consolidation  of  the  Suburbs  with  the  City — The 
Centennial  Census— Population  of  Philadelphia .  17 

CHAPTER  II. 

PHILADELPHIA  IN  1876. 

Location  of  Philadelphia — Size  of  the  City — Its  Regularity — Materials 
used  in  Building  the  Houses — “The  City  of  Homes” — Philadelphia 
Houses — Mr.  Kortwright’s  Statistics — The  Public  Squares — Market 
Street — The  House  in  which  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  written 
— The  National  Publishing  Company’s  Building — Second  Street — Christ 
Church — Chestnut  Street — A  Splendid  Thoroughfare — Carpenter’s  Hall 
— The  Continental  Congress — The  First  Prayer  in  Congress — The  Custom 
House — The  Post-Office — Independence  Hall — The  Fashionable  Prom¬ 
enade — Noted  Buildings — The  Hotels — The  Continental — The  United 
States  Mint — Walnut  Street — The  Merchants’  Exchange — The  Commer¬ 
cial  Exchange — An  Interesting  Site — Pennsylvania  and  Philadelphia 
&  Reading  Railroad  Buildings — Offices  of  the  Centennial  Commission — 

The  Abode  of  Wealth  and  Fashion — Arch  Street — The  Grave  of  Frank¬ 
lin — Handsome  Churches — Broad  Street — The  Baltimore  Depot — Penn¬ 
sylvania  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb — Academy  of  Music — The 
Colosseum — Union  League  Club  House — The  Public  Buildings — The 
Masonic  Temple — Academy  of  Fine  Arts — Reading  Railroad  Depot — 
Third  Street — The  Financial  Centre— The  Girard  Bank — Old  Churches.  24 

15 


16 


i 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  III. 

PHILADELPHIA  IN  1876 — CONCLUDED. 

Steam  Railroads — Steamship  Lines — The  Philadelphia  Markets — Promi¬ 
nent  Churches — Cathedral — The  old  Swedes’  Church — The  Public 
Schools — University  of  Pennsylvania — The  Medical  Colleges — Girard 
College — The  Philadelphia  Library — Mercantile  Library — Ridgway 
Library — Academy  of  Natural  Sciences — Learned  Societies — The  Zo¬ 
ological  Gardens — Benevolent  Institutions — The  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
— Insane  Asylum — Prisons— House  of  Correction — Places  of  Amuse¬ 
ment — Cemeteries — Newspapers — Banks— Gas  and  Water — Street  Rail¬ 
ways — The  Water  Front — The  Delaware  Shore — The  Coal  Wharves — 
Camden — Smith’s  and  Windmill  Islands — League  Island — The  Navy 
Yard — Fort  Mifflin — A  Reminiscence  of  the  Revolution — The  Schuyl¬ 
kill  River — The  Bridges — The  Fairmount  and  Girard  Avenue  Bridges 
— West  Philadelphia — Germantown — Manufactures  and  Commerce.. . .  92 

CHAPTER  IV. 

FAIRMOUNT  PARK. 

Dimensions  of  the  Park — Its  History — Improvements — -Old  Fairmount 
and  Lemon  IT i  1 1: — The  Waterworks — The  Lincoln  Monument — Sedgeley 
Park — The  River  Road — The  East  Park — The  Storage  Reservoir — Old 
Country-seats — Mount  Pleasant — Arnold’s  Home — The  Wissahickon — ■ 

The  Hotels — The  Hermit’s  Well — The  Mystics — Washington’s  Rock — 

The  Monastery — The  West  Park — Solitude — The  Zoological  Gardens — 
Lansdowne — George’s  Hill — Belmont — The  Sawyer  Observatory .  144 

CHAPTER  V. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBITIONS  OF  THE  PAST. 

Origin  of  Industrial  Exhibitions — The  First  French  Exhibitions — The  Ex¬ 
hibitions  at  Paris  in  1844  and  1849 — The  Dublin  Exhibition  of  1827 — 

The  First  International  Exhibition,  held  at  London,  in  1851 — The 
Crystal  Palace — The  New  York  Exhibition  of  1855 — The  French  Ex¬ 
hibition  of  1855 — The  Palace  of  Industry — The  Manchester  and  Flor¬ 
ence  Exhibitions — The  London  Exhibition  of  1862 — Other  Displays — 

The  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867 — Other  Exhibitions — "The  Vienna  Exhi¬ 
bition  of  1873 .  167 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 

The  First  Proposals  for  the  Exhibition— Action  of  the  City  Councils  of 
Philadelphia — The  Memorial  to  Congress — The  Act  of  Incorporation — 
Appointment  of  the  Centennial  Commission — Creation  of  the  Board  of 


CONTENTS. 


17 


Finance — Liberal  Action  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia — Donation  of  the 
Exhibition  Grounds — Proclamation  of  the  President  of  the  United  States 
— The  Invitation  to  Foreign  Powers — The  Law  for  the  Free  Entry  of 
Exhibitors’  Goods— The  General  Government  Takes  Part  in  the  Exhi¬ 
bition — The  Ground  Broken,  July  4th,  1874 — Plans  of  the  Commission 
— Regulations  for  Exhibitors — Order  of  the  Treasury  Department — 
Work  of  the  Board  of  Finance — Sales  of  Stock — The  Bureau  of  Revenue 
— Its  Successful  Work — Sale  of  Medals — Appropriations  by  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  and  Philadelphia — Refusal  of  Congress  to  Aid  the  Exhibition — 
Report  of  the  Board  of  Finance — Action  of  the  States — Appropriations 
by  Foreign  Governments — Congress  Appropriates  a  Million  and  a  Half 
to  the  Exhibition — Reception  of  Goods — Completion  of  the  Work — The 
System  of  Awards . 193 

CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

A  List  of  the  Officers  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  the  Commissioners 
from  Foreign  Countries .  .  253 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE  WORK  OF  THE  RAILROADS  AND  THE  HOTELS. 

Rush  of  Visitors  to  Philadelphia — Arrangements  for  Transportation  of 
Visitors  by  the  Railroads  of  the  United  States — Settlement  of  the  Ques¬ 
tion  of  Fares — Arrangements  of  the  Railroads  leading  into  Philadelphia 
— How  the  Exhibition  Grounds  were  reached  from  the  City — The  Penn¬ 
sylvania  Railroad — Magnificent  Equipment  of  the  Road — The  Model 
Railroad  of  the  Union — Arrangements  of  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading 
Railroad — The  Schuylkill  Steamboats — The  Street  Railway  Arrange¬ 
ments — Cabs  and  Carriages — Regulations  concerning  them — The  Phila¬ 
delphia  Plotels — The  Centennial  Lodging-House  Agency — Boarding 
Houses — Suburban  Hotels .  263 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  OPENING  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

Arrangements  for  the  Opening — Programme  Issued  by  the  Centennial 
Commission — Scenes  in  Philadelphia  on  the  9th  of  May — The  Opening 
Day — The  Rush  to  the  Grounds —Arrival  of  Visitors  from  Distant 
Points — The  Gates  Thrown  Open — The  Grand  Stands — A  Brilliant  Scene 
— Arrival  of  the  President  of  the  United  States — Wagner’s  Centennial 
March — Bishop  Simpson’s  Prayer — Whittier’s  Hymn — Enthusiasm  of 
the  Multitude — Transfer  of  the  Exhibition  to  the  Centennial  Commis- 


2 


18 


CONTEXTS. 


sion — The  Centennial  Cantata — Address  of  General  Hawley — President 
Grant  Declares  the  Exhibition  Open — The  Flag  Unfurled — The  Presi¬ 
dent’s  Tour  Through  the  Buildings— The  Starting  of  the  Great  Engine 
— Scenes  in  the  Exhibition  Grounds— Illumination  of  the  City . 277 

CHAPTER  X. 

WITHOUT  THE  GROUNDS. 

Rapid  Growth  of  the  Centennial  Town— The  Transcontinental  and  Globe 
Hotels — The  United  States — The  Grand  Exposition — The  Panorama- 
Sights  and  Scenes  on  Elm  Avenue — The  Cheap  Hotels — The  Beer-Gar¬ 
dens— The  Carriage  Sheds — The  Cheap  Museums — The  Oil  Wells — The 
Street  Car  Concourse — A  Busy  Scene — Centennial  Depot  of  the  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  Railroad — Belmont  Avenue — Appearance  of  the  Street — The 
Largest  Soda  Fountain  in  the  World— The  Restaurants— The  Tropical 
Garden — A  Delightful  Resort — George’s  Hill — Belmont — The  Steam 
boat  Landing — Centennial  Depot  of  the  Reading  Railroad .  306 

CHAPTER  XI. 

THE  EXHIBITION  GROUNDS. 

Topography  of  the  Grounds — The  Ravines — The  Entrances — The  Turn¬ 
stiles — Styles  of  Tickets  used — The  Photograph  Regulation — The  Cen¬ 
tennial  Guard — The  Fire  Department — The  Narrow-Gauge  Railway — • 

The  Rolling  Chair  Service — Landscape  Gardening — The  Flowers — The 
Avenues — The  Bridges — Bartholdi’s  Fountain — The  Roman  Catholic 
Total  Abstinence  Fountain — The  Centennial  Waterworks — Relief  Plans 
of  Foreign  Cities — Statue  of  Religious  Liberty — Statues  of  Christopher 
Columbus  and  Elias  Howe — The  Hunter’s  Camp — An  Old-Fashioned 
Railroad  Train — The  American  Soldiers’  Monument — The  Ice-Water 
Fountain — The  Indian  Camp .  324 

CHAPTER  XII. 

THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 

Description  of  the  Main  Building — A  Monster  Edifice — The  Interior — 

A  Magnificent  Hall — Decorations  —  The  Galleries — A  Beautiful  and 
Imposing  Scene  —  Water-Closets  —  Restaurants  —  Fountains  —  Letter 
Boxes — Telegraph  System — The  Elevator — Classification  of  the  Display 
in  the  Building — The  American  Department — The  Great  Organ — The 
Massachusetts  Educational  Exhibit — The  Roosevelt  Organ — The  Paper 
Makers — The  Book  Pavilion — The  Model  Post-Office — The  Cotton  and 
Woollen  Goods — The  Carpet  Rooms — American  Pottery — Among  the 
Iron  Workers — The  Fire-Arms  Exhibit— Rich  Costumes — The  Tele¬ 
graphic  Display — The  Gas  Fixture  Department — A  Brilliant  Display — 


FOOD  FISHES  OF  THE  SEA — EXHIBITED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 


CONTENTS. 


19 


The  Jewellers  and  Silversmiths — The  Moorish  Pavilion — A  Gorgeous 
Exhibit  of  Rare  and  Costly  Objects — The  Century  Vase — The  Cologne 
Fountains — The  Furniture  Display — Model  Houses  Completely  Fur¬ 
nished — The  Pianos  and  Organs — Beautiful  Instruments — Concerts — 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland — Magnificent  Display  of  Silver  and  Plated 
Ware — Splendid  Furniture  and  Church  Ornaments — Beautiful  Porce¬ 
lains — Superb  Pottery — Statuary — Process  of  Making  Pottery — The  Tile 
Exhibit — Rich  Iron  Work — Rare  Furniture — A  Royal  Pavilion — Grand 
Display  of  Cotton  and  Woollen  Goods  and  Linens — Jewelry — Splendid 
Carpets — The  Book  Display— The  Graphic’s  Art  Collection — Rich 
Stained  Glass — A  Gorgeous  Show  from  India — The  Canadian  Exhibit — 
The  Manufactures  and  Natural  Products  of  the  Dominion — The  Educa¬ 
tional  Exhibit  of  Ontario — The  Australian  Exhibits — The  Wonders  and 
Resources  of  the  Pacific  Continent — Pyramids  of  Gold — Superb  Photo¬ 
graphs  of  Australian  Scenes — Dust  from  the  Gold  Coast — Native  Dia¬ 
monds — The  West  Indian  Display — France — The  French  Court — Rare 
Bronzes — Exquisite  Porcelains — The  Textile  Fabrics  of  France — The 
Silk  Court — Beautiful  Laces — Statuary — Religious  Groups — The  Book 
Trade  Exhibit — Fine  Engravings — Fine  Cutlery — Articles  de  Paris- 
Scientific  and  Philosophical  Apparatus . 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE  MAIN  BUILDING — CONCLUDED. 

Germany — Location  of  the  German  Section — A  Superb  Display  of  Porce¬ 
lain — Beautiful  Vases — Plate  Glass — Bronzes — The  Silks — Display  of 
the  Elberfeld  Manufacturers — The  Ivory  Pavilion — The  Chemical  Dis¬ 
play — The  Velvet  Pagoda — The  Hospital  Department — Fine  Church 
Decorations — Models  of  an  Ocean  Steamer — The  Book  Pavilion — The 
Austrian  Court— Magnificent  Bohemian  Glass — The  Meerschaum  Pipes 
— Exquisite  Carvings — Vienna  Leather  Work — The  Italian  Court — 
Artistic  Wood  Carvings — Beautiful  Jewelry — Glassware  from  Venice — 
Belgium — Magnificent  Display  of  Textile  Fabrics — Carved  Furniture 
— Fire-arms — A  Belgian  School  and  Gymnasium — The  Lace  Court — 
Beautiful  Iron  Work — Pictures  in  Tapestry — The  Netherlands — A  Grand 
Display  of  the  Public  Works  of  Holland — The  Woollen  Goods — Model 
Farms — A  Dutch  Eating-house — Rare  and  Beautiful  Art  Works — Educa¬ 
tional  Exhibit — The  Artisans’  School — Switzerland  in  Miniature — The 
Watchmakers — Scientific  Instruments — The  Swiss  School  System — Rich 
Laces — The  Wood  Carvers — Sweden — The  Peasant  Groups — Scenes  in 
the  Home  Life  of  the  Swedes — A  Beautiful  Exhibit — Fine  Porcelains — 
The  Bessemer  Steelmakers — Display  of  the  Swedish  Army — Norway — 
Peasant  Groups — The  Laplanders — A  Fine  Collection — The  Danish 
Court — Etruscan  Imitations — Esquimaux  Houses  and  Boats— The  Span¬ 
ish  Pavilion — A  Beautiful  Structure — Rich  Display  of  the  Resources 
and  Wealth  of  Spain — Evidences  of  Spanish  Industry — The  Egyptian 


337 


20 


CONTENTS. 


Court — A  Rare  and  Beautiful  Display  from  the  Land  of  the  Kile — The 
Past  and  the  Present — A  Page  from  the  Arabian  Nights — Rich  Robes — 
Articles  from  Central  Africa — Egypt’s  Agricultural  Resources — The 
Japanese  Court — A  Wonderful  Display — Superb  Bronzes — The  Lacq¬ 
uered  Ware — What  the  Island  Empire  Exhibits — The  Chinese  Court — 

A  Beautiful  and  Curious  Display — Exhibit  of  the  Orange  Free  State — 
Another  Sample  of  Dutch  Energy — The  Tunisian  Court — Eastern  Mag¬ 
nificence — Display  of  the  Native  Products  and  Manufactures  of  Mexico 
— ' The  Brazilian  Pavilion-s-A  Superb  Edifice — The  Empire  of  Brazil 
Illustrated — Exhibit  of  the  other  South  American  States — Display  from 
the  Sandwich  Islands — The  Russian  Exhibit — Rich  and  Beautiful  Ob¬ 
jects  from  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow — The  Portuguese  Court — A  Hand¬ 
some  Collection — Special  Portuguese  Features — The  Turkish  Court — 

The  Wonders  of  the  Land  of  the  Sultan — The  Mineral  Annex— The 
Carriage  Annex . .  400 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

MACHINERY  HALL. 

Description  of  the  Building — The  Interior — Conveniences  for  Visitors — 
Precautions  Against  Fire — The  Corliss  Engine — Distribution  of  Power 
— The  American  Display — Curious  and  Interesting  Machines — The 
Steam-Engines — The  First  Steam-Engine  in  America — The  Blast  Fur¬ 
nace — The  Sewing  Machines — A  Handsome  Display — The  Suspension 
Bridge  Exhibit — A  Monster  Cotton  Press — Weaving  Machines — Making 
Watches  by  Machinery — Carpet  Weaving — The  Water  Motors — The 
Locomotives — The  Railway  Exhibit — The  Vacuum  Pan — The  Tobacco 
Factory — Making  India  Rubber  Shoes — Making  Candies  by  Machinery 
— The  Massachusetts  Marine — Among  the  Printing  Machines — The  Old 
Franklin  Press — Printing  the  New  York  Herald — The  Ice  Yacht — 
American  Machine  Shops — Nail  and  Tack  Making— The  Hydraulic 
Annex — The  Tank — The  Cascade — The  Hydraulic  and  Blowing  Ma¬ 
chines — The  British  Section — The  Road  Steamers — Iron  Armor  Plate — 
Weaving  Machines — Railway  Models — The  Walter  Press — The  Sugar 
Mill — The  Canadian  Exhibit — The  German  Section — The  Krupp  Guns 
— The  French  Section  —  Silk  Weaving  —  Lithographing  —  Belgian 
Machinery — The  Well-Borer — The  Swedish  Section  and  Exhibits — The 
Russian  Guns — The  Brazilian  Section — A  Handsome  and  Characteristic 
Display .  470 

CHAPTER  XV 

AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 

Description  of  the  Building — Interior  Arrangements — Classification  of  the 
Exhibit — The  American  Department — Agricultural  Machinery — The 
Plows — Harvesting  Machines — Threshing  Machines — The  Cider  Mill 


CONTENTS. 


21 


— The  Native  Wines  of  America — The  Starch  Makers — The  Windmill — 

The  Natural  History  Collection — The  California  Buffet — The  Aquaria — 

The  Tobacco  Exhibit — A  Fine  Display — Collective  Exhibits  of  the 
Agricultural  Products  of  the  States  of  the  Union — Daniel  Webster’s 
Plow — The  Cape  Ann  Fisheries— “  Old  Abe  ” — The  British  Court— A 
Small  Display — Agricultural  Products  of  Canada — Canadian  Machinery 
— The  French  Exhibit — A  Fine  Display  of  French  Wines — Germany’s 
Contribution — The  Wines  of  the  Rhine  land — Agricultural  Products  of 
Austria  and  Hungary — Exhibit  of  Russian  Products — Italian  Wines  and 
Oils — Bologna  Sausages — The  Spanish  Court — A  Complete  Exhibit  of 
the  Products  of  Spain — The  Portuguese  Collection — Holland’s  Exhibit 
— The  Norway  Fisheries — Swedish  Exhibit — The  Japanese  Court — The 
Tea  and  Silk  Culture — The  Brazilian  Court — The  Cotton  Pavilion — A 
Remarkable  Collection  —  The  Brazilian  Silk  Culture  —  Exhibits  of 
Venezuela  and  the  Argentine  Republic — The  Liberian  Court — The 
Pomological  Annex — The  Wagon  Annex .  521 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

HORTICULTURAL  HALL. 

Description  of  the  Building — The  Grand  Conservatory — A  Beautiful  Hall 
— The  Fountain — Cost  of  the  Building — Classification  of  the  Exhibit — A 
Rich  Collection  of  Tropical  Plants — A  Beautiful  Scene — The  Forcing 
Houses — The  East  and  West  Rooms — Exhibit  of  Gardening  Materials — 

The  Electrical  Organ— ‘The  Horticultural  Grounds — The  Guano  Pavilion 
— The  Tent — Anthony  Waterer’s  Rhododendrons— The  Cuban  Summer 
House . .  564 

CHAPTER  XVil. 

MEMORIAL  HALL. 

Description  of  the  Building— Bronze  Groups  of  Statuary — The  Annex — 
Classification  of  the  Art  Exhibit — The  Reception  and  Central  Halls — 

The  Paintings  and  Statues  in  them — The  Art  Galleries — Notable  Pic¬ 
tures  by  American  Artists — The  English  Gallery — Masterpieces  of  the 
Modern  English  Painters — The  Older  English  Artists — The  Queen’s 
Pictures — The  South  Kensington  Exhibit — The  French  Pictures— The 
German  Gallery — The  Austrian  Collection — A  Fine  Collection  of  Italian 
Statuary — Italian  Paintings  —  The  Castellani  Collections  —  Spanish 
Pictures — Art  Gems  from  Sweden  and  Norway — Masterpieces  of  the 
Modern  Dutch  School — Notable  Pictures  from  Belgium — The  Danish 
Gallery — Brazilian  and  Mexican  Art — The  Photographic  Annex — A 
Fine  Display  of  Photographs .  577 


22 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 

L^scription  of  the  Building — The  Grounds — Exhibits  of  the  Various 
Departments  Outside  of  the  Building — The  Monitor  Turret — The  Great 
Guns  of  the  Army  and  Navy — The  Postal  Cars — The  Transit  of  Venus 
Exhibit — Army  Trains — Disposition  of  Space  in  the  Hall — Exhibit  of 
the  Post-Office  Department — A  Model  Post-Office — The  Agricultural 
Department — A  Fine  Display — The  Interior  Department — Exhibit  of 
the  Patent  Office — Historical  Relics — A  Rich  Display  of  Indian  Curi¬ 
osities — The  Educational  Exhibit — The  Census — Photographs  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  the  Territories — A  Magnificent  Display  by  the 
Smithsonian  Institution — The  Animals  and  Fishes  of  the  United  States 
— The  Mineral  Collection — The  Treasury  Exhibit — The  Light-House 
and  Coast  Survey  Branches — The  Navy  Department — A  Splendid  and 
Complete  Display  of  the  Construction  and  Equipment  of  an  American 
Man-of-War — The  Torpedo  Service — The  War  Department — Splendid 
Exhibit  of  the  Signal  Service — The  Engineer  Corps  and  its  Work — 
Making  Rifles  and  Cartridges  by  Machinery — The  Post  Hospital — The 
Laboratory — The  Light-House .  607 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE  WOMAN’S  BUILDING. 

Description  of  the  Building — Its  Cost — A  Lady  Engineer — The  Interior 
of  the  Building — The  Exhibit — The  Looms — Works  of  Female  Artists 
— Inventions  of  W omen — Institutions  Managed  by  Women — Splendid 
Embroideries — Display  from  Foreign  Countries — The  Printing  Office..  654 

CHAPTER  XX 

THE  MINOR  STRUCTURES  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

The  State  Buildings — St.  George’s  House — The  French  Government 
Building — The  French  Stained  Glass  Pavilion — The  German  Govern¬ 
ment  Building — The  Spanish  Buildings — The  Portuguese  Building— 

The  Swedish  School-House — The  Canadian  Log-House — The  Brazilian 
Building — The  Japanese  Dwelling  and  Bazaar — The  Turkish  and  Tu¬ 
nisian  Coffee  Houses  and  Bazaars — The  Syrian  Bazaars — The  Moorish 
Villa — The  Chilian  Machinery  Hall — Buildings  of  the  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission — The  Judges’  Hall-  The  Restaurants — The  Shoe  and  Leather 
Building  —  The  Brewers’  Hall — The  Butter  and  Cheese  Factory — 
Department  of  Public  Comfort — Singer  Sewing  Machine  Cottage — The 
Centennial  Photographic  Association — The  American  Railroad  Ticket 
Office — Empire  Transportation  Company’s  Building — Starr’s  Iron  Works 
— The  Glass  Works — Campbell  Printing  Press  Building — The  American 


CONTENTS. 


23 


Newspaper  Building — The  World’s  Ticket  Office — The  Palestine  Camp 
— The  Women’s  School-House — The  American  Kindergarten — The 
New  England  Farmer’s  Home  and  Modern  Kitchen — Pacific  Guano 
Company’s  Building — The  Sheet-Metal  Pavilion — The  United  States 
Life-Saving  Station — The  Elevated  Railway — The  Windmills . 662 

CHAPTER  XXL 

BIOGRAPHICAL. 

General  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  President  of  the  United  States  Centennial 
Commission — John  Welsh,  Chairman  of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Fi¬ 
nance — Alfred  T.  Goshorn,  Director-General  of  the  Exhibition — Pro¬ 
fessor  John  L.  Campbell,  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Centennial 
Commission — General  Charles  B.  Norton,  Secretary  of  the  Centennial 
Bureau  of  Revenue .  727 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

THE  CELEBRATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  OF  JULY,  1876, 

AT  PHILADELPHIA. 

Arrangements  for  the  Great  Celebration — Independence  Hall  Decorated 
— The  Centennial  Legion — The  Blue  and  the  Gray — Ceremonies  of 
July  1st— Congress  of  Authors — The  Great  Civic  Parade  of  July  3d — 

The  Midnight  Celebration — Dawn  of  the  Fourth — The  Military  Parade 
— The  Exercises  in  Independence  Square — Illumination  and  Fireworks.  741 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  REGATTA. 

Arrangements  for  the  Regatta— The  Prizes— Sketch  of  the  Schuylkill 
Navy — Programme  of  the  Races —Biographical  Sketch  of  Commodore 
James  M.  Ferguson— Description  of  the  Races— The  Winners .  753 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

THE  LIVE-STOCK  DISPLAYS. 

Arrangements  for  the  Display  of  Live-stock— Description  of  the  Grounds 
—The  Horse  Show— The  Noted  Animals— The  Dog  Show— The  Cattle 
Show — A  Superb  Exhibit — Display  of  Sheep,  Swine  and  Goats — The 
Poultry  Show .  762 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

THE  STATE  DAYS. 

Arrangements  for  the  State  Celebrations — New  Jersey  Day — An  Inspirit- 
ing  Spectacle — Connecticut  Day — Massachusetts  Day — New  York  Day 
— A  Grand  Ovation  to  the  Governor  of  the  Empire  State — Pennsylvania 
Day — The  Grandest  Celebration  of  All — A  Gala  Day  at  the  Exhibition 


24 


CONTENTS. 


— Rhode  Island  Day— New  Hampshire  Day — Delaware,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia  Day — The  Delaware  Celebration — The  Tournament — The  Ball 
— Ohio  Day — Vermont  Day . . . 783 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

THE  RECORD  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

Statement  of  Leading  Events  Connected  With  and  Growing  Out  of  the 
Exhibition . 830 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

THE  ANNOUNCEMENT  OF  THE  AWARDS. 

Ceremonies  at  Judges’  Hall — Announcement  of  the  Awards  granted  by 
the  Commission — List  of  the  Principal  Awards  in  Each  Class .  837 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

The  Closing  Day — The  Attendance  at  the  Exhibition — Ceremonies  in 
Judges’  Hall — The  Music — Address  of  Hon.  D.  J.  Morrell — The  Te 
Deum — Remarks  of  President  John  Welsh — Address  of  Director-General 
Goshorn — Speech  of  General  Hawley — President  Grant  Deelares  the 
Exhibition  Closed — Stopping  the  Machinery .  863 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

STATISTICS  OF  ATTENDANCE. 

Causes  of  the  Early  Indifference  of  the  People  Towards  the  Exhibition — 
Gradual  Increase  in  the  Attendance — Statement  of  Admissions — The 
Receipts — Comparison  of  the  “Centennial  ”  with  Other  Exhibitions...  .  885 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

WHAT  WAS  ACCOMPLISHED. 

Benefits  conferred  upon  the  American  People  by  the  Exhibition — Views 
of  General  Hawley — What  General  Goshorn  Thinks  the  Exhibition 
has  Accomplished — Views  of  President  John  Welsh,  Mr.  John  Sartain, 
Captain  Albert,  Mr.  Burnett  Landreth,  Mr.  Miller,  and  General  Francis 
A.  Walker  Concerning  their  Respective  Departments. . .  891 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

THE  PERMANENT  EXHIBITION. 

History  of  the  Enterprise — Organization  of  the  International  Exhibition 
Company — Its  Officers — The  Capital  Raised — Purchase  of  the  Main 
Building — Description  of  the  Main  Building  as  Arranged  for  the  Perma¬ 
nent  Exhibition — The  Pennsylvania  Museum  of  Industrial  Art .  909 


VIEW  OF  THE  MAIN  EXHIBITION 


THE 


ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 

OF  THE 

CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA. — HISTORICAL. 

Founding  of  Philadelphia  by  William  Penn — His  Treaty  with  the  Indians — 
Original  Plan  of  the  City — Growth  of  the  City — The  Revolution — Occupa¬ 
tion  by  the  British — Commercial  Prosperity  of  Philadelphia — Its  Banking 
Interests — Consolidation  of  the  Suburbs  with  the  City — The  Centennial 
Census — Population  of  Philadelphia. 

HEN  it  was  proposed  to  celebrate  the  close  of  the  first 
<5)1 1|  I  century  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  by  an 
UIP  International  Exposition,  it  was  admitted  that  the 
proper  place  for  the  holding  of  such  an  exhibition  was 
the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  which  occurred  the  decisive 
event  which  placed  the  United  States  among  the  nations  of  the 
world,  and  which  the  exhibition  was  designed  to  commemorate. 
Before  proceeding  to  speak  of  the  exhibition,  it  will  be  best  to 
introduce  the  reader  to  the  great  city  in  which  it  was  held. 

The  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  county  of  the  same  name,  is 
the  metropolis  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is  the  second 
city  in  the  Union,  and  is  classed  as  the  sixth  great  city  of  the 
world. 

The  city  of  Philadelphia  was  founded  by  William  Penn 

2  17 


18 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


immediately  after  taking  possession  of  the  province  of  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  granted  to  him  by  Charles  II.  He  sent  over  a  body  of 
colonists  in  August,  1681,  and  in  1682  came  over  himself  and 
superintended  the  surveys  of  the  new  city.  The  land  was 
chosen  by  him  because,  he  declared,  “  It  seemed  appointed  for  a 
town,  because  of  its  coves,  docks,  springs,  and  lofty  land.”  All 
these  features  have  long  since  disappeared  before  the  rapid 


WILLIAM  PENN. 


growth  of  his  city.  During  the  year  1682  a  large  number  of 
colonists  arrived,  the  majority  of  whom  were  Friends  or 
Quakers,  and  persons  of  respectability  and  wealth. 

The  place  at  which  William  Penn  first  set  foot  on  the  soil  of 
his  new  city  was  long  known  as  the  “  Blue  Anchor  Landing,” 
from  a  tavern  of  that  name,  the  first  house  built  within  the 
limits  of  the  city.  A  little  later,  under  a  spreading  elm  at 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


19 


Shackamaxon,  now  Kensington,  Penn  met  the  chiefs  of  the 
neighboring  Indian  tribes,  and  entered  into  a  treaty  of  peace 
and  friendship  with  them.  This  treaty  was  confirmed  by  no 
oath,  but  it  remained  unbroken  for  fifty  years,  and  as  neither 
side  sought  to  evade  its  obligations,  which  were  simply  of  peace 
md  good  will,  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania  escaped  in  its  earlier 
years  the  horrors  of  a  savage  warfare  from  which  the  other 
settlers  suffered.  “We  will  live,”  said  the  Indian  sachems, 
“  in  love  with  William  Penn  and  his  children  as  long:  as  the 
moon  and  the  sun  shall  endure.”  They  kept  their  word. 
“  Penn  came  without  arms ;  he  declared  his  purpose  to  abstain 


CENTENNIAL  AWARD  MEDAL. 


from  violence ;  he  had  no  message  but  peace :  and  not  a  drop  of 
Quaker  blood  was  ever  shed  by  an  Indian.” 

The  venerable  elm  tree  which  witnessed  “  the  only  treaty  ever 
ratified  without  an  oath,  and  the  only  one  never  broken,”  stood 
unharmed  until  1810,  when  it  was  blown  down  by  a  furious 
gale.  Its  site  is  now  marked  by  a  small  obelisk  of  granite, 
which  stands  on  the  east  side  of  Peach  street,  a  few  steps  north 
°f  Hanover.  The  Second  and  Third  street  cars  will  convey  the 
visitor  to  Hanover  street,  from  which  he  will  have  but  a  square 
to  walk;  but  the  monument  is  so  surrounded  by  piles  of  stone 
and  lumber  that  it  will  require  a  sharp  eye  to  detect  it. 

On  the  pleasant  tract  lying  between  the  Delaware  and  the 


20 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Schuylkill,  which  was  purchased  from  the  Swedes,  who  had  on 
their  part  purchased  it  from  the  Indians,  Penn  in  1683  laid  out 
the  capital  of  his  province,  which  he  named  Philadelphia, 
the  city  of  Brotherly  Love,  in  token  of  the  principles  which  he 
meant  should  constitute  the  common  law  of  his  possessions.  It 
was  abundantly  supplied  with  streams  of  pure  water,  and  was 
admirably  situated  for  purposes  of  trade.  He  did  not  wish  it  to 
be  built  after  the  manner  of  European  cities,  but  designed  it  to 
be  a  “  greene  country  town,  gardens  round  each  house,  that  it 
might  never  be  burned,  and  always  .be  wholesome.”  The  streets 
were  laid  off  by  marking  their  course  through  the  primitive 
forest  by  blazing  the  trees,  and  the  building  of  dwellings  was 
begun.  In  the  first  year  of  Penn’s  arrival  in  the  colony,  twenty- 
three  ships  with  emigrants  arrived  in  Pennsylvania.  In  three 
years  after  its  foundation  Philadelphia  contained  upwards  of 
six  hundred  houses.  The  Indians  proved  the  firm  friends  of 
the  colonists,  and  supplied  them  with  wild  fowl  and  venison  in 
return  for  articles  of  European  manufacture. 

The  original  plan  of  the  city  was  a  parallelogram,  two  miles 
long,  from  the  Delaware  to  the  Schuylkill,  by  one  mile  wide. 
It  contained  nine  streets,  running  from  river  to  river,  crossed 
by  twenty-one  running  north  and  south.  A  grand  square  of 
ten  acres  was  laid  off  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  and  in  each  of  the 
four  quarters  was  a  square  of  eight  acres,  all  for  pleasure 
grounds  and  promenades.  In  the  main  the  original  plan  is 
still  adhered  to. 

The  streets  running  from  river  to  river,  with  the  exception 
of  High  street,  were  named  after  the  native  forest  trees.  They 
were  called  Vine,  Sassafras,  Mulberry,  High,  Chestnut,  Walnut, 
Spruce,  Pine,  and  Cedar.  Nearly  all  of  these  names  remain. 
Sassafras  is  now  called  Race;  Mulberry  is  Arch;  High  is 
Market ;  and  Cedar  is  South  street.  The  streets  intersecting 
these  were  numbered. 

Philadelphia  grew  rapidly,  and  by  the  early  part  of  the  eigh¬ 
teenth  century  was  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  city  in 
America.  Its  commerce  was  important,  and  it  increased  steadily 
in  wealth. 


INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  THE  KANSAS  AND  COLORADO  BUILDING. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


21 


“  In  1711  the  city  was  divided  into  ten  wards.  In  December, 
1719,  a  printing  press  was  set  up,  and  Andrew  Bradford  began 
to  publish  the  American  Weekly  Mercury ,  which  was  continued 
until  1746.  In  1728  the  Gazette  was  begun,  which  fell  to 
Franklin  to  conduct  in  1729.  In  the  latter  year  the  building 
of  a  State  House  was  authorized,  the  site  was  selected  in  1730, 
and  the  building  begun  in  1732,  and  completed  in  1735.  The 
bell  tower  was  not  erected  until  1750,  and  on  June  7th,  1753, 
the  new  6  great  bell/  cast  here,  weighing  2080  pounds,  with  the 
motto,  ‘  Proclaim  liberty  throughout  all  the  land,  unto  all  the 
inhabitants  thereof,”  was  raised  to  its  place.  This  is  the  bell 
celebrated  in  connection  with  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 


PENN  PAYING  OUT  THE  PLAN  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


and  now  in  Independence  Hall.  The  first  Colonial  Congress 
met  in  Philadelphia  at  Carpenter’s  Hall,  a  building  still  in  use 
as  a  hall,  September  4th,  1774.  Congress  held  its  sessions  at 
the  State  House  in  1776,  and  here  adopted  and  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  The  British  forces  occupied  the 
city  from  September,  1777,  co  June,  1778.” 

During  the  British  occupation  a  census  of  the  city  was  taken 
by  order  of  Lord  Cornwallis,  and  showed  a  population  of  21,767 
inhabitants  and  5470  houses.  After  the  evacuation  of  the  city 
by  the  enemy,  Congress  resumed  its  sessions  at  the  State  House, 
which  remained  the  seat  of  government  of  the  Union  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  The  Convention  which  framed  the  Constitu¬ 
tion  of  the  United  States  met  in  Philadelphia  in  1787,  and  that 


22 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


great  instrument  was  adopted  in  the  same  building  that  had 
witnessed  the  signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Upon  the  inauguration  of  the  Federal  government,  the  national 
capital  was  removed  to  New  York,  but  in  1790  was  restored  to 
Philadelphia,  which  remained  the  seat  of  government  until 
1800,  when  the  new  city  of  Washington  became  the  capital. 
In  1800  Philadelphia  also  ceased  to  be  the  capital  of  the  State, 
which  was  located  at  Harrisburg. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  Philadelphia  grew  with  great 
rapidity  between  the  close  of  the  Revolution  and  the  year  1812. 
The  second  war  with  England  almost  destroyed  this  commerce, 
which  did  not  return  with  the  peace  of  1815,  and  the  completion 
of  the  Erie  canal  a  few  years  after  the  close  of  the  war,  gave  to 
New  York  an  advantage  which  reduced  Philadelphia  to  a 
secondary  place  in  our  foreign  trade. 

“  Previous  to  1839,  the  banking  capital  of  Philadelphia  was 
large,  and  for  the  most  of  the  period  previous  to  1836,  it  was 
the  monetary  centre  of  the  country.  The  first  Bank  of  the 
United  States,  established  by  Act  of  Congress,  in  1791,  with  a 
capital  of  $10,000,000,  was  located  here,  and  the  second  Bank 
of  the  United  States  was  established  here  in  1816,  with  a  capital 
of  $35,000,000.  The  subsequent  failure  of  the  bank  under  its 
State  charter  in  1839,  and  the  loss  of  its  large  capital,  greatly 
weakened  the  financial  strength  of  the  city,  and  the  monetary 
centre  was  permanently  transferred  to  New  York.  The  revul¬ 
sion  of  1837,  and  the  subsequent  financial  depression,  fell  heavily 
on  the  city  and  State,  the  recovery  from  them  not  being  apparent 
until  1844.” 

The  city  retained  its  original  limits  until  1854.  In  the  mean¬ 
time  the  thriving  suburbs  of  Kensington,  Germantown,  West 
Philadelphia,  Northern  Liberties,  Spring  Garden,  Richmond, 
Penn,  Southwark,  Moyamensing,  and  Passyunk,  had  sprung  up 
around  it,  making  in  the  aggregate  a  city  much  larger  than  the 
parent  town,  and  causing  no  little  confusion  and  trouble  by  the 
number  of  adjacent  and  independent  municipal  jurisdictions. 
In  1854  the  State  Legislature  consolidated  the  parent  town 
and  all  its  suburbs  in  one  city  under  the  general  name  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


23 


Philadelphia.  By  the  same  enactment  the  corporate  limits 
of  the  city  were  made  to  embrace  the  entire  count"  o** 
Philadelphia. 


4wCv 


MONKEY  HOUSE,  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS. 


Since  the  consolidation  the  city  has  grown  with  marked 
rapidity.  In  1860  the  population  was  565,529 ;  in  1870, 
674,022  ;  and  by  the  municipal  census  of  the  1st  of  April,  1876, 
was  817,448,  showing  an  increase  of  21 J  per  cent,  in  the  six 
years  that  have  elapsed  since  the  last  Federal  census. 


CHAPTER  II. 


PHILADELPHIA  IN  1876. 

Location  of  Philadelphia — Size  of  the  City — Its  Regularity — Materials  used  in 
Building  the  Houses — “  The  City  of  Homes  ” — Philadelphia  Houses — Mr. 
Kortwright’s  Statistics — The  Public  Squares — Market  Street — The  House  in 
which  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  written — The  National  Pub¬ 
lishing  Company’s  Building — Second  Street — Christ  Church — Chestnut  Street 
— A  Splendid  Thoroughfare — Carpenter’s  Hall — The  Continental  Congress 
— The  First  Prayer  in  Congress — The  Custom  House — The  Post-Office — 
Independence  Hall — The  Fashionable  Promenade — Noted  Buildings — The 
Hotels — The  Continental — The  United  States  Mint — Walnut  Street — The 
Merchants’  Exchange — The  Commercial  Exchange — An  Interesting  Site — 
Pennsylvania  and  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railroad  Buildings — Offices  of 
the  Centennial  Commission — The  Abode  of  Wealth  and  Fashion — Arch 
Street — The  Grave  of  Franklin — Handsome  Churches — Broad  Street — The 
Baltimore  Depot — Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb — Acad¬ 
emy  of  Music — The  Colosseum — Union  League  Club  House — The  Public 
Buildings — The  Masonic  Temple — Academy  of  Fine  Arts — Reading  Rail¬ 
road  Depot — Third  Street — The  Financial  Centre — The  Girard  Bank — Old 
Churches. 

HE  city  of  Philadelphia  lies  between  the  Delaware  and 
Schuylkill  rivers,  at  a  distance  of  nearly  one  hundred 
miles  fr^m  the  Atlantic  ocean,  following  the  course  of 
the  Delaware  bay  and  river.  It  is  one  hundred  and 
thirty-six  miles  northeast  of  Washington  City,  and 
eighty-seven  miles  southwest  of  New  York.  The  old  city  is 
located  in  a  nearly  level  plain,  elevated  above  the  Delaware  and 
Schuylkill,  but  the  recent  additions,  especially  those  on  the 
northwest,  are  built  on  a  fine  rolling  country,  which  abounds  in 
picturesque  views  that  offer  a  striking  contrast  to  the  uniform 
flatness  of  the  old  city.  The  corporate  limits  cover  an  area  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty  square  miles.  Its  greatest  length  from 
north  to  south  is  twenty  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  from 
24 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  INTERIOR  OF  MACHINERY  HALL. 


THE  HYDRAULIC  BASIN,  IN  MACHINERY  HALL 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


25 


east  to  west,  eight  miles.  The  densely  inhabited  portion  of  the 
city  covers  an  area  of  about  nine  square  miles,  extending  for 
about  five  miles  along  the  Delaware,  and  two  miles  along  the 
Schuylkill.  The  greater  part  of  the  business  of  the  city  is  trans¬ 
acted  between  Vine  and  Spruce  streets,  east  of  Twelfth  street. 
The  wealthiest  private  section,  that  inhabited  by  “  the  fashion, n 
is  south  of  Chestnut,  and  west  of  Seventh  street.  Walnut  above 
Tenth  is  considered  the  most  desirable  street  in  the  city,  and 
contains  many  of  the  most  costly  and  beautiful  residences  in  the 
Union.  Arch  street  above  Broad,  and  Broad  along  its  northern 
portion,  are  handsome  residence  streets.  Market  street  is  entirely 
devoted  to  business,  and  Chestnut  street  is  the  principal  retail 
thoroughfare,  and  one  of  the  handsomest  streets  in  the  Union. 

The  suburbs  of  Philadelphia  are  noted  for  their  beauty,  and 
are  thickly  built  up  with  handsome  country  seats,  villas,  and 
cottages.  They  abound  in  exquisite  scenery,  especially  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Wissahickon. 

Philadelphia  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity.  As  we  have 
stated,  the  original  plan  of  Penn  contemplated  a  city  of  ten 
streets  running  from  river  to  river,  and  crossed  by  twenty-five 
others  at  right  angles.  Broad  and  Market  streets  were  to  divide 
this  city  into  four  nearly  equal  portions,  a  considerable  area 
being  reserved  at  the  intersection  of  these  streets  for  a  large 
public  square.  This  was  the  famous  Penn  Square,  now  the  site 
of  the  magnificent  City  Hall,  in  course  of  erection.  The  streets 
are  usually  from  fifty  to  sixty-six  feet  in  width,  with  a  few  of 
greater  breadth.  Those  running  from  north  to  south  are  num¬ 
bered,  beginning  at  the  Delaware  river ;  those  from  east  to  west 
are  named.  In  the  older  sections  of  the  city  the  sewage  is 
defective  in  consequence  of  the  flatness  of  the  land,  but  the 
higher  portions  have  nothing  to  complain  of  in  this  respect. 
Considering  its  size  and  importance,  Philadelphia  is  remarkably 
deficient  in  good  pavements.  The  streets  are  generally  paved 
with  cobble  stones,  but  Belgian  and  wooden  pavements  are  now 
superseding  these  in  the  more  important  thoroughfares.  The 
general  aspect  of  the  city  is  bright  and  pleasing,  mingled  with  a 
certain  degree  of  primness,  due  to  its  Quaker  origin.  Except 


26 


MARKET  STREET  BEEOW  SEVENTH. 


VIEW  OF  THE  INTERIOR  OF  THE  WOMEN'S  PAVILION. 


INTERIOR  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


27 


in  those  portions  along  the  rivers  it  is  clean  and  healthy. 
Market  street  divides  it  into  two  portions,  called  North  and 
South.  The  houses  are  numbered  according  to  a  peculiar  plan, 
one  hundred  numbers  being  assigned  to  each  block  or  square. 
Thus  950  would  be  located  between  Ninth  and  Tenth  streets. 
This  system  renders  it  easy  to  find  a  building  in  any  part  of  the 
city  between  the  numbered  streets.  The  portion  of  the  city 
lying  beyond  the  Schuylkill  still  retains  its  old  name  of  West 


NINTH  AND  MARKET  STREETS. 


Philadelphia.  It  was  in  this  section  that  the  Exhibition  grounds 
were  situated. 

As  a  rule  the  city  is  built  of  brick,  but  of  late  years  many 
edifices  of  brown  and  free  stone,  iron,  and  marble  have  been 
erected,  which  give  to  the  city  a  more  varied  as  well  as  a  hand¬ 
somer  and  more  substantial  appearance.  Philadelphia  is 
emphatically  a  “city  of  homes.”  Of  its  140,000  buildings, 
130,000  are  dwelling-houses,  a  number  greater  than  the  whole 


28 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


number  of  dwellings  in  Baltimore,  St.  Louis,  Boston  and  Louis¬ 
ville  in  1870.  Of  these  60,000  are  the  homes  of  mechanics. 
It  is  the  boast  of  Philadelphia  that  her  working  classes  are 
better  housed,  better  fed,  and  better  clothed  than  those  of  any 
city  in  the  world.  The  expenses  of  living  are  moderate  as  com¬ 
pared  with  New  York,  Boston,  Chicago,  or  St.  Louis ;  Baltimore 
alone,  of  all  the  large  cities  of  the  Union,  surpassing  Philadel¬ 
phia  in  cheapness  of  living.  The  houses  of  Philadelphia  are  as  a 
rule  constructed  upon  a  uniform  plan,  and  are  admitted  to  be  the 
best  arranged  internally  of  any  dwellings  in  this  country.  They 
are  generally  three  stories  in  height,  with  pressed  brick  fronts, 
and  white  marble  steps  and  trimmings.  They  have  solid  white 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE  PROCLAIMED  IN  PHILADELPHIA. 


wooden  shutters  which  greatly  disfigure  them.  On  the  first 
floor  there  is  a  wide  hall,  a  parlor,  dining-room,  kitchen,  and 
usually  a  summer  kitchen.  On  the  second  floor  are  two  cham¬ 
bers,  a  bath,  and  a  sitting-room,  and  on  the  third  floor,  two 
spare  chambers,  and  one  or  more  servants’  rooms.  They  are 
lighted  with  gas,  heated  by  furnaces  in  the  cellar,  and  supplied 
with  hot  and  cold  water.  About  six  thousand  new  buildings 
are  erected  every  year. 

A  year  ago,  Mr.  Kortwright,  the  British  Consul  at  Philadel¬ 
phia,  thus  summed  up  the  leading  features  of  the  city,  in  one  of 
his  official  reports  to  his  government : 

“  Philadelphia  has  a  population  of  nearly  800,000,  and  it 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


29 


lives  in  an  area  of  129J  square  miles.  The  city  has  1000  miles 
of  streets  and  roads  opened  for  use,  and  over  500  of  these  are 
paved.  It  is  lighted  by  nearly  10,000  gas  lamps.  The  earth 
beneath  conceals  and  is  penetrated  by  134  miles  of  sewers,  over 
600  miles  of  gas  mains,  and  546  miles  of  water  pipes.  It  has 
over  212  miles  of  city  railways  and  nearly  1794  city  railroad 


DELAWARE  STATE  BUILDING. 


cars  passing  over  these  railroads  daily  ;  3025  steam  boilers;  over 
400  public  schools,  with  suitable  buildings,  and  over  1600 
school-teachers  and  over  80,000  pupils.  It  has  over  34,000 
bath-rooms,  most  of  which  are  supplied  with  hot  water,  and  for 
the  use  of  the  water  at  low  rates  the  citizens  pay  more  than  a 
half  million  of  dollars;  it  has  over  400  places  of  public  worship, 
and  accommodation  in  them  for  300,000  persons;  it  has  nearly 


30 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


» 

9000  manufactories,  with  a  capital  of  $185,000,000,  employing 
145,000  hands,  the  annual  product  of  whose  labor  is  over 
384,000,000.  It  exported  in  1873  in  value  over  $24,000,000, 
and  imported  in  value  over  $26,000,000 ;  the  amount  for  duties 
in  gold  was  nearly  $8,500,000 ;  the  real  estate,  as  assessed  for 


MARKET  STREET  ABOVE  EIGHTH. 


taxation,  was  over  $458,000,000,  and  there  was  collected  nearly 
$9,000,000  for  taxes.” 

Public  Squares. 

Penn's  original  plan,  as  we  have  said,  contemplated  a  public 
square  in  each  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  city.  These  still 
remain,  fnd  others  have  been  added. 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  INTERIOR  OF  THE  MAIN  BUILDING 


OP  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


31 


Independence  Square ,  or,  as  it  was  formerly  called,  The  State 
House  Yard ,  lies  immediately  back  of  Independence  Hall,  ex¬ 
tending  back  to  Walnut  street,  and  from  Fifth  to  Sixth  streets. 
It  has  been  put  in  order  for  the  centennial  year,  and  is  now  a 
neat  and  tasteful  ground.  The  lampposts  recently  set  up  at  the 
entrances  to  the  square  are  not  only  quite  pretty,  but  appropriate 
also.  On  the  base  of  the  posts  appear  the  names  of  the  original 
thirteen  States,  and  above  them,  on  a  part  made  in  imitation  of 
the  Independence  Bell,  is  the  inscription,  “  Proclaim  liberty 
throughout  the  land,”  etc.  Each  lamp,  of  very  beautiful 
design,  has  four  representations  of  the  bell  upon  it,  surrounded 
by  thirteen  stars.  They  add  much  to  the  appearance  of  the 
square. 

Washington  Square  lies  diagonally  opposite  Independence 
Square,  and  extends  from  Walnut  almost  back  to  Spruce  street, 
and  from  Sixth  to  above  Seventh  street.  It  is  shaded  by  fine 
old  trees,  and  is  a  pleasant  lounging-place  in  summer.  This 
square  was  once  a  “  Potter’s  field,”  and  here  were  buried  many 
soldiers  who  died  from  the  small -pox,  camp  fever,  and  prison 
diseases  of  the  Revolution. 

Rittenhouse  Square  lies  between  Walnut  and  Locust  streets, 
and  extends  from  Eighteenth  to  above  Nineteenth  street.  It  is 
a  handsome  enclosure,  provided  with  walks,  seats,  and  a  tasteful 
fountain,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  for  the  nurses  and  children  of 
the  aristocratic  neighborhood  in  which  it  is  located.  It  is  sur¬ 
rounded  by  elegant  and  substantial  dwellings,  some  of  which 
are  among  the  handsomest  in  the  Union. 

Logan  Square  lies  between  Race  and  Vine  and  between 
Eighteenth  and  Twentieth  streets.  It  is  the  handsomest  square 
in  the  city,  and  a  favorite  resort.  In  1864  the  great  Sanitary 
Fair  for  the  benefit  of  the  Union  army  was  held  here.  The 
entire  square  was  roofed  over  and  the  ground  covered  with 
flooring.  The  trunks  of  the  trees  served  as  so  many  pillars  for 
the  roof,  above  which  waved  the  branches  of  the  trees. 

Franklin  Square  lies  between  Race  and  Vine  streets,  and  ex¬ 
tends  from  Sixth  to  above  Seventh  street.  It  is  a  fine  old 
square,  the  principal  attraction  of  which  lies  in  its  fine  old  trees. 


32 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


It  was  originally  a  burying-ground,  and  was  used  as  such  for 
many  years. 

Norris  Square,  in  Kensington,  and  Jefferson  Square ,  at  Third 
street  and  Washington  avenue,  are  very  handsome.  They  are 
new ;  the  first  four  named  above  constituting  the  squares  de¬ 
signed  by  Penn. 

The  streets  of  Philadelphia  are  among  the  most  attractive  in 
the  world,  and  the  business  streets  have  few  equals. 


Market  Street. 


Market  street  is  the  great  thoroughfare  of  the  city.  It  is  the 
grand  entrepdt  of  the  domestic  and  foreign  commerce  of  Phila¬ 
delphia,  and  extends 
in  an  unbroken  line 
from  the  Delaware  to 
the  Schuylkill,  cros¬ 
ses  that  river,  and 
continues  its  course 
to  the  city  line.  It 
was  the  High  street 
of  William  Penn, 
and  has  always  en¬ 
joyed  the  pre-emi¬ 
nence  it  now  holds. 
It  is  one  hundred 
feet  wide,  and  is  lined 
with  magnificent 
warehouses  from  the 
Delaware  almost  to 
the  Schuylkill. 
Some  of  these  are 

CORNER  OP  MARKET  AND  SIXTH  STREETS.  .  ,  -q, 

superb  edifices,  built 
in  the  handsomest  and  most  massive  manner,  and  are  provided 


with  every  convenience  for  the  business  transacted  within  them. 
Prominent  among  these  are  the  splendid  buildings  occupied  by 
the  great  publishing  houses  of  Lippincott  &  Co.,  and  Claxton, 
Remsen  &  Haffelfinger ;  the  mammoth  warehouse  of  Hood, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


33 


Bonbright  &  Co.,  dry-goods  merchants ;  the  vast  clothing  ware¬ 
house  of  John  Wanamaker  &  Co.,  at  Sixth  and  Market,  on  the 
site  of  the  presidential  mansion  of  Washington  and  Adams, 
perhaps  the  largest  and  most  complete  clothing  establishment 
in  the  world.  The  Bingham  House ,  at  the  corner  of  Market 
and  Eleventh  streets,  is  an  excellent  hotel,  and  a  tasteful 
structure. 

The  great  width  of  Market  street  allows  an  immense  amount 


BINGHAM  HOUSE. 


of  traffic  to  be  done  upon  it.  In  addition  to  the  lines  of  the 
street  railways,  tracks  are  laid  from  West  Philadelphia  down 
the  greater  part  of  the  street,  connecting  with  the  principal 
steam  railway  lines,  and  merchants  are  thus  enabled  to  run  the 
ears  consigned  to  them  directly  into  their  warehouses.  The 
various  railways  have  branch  depots,  and  the  Adams  Express 
Company  has  its  main  depot  on  this  street. 

The  scene  on  Market  street  is  always  bright  and  animated, 
3 


34 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  viewed  from  any  point  at  any  hour  of  the  day  the  street  is 
thronged  with  an  eager,  hurrying  crowd  of  vehicles  and 
pedestrians. 

Adjoining  the  southwest  corner  of  Market  and  Seventh 
streets  is  a  plain,  modest-looking  building  of  brick,  now  used 
as  a  business  house.  A  stranger  would  pass  it  by  a  dozen  times 
without  notice,  but  it  is  among  the  most  noted  edifices  in  the 
city,  and  should  be  dear  to  every  American  heart.  It  is  the 

House  in  which  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  written. 

In  1776  this  building  stood  beyond  the  thickly  settled  por- 


THE  HOUSE  IN  WHICH  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE  WAS  WRITTEN. 

tion  of  the  city,  and  in  what  was  known  as  “  The  Fields.”  A 
garden,  enclosed  by  a  brick  wall,  occupied  the  site  of  the  house 
which  now  stands  on  the  corner.  The  house  was  new,  and  the 
situation  was  so  pleasant,  that  it  at  once  attracted  the  attention 
of  that  dear  lover  of  nature,  Thomas  Jetferson,  when  he  came 
to  Philadelphia  to  take  his  seat  in  the  Continental  Congress. 
“I  rented  the  second  floor,”  he  tells  us,  “ consisting  of  a  parlor 


EXHIBIT  OF  SUGAR-COATED  PILLS  BY  WM.  WARNER  &  CO.,  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


35 


and  bedroom,  ready  furnished.”  He  paid  thirty-five  shillings 
a  week  for  his  rooms,  and  in  the  parlor  he  wrote  the  Declara¬ 
tion  of  Independence  upon  a  little  writing-desk  three  inches 
high,  which  still  exists. 


MARKET  STREET  ABOVE  SEVENTH. 


The  desk  was  bequeathed  by  him  to  a  friend,  and  was  ac¬ 
companied  by  a  certificate  in  Mr.  Jefferson’s  own  handwriting, 
setting  forth  the  place  and  time  of  its  purchase  by  him,  and  the 
fact  that  he  had  used  it  in  the  preparation  of  the  great  and 
glorious  document  with  which  his  name  and  fame  are  insepara¬ 
bly  connected. 


national  publishing  company’s  building. 


On  Seventh  street,  just  north  of  Market,  is  the  splendid  iron- 
front  building  of  the 

National  Publishing  Company. 

The  offices,  store-rooms,  packing-rooms,  etc.,  of  the  Company 
are  in  the  building  shown  in  the  accompanying  engraving. 
Their  extensive  printing  office  and  bindery  are  located  in  two 
36 


SCENE  IN  AGRICULTURAL  IIALL,  SHOWING  THE  TOBACCO  AND  OTHER  EXHIBITS 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


37 


adjoining  buildings  in  the  rear  of  this  one.  They  are  fitted  up 
with  every  convenience  for  the  manufacture  of  books,  and  with 
the  latest  and  most  improved  labor-saving  machinery.  Every 
appointment  is  perfect  in  its  way,  and  the  work  of  this  immense 
establishment  goes  on  from  day  to  day  with  regularity  and 
precision.  The  unusual  facilities  enjoyed  by  the  Company  enable 
them  to  supply  large  editions  of  their  books  with  a  rapidity 
which  only  great  publishing  house  can  command,  and  to 
supply  their  agents  with  promptness  and  regularity. 

The  Company  was  organized  in  1863,  under  the  presidency 


CHRIST  CHURCH  IN  1776. 


of  Mr.  J.  R.  Jones,  who  remains  at  its  head.  Under  his  able 
management  it  has  enjoyed  thirteen  years  of  remarkable  pros¬ 
perity,  and  has  taken  rank  as  the  largest  and  most  successful 
subscription  book  house  in  the  world. 

Second  Street. 

Second  street  is  one  of  the  most  peculiar  features  of  the  city. 
It  extends  in  an  almost  unbroken  straight  line  from  the  northern 
to  the  southern  limit  of  the  city,  and  is  to  Philadelphia  very 


38 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


much  what  the  Bowery  is  to  New  York.  It  is  lined  for  miles 
with  retail  stores  of  every  description,  the  customers  of  which 
are  almost  entirely  of  the  humbler  class,  and  it  would  be  hard 
to  surpass  the  confusion  and  the  utter  disregard  of  “  the  eternal 
fitness  of  things”  with  which  these  are  thrown  together.  It  is 
a  street  which  the  visitor  must  see  in  order  to  appreciate  it 
thoroughly. 

The  most  prominent  object  on  Second  street  is 

Christ  Church, 

Situated  north  of  Market.  It  stands  on  the  site  of  the  first 
church  erected  by  the  followers  of  William  Penn.  It  was 
begun  in  1727,  and  was  completed  in  1754.  It  is  built  of 
brick,  in  the  old  style,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  tall  spire,  from 
which  he  who  has  the  courage  to  ascend  it  will  be  rewarded 
with  a  noble  view  over  the  city,  the  Delaware,  and  the  sur¬ 
rounding  country.  The  steeple  is  196  feet  in  height,  and  con¬ 
tains  a  chime  of  eight  bells,  said  to  be  the  oldest  in  America. 
They  rang  out  merrily  upon  the  Proclamation  of  Independence 
one  hundred  years  ago,  and  will  join  their  voices  to  the  glad 
chorus  of  rejoicing  that  will  go  up  from  the  great  city  on  the 
4th  of  July,  1876.  They  were  cast  in  London,  and  on  the 
tenor  bell  is  inscribed  this  legend :  “  Christ  Church,  Philadel¬ 
phia,  1754.  Thomas  Lester  and  Thomas  Peck,  of  London, 
made  us  all.”  The  interior  of  the  church  is  tasteful,  but  is 
finished  in  the  style  of  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
except  that  the  old  high-back  pews  are  gone,  and  the  sitting 
arrangements  are  altered  to  suit  the  needs  of  a  modern  congre¬ 
gation.  In  the  aisles  of  the  church  are  buried  John  Penn,  the 
first  member  of  the  Penn  family  born  in  America,  Dr.  Richard 
Peters,  Robert  Asheton,  and  many  others  who  were  noted  men 
in  their  day,  but  are  now  remembered  only  by  the  scholar. 
Washington  attended  divine  service  regularly  in  this  church, 
while  in  the  city,  during  the  Revolution,  and  during  his  resi¬ 
dence  in  Philadelphia  as  President  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  feet  of  many  of  the  greatest  men  of  our  history  have  trod 
the  hallowed  aisles  of  this  venerable  edifice.  Christ  Church  is 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


39 


the  property  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  In  1772  the  Rev. 
William  White,  afterwards  the  first  Bishop  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  Pennsylvania,  was  made  Assistant  Rector,  and  in 
1789  the  first  general  convention,  which  adopted  the  Constitu- 


YOUNG  MEN’S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION  BUILDING. 


tion  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States, 
met  here. 

TJie  church  is  opened  twice  for  service  on  Sunday,  and  for 
prayers  on  Wednesday  and  Friday  mornings,  at  which  time  it 
may  be  visited. 


GUARANTEE  TRUST  AND  SAFE  DEPOSIT  COMPANY'S  BUILDING.  CHESTNUT  STREET. 


40 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


41 


Chestnut  Street. 

Chestnut  street  is  the  Philadelphia  Broadway.  It  extends 
from  the  Delaware  to  the  Schuylkill,  crosses  it  by  means  of  a 
magnificent  bridge,  and  continues  its  course  through  West 
Philadelphia  to  the  corporate  limits.  From  the  Delaware  to 
Fifteenth  street,  it  is  lined  with  long  blocks  of  lofty  and  elegant 
stores,  and  beyond  this,  to  within  a  few  squares  of  the  Schuyl¬ 
kill,  the  street  is  built  up  with  handsome  residences. 

Some  of  the  most  noted  buildings  in  Philadelphia  are  located 
on  this  street.  Commencing  at  the  Delaware,  we  find  the 
wharf  at  the  lower  end  of  the  street  lined  with  river  steamers, 
and  the  busy  crowded  Delaware  avenue,  which  lies  along  the 
river’s  bank,  is  noisy  with  the  constant  roar  of  the  immense 
torrent  of  business  that  pours  along  it.  Climbing  the  hill 
which  leads  up  from  the  river,  Front  street  is  reached,  “the 
high  and  dry  bank  ”  that  rose  above  the  river  in  the  days  of 
William  Penn.  From  Front  to  Third  street,  the  buildings  are 
massive,  very  tall,  and  below  Second  street  are  almost  entirely 
constructed  of  brick.  Above  Second  street  marble  and  other 
stores  relieve  the  monotony  of  the  brick  fronts.  This  part  of 
the  street  is  devoted  to  the  wholesale  dry-goods  trade. 

On  the  southeast  corner  of  Third  street  is  the  five-story  brick 
building  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  with  long 
lines  of  wires  radiating  from  it  in  every  direction.  Third  is  the 
Wall  street  of  Philadelphia,  and  we  shall  refer  to  it  again.  On 
the  south  side  of  Chestnut,  above  Third,  is  the  handsome  brown- 
stone  building  of  the  Bank  of  North  America.  This  was  tho 
first  bank  established  in  the  United  States.  It  was  chartered  in 
1781,  at  a  time  of  great  financial  distress,  and  one  of  its  prin¬ 
cipal  originators  was  Robert  Morris.  This  able  financier  made 
a  good  use  of  the  bank  in  behalf  of  the  Federal  government, 
and  restored  the  national  credit  by  its  aid.  Immediately  above 
the  bank,  and  separated  from  it  by  an  alley,  is  the  new  build¬ 
ing  of  the  Guarantee  Trust  and  Safe  Deposit  Company.  It  is 
one  of  the  handsomest  structures  in  Philadelphia,  and  its  two 
banking  rooms  are  among  the  most  beautiful  and  convenient  in 


42 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  Union.  The  safe  deposit  vaults  are  burglar-proof  in  every 
sense  of  the  word* 

A  little  above  this  building,  and  standing  back  from  the  street 
in  a  court,  is  a  quaint,  venerable-looking  edifice.  This  is 

Carpenters’  Hall. 

The  Carpenters’  Company  of  Philadelphia  was  organized  in 
1724,  and  in  1770  began  the  erection  of  this  structure  as  a 
place  of  meeting.  It  was  finished  in  1771.  On  the  5th  of 
September,  1774,  the  Continental  Congress,  the  great  Congress 


carpenters’  hall. 


of  the  Revolution,  composed  of  delegates  from  all  the  colonies 
except  Georgia,  assembled  in  this  building.  It  numbered  fifty- 
five  members,  consisting  of  delegates  from  every  colony  save 
Georgia,  whose  governor  had  prevented  the  election  of  delegates. 
Among  the  members  were  many  of  the  most  eminent  men  in 
the  land.  From  Virginia  came  George  Washington,  Patrick 
Henry  and  Richard  Henry  Lee;  from  Massachusetts,  Samuel 
Adams  and  John  Adams;  from  New  York,  Philip  Livingston, 
John  Jay  and  William  Livingston ;  from  Rhode  Island,  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 


43 


venerable  Stephen  Hopkins;  from  Connecticut,  Roger  Sherman; 
from  South  Carolina,  Edward  and  John  Rutedge  and  Christo¬ 
pher  Gadsden ;  and  from  New  Jersey,  the  Rev.  John  Witherspoon, 
the  President  of  Princeton  College.  The  members  of  this 
illustrious  body  were  not  strangers  to  each  other,  though  the 
majority  of  them  met  now  for  the  first  time.  They  had  corre¬ 
sponded  with  each  other,  and  had  discussed  their  wrongs  so 


STUDIO  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PHOTOGRAPHIC  COMPANY. 


thoroughly,  that  each  was  well  acquainted  with  the  sentiments 
of  his  colleagues,  and  all  were  bound  together  by  a  common 
sympathy. 

The  Congress  was  organized  by  the  election  of  Peyton  Ran¬ 
dolph,  of  Virginia,  as  Speaker.  Charles  Thomson,  of  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  an  Irishman  by  birth,  and  the  principal  of  the  Quaker 
High  School  in  Philadelphia,  was  then  chosen  secretary.  It 


44 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


was  proposed  to  open  the  sessions  with  prayer.  Some  of  the 
members  thought  this  might  be  inexpedient,  as  all  the  delegates 
might  not  be  able  to  join  in  the  same  form  of  worship.  Up 


PROVIDENT  LIFE  AND  TRUST  COMPANY. 


rose  Samuel  Adams,  in  whose  great  soul  there  was  not  a  grain 
of  sham.  He  was  a  strict  Congregationalist.  “  I  am  no  bigot,” 
he  said.  “  I  can  hear  a  prayer  from  a  man  of  piety  and  virtue, 
whatever  may  be  his  cloth,  provided  he  is  at  the  same  time  a 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


45 


friend  to  his  country.”  On  his  motion  the  Rev.  Mr.  Duchd,  an 
Episcopal  clergyman  of  Philadelphia,  was  invited  to  act  as 
chaplain.  Mr.  Dnchd  accepted  the  invitation. 


CHESTNUT  STREET  BELOW  THIRD. 


When  the  Congress  assembled  the  next  morning  all  was  anx¬ 
iety  and  apprehension,  for  the  rumor  of  the  attack  upon  Boston, 
which  had  reached  Putman  and  aroused  Connecticut,  had  gotten 


46 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


as  far  as  Philadelphia.  The  chaplain  opened  the  session  by 
reading  the  thirty-fifth  psalm,  which  seemed,  as  John  Adams 
said,  ordained  by  Heaven  to  be  read  that  morning,  and  then 
broke  forth  into  an  extempore  prayer  of  great  fervor  and  elo¬ 
quence.  At  the  close  of  the  prayer  a  deep  silence  prevailed  in 
the  hall.  It  was  broken  by  Patrick  Henry,  who  rose  to  open 


CHESTNUT  STREET  ABOVE  SIXTH. 


the  day’s  proceedings.  He  began  slowly  and  hesitatingly  at 
first,  “  as  if  borne  down  by  the  weight  of  his  subject,”  but  as 
he  proceeded  he  rose  grandly  to  the  duty  of  the  occasion,  and 
in  a  speech  of  masterly  eloquence  he  recited  the  wrongs  of  the 
American  colonies  at  the  hands  of  Great  Britain,  and  declared 
that  all  government  in  America  was  dissolved,  and  urged  upon 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


47 


the  Congress  the  necessity  of  forming  a  new  government  for  the 
colonies.  Toward  the  close  of  his  speech  he  struck  a  chord 
which  answered  in  every  heart.  “  British  oppression,”  he  ex¬ 
claimed,  “  has  effaced  the  boundaries  of  the  several  colonies ; 
the  distinctions  between  Virginians,  Pennsylvanians,  New 
Yorkers  and  New  Englanders  are  no  more.  I  am  not  a  Vir^ 
ginian,  but  an  American.”  The  deputies  were  astonished  at  his 
eloquence,  as  well  as  at  the  magnitude  of  the  interests  with  which 
they  were  intrusted. 

Opposite  Carpenters’  Hall,  on  the  north  side  of  Chestnut 
street,  is  the  elegant  white  marble  building  of  the  Fidelity  Safe 
Deposit  and  Insurance  Company.  It  is  built  in  the  Italian 
style,  is  one  of  tfie  principal  ornaments  of  the  street,  and  is  the 
most  extensive  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  Its 
vaults  are  burglar  and  fire-proof.  Its  immense  safe  weighs  one 
hundred  and  fifty  tons,  and  was  constructed  at  a  cost  of  $60,000. 
A  handsome  iron  building,  used  by  the  Provident  Life  and 
Trust  Company,  stands  in  Fourth  street  just  below  Chestnut. 
The  massive  granite  buildings  of  the  Jayne  estate  front  on 
Chestnut  street,  east  of  Third.  The  central  one  is  eight  stories 
in  height. 

On  the  south  side  of  Chestnut,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth,  is 
the 

United  States  Custom  House. 

This  noble  structure  wTas  originally  built  for  the  second  Bank 
of  the  United  States.  It  was  begun  in  1819,  and  was  finished 
in  1824,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $600,000.  The  bank  was  char¬ 
tered  by  Congress  in  1816,  after  the  close  of  the  second  war 
with  England.  Its  capital  was  $35,000,000,  of  which  the 
United  States  took  $7,000,000.  It  began  operations  in  Jan¬ 
uary,  1817.  This  was  the  bank  at  which  Andrew  Jackson 
struck  such  hard  blows.  In  1833  he  removed  the  government 
funds  from  its  keeping,  and  as  he  steadily  vetoed  the  acts  of 
Congress  for  a  renewal  of  its  charter,  the  bank  passed  out  of 
existence  at  the  expiration  of  its  charter,  in  1836.  A  few  years 
later  the  building  was  purchased  by  the  Federal  government 
for  about  half  of  its  original  cost,  and  was  converted  into  a 


48 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Custom  House.  It  is  constructed  of  white  marble,  and  stands 
upon  a  platform  or  dais  of  stone,  isolated  from  all  the  surround¬ 
ing  houses.  It  is  an  imitation  of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens,  and 
is  one  of  the  purest  specimens  of  Doric  architecture  in  America. 
It  has  a  front  of  eighty-seven  feet  and  a  depth  of  one  hundred 


POST-OFFICE. 


and  sixty-one  feet.  It  has  two  massive  fagades,  one  on  Chest¬ 
nut  street  and  the  other  on  Library  street.  Each  front  consists 
of  a  heavy  entablature  and  pediment,  resting  upon  eight  large 
fluted  Doric  columns.  The  building  contains  the  offices  of  the 
Custom  House  and  the  United  States  Sub-Treasury. 


THE  JAPANESE  BAZAAR— CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


49 


The  Post-Office 

Is  situated  immediately  above  the  Custom  House.  It  is  built 
of  a  bluish  white  marble,  in  the  French  style,  with  a  mansard 
roof.  The  business  of  the  Post-Office  has  long  since  outgrown 
its  present  contracted  quarters,  and  a  new  building  for  its  use  is 
in  course  of  construction  higher  up  Chestnut  street.  The  pres¬ 
ent  edifice  contains,  in  addition  to  the  Post-Office,  the  rooms  of 
the  United  States  District  and  Circuit  Courts  and  the  office  of 
the  United  States  Marshal. 

On  the  north  side  of  Chestnut  street,  opposite  the  Custom 
House,  is  the  substantial  granite  building  of  the  Bank  of  Phil¬ 
adelphia .  Just  above  it  is  the  Farmers’  and  Mechanics’  Bank , 
a  white  marble  structure.  This  bank  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the 
Union,  its  charter  dating  from  1807.  The  present  banking- 
house  was  built  in  1855.  It  stands  on  the  site  of  a  spacious 
old-time  mansion,  which  was  the  head-quarters  of  Admiral 
Lord  Howe  during  the  occupation  of  the  city  by  the  British  in 
the  Revolution.  The  bank  is  the  financial  agent  of  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  is  the 
depository  of  the  “  Philadelphia  Clearing  House.”  The  Clearing 
House  occupies  a  portion  of  the  building.  Here  the  banks  of 
the  city  make  their  daily  settlements. 

Immediately  above  the  Farmers’  and  Mechanics’  Bank  is  the 
Building  occupied  by  the  Pennsylvania  Life  Insurance  and 
Trust  Company .  This  company  was  established  in  1812.  It 
does  an  immense  business  as  an  executor,  and  is  said  to  hold 
nearly  $100,000,000  in  trust.  In  the  same  block  are  the  Peo¬ 
ples’  Bank  and  the  Philadelphia  Trust  and,  Safe  Deposit  Com¬ 
pany,  both  handsome  structures.  On  the  south  side  of  Chest¬ 
nut  street,  occupying  the  entire  square  from  Fifth  to  Sixth,  are 
the  venerable  buildings  of 

Independence  Hall. 

This  building  is  decidedly  the  most  interesting  of  any  in  the 
city.  It  was  designed  by  Dr.  Kearsley,  who  also  planned 
Christ  Church,  was  commenced  in  1729  and  completed  in  1734. 

4 


INDEPENDENCE  HALE,  PHILADELPHIA,  IN  18/6. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


51 


The  builder  was  Edmund  Wooley ;  the  wings  were  not  added 
until  1740.  The  glazing  of  the  windows  was  done  by  Thomas 
Godfrey,  since  known  to  fame  as  the  inventor  of  the  quadrant. 
The  original  cost  of  the  building  was  £5,600.  The  building  is 
of  brick,  with  marble  trimmings,  and  has  an  air  of  stately 
dignity  and  repose,  which  offers  a  striking  contrast  to  the  hurry 
and  bustle  of  the  busy  street.  The  central  building  is  the 
handsomest,  the  wings  being  much  plainer  as  well  as  smaller. 
A  tasteful  steeple,  ornamented  with  a  clock,  rises  from  the  cen¬ 
tre  of  the  main  building.  It  was  erected  in  1828,  in  place  of 
the  original  steeple,  which  was  taken  down  in  consequence  of 


INTERIOR  OP  INDEPENDENCE  HADE. 

being  decayed  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century.  In  front 
of  the  Chestnut  street  entrance  stands  a  handsome  statue  of 
Washington  of  white  marble,  the  gift  to  the  city  of  the  children 
of  the  public  schools. 

The  building  was  erected  by  the  province  of  Pennsylvania 
for  the  purposes  of  a  State  House.  The  Continental  Congress, 
composed  of  delegates  from  the  thirteen  colonies,  assembled  here 


52 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


at  the  opening  of  its  adjourned  session  on  the  10th  of  May, 
1775;  and  here  was  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
which  has  made  this  venerable  edifice  for  all  time  the  very 
shrine  of  American  patriotism. 

The  interior  decorations  remain  as  originally  designed  by  the 
architect.  Over  the  doors  of  the  main  halls  on  the  first  floor 
are  medallions  containing  the  head  of  one  of  the  Georges. 
The  eastern  hall — the  one  on  the  left  of  the  visitor  as  he  enters 
from  Chestnut  street — -is  “  Independence  Hall.”  It  was  in 
this  chamber  that  the  Continental  Congress  held  its  sessions, 
and  that  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  signed.  The 
hall  is  substantially  unchanged,  the  only  repairs  that  have  been 
made  being  such  as  were  necessary  for  its  preservation.  The 
old  chandelier  used  by  the  Congress  of  the  Revolution  still  hangs 
from  the  ceiling.  The  walls  of  the  room  are  adorned  with 
portraits  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration,  by  Peale,  Stuart, 
Inman  and  Sully,  and  in  the  northwest  corner  stands  Rush’s 
statue  of  Washington.  On  a  dais  at  the  eastern  end  stands  the 
chair  used  by  John  Hancock,  as  President  of  the  Congress,  and 
the  table  on  which  the  Declaration  was  signed. 

At  the  opposite  or  western  end  of  the  building  is  the  hall 
formerly  used  by  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  It  is  now  a 
Museum  of  National  Relics,  and  contains  many  rare  and 
curious  articles  of  historical  interest.  The  collection  is  being 
constantly  enlarged. 

On  the  ground-floor  of  the  steeple  stands  the  old  bell  which, 
in  1776,  hung  in  the  State  House  steeple,  and  proclaimed 
liberty  to  the  people  of  America.  It  was  cast  in  England, 
especially  for  the  State  House,  in  1752,  but  was  cracked  in 
testing  it.  It  was  then  recast  by  Isaac  Norris,  of  Philadelphia, 
who  inscribed  upon  it  the  strangely  prophetic  words,  “  Pro¬ 
claim  liberty  throughout  all  the  land,  unto  all  the  inhabitants 
thereof.”  On  the  morning  of  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  vast 
crowds  assembled  around  the  State  House,  as  it  was  known 
that  the  Congress  would  on  that  day  take  definite  action  upon 
the  Declaration.  The  bell-ringer  stationed  himself  in  the  tower 
ready  to  proclaim  the  good  news  the  moment  it  should  be  an- 


AMARANTH  BEDSTEAD,  EXHIBITED  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDIN®. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


53 


nounced  to  him,  and  had  posted  his  little  son  at  the  door  of  the 
hall  to  await  the  signal  of  the  door-keeper.  When  the  an¬ 
nouncement  of  the  vote  was  made,  the  door-keeper  gave  the 
signal  and  the  boy  ran  quickly  to  the  tower.  The  old  man 
heard  him  coming,  and  clutched  the  bell-rope  with  a  firm 
grasp.  The  next  instant  the  glad  cry  of  the  boy’s  voice  was 
heard.  “  Ring !  ring !  ”  he  cried ;  and  then  the  deep,  sonorous 
tones  of  the  bell  went  rolling  out  of  the  tower,  and  were 
answered  with  a  mighty 
shout  from  the  assembled 
throng  without. 

A  few  days  later  the 
Declaration  of  Independ¬ 
ence  was  formally  read  by 
order  of  Congress,  from  the 
doorway  of  Independence 
Hall  to  the  people  assembled 
in  the  square  in  the  rear  of 
the  hall,  and  was  received 
by  them  with  overwhelming 
enthusiasm.  At  the  close 
of  the  reading  the  crowd 
tore  the  royal  decorations 
from  the  hall,  and  carried 
them  into  the  square  and 
made  bonfires  of  them. 

A  broad  stairway  leads  0LD  BELL  0F  dependence  hall. 

to  the  second  floor,  on  which  are  located  the  chambers  used  by 
the  Select  and  Common  Councils  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia. 
The  hall  at  the  western  end  was  used  as  the  Senate  chamber 
during  a  part  of  the  sessions  of  the  First  Congress.  At  the  time 
of  the  Revolution,  the  lobby  extended  from  this  hall  to  the 
eastern  end  of  the  building.  The  American  officers  captured 
by  the  British  at  the  battle  of  Germantown  were  confined  here. 

The  eastern  wing  is  now  occupied  by  the  Municipal  Govern¬ 
ment,  and  contains  the  offices  of  the  Mayor  of  the  city,  and  the 
Police  Department.  The  western  wing  is  known  as  “Congress 


54 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Hall.”  On  the  eastern  wall  of  this  wing  is  a  marble  tablet 
bearing  this  inscription : 

“  In  this  building  met  the 
First  Senate 
and  the 

First  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  United  States  of  America; 
and  herein  George  Washington  was  inaugurated 
President,  March  4,  1793, 
and  closed  his  official  career; 
where,  herein  also, 

John  Adams  was  inaugurated  the 
Second  President  of  the  United  States, 


March  4,  1797.” 

The  House  of  Representatives  occupied  the  first  door,  now 
used  by  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  and  tho  Highway 


PUBLIC  LEDGER  BUILDING. 


Department,  and  the  Senate,  upper  floor,  at  present  devoted  to 
District  Courts  No.  1  and  No.  2.  Thomas  Jefferson,  as  Vice- 
President,  presided  over  the  Senate  during  Mr.  Adams’  ad¬ 
ministration.  Congress  sat  here  from  1792  to  1799. 

Immediately  opposite  Independence  Hall  are  the  American 


EXHIBIT  OF  CHEMICALS  BY  BILLINGS,  CLAPP  &  CO.,  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


55 


Hotel ,  the  rooms  of  the  Philadelphia  Press  Club ,  and  the  office 
of  the  Adams  Express  Company. 

At  the  southwest  corner  of  Chestnut  and  Sixth  streets  is  the 
splendid  brown-stone  building  of  the  Public  Ledger.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  perfectly  appointed  newspaper  offices  in  the  world, 
and  is  a  noble  monument  to  the  energy  and  ability  of  Mr. 
George  W.  Childs,  its  proprietor,  who  has  made  the  Ledger  one 
of  the  most  useful  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  successful  journals 
in  the  Union.  On  the 
northwest  corner  is  the 
office  of  The  Day ,  and  a  few 
doors  above  is  the  office  of 
the  Evening  Bulletin ,  the 
oldest  afternoon  paper  in 
the  city.  Almost  immedi¬ 
ately  opposite  the  Bulletin 
is  the  office  of  the  German 
Democrat,  a  showy  build¬ 


ing;  and  on  the  southwest 
-corner  of  Seventh  and 
Chestnut  is  the  office  of  The 
Press.  A  few  doors  above 
Seventh,  on  the  north  side 
of  Chestnut,  is  the  office  of 
The  Times. 

At  the  northeast  corner 
•of  Seventh  is  Guy’s  Hotel , 
a  handsome  building  of 
white  marble.  The  hotel 
is  conducted  on  the  European  plan,  and  is  an  excellent  house. 

The  heavy  business  of  the  street  may  be  said  to  end  at 
■Seventh  street,  at  which  point  the  fashionable  promenade 
begins.  Above  this,  the  stores  are  chiefly  retail  establishments, 
and  in  the  next  eight  squares  are  collected  the  handsomest  and 
most  extensive  dry-goods,  clothing,  jewelry,  house-furnishing, 
carpet,  book,  and  fancy  stores  of  the  city.  Many  of  these  are 
palatial  structures,  and  in  the  majority  the  display  of  goods  is 


GERMAN  DEMOCRAT  BUILDING. 


56 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY, 


rich  and  beautiful.  The  windows  are  dressed  with  great  taste, 
and  afford  a  constantly  changing  series  of  pictures  unsurpassed 
by  any  street  in  the  world.  The  scene  on  the  street  is  always 
brilliant.  The  whole  fashionable  world  turns  out  here  to  see 
and  be  seen  in  fine  weather,  and  from  two  to  six  in  the  after¬ 
noon  the  street  is  thronged  with  elegantly  dressed  people,  and 
showy  carriages  and  other  vehicles. 

On  the  north  side,  above  Seventh,  is  the  elegant  front  of  the 


guy’s  hotel. 


Old  Masonic  Temple.  It  is  a  conspicuous  object  on  the  street, 
and  at  the  time  of  its  erection  was  considered  the  most  elegant 
structure  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  It  is  now  eclipsed  by  the 
new  Temple  on  Broad  street,  and  having  been  deserted  by  the 
brethren,  is  being  converted  into  a  hotel. 

At  the  southeast  corner  of  Ninth  and  Chestnut  is  the  Conti¬ 
nental  Hotel ,  the  largest  in  the  city,  and  esteemed  by  experi¬ 
enced  travellers  the  best  in  the  Union.  It  is  six  stories  in 
height,  and  covers  an  area  of  41,536  square  feet  of  ground. 


OLD  MASONIC  TEMPLE,  CHESTNUT  STREET. 


58 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  Chestnut  street  front  is  built  of  Albert  and  Pictou  sand¬ 
stone,  and  is  elegant  and  tasteful  in  design.  The  Ninth  and 
Sansom  street  fronts  are  of  a  fine  quality  of  pressed  brick. 
The  hotel  was  opened  in  February,  I860,  and  has  done  a  steady 
and  prosperous  business  ever  since.  It  has  accommodations  for 
1000  guests,  and  is  famous  as  setting  a  better  table  than  any 
American  hotel.  All  of  its  appointments  are  elegant  and  sub¬ 
stantial,  and  combine  solid  comfort  with  beauty.  Elevators 
convey  guests  and  their  luggage  from  the  ground-floor  to  the 


sixth  story ;  telegraph  wires  radiate  from  the  hotel  to  all  parts 
of  the  world ;  the  traveller  may  purchase  his  ticket  to  his 
destination  and  check  his  baggage  before  leaving  the  house; 
and  most  of  the  necessities  and  many  of  the  luxuries  of  life 
may  be  had  from  the  stores  under  the  same  roof.  The  cost  of 
the  building  was  $1,000,000. 

Immediately  opposite  the  Continental  is  the  Girard  House , 
a  stately  edifice  of  brown-stone,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $500,000. 
It  is  considered  the  second  hotel  in  Philadelphia,  and  is  a  for- 


* 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  OSWEGO  STARCH  CO.,  IN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


59 


raidable  rival  to  the  Continental.  It  has  accommodations  for 
$00  guests. 

The  eastern  half  of  the  square,  bounded  by  Chestnut,  Market, 
•and  Ninth  streets,  is  the  site  on  which  the  new  Post-Office  is 
being  erected.  An  appropriation  of  $3,000,000  has  been  made 
for  this  work,  and  the  Post-Office  will  be  a  splendid  and  per¬ 
fectly  arranged  building.  It  will  be  constructed  of  granite, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  its  cost  will  not  fall  short  of  $6,000,000. 

At  the  southwest  corner  of  Chestnut  and  Ninth  is  the  “  Burd 
Block, ”  built  of  white  marble,  and  consisting  of  three  beautiful 
and  magnificent  stores — the  handsomest  on  the  street. 

At  the  northwest  corner  of  Tenth  street  is  the  building  of  the 


GIRARD  HOUSE. 


New  York  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company .  It  stands  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Keene  mansion,  and  is  a  magnificent  structure 
of  light  Rhode  Island  granite,  in  the  Renaissance  style.  It  is 
one  of  the  principal  ornaments  of  the  city,  and  one  of  the 
handsomest  business  edifices  in  the  world.  Its  cost  was 
$1,000,000. 

On  the  north  side  of  Chestnut,  above  Tenth,  is  the  American 
Theatre ,  better  known  as  Fox's.  It  is  a  gaudy  structure,  stands 
on  the  site  of  the  old  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  will  seat 
2800  people.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  street  are  a  number 
of  elegant  stores. 

The  American  Sunday-School  Union  occupies  a  handsome 
“granite  edifice  on  the  south  side  of  the  street,  between  Eleventh 


60 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  Twelfth.  It  was  erected  in  1854,  and  is  the  head-quarters 
and  central  office  of  this  vast  organization.  Girard  Row ,  on 
the  <  opposite  side  of  the  street,  contains  a  number  of  handsome 
stores.  One  of  these  is  occupied  by  the  art  galleries  of  C.  F. 
Haseltine,  a  place  which  no  lover  of  art  should  fail  to  visit. 

Bailey’s  Jewelry  Store ,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Chestnut 
and  Twelfth,  is  a  superb  edifice  of  white  marble.  It  is  the 
largest  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the  city,  and  is  richly  worth 


CHESTNUT  STREET  AT  TWELFTH. 


a  visit.  The  building  is  owned  by  Dr.  S.  S.  White,  manufac¬ 
turer  of  dental  materials,  who  occupies  all  the  upper  floors. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  street,  above  Twelfth,  are  the 
Chestnut  Street  Theatre ,  the  leading  society  theatre  of  the  city, 
and  Concert  Hall. 

The  United  States  Mint 

Stands  on  the  north  side  of  Chestnut  street,  above  Thirteenth. 
The  building  is  principally  of  brick,  faced  in  front  with  white 
marble  ashler.  It  is  in  the  Ionic  order,  and  the  front  is  orna¬ 
mented  with  a  wide  portico  of  beautiful  design,  supported  by 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


61 


six  large  pillars,  and  approached  by  a  flight  of  wide  steps. 
The  United  States  Mint  was  established  by  Act  of  Congress,  in 
April,  1792,  and  in  1794  David  Rittenhouse  was  appointed  by 
President  Washington  its  first  Director.  A  building  on  Seventh 
street,  near  Market,  was  first  used,  and  there  copper  cents  were 


A  CHESTNUT  STREET  DRY-GOODS  STORE. 


coined  in  1793.  Silver  dollars  were  coined  the  next  year,  and 
gold  eagles  in  1795.  Until  1826  all  the  work  of  coining  was 
done  by  hand,  but  in  that  year  steam  machinery  was  introduced. 
The  present  structure  was  begun  in  1829,  and  was  finished  in 
1833.  It  is  the  principal  mint  of  the  country,  all  the  others 


62 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


being  merely  branches  of  this  establishment.  It  is  one  of  the- 
most  complete  and  perfectly  equipped  institutions  of  its  kind. 
The  steam-engine  and  the  coining  and  milling  machinery  are 
exceedingly  intricate  and  costly.  The  steam-engine  used  for 
driving  the  coining  machinery  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  and 
beautiful  pieces  of  machinery  in  existence.  The  largest  scale 
used  in  the  mint  will  weigh  6000  ounces  of  metal,  and  the 
smallest  one-thirteenth-hundredth  part  of  a  grain.  Of  late 
years  the  mint  has  been  largely  engaged  in  coining  money  for 
China  and  Japan.  The  probable  resumption  of  specie  pay¬ 
ments  at  an  early  day  will  no  doubt  restore  to  this  institution 
its  old  time  activity.  The  operations  of  the  mint  are  con¬ 
ducted  with  the  most  scrupulous  integrity.  The  government 
has  never  lost  a  cent’s  worth  by  the  dishonesty  of  any  of  the 
officials  or  employes  since  the  institution  was  established. 
Visitors  are  admitted  from  9  to  12  each  day,  and  the  officers 
of  the  mint  take  pleasure  in  explaining  the  coining  and  other 
processes.  There  is  a  valuable  and  extensive  cabinet  of  rare 
and  curious  coins  attached  to  the  mint.  Some  of  the  coins  are 
of  a  date  700  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Nearly  opposite  the  mint  is  the  new  building  of  the  Presby¬ 
terian  Board  of  Publication .  It  is  built  of  white  granite,  with 
trimmings  of  polished  Aberdeen  stone. 

At  the  southeast  corner  of  Chestnut  and  Fifteenth  streets  is 
the  magnificent  new  building  of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian 
Association.  The  ground-floor  is  devoted  to  stores,  but  the 
upper  floors  are  used  by  the  Association.  It  is  the  handsomest 
building  owned  by  this  society  in  the  United  States. 

At  the  southwest  corner  of  Fifteenth  street  is  the  Colonnade 
Hotel ,  a  handsome  structure  of  white  marble,  seven  stories  in 
height.  It  is  a  first-class  hotel,  and  has  accommodations  for 
700  guests. 

At  the  northwest  corner  is  the  Episcopal  Church  of  the 
Epiphany. 

Immediately  above  the  Colonnade  Hotel  is  the  Reform  Club 
House ,  a  marble  building,  pleasantly  situated,  and  fitted  up  in 
superb  style. 


INTERIOR  OF  THE  BRAZILIAN  COURT,  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  INTERIOR  OF  HORTICULTURAL  HALL. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  63 

Beyond  Fifteenth,  Chestnut  street  is  lined  with  handsome 
residences,  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  Schuylkill.  The 
most  beautiful  and  costly  of  these  is  the  mansion  built  by  the 
late  Dr.  Jayne,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Nineteenth  street. 
On  the  north  side  of  Chestnut,  above  Eighteenth,  is  the  Taber¬ 
nacle  Baptist  Church. 

The  Schuylkill  is  crossed  by  means  of  a  handsome  bridge 
of  iron,  with  stone  piers.  Beyond  the  river  the  street  is  built 


COLONNADE  HOTEL. 


up  regularly  for  a  few  squares,  but  then  gives  way  to  a  series 
of  elegant  villas. 

Wainut  Street. 

The  lower  part  of  Walnut  street  is  devoted  entirely  to  business. 
At  the  corner  of  Second  and  Walnut  is  a  large  four-story  brown- 
stone  building  known  as  “  Anthracite  Block/'  as  it  is  occupied 
entirely  by  persons  engaged  in  the  coal  trade.  This  part  of  the 
street  is  principally  devoted  to  the  same  interest. 

Jus*  above  Second  street  Dock  street  intersects  Walnut 


CHESTNUT  STREET  BRIDGE  OVER  THE  SCHUYLKILL,  PHILADELPHIA. 


THE  CHINESE  COURT,  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


EXHIBIT  OF  GARDEN  SEED,  IN  AGRICULTURAL  IIALI 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


65 


obliquely,  and  in  the  triangle  bounded  by  Third,  Dock,  and 
Walnut  streets  stands 

The  Merchants’  Exchange. 

This  is  the  most  conspicuous  feature  of  this  portion  of  Phila¬ 
delphia.  It  is  a  splendid  edifice,  constructed  of  Pennsylvania 
marble.  It  is  used  for  the  purposes  indicated  by  its  name ;  and 
the  large  rotunda  on  its  eastern  side  has  lately  been  fitted  up  at 


merchants’  exchange. 


great  expense  for  the  daily  sessions  of  the  Philadelphia  Board 
of  Brokers.  Dock  street,  upon  which  the  eastern  side  of  the 
building  fronts,  is  said  to  have  been  once  the  course  of  a  stream 
of  running  water. 

In  Second  street  below  Chestnut,  and  almost  within  sight  of 
the  Exchange,  is  the  Commercial  Exchange.  It  is  a  handsome 
building  of  brick  and  brown-stone,  with  a  tower.  The  lower 
hall  is  used  by  the  grain  and  flour  merchants  for  their  daily 
meetings,  and  the  tower  by  the  Philadelphia  branch  of  the 
5 


66 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


United  States  Signal  Service.  The  building  stands  on  the  site 
of  the  “  Old  Slate  Roof  House/’  which  was  so  called  because 
it  was  at  that  time  the  only  house  in  Philadelphia  provided 
with  such  a  roof.  It  was  built  at  a  very  early  day  by  Samuel 
Carpenter.  William  Penn  occupied  it  during  his  second  visit 
to  Philadelphia,  in  1700,  when  he  brought  his  family  with  him, 
and  John  Penn,  the  only  native  American  of  the  family,  was 
born  here.  General  Forbes,  Braddock’s  successor,  died  here, 
and  General  Henry  Lee,  the  famous  “  Light-Horse  Harry”  of 
the  Revolution,  was  buried  from  here.  John  Adams,  John 
Hancock,  and  the  Baron  de  Kalb  also  resided  here  for  a  while. 
Washington  was  a  frequent  visitor  to  the  house. 

At  the  southeast  corner  of  Walnut  and  Third  streets  is  the 
building  of  the  Delaware  Mutual  Safety  Insurance  Company , 
one  of  the  handsomest  in  the  city.  On  the  opposite  corner  of 
Third  street  is  the  office  of  the  Sunday  Dispatch.  Between 
Third  and  Fourth  the  street  is  occupied  almost  entirely  by  coal 
offices. 

On  Fourth  street  below  Walnut  are  the  offices  of  the  Penn¬ 
sylvania  and  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railroad  Companies. 
The  Pennsylvania  Company  controls  more  miles  of  railway 
than  any  other  organization  in  the  world.  The  building  of 
this  company  is  of  brick,  with  a  handsome  front  of  Quincy 
granite. '  The  Reading  Railroad  is  the  second  corporation  in 
the  State,  and  controls  the  bulk  of  the  transportation  from  the 
rich  coal-fields  of  Pennsylvania  to  the  seaboard. 

Independence  Square  lies  on  the  north  side  of  Walnut  street, 
between  Fifth  and  Sixth ;  and  diagonally  opposite,  at  the  corner 
of  Sixth,  is  Washington  Square,  both  of  which  have  been 
already  described.  This  is  a  region  of  lawyers’  and  real  estate 
agents’  offices ;  a  number  of  insurance  offices  are  also  located 
here.  On  the  corner  of  Walnut  street  and  West  Washington 
Square  is  the  handsome  bank  building  of  the  Philadelphia  Sav¬ 
ings  Fund  Society ,  the  first  savings  bank  established  in  America. 
It  began  in  a  small  way  in  1816,  and  its  depositors  now  num¬ 
ber  39,000,  while  its  deposits  amount  to  more  than  $10,000,000. 

On  the  northeast  corner  of  Walnut  and  Ninth  streets  is  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


67 


Walnut  Street  Theatre ,  once  the  leading  theatre  of  the  Union. 
It  was  the  scene  of  many  of  the  most  memorable  triumphs  of 
Kean,  Kemble,  Forrest,  Macready,  and  the  elder  and  younger 
Booth. 

Adjoining  the  northwest  corner  of  Walnut  and  Ninth  is  the 


RESIDENCE  OF  GEO.  W.  CHILDS,  WALNUT  STREET. 


building  occupied  by  city  offices  of  the  United  States  Centennial 
Commission.  Immediately  opposite  is  the  office  of  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  Board  of  Finance.  On  the  north  side  of  the  street,  just 
below  Tenth  street,  is  the  Irving  House,  a  fashionable  hotel,  with 
accommodations  for  200  guests. 

The  business  portion  of  Walnut  street  may  be  said  to  end 


68 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


at  Tenth  street.  Beyond  this  the  street  is  occupied  by  dwell- 
ings,  which,  above  Twelfth  street,  are  among  the  handsomest 
in  the  country.  Marble,  brown-stone,  granite,  and  free-stone 
alternate  with  brick,  and  give  to  the  street  an  appearance  more 
varied  than  that  of  Fifth  Avenue,  and  almost  as  handsome. 

Rittenhouse  Square,  already  described,  is  at  the  intersection 
of  Eighteenth  and  Walnut  streets.  The  residences  surrounding 
it  are  especially  attractive,  and  afford  a  fair  sample  of  the 
higher  class  of  the  domestic  architecture  of  the  city.  At  the 
upper  end  of  Rittenhouse  Square  is  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  a  handsome  brown-stone  edifice  with  a  square  tower 
and  pinnacles  of  the  same  material.  At  the  southeast  corner  of 
Twenty-first  and  Walnut  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  specimens 
of  church  architecture  in  Philadelphia.  It  is  the  property  of 
the  Presbyterian  denomination,  and  is  known  as  the  Second 
Presbyterian  Church. 

The  line  of  residences  ceases  abruptly  about  a  square  from 
the  river.  Beyond  the  Schuylkill  it  is  taken  up  again,  and 
Walnut  street  forms  one  of  the  most  beautiful  thoroughfares  of 
West  Philadelphia.  At  Thirty-ninth  and  Walnut  is  the  pala¬ 
tial  residence  of  Anthony  J.  Drexel,  the  well-known  banker, 
and  one  of  Philadelphia’s  most  useful  citizens.  It  is  a  splen¬ 
did  specimen  of  villa  architecture. 

Arch  Street. 

Arch  street  is  the  next  great  thoroughfare  north  of  Market 
street,  and  extends  from  the  Delaware  to  the  Schuylkill.  It  is  a 
wide  and  handsome  avenue,  the  lower  part  of  which  is  given  to 
business.  It  is  a  street  which  retains  more  traces  of  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  of  half  a  century  ago  than  any  of  the  great  highways 
of  the  city,  and  is  quieter  and  more  staid  than  either  Market  or 
Chestnut.  It  is  one  of  the  brightest  and  most  attractive  of  the 
city  thoroughfares,  and  forms  a  pleasing  contrast  to  either  of 
those  just  mentioned. 

At  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Arch,  surrounded  by  a  high 
brick  wall,  is  the  Meeting  House  of  the  Orthodox  Friends. 
Philadelphia  owes  her  prosperity  to-day,  in  a  great  measure,  to 


SILVER  PITCHER,  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  GORHAM  MANUFACTURING  GO. 


SOLID  SILVER  SALVER,  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  GORHAM  MANUFACTURING  CO.  VALUE  $3,000. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


the  people  of  this  society,  and  in  this  city  at  least,  the  sincere 
and  modest  virtues  of  the  Quaker  will  always  command  the 
grateful  reverence  of  the  people. 

At  the  southeast  corner  of  Fifth  and  Arch  streets  is 


Old  Christ  Church  Graveyard. 

It  is  enclosed  by  a  high  brick  wall.  It  was  purchased  at  the 
same  time  the  ground  on  which  Christ  Church  stands  was  ac¬ 
quired,  and  the  first  in¬ 
terment  was  made  here  _  _  .  — 

in  1700,  five  years  after¬ 
wards.  Many  prominent 
men  are  buried  here. 

Here  lie  the  bones  of 
Peyton  Randolph,  the 
President  of  the  first  Con¬ 
tinental  Congress ;  Fran¬ 
cis  Hopkinson,  a  signer 
of  the  Declaration  of  In¬ 
dependence  ;  and  Major-  ;Jj 
General  Charles  Lee.  :l|! 

Close  by  the  Arch  street 
wall,  at  the  upper  end  of 
the  cemetery,  are  the 
graves  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  and  Deborah, 
his  wife.  In  1858,  a  portion  of  the  wall  was  removed,  and  an  iron 
railing  was  set  in  its  place.  The  passer-by  can  now  look  in  from 
the  street  and  behold  the  graves  of  the  philosopher  and  states¬ 
man,  and  his  wife.  A  plain  slab  of  marble  marks  their  last 
resting-place,  bearing  an  inscription  dictated  by  Franklin  him¬ 
self,  with  the  exception  of  the  date.  It  reads  thus  : 


CORNER  OF  ARCH  AND  SIXTH  STREETS. 


“  Benjamin  I 

and  V  Franklin. 

Deborah  J 

1790.” 

What  a  contrast  between  this  modest  legend  and  the  pompous 


70 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


inscriptions  in  Laurel  Hill !  Franklin  needed  no  monument 
over  his  tomb,  no  epitaph,  to  keep  his  memory  green  in  Phila¬ 
delphia.  His  monuments  lie  all  over  the  city.  Among  the 
most  prominent  are  the  Philadelphia  Library,  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  the  Univer¬ 
sity  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Christ  Church. 

Adjoining  the  grave  of  Franklin  is  that  of  his  daughter 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 


Sarah,  and  her  husband,  Eichard  Bache.  It  is  marked  by  a 
similar  slab. 

At  the  southwest  corner  of  Fifth  and  Arch  is  an  ancient 
building,  erected  during  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century  for 
the  use  of  the  Free  Quakers.  It  is  now  occupied  by  the  Appren¬ 
tices9  Library  Company ,  which  was  established  in  1820,  “for  the 
use  of  apprentices  and  other  young  persons,  without  charge  of 
any  kind,  for  the  use  of  books.” 

On  the  north  side  of  Arch  street,  above  Sixth,  is  the  Arch 
Street  Theatre ,  a  handsome  marble  front  building.  The  interior 
is  one  of  the  best  arranged  and  most  comfortable  in  the  city. 


THE  STARCH  PAVILION,  TN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


GENERAL  VIEW  OP  THE  INTERIOR  OF  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


71 


On  the  same  side,  above  Seventh,  is  the  St.  Cloud  Hotel ,  a 
handsome  building,  with  a  brown-stone  front,  with  accommoda¬ 
tions  for  400  guests. 

At  the  northwest  corner  of  Arch  and  Ninth  streets  is  Colonel 
Wood’s  Museum ,  a  popular  place  of  amusement.  Adjoining  the 
northwest  corner  of  Tenth  and  Arch  is  Simmons’  and  Slocum’s 
Opera  House. 


ST.  CLOUD  HOTEL. 


On  Arch  above  Tenth,  on  the  south  side,  are  the  Methodist 
Booh  Rooms. 

At  the  southeast  corner  of  Arch  and  Broad  streets  is  the  Arcli 
Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church ,  one  of  the  stateliest  church 
edifices  in  the  city.  It  was  completed  in  1873,  is  constructed 
entirely  of  white  marble,  and  is  built  in  the  pure  Gothic  style, 


72 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


with  a  spire  rising  to  a  height  of  233  feet.  Its  cost  was  over 
|250,000.  At  the  northwestern  corner  is  St.  John's  Lutheran 
Church.  It  is  built  of  serpentine  stone,  with  gray  sandstone 
and  Hummel-stone  dressings.  The  tower,  which  is  not  yet 
completed,  will  be  massive  in  its  proportions,  and  very  beauti- 


ARCH  STREET  METHODIST  CHURCH. 


fill.  The  interior  decorations  are  very  rich,  and  the  altar  is  one 
of  the  handsomest  in  this  country.  The  church  is  built  in  the 
florid  German  Gothic  style,  and  will  cost  when  completed  about 
$300,000.  At  the  northwest  corner  of  Arch  and  Broad  is  the 
First  Baptist  Churchy  one  of  the  oldest  organizations  of  that  de- 


MAIN  AISLE  IN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL,  SHOWING  TIlJj  OLD  WINDMILL,  ETC, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


73 


nomination  in  this  country.  The  congregation  was  formed  in 
1684.  The  present  edifice  was  erected  in  1854.  The  church 
is  a  substantial  brown-stone  structure,  with  a  spire  225  feet  in 
height.  The  interior  is  very  handsome. 

Above  Broad,  Arch  street  is  entirely  devoted  to  residences, 
many  of  which  are  very  handsome.  Many  of  the  “  solid  men  ” 
of  the  city  live  in  this  quarter,  and  their  residences,  while  often 
plain  and  unassuming  without,  are  sumptuously  and  beautifully 
furnished  within,  and  are  arranged  with  every  convenience.  At 
the  corner  of  Arch  and  Eighteenth  is  the  West  Arch  Street  Pres¬ 
byterian  Church ,  a  splendid  edifice,  much  admired  by  the  people 
of  the  city. 

Broad  Street. 

Broad  street  is  the  longest  in  the  city.  It  extends  in  an  un¬ 
broken  line  from  the  Delaware  to  Germantown,  a  distance  of 
about  fifteen  miles,  and  preserves  a  uniform  width  of  120  feet 
along  this  entire  length. 

The  southern  terminus  of  the  street  is  at  League  Island,  a 
low  tract  of  land  at  the  junction  of  the  Delaware  and  the 
Schuylkill.  This  island  was  presented  to  the  United  States  by 
the  city  of  Philadelphia  a  few  years  ago,  for  a  Navy  Yard. 
Work  was  begun  upon  it  almost  immediately,  and  about  a  year 
ago  the  Navy  Yard  was  transferred  to  it  from  its  old  quarters 
higher  up  the  river.  We  shall  refer  to  it  again  in  another  por¬ 
tion  of  this  work.  For  some  distance  north  of  League  Island, 
Broad  street  is  bordered  by  truck  farms,  and  is  ornamented  with 
a  double  row  of  trees.  Several  handsome  churches  and  some 
fine  residences  are  located  south  of  Washington  avenue.  At 
the  northwest  corner  of  Broad  street  and  Washington  avenue  is 
the  Depot  of  the  Philadelphia ,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Rail¬ 
road,  or,  as  it  is  more  commonly  called,  “the  Baltimore  Depot.” 
It  is  a  large  and  commodious  building,  well  suited  to  the  needs 
of  this  prosperous  road.  Diagonally  opposite  the  depot,  in  the 
square  bounded  by  Broad,  Thirteenth,  Christian  and  Carpenter 
streets,  is  the  Ridgway  Branch  of  the  Philadelphia  Library,  to 
which  we  shall  refer  again. 

At  the  corner  of  Broad  and  Pine  streets  is  the  Pennsylvania 


74 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb.  This  noble  charity  was  or¬ 
ganized  in  1820,  by  Bishop  White,  and  in  1821  was  incor¬ 
porated  by  the  State.  The  building  presents  a  front. of  cut  stone, 
with  a  portico  supported  by  pillars  of  the  Tuscan  order.  It 
consists  of  a  central  portion  and  two  wings,  the  whole  having  a 


BETH-EDEN  BAPTIST  CHURCH. 


frontage  of  200  feet.  The  State  of  Pennsylvania  makes  a  lib¬ 
eral  appropriation  every  year  towards  its  support,  and  the  States 
of  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware  also  contribute  to  it, 
and  send  their  deaf  and  dumb  to  enjoy  its  benefits. 

At  the  northwest  corner  of  Spruce  street  is  Beth-Eden  Church , 
the  property  of  the  Baptists.  It  is  a  superb  edifice,  and  when 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


75 


its  spire  is  completed,  will  be  one  of  the  most  perfect  specimens 
of  church  architecture  in  America. 

On  Broad  street  above  Locust  is  Horticultural  Hall,  the  prop¬ 
erty  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  which  was  in¬ 
corporated  in  1827. 


HOETICULTIJEAIi  HAI/L. 


Immediately  above  Horticultural  Hall,  and  separated  from 
it  by  a  space  of  a  few  yards,  is  the 

American  Academy  of  Music, 

The  most  capacious  and  elegant  opera  house  in  the  country.  It 
was  completed  on  the  26th  of  January,  1857,  and  was  opened 
with  a  notable  ball.  It  is  still  used  for  the  grand  balls  of  the 
Philadelphians,  on  which  occasions  a  temporary  bridge  is 
thrown  across  the  space  between  the  Academy  and  Horticul¬ 
tural  Hall,  and  the  two  buildings  are  used  in  common.  The 
Academy  is  built  of  fine  pressed  brick,  with  brown-stone  trim¬ 
mings,  and  has  a  front  of  140  feet  on  Broad  street,  and  a  depth 
of  238  feet  on  Locust  street.  The  exterior  is  substantial,  but 


76 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


plain,  and  not  at  all  in  keeping  with  the  magnificent  interior^ 
The  stage  is  90  feet  wide,  nearly  50  feet  high,  and  nearly  100 
feet  deep.  The  proscenium  is  richly  ornamented,  and  the 
boxes  which  it  contains  are  situated  between  six  splendid  Cor¬ 
inthian  pillars,  three  on  each  side,  and  are  sumptuously  up¬ 
holstered.  The  parquette  and  its  accompanying  circle  are  very 
large,  and  above  them  rises  the  balcony,  at  the  back  of  which 
are  rows  of  private  boxes,  the  family  circle,  and  the  amphitheatre* 


ACADEMY  OP  MUSIC. 


The  galleries  are  supported  by  Corinthian  pillars,  similar  to 
those  of  the  proscenium,  but  smaller.  The  dome  is  frescoed  to 
represent  the  sky  with  its  myriads  of  stars,  and  from  it  hangs  a 
magnificent  crystal  chandelier.  The  upholstering  of  the  house 
is  in  crimson  and  gold,  and  the  effect  of  the  whole  is  dazzling 
and  grand.  The  front  doors  lead  into  a  large  lobby,  hand¬ 
somely  frescoed,  and  provided  with  retiring-rooms,  cloak-rooms, 
etc.  On  the  right  and  left,  grand  stairways  lead  to  the  balcony, 
which  is  backed  by  a  smaller  lobby  opening  into  the  foyer. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  7> 

which  is  located  immediately  over  the  main  lobby.  The  build¬ 
ing  will  comfortably  seat  3000  persons,  and  has  held  as  many 
as  4000  sitting  and  standing.  Its  estimated  value,  with  its 
scenery  and  other  appointments,  is  $800,000. 

On  the  southeast  corner  of  Broad  and  Locust  streets  is  The 
Colosseum .  It  stands  directly  opposite  the  Academy  of  Music, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  noticeable  buildings  in  the  city.  It  was 
originally  erected  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Thirty-fifth 
street,  in  New  York,  but  was  taken  down,  transferred  to  Phila¬ 
delphia,  and  rebuilt  here  in  the  spring  of  1876.  As  it  con¬ 
stitutes  one  of  the  most  prominent  places  of  interest  in  the  city 
the  whole  year  round,  a  brief  description  of  it  will  be  of  interest 
to  the  reader.  The  building  is  cylindrical  in  form,  and  has 
a  diameter  of  129  feet  at  the  base,  and  126  feet  at  the  eaves. 
The  height  from  the  pavement  to  the  under  side  of  the  roof  is 
77  feet.  The  foundations  are  of  masonry,  capped  with  granite 
blocks.  The  walls  are  constructed  of  wrought-iron  frame  work. 
T  irons,  3J  by  3J  inches,  are  set  upright,  6  feet  apart  at  the 
base,  and  3  feet  apart  at  the  top,  and  are  connected  at  in¬ 
tervals  of  7  feet  6  inches  by  T  and  angle-irons  bolted  to 
them,  the  whole  forming  a  kind  of  ladder.  There  are  twenty- 
eight  of  these  ladders  placed  round  the  circumference,  all  se¬ 
curely  joined  together.  Wooden  braces  are  added  to  the 
panels  of  the  ladders.  The  outside,  405  feet  in  circumference, 
and  75  feet  high,  is  covered  with  corrugated  iron.  Being 
constructed  in  this  way  it  can  be  seen  how  it  was  possible  to 
take  the  building  down  in  New  York  and  ship  it  to  Philadel¬ 
phia,  although  the  undertaking  was  a  laborious  one,  and  at¬ 
tended  by  enormous  expense.  The  roof  is  covered  with  tin, 
and  contains  forty-eight  skylights.  Within  the  building  is  a 
promenade  94  feet  in  diameter,  and  300  feet  in  circumference. 
It  is  fitted  with  ornamental  columns  and  pilasters,  and  has  fif¬ 
teen  alcoves  containing  many  objects  of  interest  and  beauty. 
The  main  entrance  to  the  building  is  at  the  corner  of  Broad  and 
Locust  streets,  the  facade  of  ornamental  galvanized  iron  stand¬ 
ing  diagonally  across  the  corner  of  the  streets.  The  fagade  is 
32  feet  wide,  and  65  feet  high.  The  whole  building  is  beauti- 


78 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


fully  frescoed  in  bright  colors.  The  engine  for  working  the 
elevator  is  in  the  basement  at  the  centre  of  the  structure,  and 
the  boiler  at  the  rear  of  the  lot,  entirely  separated  from  the 
building.  There  will  be  no  fire  whatever  in  the  Colosseum, 
(the  heating  being  done  by  steam-pipes),  except  gaslights,  and 
every  precaution  in  the  shape  of  plugs,  hose,  &c.,  will  be  used 
to  guard  against  accident. 

A  great  feature  of  the  Colosseum  is  the  tower.  This  sub¬ 
structure  arises  from  the  ground  in  the  interior  of  the  building, 
around  it  running  the  promenade  already  described.  It  is  38 
feet  6  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  formerly  terminated 
at  the  roof-line.  In  reconstructing  the  building  on  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  site,  the  tower  was  run  up  to  a  total  height  of  166  feet, 
with  a  diameter  at  the  top  of  20  feet.  The  tower  has  a  balcony 
113  feet  above  the  pavement-line,  47  feet  in  diameter.  From 
this  point  the  tower  takes  a  conical  form,  decreasing  in  width  as 
it  rises.  At  a  height  of  141  feet  from  the  pavement,  a  second 
balcony  is  reached,  with  a  diameter  of  33  feet.  The  balconies 
are  each  4  feet  wide  outside  the  tower,  and  protected  by  substan¬ 
tial  railings.  The  two  balconies  will  accommodate  from  250  to 
300  people  at  one  time.  An  Otis  steam  elevator,  capable  of 
carrying  forty  persons  at  a  time,  is  run  from  the  ground  to 
the  upper  balcony,  whence  there  will  be  an  iron  stairway  on  the 
outside  of  the  tower  giving  access  to  the  summit,  twenty-five 
feet  above,  where  fifty  or  more  persons  may  be  accommodated  at 
one  time.  This  topmost  space  is  protected  by  a  high  and  strong 
iron  railing.  The  tower  is  composed  of  sixteen  “  ladders  ”  sim¬ 
ilar  to  those  used  in  the  construction  of  the  main  building.  On 
the  inside  is  a  heavy  framing  of  timber,  extending  from  the  floor 
to  the  top,  and  braced  to  the  iron  work,  within  which  the  ele¬ 
vator  works.  In  addition  to  the  elevator,  a  staircase  seven  feet 
wide  runs  round  the  interior  of  the  tower  to  the  top.  At  an 
appropriate  point  is  hung  a  chime  of  bells.  Here  it  may 
be  stated  that  the  cost  of  the  Colosseum  in  New  York  was 
$250,000.  The  extension  of  the  tower  and  the  cost  of  tearing 
down,  shipping  and  rebuilding,  brought  the  total  value  of  the 


' 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


79 


investment  at  Broad  and  Locust  streets,  apart  from  the  paint¬ 
ings,  to  a  sum  not  far  short  of  half  a  million. 

It  is  expected  that  the  tower  will  prove  a  great  point  of  at¬ 
traction  to  residents  and  visitors.  There  is  no  place  in  the 
vicinity  from  which  so  good  a  bird’s-eye  view  of  Philadelphia 
can  be  had,  nor  under  such  pleasant  circumstances.  A  few 
steeples  in  the  city  have  the  requisite  elevation,  but  there  are  no 
accommodations  in  them  for  visitors,  who  are  forced  to  climb 
the  whole  distance.  At  the  Colosseum  tower  the  visitor  is 
taken  up  by  an  elevator,  and  all  the  surroundings  w7ill  be  of 
a  nature  suited  to  the  class  of  citizens  who  will  be  attracted  to 
the  spot.  Arrived  at  the  first  balcony,  the  sight-seer  may 
either  there  satisfy  his  curiosity,  or  again  entering  the  elevator, 
may  be  carried  still  higher  up  the  shaft  to  the  second  balcony. 
If  he  has  yet  further  aspirations,  he  may  take  the  outside  stair¬ 
way  to  the  extreme  top.  It  is  probable  ladies  will  not  much 
affect  the  last  stage  of  the  journey,  but  it  will  be  perfectly  safe 
for  those  who  choose  it.  It  is  evident  that  visitors  may  gaiif 
a  more  correct  and  immediate  idea  of  the  topography  of  Phila* 
delphia  through  this  medium  than  by  any  other  means  at  hand 
in  the  city. 

The  building  is  designed  expressly  for  the  exhibition  of  the 
magnificent  panorama  of  Paris,  which  has  attracted  so  much 
attention  in  that  city  and  in  New  York.  The  picture  shows 
“  Paris  by  Night,”  and  is  the  work  of  Messrs.  Danson  &  Son, 
artists  of  eminence.  It  covers  over  40,000  square  feet — or 
more  than  an  acre — of  canvas,  and  represents  a  territory  of 
about  seven  square  miles.  Every  street  and  every  building  of 
prominence  or  interest  in  all  this  wide  space  is  depicted  on  the 
canvas  with  absolute  correctness.  The  great  capital  is  shown 
in  its  most  magnificent  mood,  and  the  painting  has  a  reputation 
among  artists  higher  than  that  of  the  “  Old  London.”  In  its 
illusion  “  Paris  by  Night  ”  surpasses  all  works  of  this  kind  ever 
devised.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  escape  the  impression  that 
one  is  indeed  looking  down  upon  an  enormous  living  and 
breathing  city.  Drawing  and  perspective  are  perfect,  and 
Paris,  absolutely  as  it  was  before  the  Communistic  spoilers 


80 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ravaged  it  in  parts,  is  practically  before  the  gazer.  All  persons 
who  have  been  in  Paris  will  take  delight  in  refreshing  their 
memories  by  this  means,  and  it  will  give  the  greater  number 
who  have  not  been  there  an  excellent  idea  of  the  place  where 
all  “  good  Americans  go  when  they  die.”  The  Cyclorama  is 
arranged  by  ingenious  mechanism  around  the  entire  inner  sur¬ 
face  of  the  circular  edifice,  its  lower  edge,  however,  not  coming 
to  within  twenty-five  feet  of  the  ground  floor,  that  space  being 
filled,  as  before  stated,  by  the  promenade.  The  spectator  ascend¬ 
ing  the  tower  emerges  at  a  height  of  about  fifty  feet  upon  a 
central  platform,  looking  downward  from  which  he  sees  the 
sparkling  city  spread  seemingly  for  miles  around  him.  The 
idea  is  that  the  sight-seer  is  upon  some  eminence  in  the  city  of 
Paris,  and  there  is  nothing  to  break  the  spell,  unless  it  is  the 
queer  French  spoken  by  the  people  around  him. 

To  further  carry  out  the  pleasant  fiction  the  canvas  is  made 
to  extend  far  up  and  beyond  the  platform,  and  is  painted  to 
represent  the  heavens.  The  stars  shine  out,  and  the  moon  pours 
its  full  soft  light  over  the  scene,  harmonizing  and  contrasting 
with  the  myriad  illuminations  which  make  gay  the  Boulevards; 
the  bridges,  and  the  other  busy  centres  of  Parisian  life.  At 
certain  times  mechanical  means  are  brought  in  play  by  which 
there  is  a  perfect  simulation  of  a  storm  over  the  city.  The 
moon  becomes  obscured  by  clouds  and  the  lights  of  the  city  art 
blurred  and  extinguished  by  fast  driving  rain.  This  scenk 
effect  universally  excites  admiration  and  astonishment. 

At  the  southwest  corner  of  Broad  and  Walnut  is  the  new 
St.  George  Hotel,  a  first-class  house,  with  accommodations  for 
400  guests. 

On  the  west  side  of  Broad,  north  of  Walnut,  is  the 

Union  League  Club  House. 

This  magnificent  edifice  is  the  property  of  the  Club  whose 
name  it  bears.  It  is  built  of  brick,  with  brown-stone  trimmings, 
in  the  French  Renaissance  style,  and  cost  over  $200,000.  It 
was  finished  in  May,  1865.  It  is  sumptuously  and  tastefully 
furnished,  and  has  all  the  appointments  of  a  first-class  club 


OP  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


81 


house.  Its  restaurant  is  excellent,  and  it  contains  many  valu¬ 
able  paintings,  statues,  and  busts.  The  club  has  now  a  member¬ 
ship  of  over  two  thousand.  It  was  organized  in  1862  for  the 
avowed  purpose  of  giving  to  the  general  government  “  an  un¬ 
wavering  support  of  its  efforts  for  the  suppression  of  the 
rebellion.” 

Immediately  above  the  “League  House”  is  the  La  Pierre 
House,  one  of  the  most  elegant  hotels  of  the  city,  with  accommo- 
dations  for  over  200  guests. 


UNION  LEAGUE  CLUB  HOUSE. 


A  Presbyterian  church,  with  a  handsome  Corinthian  portico, 
stands  opposite  the  “  League  House,”  and  immediately  above 
Chestnut  street  is  another  on  the  same  side  of  Broad  street. 

The  line  of  Broad  street  is  interrupted  a  little  above  Chestnut 
street,  by  the  enormous  pile  of  the  new 

Public  Buildings , 

now  m  course  of  erection  for  the  use  of  the  municipal  govern¬ 
ment.  The  building  is  surrounded  by  a  grand  avenue,  135  feet 

wide  on  the  southern,  eastern,  and  western  fronts,  and  205  feet 

6 


82 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


wide  on  the  northern  front.  The  plan  submitted  by  Mr.  John 
McArthur,  Jr.,  architect,  was  adopted.  It  is  essentially  modern 
in  its  leading  features,  and  presents  a  rich  example  of  what  is 
known  by  the  generic  term  of  the  “  Renaissance,”  modified  and 
adapted  to  the  varied  and  extensive  requirements  of  a  great 
American  municipality. 

It  is  designed  in  the  spirit  of  French  art,  admirable  in  its 
ornamentation,  while  the  whole  effect  is  one  of  massive  dignity, 
worthy  of  us  and  our  posterity. 

This  immense  architectural  pile  covers,  exclusive  of  the  court¬ 
yard,  an  area  of  nearly  4 J  acres,  and  consists  of  one  building, 


L. A  PIERRE  HOUSE. 


surrounding  an  interior  court-yard.  The  north  and  south  fronts 
measure  470  feet,  the  east  and  west  486 J  feet,  in  their  extreme 
length.  The  four  fronts  are  similar  in  their  design.  In  the 
centre  of  each  an  entrance  pavilion,  of  90  feet  in  width,  rises  to 
the  height  of  185  feet,  having  receding  wings  of  128  feet  eleva¬ 
tion.  The  fronts  terminate  at  the  four  corners  with  towers  or 
pavilions  of  51  feet  square  and  145  feet  high. 

The  whole  exterior  is  bold  and  effective  in  outline,  and  rich 
in  detail,  being  elaborated  with  highly  ornate  columns,  pilasters, 
pediments,  cornices,  enriched  windows,  and  other  appropriate 
adornment.  Archways  of  18  feet  in  width  by  36  feet  in  height, 
opening  through  each  of  the  four  central  pavilions,  constitute 


THE  HEW  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 


THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  IN  INDEPENDENCE  HALL. 


83 


84 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  four  principal  entrances,  and  at  the  same  time  afford  pas¬ 
sages  for  pedestrians  up  and  down  Broad  and  Market  streets, 
directly  through  the  buildings.  The  basement  is  18  feet  in 
height,  and  stands  entirely  above  the  line  of  the  pavement.  Its 
exterior  is  of  fine  white  granite,  of  massive  proportions,  forming 
a  fitting  base  for  the  vast  superstructure  it  supports.  The 
exterior,  above  the  basement,  embraces  a  principal  story  of  36 
feet,  and  an  upper  story  of  31  feet,  with  an  attic  over  the  central 
pavilions  of  30  feet,  and  over  the  corner  pavilions  of  12  feet,  all 
of  white  marble,  from  the  Lee  quarries,  in  Butler  county, 
Massachusetts,  wrought,  in  all  its  adornments,  to  express 
American  ideas  and  develop  American  genius.  In  the  centre 
of  the  group  a  court-yard  of  200  feet  square  affords  light  and  air 
to  all  the  adjacent  portions  of  the  building.  From  the  north 
side  of  this  space  rises  a  grand  tower  which  will  gracefully  adorn 
the  public  buildings,  and  at  the  same  time  will  be  a  crowning 
feature  of  the  city,  as  St.  Peter’s  is  of  Rome,  and  St.  Paul’s  of 
London. 

The  tower,  which  is  so  deeply  and  strongly  founded,  is  90 
feet  square  at  the  base,  falling  off  at  each  story  until  it  becomes, 
at  the  spring  of  the  dome,  an  octagon  of  50  feet  in  diameter.  A 
statue  of  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania,  20  feet  in  height,  will 
crown  the  structure  and  complete  the  extraordinary  altitude  of 
450  feet,  making  it  the  highest  tower  in  the  world.  The  entire 
structure  will  contain  520  rooms,  giving  ample,  convenient,  and 
stately  provision  for  all  the  departments  of  the  city  government, 
including  heat,  light,  and  ventilation,  and  the  whole  is  to  be 
absolutely  fire-proof  and  indestructible.  The  several  stories 
will  be  reached  by  four  large  elevators ,  placed  at  the  intersections 
of  the  leading  corridors.  In  addition  to  these  there  will  be 
large  and  convenient  stairways  in  the  four  corner  buildings,  and 
a  grand  staircase  in  each  of  the  centre  pavilions,  on  the  north, 
south,  and  east  fronts.  It  is  computed  that  the  entire  cost  of 
the  work  will  be  near  ten  millions  of  dollars,  and  that  it  will  be 
completed  in  ten  years  from  the  day  when  the  first  spadeful  of 
earth  was  removed. 

Opposite  the  northwest  corner  of  the  public  buildings  is  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


85 


School  of  Design  for  Women ,  the  only  institution  of  the  kind  in 
America.  It  was  founded  in  1848  by  Mrs.  Peter,  and  the  work 
of  the  school  consists  in  training  women  gratuitously  in  the 
business  of  mechanical  drawing,  and  thus  enabling  them  to 
acquire  a  pleasant  and  profitable  means  of  support. 


NEW  MASONIC  TEMPLE. 


At  the  northeast  corner  of  Broad  and  Filbert  streets  is  the 
new 


Masonic  Temple, 

A  massive  edifice  of  Cape  Ann  syenite  of  a  grayish  white  color. 
At  the  southwestern  corner  a  grand  tower  rises  to  a  height  of 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


230  feet.  It  is  built  of  stone  also.  At  the  northwestern  corner 
there  is  another,  but  a  lower,  tower.  The  main  entrance  is  in 
the  centre  of  the  western  or  Broad  street  front,  and  is  protected 
by  a  beautiful  Norman  porch  of  Quincy  granite.  The  temple 
is  150  feet  in  length,  with  a  side  elevation  of  90  feet.  Its 
appearance  is  massive  and  beautiful.  All  the  stone  of  which  it 
was  built  was  dressed  at  the  quarry,  and  was  brought  to  the  city 
ready  to  be  set  up  in  its  place.  It  may,  therefore,  be  said  of 
this  temple  as  it  was  of  Solomon’s,  that  “  There  was  neither 
hammer  nor  ax,  nor  any  tool  of  iron  heard  in  the  house,  while 
it  was  in  building.”  The  temple  is  devoted  entirely  to  Masonic 
purposes,  and  its  interior  decorations  are  very  beautiful  and 
costly.  It  is  fitted  up  with  halls  for  the  different  branches  of 
the  Masonic  order,  each  hall  representing  a  distinct  school  of 
architecture,  and  each  a  model  of  beauty  and  magnificence.  The 
temple  was  five  years  in  process  of  erection,  and  cost  $1,300,000. 

The  public  buildings,  the  Masonic  temple,  and  the  churches 
at  the  intersection  of  Broad  and  Arch  streets  give  to  this  portion 
of  Broad  street  a  magnificence  unsurpassed  in  any  city  of  the 
country,  and  in  striking  contrast  with  the  appearance  of  the 
street  north  of  Arch. 

Crossing  Arch  street,  the  visitor  enters  upon  a  region  of 
warehouses,  shops,  and  lumber  yards,  which  it  is  to  be  hoped 
will  ere  long  give  place  to  buildings  more  suited  to  this  fine 
street.  This  state  of  affairs  continues  as  far  as  Callowhill  street. 
The  only  building  of  note  in  this  part  of  the  street  is  the  new 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  The  academy  was  founded  in  1805  by 
the  subscriptions  of  private  citizens  of  Philadelphia.  For  many 
years  it  was  located  in  a  building  on  the  site  of  the  present 
Chestnut  Street  Theatre.  In  1870  it  was  determined  to  remove 
to  a  larger  and  better  building,  and  the  present  edifice  was 
begun  a  year  or  two  later.  It  is  an  elaborately  ornamented 
building  with  a  frontage  of  100  feet  on  Broad  street,  and  a 
depth  of  258  feet  on  Cherry  street.  The  Broad  street  front  is 
two  stories  in  height.  The  wall  is  laid  in  patterns  of  red  and 
white  brick,  with  light  stone  trimmings,  and  the  ornaments 
consist  of  encaustic  tiles,  and  statues  of  terra  cotta.  The  effect 


MAIN  BUILDING  OF  THE  INTERNATIONAL  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION,  PHILADELPHIA,  1876. 
1880  feet  in  length  and  464  feet  in  width. 


OP  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


87 


is  novel  and  rich.  The  Cherry  street  front  is  constructed  of 
like  materials.  It  is  relieved  by  an  elegant  colonnade  support¬ 
ing  a  row  of  arched  windows,  back  of  which  rises  a  transept 
with  a  pointed  gable.  The  collections  of  the  academy  are  the 
most  valuable  in  the  country,  and  among  them  are  the  master¬ 
pieces  of  .Stuart,  Sully,  Neagle,  Benjamin  West,  and  other 
eminent  artists.  These  are  arranged  in  handsome  galleries. 
The  cost  of  the  building  was  $300,000.  The  galleries  are 
open  to  the  public  at  stated  times.  A  slight  admission  fee 
is  charged. 

At  Broad  and  Callowhill  streets  is  the  Depot  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  &  Reading  Railroad .  This  road  is  one  of  the  direct  routes 
to  the  Centennial  Exhibition  grounds. 

Diagonally  opposite,  immediately  below  Spring  Garden  street, 
are  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works ,  one  of  the  largest  establish¬ 
ments  in  the  world.  Three  thousand  men  are  employed  here, 
and  one  locomotive  is  completed  in  every  eight  working  hours. 
It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  Oliver  Evans,  a  Philadelphian, 
was  the  first  to  propose  the  use  of  a  locomotive  in  America,  and 
that  M.  W.  Baldwin,  the  founder  of  these  works,  was  the  first 
to  manufacture  one. 

On  the  east  side  of  Broad,  above  Spring  Garden  street,  is  the 
Boys’  Central  High  School ,  above  which  rises  an  observatory. 
It  is  considered  one  of  the  best  schools  in  the  Union.  Next 
door  to  it  is  the  North  Broad  Street  Presbyterian  Church ,  a 
handsome  edifice  of  brown-stone,  with  a  lofty  spire.  The  build¬ 
ing  next  beyond  it  is  the  Jewish  Synagogue  of  Rodef  Shalom ,  a 
rich  and  striking  specimen  of  Saracenic  architecture.  The  inte¬ 
rior  is  fitted  up  with  great  magnificence. 

Above  Green  street  the  character  of  Broad  street  undergoes  a 
change,  and  the  visitor  enters  a  region  built  up  with  some  of 
the  handsomest  residences  in  the  city.  Some  of  these  are  mag¬ 
nificent,  and  all  are  elegant  and  tasteful.  The  street  is  bordered 
on  each  side  with  a  row  of  fine  trees,  which  add  greatly  to  its 
beauty.  It  is  a  popular  drive  and  promenade,  and  on  Sunday 
afternoons  and  other  fine  days  presents  an  animated  and  attrac¬ 
tive  scene.  At  the  southwest  corner  of  Master  street  is  the 


88 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


handsome  residence  formerly  occupied  by  the  late  Edwin 
Forrest.  It  was  erected  by  him  in  1859.  It  is  now  used  as  a 
hotel. 

Diagonally  opposite  the  Forrest  Mansion  is  the  Memorial 
Baptist  Church ,  built  of  green-stone,  and  in  the  form  of  an 
amphitheatre.  % 

Above  Columbia  avenue  the  street  is  more  sparsely  built  up, 
and  by  degrees  the  houses  become  more  scattered,  until  the 
visitor  finds  himself  in  the  charming  suburb  that  lies  between 
the  city  proper  and  Germantown. 

Third  Street. 

From  Market  to  Walnut,  Third  street  is  the  “Wall  street n 
of  Philadelphia,  and  is  given  up  to  the  bankers  and  brokers  of 
the  city.  It  is  lined  with  banking  establishments  and  brokers’ 
offices,  and  its  ways  are  as  dark  and  its  tricks  as  vain  as  those 
which  have  made  the  financial  centre  of  New  York  famous. 
Fortunes  are  made  and  lost  quickly  here ;  and  the  street  has 
witnessed  some  gigantic  operations,  and  some  tremendous  fail¬ 
ures  in  its  day.  North  of  Chestnut  is  the  Merchants'  Bank, 
with  a  fine  Corinthian  portico.  Nearer  to  Chestnut,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  street,  is  the  banking-house  of  Drexel  &  Co.,  the 
leading  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the  city.  It  has  branches 
in  New  York,  London,  and  Paris.  At  the  southeast  corner  of 
Third  and  Chestnut  is  the  Vandyke  Building ,  used  by  the 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  as  its  central  office.  One 
hundred  and  seventeen  lines  of  telegraph  radiate  from  this 
building  to  the  different  parts  of  the  country:  fifty-six  to  New 
York,  eighteen  to  the  West,  and  forty-three  to  the  South. 
Lower  down  the  street  is  the  Tradesmen's  Bank ,  a  showy  build¬ 
ing  ;  and  at  the  corner  of  Dock  street  is  the  Penn  Building ,  the 
first  iron  building  erected  in  the  city. 

On  the  west  side  of  Third  street,  between  Chestnut  and 
Walnut,  is 

The  Girard  Bank. 

This  is  a  handsome  edifice,  and  is  faced  with  white  marble. 
It  is  ornamented  with  an  elegant  portico  with  fluted-marble 


EXHIBIT  OF  TIVOLI  BEER  IN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


89 


Corinthian  columns.  On  the  pediment  is  an  American  eagle. 
The  cornice  and  the  pediment  are  of  wood,  and  the  capitals  of 
the  columns  are  of  lead.  The  building  was  erected  in  1795,  and 
was  then  considered  the  handsomest  public  edifice  in  the  city. 
It  was  built  for  and  occupied  by  the  First  Bank  of  the  United 
States,  which  had  been  chartered  by  Congress  in  1791.  The 
charter  of  the  bank  expired  by  limitation  in  1811,  and  Congress 
refused  to  renew  it. 

Stephen  Girard,  the  famous  Philadelphia  merchant,  who  had 
accumulated  a  large  fortune  by  his  ventures  in  the  East  India 
trade,  was  a  warm  friend  of  the  bank,  which  he  regarded  as  the 
cause  of  a  very  great  part  of  the  prosperity  of  the  country.  He 
was  so  sure  that  Congress  would  renew  the  charter  that,  in  1810, 
he  ordered  the  Barings,  of  London,  to  invest  all  his  funds  in 
their  hands  in  shares  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States.  This 
was  done  to  the  amount  of  half  a  million  of  dollars.  When  the 
-charter  expired,  he  was  the  principal  creditor  of  the  bank. 
Discovering  that  he  could  purchase  the  old  bank  building  and 
the  cashier's  house  for  $120,000,  he  at  once  secured  them,  and 
on  the  12th  of  May,  1812,  opened  the  Girard  Bank  with  a 
capital  of  $1,200,000,  which  he  increased  the  next  year  by 
$100,000  more.  He  retained  all  the  old  officers  of  the  Bank  of 
the  United  States,  and  continued  the  cashier,  Mr.  George 
Simpson,  in  his  position.  He  was  greatly  indebted  to  Mr. 
Simpson  for  the  subsequent  success  of  the  bank.  The  break¬ 
ing  out  of  the  second  war  with  England,  and  the  consequent 
suspension  of  specie  payments,  soon  followed,  and  subjected 
his  new  enterprise  to  a  severe  strain.  It  was  a  matter  of 
great  doubt  with  Mr.  Girard  how  he  should  preserve  the 
integrity  of  his  own  institution,  while  the  other  banks  were 
suspending  their  payments;  but  the  credit  of  his  own  bank 
was  effectually  secured  by  the  suggestion  of  his  cashier,  Mr. 
Simpson,  who  advised  the  recalling  of  his  own  notes  by 
redeeming  them  with  specie,  and  by  paying  out  the  notes  of 
the  State  banks.  In  this  way  not  a  single  note  of  his  own 
was  suffered  to  be  depreciated,  and  he  was  thus  enabled, 


90 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


in  1817,  to  contribute  effectually  to  the  restoration  of  specie 
payments. 

Mr.  Girard  was  instrumental  in  securing  the  establishment 
of  the  Second  Bank  of  the  United  States,  and  was  its  largest 
stockholder  and  one  of  its  directors.  When  the  books  were 
opened  for  subscriptions  to  the  stock  of  the  bank,  he  waited 
until  the  last  moment  before  the  books  were  to  be  closed,  and 
then  came  forward,  and  asked  if  all  had  subscribed  who  wished 
to  do  so.  Being  answered  affirmatively,  he  asked  how  much  of 
the  capital  remained  uncalled  for.  He  was  told  $3,100,000. 
To  the  surprise  of  all  present,  he  said  he  would  subscribe  for 
that  entire  amount.  At  his  death  the  capital  of  his  own  bank 
had  increased  to  $4,000,000.  By  the  terms  of  his  will  his  bank¬ 
building  became  the  property  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  In 
1833  the  Girard  Bank  was  chartered  by  the  State,  and  began 
business  in  a  portion  of  this  building,  which  it  still  occupies, 
having,  since  1864,  become  a  national  bank.  The  rest  of  the 
building  is  now  occupied  by  the  offices  of  the  city  treasurer  and 
city  controller. 

Immediately  above  the  bank  is  the  old  banking-house  of  Jay 
Cooke  &  Co.,  whose  failure  a  few  years  ago  occasioned  a  heavy 
loss  to  the  entire  country. 

On  the  east  side  of  Third  below  Walnut  is  the  handsome  light 
stone  building  of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad  Company.  Almost 
immediately  opposite  is  St.  Paul’s  Episcopal  Church ,  a  venerable 
structure,  erected  in  1760,  by  a  number  of  the  congregation  of 
old  Christ  Church,  who  had  withdrawn  from  that  parish  because 
of  the  dismissal  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  McClenaghan  <(  without  suffi¬ 
cient  cause.”  The  church  is  rough-cast,  and  stands  in  a  spacious 
enclosure,  in  the  midst  of  long  ranges  of  vaults  covered  with 
marble  slabs.  Edwin  Forrest,  the  tragedian,  is  buried  in  one 
of  these. 

At  the  southwest  corner  of  Third  and  Pine  streets  is  an  old 
grave-yard,  in  the  midst  of  which  stands  St.  Peter’s  Episcopal 
Church.  It  was  begun  in  1758  and  was  finished  in  1761.  It 
was  originally  designed  as,  and  was  for  many  years,  a  chapel  of 
Christ  Church,  by  the  congregation  of  which  it  was  built.  Dur- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


91 


ing  the  Revolution  it  was  occupied  by  the  British  when  they 
held  the  city,  and  was  greatly  damaged  by  them.  In  1831  St. 
Peter’s  was  separated  from  Christ  Church,  and  was  made  an  inde- 


AVIARY,  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS. 


pendent  parish.  The  steeple  is  much  more  modern  than  the 
church.  It  is  furnished  with  a  chime  of  bells,  the  gift  of  a  Mr. 
Wilcox,  once  a  wealthy  merchant  of  the  city  and  a  member 
of  the  congregation. 


CHAPTER  III. 

PHILADELPHIA  IN  1876 — CONCLUDED. 

Steam  Railroads — Their  Depots  and  Ticket  Offices — Steamship  Lines — The 
Philadelphia  Markets — Prominent  Churches — Cathedral — The  oldest  Pres¬ 
byterian  and  Roman  Catholic  Churches — The  old  Swedes’  Church — The 
Public  Schools — University  of  Pennsylvania — The  Medical  Colleges — Girard 
College — The  Philadelphia  Library — Mercantile  Library — Ridgway  Library 
- — Academy  of  Natural  Sciences — Learned  Societies — The  Zoological  Gar¬ 
dens — Benevolent  Institutions — The  Pennsylvania  Hospital — Insane  Asylum 
— Naval  Asylum — Prisons — House  of  Correction — Places  of  Amusement — 
Cemeteries — Newspapers — Banks — Gas  and  Water — Street  Railways — The 
Water  Front — The  Delaware  Shore — Port  Richmond — The  Coal  Wharves 
— Ship  Yards — Camden — Smith’s  and  Windmill  Islands — Docks  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad — The  American  Steamship  Line — The  Old  Navy 
Yard — Greenwich  Point — League  Island — The  Navy  Yard — Fort  Mifflin — 
A  Reminiscence  of  the  Revolution — The  Schuylkill  River — The  Bridges — 
The  Fairmount  and  Girard  Avenue  Bridges — The  finest  Bridge  in  America 
— West  Philadelphia — Germantown — Manufactures  and  Commerce. 

HERE  are  eight  lines  of  railway  entering  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  or  terminating  at  Camden,  on  the  op¬ 
posite  shore  of  the  Delaware.  These  are  as  follows : 

The  Pennsylvania  Railroad ,  the  depots  of  which  are 
at  Thirty-second  and  Market  streets,  in  West  Philadel¬ 
phia,  and  at  Kensington.  The  ticket  offices  of  this  road  are 
located  at  the  depot,  and  at  838  Chestnut  street,  1348  Chestnut 
street,  and  116  Market  street.  From  the  Kensington  depot 
local  trains  run  to  points  between  Philadelphia  and  Trenton. 
The  West  Philadelphia  depot  is  the  arriving  and  starting  point 
of  trains  from  and  to  the  West  and  New  York.  The  old  line 
of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  road,  now  leased  by  the  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  Company,  lies  entirely  in  New  Jersey,  and  the  terminus 
is  in  Camden.  The  Market  Street  Ferry  connects  with  it.  It 
92 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


93 


is  the  line  to  New  York  by  way  of  Amboy,  and  to  points  in 
New  Jersey. 

The  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad.  The  depots  of  this 
road  are  at  Thirteenth  and  Callowhill,  and  at  Ninth  and  Green 
streets.  The  ticket  offices  are  at  838,  624  and  732  Chestnut 
street,  317  Arch  street,  and  at  the  depots.  The  Thirteenth 
street  depot  is  the  station  for  the  main  line  to  Reading  and  the 
anthracite  coal  regions.  The  Ninth  and  Green  streets  depot  is 
the  station  for  points  on  the  Germantown  and  Norristown 
branches. 

The  North  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  The  depot  of  this  road 
is  at  Berks  and  American  streets.  It  is  a  direct  line  to  Beth¬ 
lehem,  Lehigh  Valley,  and  the  North  and  West.  A  branch  of 
this  road  has  just  been  constructed,  connecting  with  the  Central 
Railroad  of  New  Jersey,  at  Bound  Brook.  It  forms  with  that 
road  a  direct  line  to  New  York,  and  passengers  over  it  enter 
that  city  by  the  New  Jersey  Central  Ferry,  at  the  foot  of 
Liberty  street. 

The  Philadelphia ,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad.  The 
depot  of  this  road  is  on  South  Broad  street,  at  the  corner  of 
Washington  avenue.  It  is  the  only  direct  line  from  Philadel¬ 
phia  to  Baltimore,  Washington,  and  the  South.  It  is  also  the 
route  from  Philadelphia  to  the  West  by  way  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad,  connection  with  which  is  made  at  Baltimore. 
The  ticket  offices  of  the  road  are  at  the  depot,  and  at  700  and 
838  Chestnut  street. 

The  West  Chester  Railroad.  The  depot  of  this  road  is  at 
3100  Chestnut  street,  in  West  Philadelphia,  and  its  only  ticket 
office  at  the  same  place.  The  road  extends  to  West  Chester. 

The  New  Jersey  Southern  Railroad.  The  depot  of  this  road 
is  in  Camden.  The  Market  Street  Ferry  connects  with  it.  The 
ticket  offices  are  at  700  and  838  Chestnut  street.  It  is  a  direct 
line  to  Long  Branch,  Ocean  Grove,  and  Sandy  Hook,  on  the 
New  Jersey  coast.  From  the  latter  point  connection  is  made 
with  a  steamer  to  New  York. 

The  Camden  and  Atlantic  Railroad.  This  is  the  line  to 
Atlantic  City,  on  the  New  Jersey  coast,  the  nearest  and  most 


CQONLTGHT  ON  THE  BEACH  AT  CAPE  MAY-BRANCH  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD, 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


95 


accessible  sea-shore  resort  from  Philadelphia.  Atlantic  City 
has  long  been  famous  as  the  best  sea-bathing  point  on  the  coast, 
and  is  always  crowded  during  the  summer  season  with  a  bril¬ 
liant  and  fashionable  throng  of  visitors,  in  search  of  health  and 
pleasure.  Its  proximity  to  Philadelphia — being  only  an  hour 
and  three-quarters  distant — and  the  admirable  facilities  for 
reaching  it  afforded  by  the  numerous  fast  trains  between  the 
two  points,  will  enable  visitors  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia  to 
spend  a  day  or  two  at  the  sea-shore,  and  enjoy  “a  dip  in  the 
ocean, ”  without  trespassing  upon  the  time  set  apart  for  their 
summer  vacation.  The  depot  is  at  the  foot  of  Vine  street.  The 
ticket  offices  are  at  838  and  1348  Chestnut  street,  and  at  the 
depot. 

The  West  Jersey  Railroad.  This  line  extends  to  Cape  May, 
and  to  points  in  Western  New  Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  Bay. 
The  depot  is  in  Camden,  and  passengers  are  conveyed  to  it  by 
the  Market  Street  Ferry.  The  ticket  offices  are  at  838  and 
1348  Chestnut  street.  The  road  is  controlled  by  the  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  Company. 

Passengers  over  any  of  these  lines  can  procure  their  tickets, 
secure  berths  in  sleeping-cars,  and  have  their  baggage  checked 
and  called  for  at  their  residences  or  hotels,  at  any  of  the  city 
ticket  offices  named  above,  thus  saving  themselves  all  trouble  at 
the  depot  at  the  moment  of  departure. 

Steamship  Lines. 

There  are  two  steamship  lines  plying  regularly  between 
Philadelphia  and  European  ports.  These  are  the  American 
Steamship  Company ,  the  splendid  vessels  of  which  have  become 
noted  as  among  the  best  and  most  comfortable  on  the  ocean. 
The  sailings  of  this  line  are  weekly.  It  is  a  strictly  American 
corporation,  and  the  only  one  for  this  purpose  in  existence.  Its 
success  has  been  marked  from  the  start.  The  International 
Steamship  Company ,  or  Red  Star  Line ,  plying  between  Philadel¬ 
phia  and  Antwerp,  despatch  their  vessels  fortnightly  Phila¬ 
delphia  is  connected  with  the  principal  ports  on  the  Atlantic 
eoast  by  steamship  lines,  which  transact  a  steady  and  profitable 


96 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


business.  The  various  European  steamship  lines  sailing  from 
New  York  have  offices  in  Philadelphia. 

Markets. 

The  markets  of  Philadelphia  are  among  the  institutions  of 
the  city.  In  them  are  collected  the  vegetable  products  of  the 
North,  South,  East  and  West.  It  is  the  boast  of  the  city 
that  the  provisions  to  be  had  here  are  always  fresh  and  at 
moderate  prices.  Meats  of  all  kinds,  poultry,  fish,  eggs,  butter, 
vegetables  and  fruits,  are  displayed  in  the  greatest  profusion  and 
in  the  most  tempting  manner.  The  old  sheds  which  formerly 
disfigured  the  streets  of  the  city  are  giving  way  to  handsome 
and  commodious  edifices  of  brick.  At  the  corner  of  Market 
and  Twelfth  streets,  and  on  Fifth  street  near  Chestnut,  are  two 
of  the  finest  market-houses  in  the  city.  They  are  well  worth  a 
visit. 

Churches. 

A  number  of  the  most  prominent  churches  of  the  city  have 
been  noticed  in  our  description  of  the  principal  streets.  A  few 
remain  to  be  mentioned. 

The  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  situated  on  Eigh¬ 
teenth  street,  facing  Logan  Square,  is  one  of  the  most  elaborate 
religious  edifices  in  the  city.  It  is  the  principal  church  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  denomination,  and  a  conspicuous  object  in  any 
view  of  the  city.  The  Most  Rev.  Francis  Patrick  Kenrick, 
D.  D.,  afterwards  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  was  Bishop  of  the 
Diocese  of  Philadelphia  from  1842  to  1851.  Soon  after  his 
entrance  upon  his  office,  he  inaugurated  the  movement  for  the 
erection  of  a  new  Cathedral,  and  fixed  upon  the  Logan  Square 
site  as  the  proper  place  for  it.  The  site  was  opposed  by  the 
clergy  and  many  of  the  laity  as  too  remote  from  the  centre  of 
the  city;  but  the  Bishop,  who  had  an  abiding  faith  in  the 
growth  of  Philadelphia,  carried  his  point,  and  on  the  6th  of 
September,  1846,  the  corner-stone  of  the  Cathedral  was  laid. 
In  1857  Bishop  Kenrick  was  promoted  to  the  Archdiocese  of 
Baltimore,  and  was  succeeded  by  Bishop  Wood,  under  whom 
the  work  was  completed.  It  was  dedicated  with  imposing 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 


97 


■ceremonies  in  1864.  The  architects  were  Napoleon  Le  Brun 
and  John  Notman. 

The  building  is  of  stone,  and  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  cross, 
with  a  massive  portico  and  a  grand  dome.  It  has  a  frontage  of 
136  feet,  and  a  depth  of  216  feet.  The  height  of  the  apex  of  the 


CATHEDRAL  OF  ST.  PETER  AND  ST.  PAUL. 


pediment  from  the  pavement  is  101  \  feet,  the  height  of  the  dome 
is  over  210  feet,  and  its  exterior  diameter  is  seventy-one  feet. 
The  architecture  is  of  the  most  elaborate  Homan  Corinthian 
style.  There  are  no  side  windows — a  feature  in  which  the 
church  differs  from  most  of  the  buildings  in  this  country — the 
7 


98 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


light  being  introduced  almost  wholly  from  above.  The  fagade 
is  ornamented  with  a  portico  supported  by  four  immense  Cor¬ 
inthian  capitals,  sixty  feet  high,  and  six  feet  in  diameter.  On 
the  frieze  of  the  pediment  are  cut  the  words  “Ad  Majorem  Dei 
Gloriam.”  The  interior  of  the  building  is  cruciform,  and  is 
finished  in  a  light  stone  which  greatly  resembles  Paris  stone, 
the  effect  of  which  is  striking.  The  walls  are  frescoed  with  a 
fine  painting  of  the  Crucifixion,  the  Nativity,  and  the  Adora¬ 
tion  of  the  Shepherds,  and  with  figures  of  the  four  Evangelists. 
The  crown  of  the  dome  is  adorned  with  a  painting  representing 
the  Assumption  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.  The  high  altar  and 
the  various  shrines  of  the  church  are  constructed  of  marble, 
and  are  adorned  with  great  magnificence.  The  interior  is  thus 
rendered  one  of  the  richest  and  most  beautiful  in  this  country, 
and  will  bear  comparison  with  many  of  the  churches  of  Europe. 
The  cost  of  the  whole  edifice  was  over  $1, 000, 000.  Adjoining 
the  Cathedral  are  the  chapel,  used  for  early  and  week-day  ser¬ 
vices,  and  the  residence  of  the  Bishop. 

Immediately  opposite  the  southern  entrance  to  Washington 
Square  is 

The  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

This  congregation  was  for  many  years  regarded  as  the  oldest 
Presbyterian  congregation  in  America,  but  in  1835  it  was  dis¬ 
covered  that  an  older  congregation  existed  at  Rehoboth,  on  the 
Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland.  The  records  of  the  church  go  back 
to  1698,  in  which  year  the  congregation  was  worshipping  with 
the  Baptists  in  their  church  on  “  Barbadoes  lot,”  at  the  north¬ 
west  corner  of  Chestnut  and  Second  streets.  The  present  build¬ 
ing  was  erected  in  1820.  From  1830  to  1868  the  church  was 
under  the  pastoral  care  of  the  Rev.  Albert  Barnes,  whose  literary 
labors  are  too  well  known  to  the  reader  to  need  mention  here. 

St.  Joseph’s  Church, 

The  oldest  Roman  Catholic  church  in  Philadelphia,  is  situated 
in  Fourth  street  jnst  below  Walnut,  near  the  building  of  the 
Reading  Railroad  Company.  In  1733  several  Jesuit  fathers 
purchased  the  lot  on  which  it  stands,  and  erected  a  plain  wooden 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


99 


edifice.  This  was  pulled  down  by  the  soldiers  by  order  of  the 
colonial  authorities,  was  rebuilt,  and  pulled  down  a  second  time. 
A  third  time  the  church  was  erected,  and  once  more  the  soldiers 
came  to  destroy  it.  This  time  the  fathers  interposed  the  plea 
that  the  building  was  their  dwelling,  as  well  as  a  church,  and 
that  as  such  they  were  entitled  to  hold  it.  The  plea  was  suo- 


GETHSEMANE  BAPTIST  CHURCH. 


cessful,  and  the  house  was  spared.  The  old  church  stood  until 
1821,  when  it  was  remodelled  and  enlarged.  Washington  and 
the  Continental  Congress  assembled  here  in  it,  at  the  close  of 
the  Revolution,  to  return  to  France,  through  Lafayette,  the 
thanks  of  the  country  for  her  aid  in  the  Revolution.  The 
present  structure  was  erected  in  1838. 

At  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Pine  streets  is 


100 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  Third  Presbyterian  Church, 

Generally  called  “  The  Old  Pine  Church.”  It  was  organized 
in  1760  by  a  number  of  families  who  withdrew  from  the  First 
Church,  and  in  1764  a  small  frame  building  was  erected  on 
this  lot,  which  was  obtained  from  Thomas  and  Richard  Penn. 
The  present  church  was  begun  in  1766  and  completed  in  1768. 
During  the  sessions  of  the  Continental  Congress,  John  Adams 
was  one  of  its  most  constant  attendants.  During  the  occupation 
of  the  city  by  the  British,  the  church  was  used  as  a  hospital  for 
the  troops.  It  was  stripped  of  its  pulpit  and  pews  for  fuel,  and 
was  then  converted  into  a  stable  for  the  horses  of  the  dragoons. 
Among  the  graves  in  the  churchyard  is  that  of  David  Ritten- 
house,  famous  as  a  mathematician,  and  a  signer  of  the  Declara¬ 
tion  of  Independence. 

In  Swanson  street  near  Christian  is  the  most  venerable  edl* 
fice  in  the  city,  the 

Gloria  Dei,  or  Swedes'  Church. 

It  was  built  by  the  Swedes,  who  settled  the  site  of  Philadel¬ 
phia  in  1637,  more  than  forty  years  before  the  arrival  of  Penn’s 
colony.  The  first  settlers  were  very  poor,  and  at  first  sheltered 
themselves  in  caves  which  they  dug  in  the  banks  of  the  river. 
A  year  or  two  later  they  built  log  huts  on  the  plateau  beyond 
the  river.  “  They  were  a  kindly,  though  hot-tempered  folk, 
too ;  gave  their  open  hand  to  the  English,  who  asked  leave  to 
settle  on  the  land,  and  shut  it  against  the  Dutch,  who  claimed 
the  land  as  a  right.  .  .  Nothing  can  be  more  pathetic  than  the 
letters  which  they  sent  to  old  Sweden  by  every  chance  voyager 
to  Europe,  setting  forth  that  they  were  in  a  strange  and  heathen 
land,  far  away  from  their  own  dear  fatherland,  and  begging 
that  ‘  godly  men  might  be  sent  to  them  to  instruct  their  chil¬ 
dren,  and  help  themselves  to  lead  lives  well  pleasing  to  God.’ 
It  was  six  years  before  the  letter  was  answered  by  the  arrival 
of  Rudman  and  Bjork,  the  first  clergymen  sent  out  by  the 
, Swedish  king.  .  .  Immediately  after  the  arrival  of  Rudman 
and  Bjork,  Gloria  Dei  Church,  known  now  in  Philadelphia  as 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  101 

/ , 

old  Swedes’,  was  built.  It  stood  upon  a  green  bank  of  the 
quiet  river,  Swan  Swanson’s  being  the  only  hut  near  by.  On 
Sunday  mornings  the  men  came  tramping  on  foot  beside  the 
women’s  horses  from  Kingsessing,  Passajungh,  and  even  far¬ 
away  Matzongh,  hanging  their  muddied  outer  leggings  or 
shirts  of  wolfskin  on  the  branches  of  the  trees  before  they  went 


THE  OLD  SWEDES’  CHURCH. 


in.  Now  and  then  a  pirogue  brought  a  chance  worshipper  up 
the  lonely  river,  or  a  solitary  Indian  stood  in  the  doorway,  half 
believing,  and  wholly  afraid.  .  .  The  church  itself  was  built  in 
a  fervor  of  pious  zeal,  the  carpenters  and  masons  giving  their 
work,  and  the  good  pastor,  Erick  Bjork,  selling  or  pawning  the 
best  articles  out  of  his  house  when  the  money  did  not  come  in 


102 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


fast  enough,  and  carrying  the  hod  every  day  himself.”  Tha 
original  church  was  built  of  logs,  and  served  as  a  blockhouse  as 
well  as  a  place  of  worship.  It  was  built  in  1677.  The  present 
edifice  was  erected  on  the  same  site  in  1700.  It  is  built  of 
brick,  and  is  cruciform.  The  interior  is  quaint,  and  the  gallery 
front  is  ornamented  with  wooden  cherubim  brought  over  from 
Sweden.  In  the  churchyard  lies  buried  Alexander  Wilson,  the 
ornithologist.  It  may  be  added  here  that  William  Penn 
scrupulously  respected  the  rights  of  the  Swedish  settlers,  and 
purchased  from  them  the  site  upon  which  he  founded  his  city 
of  Philadelphia. 

On  the  north  side  of  Locust  above  Sixteenth  street  is 

St.  Mark’s  Episcopal  Church. 

It  was  erected  in  1849,  is  built  in  the  decorative  Gothic  style, 
and  is  considered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  gracefully  pro¬ 
portioned  churches  in  the  city.  It  is  built  of  freestone,  so  nicely 
laid  that  no  trace  of  mortar  can  be  seen.  It  is  150  feet  in 
length,  with  a  breadth,  including  the  tower,  of  91  feet.  The 
tower  is  a  massive  structure  of  stone,  supporting  a  spire  which 
rises  to  a  height  of  230  feet  from  the  ground.  The  interior  is 
very  beautiful,  and  its  stained  glass  windows  are  among  the 
finest  in  the  country.  The  church  is  the  property  of  one  of  the 
wealthiest  congregations  in  the  city,  and  its  services  are  grand 
and  impressive. 

St.  Clement’ s  Church ,  at  the  corner  of  Twentieth  and  Cherry 
streets,  is  a  handsome  edifice,  richly  decorated  within.  It  is  an 
Episcopal  church,  and  is  noted  as  the  most  extreme  ritualistic 
establishment  in  the  city. 

On  the  east  side  of  Fourth  street,  just  below  New,  is 

St.  George’s  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 

The  oldest  Methodist  church  in  the  city.  Methodism  was  estak 
lished  in  Philadelphia  in  1767  by  Captain  Thomas  Webb,  who 
held  his  meetings  in  a  sail-loft  near  Dock  and  Front  streets. 
He  succeeded  in  forming  the  germ  of  the  present  congregation,. 
In  1769  Richard  Boardman  and  Joseph  Pillmore  were  sent 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


103 


over  by  John  Wesley  to  take  charge  of  the  Philadelphia  church. 
They  preached  in  the  present  building,  which  had  just  been 
erected,  and  was  known  as  “Our  Preaching  House.”  Francis 
Asbury,  afterwards  the  great  bishop,  named  it  St.  George's ,  in 
1781.  In  March,  1770,  the  first  love-feast  held  in  America 
was  held  here.  During  the  Revolution  the  British  occupied 
the  church  as  a  riding-school.  The  church  has  had  among  its 
pastors  four  who  became  bishops  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 


Church.  They  were  Francis  Asbury,  Richard  Whatcoat, 
Robert  R.  Roberts,  and  Levi  Scott. 

The  Central  Congregational  Church ,  on  Eighteenth  street,  at 
Eighteenth  and  Green  streets,  is  a  handsome  edifice,  in  the  late 
Norman  style,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $100,000. 

St.  Peter's  Roman  Catholic  Church  is  at  the  corner  of  Girard 
avenue  and  Fifth  street.  It  is  a  large  and  handsome  structure, 
with  a  tower  215  feet  high.  It  will  seat  2000  persons.  The 


104 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


congregation  is  the  largest  and  wealthiest  in  the  diocese  of 
Philadelphia. 

There  are  in  all  over  five  hundred  churches  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia.  They  are  divided  as  follows  among  the  different 
denominations : 


DENOMINATION  Number  of  Churches 

Advent  Christian  Church .  3 

Baptist .  63 

Bible  Christians .  1 

Christian  Evangelist .  1 

Christian  Independent .  2 

Church  of  God .  1 

Congregational . 2 

Disciples  of  Christ . 2 

Evangelical  Association . 8 

French  Protestant  Episcopal .  1 

Friends  (Orthodox) .  6 

“  (Hicksite) . 8 

“  (Primitive) .  1 

Hebrews . 11 

Lutheran  (English) . 14 

“  (German) .  12 

“  (Independent) .  2 

Mennonite .  3 

Methodist  Episcopal . 89 

“  “  African . 9 

Methodist  (Free) . . . 1 

Moravian . 4 

New  Church  (Swedenbcrgian) .  3 

Presbyterian  . 75- 

“  (Reformed  Synod) .  3 

u  “  (Original .  1 

u  “  (General  Synod) .  8 

w  (United) .  12 

Protestant  Episcopal .  90 

Reformed  Episcopal .  & 

“  Church  in  the  United  States .  16 

Roman  Catholic . . . * .  43 

Unitarian .  2 

Universalist . 3 

Total .  503 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


105 


Educational  Establishments. 

The  public  schools  of  Philadelphia  have  loug  been  famous  for 
their  excellence.  In  the  year  1872  there  were  396  school-houses 
in  the  city ;  and  78  male  and  1552  female  teachers.  The  whole 
number  of  pupils  belonging  to  the  schools  at  the  close  of  the 
year  was  84,387,  and  the  average  attendance  during  the  year 
72,025.  The  whole  amount  paid  for  salaries  of  teachers  was 
$900,819 ;  the  whole  amount  paid  for  school  purposes  was 
$1,576,199.  There  were  also  29  night-schools,  attended  by 
8,587  pupils. 

The  private  schools  and  academies  are  numerous  and  well 
attended. 

There  are  thirteen  colleges  in  the  city.  The  principal  of 
these  is  the 

University  of  Pennsylvania. 

This  noble  institution  grew  out  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy, 
founded  by  Benjamin  Franklin.  It  consists  of  four  departments 
or  schools,  namely :  the  Academical,  the  Collegiate,  the  Medical, 
and  the  Law  Schools. 

The  University  buildings  are  located  in  West  Philadelphia, 
at  the  junction  of  Thirty-sixth  street,  the  Darby  road,  and 
Locust  street.  The  University  buildings  are  constructed  of 
serpentine  stone,  with  the  coping,  buttresses,  and  gables  of  Ohio 
stone.  When  all  are  erected  they  will  comprise  a  complete 
square  of  Gothic  structures,  unsurpassed  in  beauty  and  conve¬ 
nience  by  any  in  the  world  devoted  to  similar  purposes.  The 
buildings  at  present  comprise  the  Schools  of  Arts  and  Science, 
the  Medical  School,  and  the  Hospital  attached  to  the  Medical 
School.  The  School  of  Arts  and  Science  is  an  imposing  structure, 
three  stories  in  height  beside  the  basement.  It  has  a  frontage 
of  260  feet  on  Locust  street,  and  a  depth  of  120  feet.  Its 
pavilions  and  towers  give  to  it  a  beautiful  and  picturesque 
appearance.  The  Medical  School,  though  it  possesses  distinct 
architectural  features  of  its  own,  follows  the  general  design.  It 
is  fitted  up  with  every  convenience  for  the  successful  prosecution 
of  the  studies  and  investigations  of  the  students.  The  Hospital 


106 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


is  situated  to  the  south  of  the  School  of  Arts  and  Science,  and 
stands  in  a  lot  given  to  the  University  by  the  city  on  condition 
of  its  maintaining  fifty  free  beds  for  poor  patients.  The  Law 
School  is  located  in  the  first  building  mentioned. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


The  University  is  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  the  faculty 
includes  in  its  number  some  of  the  most  eminent  men  in  the 
Union. 

Jefferson  Medical  College 

Is  situated  in  Tenth  street  below  Chestnut.  It  was  established 
in  1825,  and  was  at  first  a  branch  of  the  medical  college  at 
Cannonsburg,  Pa.  It  owes  its  existence  principally  to  the 
exertions  of  Dr.  George  McClellan.  It  soon  attracted  to  its 
faculty  the  most  eminent  physicians  of  the  city.  Its  success  was 
rapid,  and  it  has  long  been  considered  one  of  the  first  medical 
schools  in  America.  Its  graduates  are  to  be  found  in  every 
part  of  the  Union.  The  college  building  is  a  handsome 
structure,  and  is  fitted  up  with  all  the  appliances  of  a  first-class 
institution. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


107 


The  Homoeopathic  Medical  College  is  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  Filbert  street,  above  Eleventh.  Attached  to  it  is  a  large 
and  well-conducted  hospital.  The  college  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  best  schools  of  this  branch  of  medicine  in  existence. 

The  College  of  Pharmacy  is  on  the  east  side  of  Tenth  street 
below  Race.  It  was  founded  in  1821,  and  is  designed  for  the 
education  of  chemists  and  apothecaries.  Thanks  to  its  efforts  the 
drug  business  of  the  country  has  been  placed  mainly  in  the 
hands  of  educated  pharmaceutists. 

The  College  of  Physicians 

Is  located  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Thirteenth  and  Locust 
streets.  It  was  founded  in  1789.  Its  members  are  practising 
physicians,  and  its  object  is  the  investigation  of  “  the  diseases 
and  remedies  which  are  peculiar  to  this  country .”  The  members 
are  divided  into  two  classes :  Fellows,  or  practising  physicians 
residing  in  the  city;  and  Associates,  who  are  eminent  physicians 
in  other  parts  of  the  country.  The  college  publishes  a  quarterly 
journal  of  its  transactions,  which  is  highly  valued  by  the  pro¬ 
fession.  Its  transactions  are  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  the 
sciences  of  medicine  and  surgery. 

Girard  College 

Was  erected  through  the  munificence  of  Stephen  Girard,  whose 
name  it  bears.  The  college  grounds  consist  of  a  tract  of  forty- 
five  acres,  fronting  on  Ridge  avenue  about  a  mile  from  its  junc¬ 
tion  with  Ninth  and  Vine  streets.  The  grounds  are  enclosed 
with  a  high  stone  wall,  capped  with  marble  slabs,  and 
strengthened  with  pilasters.  By  the  terms  of  his  will,  Mr. 
Girard  left  the  sum  of  six  millions  of  dollars  to  trustees  for  the 
purpose  of  founding  and  maintaining  a  college  for  the  free  educa¬ 
tion  and  support  of  white  male  orphans.  The  cost  of  the  build¬ 
ings  for  the  purposes  of  the  college  was  limited  to  two  millions 
of  dollars.  Up  to  the  present  time  the  sum  of  $1,933,821  has 
been  expended  upon  the  buildings  and  grounds.  The  rest  of 
the  vast  legacy  was  to  be  kept  as  a  fund  for  the  support  of  the 
college,  the  interest  only  being  wsed.  The  trustees  in  a  recent 


108 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


report  state  that  if  the  residuary  estate  is  properly  managed,  “  it 
will  soon  be  ample  to  maintain  as  many  orphans  as  the  entire 
plot  of  ground  can  accommodate.”  The  number  of  pupils  in 
the  college  at  present  is  about  500,  and  the  sum  of  $190,000  is 
annually  expended  in  their  support.  Since  its  foundation,  the 
college  has  received  as  pupils  1800  poor,  fatherless  boys,  and 
has  indentured  780  of  them  to  honest  and  profitable  trades. 

The  grounds  are  handsomely  laid  out  and  carefully  kept. 
The  main  entrance  is  through  a  tasteful  lodge  in  the  south  front. 


GIRARD  COLLEGE. 


The  college  proper  is  one  of  the  handsomest  structures  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  constructed  of  pure  white  marble,  and  the 
general  design  is  that  of  a  Greek  temple,  surrounded  with  a 
range  of  magnificent  Corinthian  columns,  having  eight  at  each 
end,  and  eleven  on  each  side,  including  those  at  the  corners. 
The  building  rests  upon  a  basement  consisting  of  eleven  steps, 
which  extend  around  the  entire  edifice,  thus  giving  to  it  an 
air  of  greater  solidity  and  splendor.  The  building  has  a  length 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  10# 

of  169  feet  and  a  width  of  111  feet,  with  a  wide  platform 
between  the  outer  walls  and  the  ranges  of  columns.  The  archi¬ 
tecture  is  of  the  purest  Corinthian  order,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
perfect  specimens  of  Grecian  architecture  in  America.  The 
columns  are  55  feet  high,  10  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and 
are  surmounted  by  capitals  8  feet  6  inches  high.  The  distance 
from  the  top  of  the  capitals  to  the  apex  of  the  pediment  is  34 
feet,  making  the  total  height  from  the  apex  of  the  pediment  to 
the  floor  of  the  platform  on  which  the  superstructure  stands 
nearly  95  feet.  The  principal  entrances  are  in  the  north  and 
south  fronts,  and  are  32  feet  high,  and  16  feet  wide.  Each  side 
contains  twenty  windows,  four  of  which  open  into  each  room, 
and  one  upon  each  stairway.  The  building  is  floored  with  mar¬ 
ble,  and  the  roof  is  constructed  of  the  same  material  and  weighs 
969J  tons.  The  building  is  divided  into  three  stories,  and  is 
used  entirely  for  lecture  and  recitation  purposes.  The  interior 
work  is  done  entirely  in  marble,  iron,  and  brick,  but  not  a  trace 
of  the  last  material  is  anywhere  visible  to  the  eye. 

A  marble  statue  of  Stephen  Girard,  by  Grevelot,  stands  in 
the  south  porch  of  the  college,  and  beneath  it  lie  the  remains  of 
the  founder,  and  a  room  in  the  building  known  as  u  Girard’s 
Room  ”  contains  his  books,  office  furniture,  and  personal  effects. 

A  number  of  fine  marble  buildings,  roofed  with  copper,  stand 
in  the  college  grounds.  They  are  each  three  stories  in  height, 
with  a  frontage  of  52  feet  and  a  depth  of  125  feet,  and  are  used 
as  the  residences  of  the  college  officers  and  the  dormitories  of 
the  pupils. 

Mr.  Girard’s  will  contained  the  following  restrictions  upon 
visitors  to  the  college,  which  are  rigidly  enforced.  The  italics 
are  his  own : 

“  I  enjoin  and  require  that  no  ecclesiastic ,  missionary ,  or  minis¬ 
ter  of  any  sect  whatsoever ,  shall  hold  or  exercise  any  station  or 
duty  whatever  in  the  said  college :  nor  shall  any  such  person  ever 
be  admitted  for  any  purpose ,  or  as  a  visitor ,  within  the  premises 
appropriated  to  the  purposes  of  the  said  college.  In  making  this 
restriction,  I  do  not  mean  to  cast  any  reflection  upon  any  sect  or 
person  whatsoever ;  but  as  there  is  such  a  multitude  of  sects, 


110 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  such  a  diversity  of  opinion  amongst  them,  I  desire  to  keep 
the  tender  minds  of  the  orphans,  who  are  to  derive  advantage 
from  this  bequest,  free  from  the  excitement  which  clashing  doc¬ 
trines  and  sectarian  controversy  are  so  apt  to  produce ;  and  my 
desire  is,  that  all  the  instructors  and  teachers  in  the  college  shall 
take  pains  to  instil  into  the  minds  of  the  scholars  the  purest 
principles  of  morality ,  so  that,  on  their  entrance  into  active  life, 
they  may,  from  inclination  and  habitj  evince  benevolence  towards 
their  fellouv-creatures,  and  a  love  of  truth ,  sobriety ,  and  industry , 
adopting  at  the  same  time  such  religious  tenets  as  their  matured 
reason  may  enable  them  to  prefer.” 

“  When  Mr.  Duane  had  written  this  passage  at  Girard’s  dicta¬ 
tion,”  says  Mr.  Parton,  “  a  conversation  occurred  between  them, 
which  revealed,  perhaps,  one  of  the  old  gentleman’s  reasons  for 
inserting  it.  ‘  What  do  you  think  of  that  ?  ’  asked  Girard.  Mr. 
Duane  being  unprepared  to  comment  on  such  an  unexpected 
injunction,  replied,  after  a  long  pause,  ‘  I  can  only  say  now,  Mr. 
Girard,  that  I  think  it  will  make  a  great  sensation.’  Girard 
then  said,  ‘  I  can  tell  you  something  else  it  will  do, — it  will 
please  the  Quakers.’  He  gave  another  proof  of  his  regard  for 
the  Quakers  by  naming  three  of  them  as  executors  of  his  will ; 
the  whole  number  of  the  executors  being  five.” 

The  Pennsylvania  College  of  Dental  Surgery  is  located  at 
Tenth  and  Arch  streets,  and  the  Philadelphia  Dental  College  at 
108  North  Tenth  street.  Both  are  flourishing  institutions. 
The  Woman7 s  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania  is  at  Twenty-first 
and  North  College  avenue.  The  Polytechnic  College  of  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania  is  on  Market  street  above  Seventeenth. 

The  church  institutions  are  the  Academy  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  at  Locust  and  Juniper  streets;  the  Theologi¬ 
cal  Seminary  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Churchy  at  No.  216 
Franklin  street;  St.  Joseph7 s  (Roman  Catholic)  College,  at  317 
Willing’s  alley  ;  and  the  Seminary  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo,  at 
Overbrook  station  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  just  beyond 
Hestonville.  The  building  of  the  last-named  institution  is  a 
magnificent  specimen  of  the  Italian  style  of  architecture. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 


111 


LIBRARIES . 

The  principal  library  of  the  city  is  the 

Philadelphia  Library. 

It  was  founded  in  1731,  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  Thomas  Hop- 
kinson,  Thomas  Cadwallader,  and  several  other  gentlemen, 
Franklin  being  the  principal  mover  in  the  matter.  James  Logan 
became  interested  in  the  enterprise  at  an  early  day,  and  instructed 
Mr.  Hopkinson,  who  was  about  to  sail  for  England,  to  purchase 
books  to  the  value  of  ,£65.  This  was  done,  and  the  books  were 


received  in  1732.  The  library  was  made  free  to  the  public,  but 
none  but  subscribers,  with  the  exception  of  Mr.  Logan,  were 
allowed  to  take  the  books  from  the  building.  This  rule  is  still 
observed.  The  library  grew  slowly,  and  in  1782  the  heirs  of 
James  Logan  presented  the  trustees  with  the  valuable  Loganian 
Library ,  which  is  still  kept  as  a  separate  collection.  The  two 
collections  now  number  about  100,000  volumes.  The  library 


112 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


is  located  in  a  stately  and  substantial  old-time  edifice  of  brick,  in 
Fifth  street  south  of  Chestnut,  and  opposite  Independence 
Square.  The  building  was  begun  in  1789,  and  was  completed 
and  occupied  by  the  library  in  1790. 

The  Mercantile  Library 

Occupies  a  handsome  building  in  Tenth  street  north  of  Chestnut. 
It  was  organized  in  1821  by  a  number  of  merchants  and  bankers, 
and  in  1826  was  made  a  stock  company.  The  building  used  by 
the  company  was  formerly  the  Franklin  Market,  and  cost,  with 


MERCANTILE  LIBRARY. 


the  alterations  necessary  to  adapt  it  to  its  new  use,  $230,000. 
It  contains  a  fine  collection  of  95,000  volumes  and  all  the  prin¬ 
cipal  newspapers  and  magazines  of  this  country  and  Europe. 
It  has  also  a  chess-room  with  twenty-four  tables.  It  is  managed 
upon  the  most  liberal  plan,  and  has  a  membership  of  12,000. 

The  Ridgway  Branch  of  the  Philadelphia  Library. 

The  building  now  in  course  of  erection  for  this  purpose  is  one 
of  the  most  superb  structures  in  the  United  States.  It  stands 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


113 


in  the  centre  of  the  square,  bounded  by  Broad,  Thirteenth, 
Christian,  and  Carpenter  streets.  This  is  enclosed  by  a  stone 
wall,  except  on  the  Broad  street  front,  vherc  the  wall  gives  place 
to  a  tasteful  iron  railing.  The  grounds  are  to  be  laid  off  in  the 
most  beautiful  manner.  The  building  is  of  granite,  and  consists 
of  a  central  edifice  and  two  wings,  the  whole  having  a  frontage 
of  220  feet,  and  an  extreme  depth  of  105  feet.  The  principal 
fagade  faces  Broad  street,  and  consists  of  three  porticos,  one  to 
the  central  building  and  one  to  each  of  the  wings.  The  porticos 
are  enclosed  by  massive  Doric  columns  of  granite,  sixteen  in  all, 
eight  in  the  central  portico,  and  four  to  each  of  the  wings,  each 
thirty  feet  high.  The  structure  stands  upon  a  platform  which  is 
Teached  by  a  flight  of  steps  the  full  width  of  the  central  building. 
The  main  entrance  is  from  the  central  portico,  and  leads  into  a 
vestibule  36  feet  long,  10  feet  wide,  and  14  feet  high,  which 
opens  into  the  main  hall.  This  hall  is  cruciform,  84  feet  in 
length,  and  60  feet  in  width.  At  the  intersection  of  the  cross 
are  twenty-four  Ionic  columns  supporting  a  gallery.  The  ceiling 
in  this  part  of  the  hall  is  44  feet  from  the  floor.  The  main  hall 
will  be  fitted  up  with  alcoves  for  books.  There  are  several  other 
rooms  in  the  building,  intended  for  the  use  of  the  directors,  etc. 
The  wings  will  be  used  as  reading-rooms.  A  mausoleum  will 
be  erected  in  the  main  hall  opposite  the  principal  entrance,  to 
contain  the  remains  of  the  late  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  and  his  wife. 
The  building  owes  its  existence  to  the  munificence  of  Dr.  Rush, 
who  at  his  death  bequeathed  the  land  on  which  it  stands,  and 
the  million  and  a  half  dollars  expended  in  its  erection.  When 
completed  the  Philadelphia  Library  Company  will  most  likely 
exercise  control  over  the  “Ridgway  Branch. The  building  is 
in  all  respects  one  of  the  most  massive  and  superb  edifices  of 
its  kind  in  the  world.  It  is  an  ornament  of  which  any  city 
might  be  proud,  and  is  the  noblest  monument  its  founder  could 
have  desired  to  perpetuate  his  name  and  fame  to  after  ages.  It 
is  solid  enough  to  withstand  the  decaying  hand  of  time,  and 
will  always  form  one  of  the  noblest  of  Philadelphia’s  public 
institutions. 

8 


114 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


The  other  libraries  of  Philadelphia  are  as  follows : 

NAME.  LOCATION. 

American  Baptist  Historical  Society . 530  Arch  Street. 

American  Mechanics’  Library . Fourth  and  George  Streets. 

Athenaeum  Library . Sixth  and  Adelphi  Streets. 

Apprentices’  Library  Association . 500  Arch  Street. 

American  Protestant  Hall  and  Library  Asso’n.  .1415  Locust  Street. 

Friends’  Library . 304  Arch  Street. 

Germantown  Library . 4838  Germantown  Avenue. 

James  Page  Library  Company . 208  East  Girard  Avenue. 

Library  Association  of  Friends . Race  and  Fifteenth  Streets. 

Library  of  the  German  Society . 24  South  Seventh  Street. 

Library  of  the  Law  Association . 532  Walnut  Street. 

Mechanics’  Institute  Library . 1110  South  Fifth  Street. 

Moyamensing  Library . Eleventh  and  Catharine  Sts. 

Odd-Fellows’  Library . 806  North  Third  Street. 

Philadelphia  City  Institute  Library . Eighteenth  and  Chestnut  Sts. 

Spring  Garden  Institute . 1349  Spring  Garden  Street. 

Southwark  Library  Company . 765  South  Second  Street. 

Wm.  Brotherhead’s  Library . . 205  South  Thirteenth  Street. 

West  Philadelphia  Institute  Library . 4050  Market  Street. 

Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science . Seventeenth  and  Montgomery. 

The  public  and  private  libraries  of  Philadelphia  number 
3700,  and  comprise  a  total  of  2,985,770  volumes. 

SCIENTIFIC  INSTITUTIONS. 

Chief  among  the  learned  societies  of  Philadelphia  is  the 


Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

This  society  was  organized  in  1812,  by  a  number  of  gentle¬ 
men  for  purposes  of  mutual  improvement.  At  an  early  period 
a  museum  and  a  library  were  established.  These  have  been 
steadily  increased,  and  the  library  now  contains  nearly  25,000 
volumes.  The  museum  contains  over  250,000  specimens. 
Among  these  are  “  more  than  6000  minerals,  900  rocks,  65,000 
fossils,  70,000  species  of  plants,  1000  species  of  zoophytes, 
2000  species  of  crustaceans,  500  species  of  myriapods  and 
arachnidians,  25,000  species  of  insects,  20,000  species  of  shell¬ 
bearing  mollusks,  2000  species  of  fishes,  800  species  of  reptiles, 
37,000  birds  with  nests  of  200  and  eggs  of  1500  species,  1000 
mammals,  and  900  skeletons  and  pieces  of  osteology.”  The 


116 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


collection  is  as  valuable  as  it  is  extensive.  Gratuitous  instruction 
is  furnished  to  a  number  of  students.  Visitors  are  admitted  on 
Tuesday  and  Thursday  afternoons,  for  the  slight  sum  of  ten  cents. 
The  money  is  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  the  building  fund. 

The  Academy  was  formerly  located  on  Broad  street,  south  of 
Chestnut,  but  a  year  or  two  ago  a  new  and  larger  edifice  was 
begun  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Nineteenth  and  Race  streets. 
It  will  have,  when  completed,  a  frontage  of  288  feet  on  Nine¬ 
teenth  street,  and  a  depth  of  198  feet  on  Race  street.  It  will 
be  in  the  collegiate  Gothic  style,  and  will  be  constructed  of 


ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES. 


serpentine  stone  with  trimmings  of  Ohio  sandstone.  Only  the 
north  wing  has  been  completed,  and  into  this  the  collections  of 
the  Academy  are  crowded.  It  is  estimated  that  the  entire 
building  with  all  its  appointments  will  cost  over  $700,000. 

The  American  Philosophical  Society 

Occupies  a  quaint  old  building  in  Fifth  street,  immediately  in 
the  rear  of  Independence  Hall.  The  society  occupies  the  second 
floor  of  the  building,  the  lower  floor  being  devoted  to  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  and  the  Water  Department.  In  1727  Ben¬ 
jamin  Franklin,  then  a  prosperous  printer  of  Philadelphia, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


117 


paving  become  interested  in  scientific  studies,  established  a 
society  of  kindred  spirits,  which  he  called  “The  Junto.”  Its 
membership  was  restricted  to  twelve,  and  its  meetings  were 
secret  to  prevent  the  intrusion  of  improper  persons.  Out  of 
this  grew  the  present  society,  which  was  founded  in  1743. 
Among  its  members  have  been  some  of  the  greatest  men  of  our 
history.  The  library  of  the  society  comprises  nearly  20,000 
volumes,  and  connected  with  it  is  a  fine  cabinet  of  coins  and 
antiquarian  relics.  The  present  building  was  erected  in  1789. 
Among  the  most  precious  possessions  of  the  society  is  the 
original  draft  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  the  hand¬ 
writing  of  Thomas  Jefferson. 

The  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society 

At  present  finds  a  habitation  in  a  building  attached  to  the  Penn- 
syl vania  Hospital  in  Spruce  street  above  Eighth.  The  society 
was  established  in  1825,  and  for  a  number  of  years  struggled 
onward  in  the  face  of  great  difficulties.  It  has  now  a  member¬ 
ship  of  600,  a  library  of  12,000  volumes,  and  80,000  pamph¬ 
lets,  a  gallery  containing  sixty-five  portraits  of  historical  per¬ 
sonages,  twelve  historical  pictures,  and  a  large  collection  of 
engravings  and  manuscripts,  among  which  are  William  Penn’s 
papers.  The  society  also  possesses  a  valuable  collection  of 
American  antiquities. 

The  Franklin  Institute 

Was  incorporated  in  1824,  “for  the  promotion  and  encourage¬ 
ment  of  manufactures  and  the  mechanic  and  useful  arts  by 
popular  lectures,  the  formation  of  a  library,  with  a  cabinet  of 
models  and  minerals,  offering  premiums  on  all  subjects  deemed 
worthy  of  encouragement,  and  by  examining  all  inventions  sub¬ 
mitted  to  them.”  The  membership  is  open  to  all  persons 
friendly  to  and  interested  in  the  mechanic  arts.  The  building 
occupied  by  the  society  is  on  the  east  side  of  Seventh  street  north 
of  Chestnut.  Its  exterior  is  plain.  The  interior  is  provided 
with  a  fine  lecture-room,  in  which  lectures  are  delivered  at  stated 
times  upon  scientific  subjects  and  accompanied  with  experiments. 


118 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  library  of  the  Institute  is  on  the  second  floor.  There  is 
also  a  museum,  in  which  is  the  famous  astronomical  clock  con¬ 
structed  by  David  Rittenhouse.  The  Institute  has  done  and  is 
doing  a  noble  work  for  technical  science,  and  its  Journal  is  the 
oldest  and  one  of  the  most  valuable  mechanical  publications  in 
this  country. 

The  Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia, 

After  an  existence  of  many  years,  has  but  recently  become 
prominent  among  the  learned  associations  of  Philadelphia.  It 
has  within  the  past  few  years  leased  from  the  Fairmount  Park 
Commissioners  a  garden  of  35  acres,  located  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Schuylkill  below  the  Girard  Avenue  Bridge.  This  tract 
was  originally  known  as  “  Solitude/’  and  was  the  residence  of 
John  Penn,  the  son  of  Thomas  and  grandson  of  William  Penn. 
The  old  mansion  built  by  him  when  Governor  of  Pennsylvania 
is  still  standing.  His  descendants  retained  the  place  until  its 
purchase  by  the  Commissioners  of  Fairmount  Park.  The  Zoo¬ 
logical  Society  have  fitted  up  their  garden  with  a  number  of 
handsome  improvements,  consisting  of  a  monkev-house,  a  beaver- 
dam,  deer  and  buffalo  parks,  a  winter-house  for  animals  from 
the  tropics,  three  large  stone  bear-pits,  md  an  aviary.  The  col¬ 
lection  of  animals  is  already  very  large,  and  is  being  increased. 
It  is  the  intention  of  the  society  to  make  this  garden  second  to 
none  in  the  world.  Visitors  are  admitted  at  a  charge  of  twenty- 
five  cents  for  adults,  and  ten  cents  for  children. 

Besides  the  above  associations  are  the  American  Entomologi¬ 
cal  Society,  at  518  South  Thirteenth  street;  the  Germantown 
Scientific  Association,  at  4836  Germantown  avenue;  the  Numis¬ 
matic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Philadelphia,  at  the  corner  of 
Eighteenth  and  Chestnut  streets;  and  the  Wagner  Free  Institute, 
at  Seventeenth  street  and  Montgomery  avenue. 

Benevolent  Institutions. 

The  benevolent  and  charitable  institutions  of  Philadelphia 
number  more  than  one  hundred.  In  respect  to  her  institutions 
of  this  kind,  Philadelphia  is  second  to  no  city  in  the  Union. 
We  can  mention  here  but  a  few  of  the  more  prominent. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL.  EXHIBITION. 


119 


The  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  has  been 
noticed  in  our  account  of  Broad  street.  The 

Pennsylvania  Hospital 

Occupies  the  square  bounded  by  Eighth,  Ninth,  Spruce,  and 
Pine  streets.  It  was  established  in  1751,  and  among  its  first 
managers  was  Benjamin  Franklin.  The  charter  set  apart  the 
institution  for  “  the  relief  of  the  sick,  and  the  reception  and  cure 
of  lunatics.”  The  grounds  are  enclosed  with  a  high  brick  wall, 
•except  in  the  centre  of  the  Pine  street  front.  Through  this  open 
space  the  group  of  venerable  buildings  can  be  seen  from  the 
street.  The  eastern  wing  was  erected  in  1755,  the  western  in 
1796,  and  the  central  building  in  1805.  This  noble  institution 
has  admitted  and  cared  for  nearly  100,000  patients  since  its 
■establishment,  fully  one-half  of  whom  have  been  supported 
at  its  expense.  Until  1841  a  portion  of  the  hospital  was  devoted 
to  the  treatment  of  the  insane,  but  in  that  year  these  patients 
were  removed  to  the  new  hospital  in  West  Philadelphia. 

The  Wills’  Hospital ,  in  Race  street,  opposite  Logan  Square, 
was  founded  by  a  bequest  of  the  late  James  Wills,  for  the  treat¬ 
ment  of  diseases  of  the  eye  and  limbs.  It  was  opened  in  1834. 

The  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  instruction  of  the  Blind 

Is  at  the  corner  of  Race  and  Twentieth  streets.  It  was  founded 
in  1833.  It  is  a  plain,  but  large  and  excellently  arranged  build¬ 
ing,  with  an  average  attendance  of  about  two  hundred  pupils, 
many  of  whom  are  from  other  States,  who  are  required  to  pay 
for  their  instruction  and  support. 

The  Municipal  Hospital 

For  the  treatment  of  patients  afflicted  with  small-pox  and  other 
contagious  diseases  is  situated  on  Hart  lane  near  Twenty-first 
street.  It  consists  of  a  principal  building  and  wings,  all  of 
Cleveland  brown-stone,  with  a  mansard  roof.  Adjoining  it  is 
the  “  Potter’s  Field,”  with  its  rows  of  nameless  graves. 

The  Hospital  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  has  been 
already  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  University.  The 


120 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Blockley  Almshouse 

Lies  south  of  the  University  and  faces  the  Schuylkill.  It  con¬ 
sists  of  four  buildings,  each  500  feet  long  and  three  stories  high.. 


PRESBYTERIAN  BOARD  OF  PUBLICATION,  CHESTNUT  ST. 


These  are  arranged  as  the  four  sides  of  a  square.  The  number 
of  inmates  is  about  3000,  of  whom  600  are  in  the  insane  depart* 
ment,  and  200  more  in  the  children’s  asylum.  The  buildings. 


OP  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


121 


themselves  cover  an  area  of  ten  acres,  and  stand  in  a  tract  of 
179  acres  which  is  cultivated  for  the  use  of  the  asylum.  The 
city  of  Philadelphia  annually  expends  over  four  hundred  thou¬ 
sand  dollars  in  the  support  of  this  institution. 

On  Market  street,  between  Forty-second  and  Fiftieth  streets, 
in  West  Philadelphia,  is  the 

Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 

Which  was  established  in  1841.  The  buildings  stand  in  a  tract 
of  113  acres  of  beautifully  ornamented  grounds  enclosed  with  a 
high  wall  of  stone,  and  consists  of  two  large  structures,  each  with 
a  central  edifice  ard  wings,  with  Doric  porticos,  and  a  fine  dome 
over  one  hundred  feet  high.  One  of  these  buildings  is  occupied 
by  the  male  and  the  other  by  the  female  patients,  and  each  has 
its  separate  enclosure  and  pleasure-grounds.  They  were  erected 
at  a  cost  of  $800,000.  The  number  of  inmates  is  about  400. 

The  Presbyterian  Hospital ,  at  Thirty-ninth  and  Filbert  streets ; 
the  Hospital  of  Christ  Church ,  on  Belmont  avenue,  near  the 
Park  entrance ;  the  Jewish  Hospital ,  on  the  Olney  road  in  the 
Twenty-third  ward ;  the  Asylum  of  the  Orphan  Society  of 
Philadelphia ,  at  Haddington ;  the  Burd  Orphan  Asylum ,  on 
the  Delaware  county  line,  at  the  extreme  western  end  of  Market 
street;  the  Preston  Retreat ,  the  House  of  Industry ,  and  the 
House  of  Refuge ,  are  noble  institutions.  The 

United  States  Nava I  Asylum 

Is  located  on  Gray’s  Ferry  road  below  South  street.  It  was 
built  by  the  general  government  in  1832,  and  is  for  the  care  of 
infirm  and  decrepit  officers  and  seamen  of  the  navy  and  the  marine 
corps.  The  main  building  has  a  frontage  of  380  feet  and  a  depth 
of  150  feet.  It  has  a  front  of  white  marble,  is  three  stories  in 
height,  and  is  approached  by  a  flight  of  marble  steps.  There 
are  about  130  decrepit  sailors  maintained  here  by  the  govern¬ 
ment.  The  Commodore’s  quarters  stand  north  of  the  asylum. 
In  the  rear  of  the  asylum  is  a  large  building  erected  during  the 
late  war  by  the  government  for  the  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded 
sailors  of  the  navy.  The  grounds  are  handsomely  laid  out. 


122 


THE-  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


PRISONS. 

The  prisons  of  Philadelphia  are  well  conducted.  They  are 
three  in  number.  The 

Philadelphia  County  Prison 

Is  located  on  Passyunk  road,  just  below  Reed  street.  It  is  a 
massive  edifice  comprised  of  a  central  building  with  receding 
wings  on  either  side.  At  the  end  of  each  wing  is  a  heavy  octagonal 


PHILADELPHIA  COUNTY  PRISON. 


tower,  and  on  each  side  of  each  wing  is  a  high  wall  terminating  in 
a  bastion.  The  architecture  is  in  the  English-Gothic  style  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  building  is  constructed  of  Quincy  granite, 
and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  strongest  prisons  in  the  Union. 
About  14,000  persons  are  annually  committed  to  it.  The  prison 
is  generally  known  as  the  “  Moyamensing  Prison, ”  from  the 
former  name  of  the  district  in  which  it  stands. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


123 


The  Eastern  Penitentiary, 

Or,  as  it  is  better  known,  “  Cherry  Hill  Prison,”  occupies  the 
entire  square  bounded  on  the  south  by  Fairmount  avenue,  and 
lying  between  Twenty-second  and  Twenty-third  streets.  It  is 
enclosed  with  a  massive  stone  wall.  The  Fairmount  avenue 
front  consists  of  two  square  towers  with  battlements,  65  feet 
high,  connected  by  a  stone  wall,  in  which  is  set  the  main  entrance, 
a  heavy  door  studded  with  bolts.  An  octagonal  tower  rises  from 
the  wall,  above  this  entrance,  to  a  height  of  97  feet.  At  each 
corner  is  a  heavy  tower,  connected  with  the  central  building  by 
thick  walls  pierced  with  narrow  and  heavily  barred  windows. 
The  grounds  of  the  prison  cover  about  eleven  acres,  nearly  all 
of  which  space  is  occupied  by  the  buildings.  Within  the 
enclosure  is  a  central  building,  from  which  radiate  seven  corridors 
like  the  points  of  a  star.  They  are  so  arranged  that  the  warden, 
sitting  in  the  central  building,  can  see  the  whole  length  of  each 
corridor.  The  cells  of  the  convicts  are  located  in  these  corridors, 
and  to  each  cell  is  attached  a  small  walled  yard,  in  which,  at 
certain  hours  of  the  day,  the  prisoner  is  permitted  to  enjoy  the 
air  and  sunlight.  The  prison  is  for  the  confinement  of  convicts 
from  the  eastern  counties  of  the  State,  and  is  conducted  upon  the 
solitary  plan.  The  prisoners  are  furnished  with  work  enough 
to  keep  them  busy,  and  this  they  perform  in  their  own  cells. 
They  are  also  permitted  to  earn  money  for  themselves  by  extra 
work.  Each  prisoner  is  allowed  to  see  and  converse  with  the 
prison  officials,  the  chaplain,  and  an  occasional  visitor,  but  is  not 
permitted  to  hold  any  intercourse  with  any  of  his  fellow-prisoners. 
It  is  claimed  that  this  system  possesses  the  peculiar  advantage 
of  preserving  the  prisoner  from  association  with  the  other 
criminals  during  his  confinement,  and  thus  saves  him  from  the 
danger  of  meeting  with  other  prisoners  after  his  release,  and  being 
by  their  influence  drawn  back  into  his  evil  ways.  There  are 
about  500  convicts  confined  here. 


124 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


me  House  of  Correction 

Is  at  Holmesburg,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city.  It  contains 
two  thousand  cells,  and  answers  the  purpose  of  a  work-house 
and  a  prison. 

Places  of  Amusement. 

The  most  prominent  places  of  amusement  have  already  been 
noticed  in  our  account  of  the  city.  Philadelphia  has  one  first- 
class  opera-house — the  Academy  of  Music ,  at  Broad  and  Locust 
streets — and  three  first-class  theatres.  These  are  the  Chestnut 
Street  Theatre ,  on  Chestnut  street,  between  Twelfth  and  Thir¬ 
teenth  ;  the  Arch  Street  Theatre ,  on  Arch  street  between  Sixth 
and  Seventh  streets;  and  the  Walnut  Street  Theatre ,  at  the 
corner  of  Walnut  and  Ninth  streets. 

During  the  centennial  season  there  will  be  two  first-class 
concert  gardens,  viz. :  Theodore  Thomas’  Garden ,  at  Broad  and 
Master  streets,  and  Kiralfy’s  Alhambra  Palace  Garden,  on 
Broad  street  below  Locust. 

The  Colosseum ,  at  Broad  and  Locust  streets,  affords  a  first- 
class  art  entertainment  in  its  panorama  of  Paris. 

The  other  places  of  amusement  are,  Fox’s  New  American 
Theatre ,  on  Chestnut  above  Tenth  street;  the  Grand  Central 
Theatre ,  on  Walnut  street  above  Eighth;  the  New  National 
Theatre,  si  Callowhill  and  Tenth  streets;  and  Enoch’s  Varieties , 
on  Seventh  street  below  Arch — all  devoted  to  variety  entertain¬ 
ments;  the  Arch  Street  Opera  House ,  on  Arch  street  above 
Tenth,  and  the  Eleventh  Street  Opera  House ,  both  of  which  are 
negro  minstrel  halls,  and  well  patronized;  and  Colonel  Wood?8 
Museum ,  at  Arch  and  Ninth  streets. 

Cemeteries. 

The  principal  cemetery  of  Philadelphia  is  Laurel  HiU ,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  below  the  Falls.  It  is  situated  in  a 
region  famed  for  its  beauty,  and  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
cemeteries  in  the  world.  It  contains  a  large  number  of  splendid 
tombs,  some  of  which  are  noted  as  works  of  art.  The  other 


fAr 


A 


A 


,o 


126 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


cemeteries  are,  Glenwood ,  Monument,  Woodlands,  Ronaldson’s t 
Odd  Fellows,  and  Mount  Moriah . 

Newspapers . 

There  are  twenty-seven  daily  and  weekly  newspapers,  devoted 
to  politics  and  general  news,  published  in  Philadelphia.  Of 
these,  seven  are  Republican,  four  Democratic,  and  sixteen  inde¬ 
pendent.  About  fifty  periodicals  are  published  in  the  city,, 
which  also  conducts  a  large  part  of  the  book  publishing  business 
of  the  United  States. 

Banks. 

There  are  forty  banks  in  Philadelphia,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $20,235,000.  Of  these,  twenty-nine  are  National 
banks,  and  eleven  continue  to  do  business  under  the  State  laws. 
The  National  banks  have  a  capital  of  $16,235,000,  and  the 
State  banks  a  capital  of  $4,000,000. 

Gas  and  Water . 

Philadelphia  is  lighted  with  gas  of  an  excellent  quality, 
which  is  supplied  at  a  reasonable  rate  to  the  citizens.  The  gas 
works  are  conducted  by  the  city,  and  the  consumers  are  secured 
the  best  gas  that  can  be  made,  and  are  protected  from  the  extor¬ 
tions  of  private  companies.  The  total  length  of  street  mains  is 
over  600  miles. 

The  city  is  supplied  with  water  from  the  Schuylkill  river. 
The  water  works  are  at  Fairmount,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Schuylkill.  They  were  begun  in  1812,  and  water  was  intro¬ 
duced  into  the  city  in  1827.  Since  then  additional  reservoirs 
have  been  constructed  within  the  limits  of  the  Park,  and  addi¬ 
tional  pumping  houses  have  been  erected  at  Belmont,  Rox- 
borough,  and  other  points  on  the  Schuylkill.  The  works  are 
supplied  with  the  most  approved  and  complete  machinery,  the 
engines  at  the  Spring  Garden  pump  house  having  a  capacity  of 
ten  millions  of  gallons  every  twenty-four  hours. 

In  order  to  preserve  the  water  of  the  Schuylkill  pure  and  fit 
for  drinking,  the  Commissioners  of  Fairmount  Park,  a  few  years 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


127 


ago,  purchased  the  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river  to  the  Falls,  and 
along  the  Wissahickon  tor  several  miles  from  its  mouth.  These 


MHWi 


VIEW  OF  FAIRMOUNT  WATER  WORKS. 


streams  are  thus  prevented  from  being  made  the  receptacles  for 
the  refuse  of  factories,  which  would  render  their  waters  impure. 
About  546  miles  of  water  pipes  have  been  laid  through  the 


128 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


city,  and  all  the  modern,  and  the  most  of  the  older  houses,  have 
water  introduced  into  them.  The  average  amount  used  per 
day  is  over  30,000,000  gallons.  A  vast  storage  reservoir  has 
been  recently  constructed  in  the  East  Park,  at  a  cost  of  $2,000, . 
000.  It  has  a  capacity  of  750,000,000  gaOons. 

Streei  Railways. 

There  are  about  twenty-two  main  lines  of  street  railway  m 
Philadelphia.  Including  the  branches  of  these,  the  number  of 
railway  lines  is  about  forty-five.  These  constitute  the  best 
system  of  street  transportation  in  the  Union,  and  convey  pas¬ 
sengers  to  all  points  of  the  city  at  a  uniform  fare  of  seven  cents. 
A  number  of  these  lines  run  direct  to  the  entrances  to  the  exhi¬ 
bition  grounds. 

The  Water  Front 

The  plateau  on  which  Philadelphia  stands  is  washed  on  three 
sides  by  the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  rivers,  which  give  to  the 
city  all  the  advantages  of  a  great  commercial  seaport.  Along 
the  Delaware  shore  there  is  always  to  be  seen  a  forest  of  masts, 
representing  the  shipping  of  every  nation  on  the  globe.  The 
visitor  to  Philadelphia  should  by  no  means  omit  an  opportunity 
to  view  the  city  from  the  Delaware  river,  as  from  no  other  point 
can  he  as  perfectly  acquire  a  correct  idea  of  the  vast  commerce 
which  yearly  enters  and  leaves  this  port.  An  excellent  plan 
would  be  to  engage  a  boat  at  Tacony,  descend  the  river  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  ascend  that  stream  to  the  exhibi¬ 
tion  grounds. 

Starting  from  Tacony,  the  suburb  of  Bridesburg  is  soon 
passed,  and  then,  turning  a  bend  of  the  river,  the  visitor  finds 
himself  opposite  Port  Richmond,  the  coal-shipping  depot  of  the 
Reading  Railroad  Company.  This  vast  depot  is  one  of  the 
u sights”  of  Philadelphia,  and  is  the  most  extensive  in  the 
world.  It  comprises  21  shipping  docks,  with  an  aggregate 
length  of  15,000  feet,  and  accommodations  for  250  vessels  and 
boats.  The  shipping  piers  are  23  in  .number,  and  their  aggre¬ 
gate  length  is  4J  miles.  They  are  provided  with  10J  miles  of 
single  track,  and  in  addition  to  this  are  connected  with  each 


OP  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


129 


other  and  with  the  main  line  of  the  road  by  22  miles  of  track. 
The  cars,  loaded  with  coal  at  the  mines,  are  brought  direct  to 
this  depot,  and  are  run  out  on  the  shipping  piers.  By  means 
of  trap-doors  in  the  floors  of  the  cars  the  coal  is  emptied  into 
schutes  169  feet  in  length,  which  convey  it  directly  into  the 
holds  of  the  vessels  to  be  loaded.  About  2000  men  are  em¬ 
ployed  here,  and  the  daily  shipments  of  coal  amount  to  30,000 
tons.  The  piers  have  a  storage  capacity  of  175,000  tons.  The 
company  at  present  employ  six  fine  iron  steamers  for  the  trans¬ 
portation  of  coal  from  Port  Richmond  to  other  points,  and 
intend  to  increase  this  number  to  fifty.  Several  hundred  other 
"vessels  are  employed  in  this  trade. 

Opposite  Port  Richmond  is  Treaty  Island ,  a  spot  dear  to  the 
hearts  of  Philadelphia  sportsmen. 

A  short  distance  below  Port  Richmond  are  the  shipyards  of 
William  Cramp  &  Son,  said  to  be  the  most  extensive  establish¬ 
ment  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States.  A  number  of  vessels 
were  built  here  for  the  navy  during  the  civil  war,  among  others 
the  New  Ironsides.  The  four  iron  steamers  of  the  American 
Line ,  plying  between  Philadelphia  and  Liverpool,  were  also 
built  here. 

Below  these  shipyards  rises  the  standpipe  of  the  Delaware 
Water  Works ,  and  beyond  this  is  a  region  devoted  to  rolling 
mills,  iron  foundries  and  forges ;  and  beyond  these  still,  occupy¬ 
ing  the  river  front  from  Laurel  to  Noble  street,  is  a  succession 
of  lumber  yards,  where  an  immense  business  in  all  kinds  of 
lumber  is  annually  transacted.  Large  quantities  are  shipped  to 
•South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Immediately  below 
Noble  street  are  the  freight  depots  and  piers  of  the  North  Penn¬ 
sylvania  and  Reading  Railroads. 

Below  Noble  street  the  long  line  of  foreign  and  coastwise 
shipping  begins,  and  stretches  away  for  several  miles  down  the 
river.  Immediately  opposite  this  part  of  Philadelphia,  and 
separated  from  it  by  the  Delaware,  is  Camden,  the  sixth  city 
of  New  Jersey.  It  is  but  a  suburb  of  Philadelphia,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  six  lines  of  steam  ferries.  The  time  occupied 
in  crossing  the  river  is  five  minutes. 

9 


STEAMSHIP  DOCKS  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  ON  THE  DELAWARE  RIVER. 


130 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


131 


In  the  middle  of  the  Delaware,  opposite  Market  street,  is 
Smith’s  Island,  a  noted  pleasure  resort.  Immediately  south  of 
it,  and  separated  from  it  by  a  narrow  channel,  through  which 
the  Camden  &  Amboy  Railroad  ferry  boats  pass,  is  Windmill 
Island,  also  a  pleasure  resort. 

At  the  foot  of  Christian  street  and  Washington  avenue  are 
the  docks  of  the  American  line  of  steamers  to  Liverpool.  In  the 
rear  of  these  docks  is  the  enormous  Elevator  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad ,  with  a  capacity  of  half  a  million  bushels  of  grain,  and 
every  facility  for  prompt  and  economical  shipment. 

Immediately  adjoining  these  docks  is  the  Old  Navy  Yardy 
covering  a  tract  of  eighteen  acres.  It  was  purchased  by  the 
government  in  1801  for  $37,500,  and  was  sold  about  a  year  ago 
to  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  for  about  $2,000,000. 
Some  of  the  finest  vessels  in  the  navy  were  built  here.  The 
navy  yard  has,  since  the  sale,  been  entirely  transferred  to 
League  Island.  The  Pennsylvania  company  intend  to  fit  up 
the  old  navy  yard  as  their  principal  terminus  on  the  Delaware. 
This  road  is  a  large  stockholder  in  the  American  line  of  steamers, 
which  vessels  lie  at  its  docks  and  receive  and  transfer  passengers 
and  freight  from  and  to  its  cars.  By  this  system  all  breaking 
bulk  of  freight  from  distant  points  is  avoided,  there  being  but 
one  reshipment,  from  the  cars  to  the  steamer,  necessary. 

At  Greenwich  Point ,  at  the  foot  of  Packer  street,  are  the  coal 
wharves  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad ,  second  only  in  extent 
and  the  amount  of  business  transacted  at  them  to  those  of  the 
Reading  road  at  Port  Richmond. 

Just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Schuylkill  is 


League  Island, 

Now  occupied  by  the  United  States  as  a  Navy  Yard.  The 
island  was  presented  to  the  government  by  the  city  of  Phila¬ 
delphia.  It  covers  an  area  of  600  acres,  and  when  the  ex¬ 
tensions  in  contemplation  are  completed,  will  have  a  frontage 
of  nearly  three  miles  on  the  Delaware,  with  an  average  depth  of 
water  of  twenty-five  feet.  Machine  shops,  and  all  the  establish- 


132 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ments  necessary  to  the  purposes  of  a  great  naval  station,  have  been 
constructed  or  are  in  course  of  construction.  The  back  channel 
is  for  the  use  of  monitors,  a  large  number  of  which  are  here  laid 
up  in  ordinary.  The  advantages  of  League  Island  as  a  naval 
station  are  thus  summed  up  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  in 
his  report  for  1871 :  “A  navy  yard  so  ample  in  its  proportions, 
in  the  midst  of  our  great  coal  and  iron  region,  easy  of  access  to 
our  own  ships,  but  readily  made  inaccessible  to  a  hostile  fleet, 
with  fresh  water  for  the  preservation  of  the  iron  vessels  so 
rapidly  growing  into  favor,  surrounded  by  the  skilled  labor  of 
one  of  our  chief  manufacturing  centres,  will  be  invaluable  to 
our  country.” 

Just  below  League  Island  is  Mud  Island,  on  which  stands 
old  Fort  Mifflin.  This  work  was  begun  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Revolution,  and  consisted  then  of  an  embankment  of  earth.  It 
was  known  as  the  “Mud  Fort.”  Upon  the  occupation  of  the 
city  by  the  British  in  1777  it  became  necessary  to  capture  the 
defences  on  the  Delaware,  at  Mud  Island  and  at  Red  Bank,  on 
the  New  Jersey  shore,  in  order  to  open  communication  between 
the  British  fleet  and  the  city.  Could  these  works  have  been 
held  by  the  Americans  the  enemy  must  have  evacuated  the  city. 
On  the  22d  of  October,  1777,  Lord  Howe  opened  a  tremendous 
cannonade  upon  Fort  Mifflin  from  his  fleet,  and  at  the  same 
time  a  picked  force  of  twelve  hundred  Hessians  was  sent  to 
storm  the  works  at  Red  Bank.  The  latter  attack  was  repulsed 
with  a  loss  of  four  hundred  men,  and  the  Hessian  commander, 
Count  Donop,  was  slain.  In  the  attack  upon  Fort  Mifflin  the 
British  lost  two  ships,  and  the  remainder  were  more  or  less 
injured  by  the  fire  of  the  American  guns.  Soon  after  this  re¬ 
pulse  the  British  erected  batteries  on  a  small  island  in  the 
Delaware,  and  on  the  10th  of  November  opened  a  heavy  fire 
upon  Fort  Mifflin  from  these  works  and  their  fleet.  The  bom¬ 
bardment  was  continued  until  the  night  of  the  15th.  Fort 
Mifflin  was  literally  destroyed,  and  on  the  night  of  the  16th  was 
evacuated  by  its  garrison.  On  the  18th  the  works  at  Red  Bank, 
on  the  Jersey  shore,  were  abandoned.  The  British  removed  now 
the  obstructions  from  the  river,  and  their  fleet  ascended  to  Phila- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


13a 


delphia.  The  present  work  was  constructed  after  the  close  of 
the  Revolution,  and  is  strongly  armed. 

The  Schuylkill  river  flows  into  the  Delaware  immediately 
below  League  Island.  This  river  was  so  named  by  the  early 
Dutch  navigators,  and  the  name  is  said  to  mean  “  a  hidden 
river,”  from  the  fact  that  its  mouth  cannot  be  seen  by  voyagers 
ascending  the  Delaware  until  the  junction  is  reached. 

A  little  above  the  mouth  of  the  river,  on  the  eastern  shore, 
are  the  new  docks  and  the  grain  elevator  of  the  International 
or  Red  Star,  Steamship  Line ,  plying  between  Philadelphia  and 
Antwerp.  These  docks  are  a  terminus  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  and  transfers  of  grain  and  freight  are  made  directly 
between  the  cars  and  the  steamers.  This  promises  to  be  one  of 
the  most  prominent  shipping  points  of  the  city. 

“  The  Schuylkill  may  be  reckoned  among  Philadelphia’s  ‘ re¬ 
serve  forces.’  With  a  depth  of  water  sufficient  to  float  a  frigate, 
and  room  enough  on  either  bank  for  long  rows  of  wharves  and 
warehouses,  it  is  comparatively  deserted.  Some  coal  and  stone 
yards  on  its  shores  employ  a  few  vessels  annually.  The  Schuyl¬ 
kill  Canal  brings  down  numbers  of  boats  from  the  mines  in  the 
coal  regions;  but,  apart  from  these,  there  is  as  yet  no  commerce 
on  the  Schuylkill.  This  grand  avenue  to  the  future  heart  of 
the  city  is  still  waiting  for  the  time  when  its  services  shall  be 
required — a  time  which  cannot  be  far  distant.” 

The  principal  objects  of  interest  on  the  Schuylkill  are  the 
bridges,  which  connect  the  quarters  of  the  city  lying  on  the  op¬ 
posite  sides  of  the  river.  Some  of  these  are  among  the  finest  in 
the  world.  The  first  of  these,  after  passing  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  is  the  Penrose  Ferry  Bridge ;  above  this  is  the  Gray’s 
Ferry  Bridge ,  a  double  structure,  used  for  the  passage  of  the 
trains  of  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad, 
and  for  pedestrians  and  vehicles.  Above  this  is  the  handsome 
iron  truss  bridge  of  the  south  extension  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad.  Higher  up  is  the  new  South  Street  Bridge,  begun  in 
1870  and  completed  in  the  early  part  of  1876  at  a  cost  of 
^865,000.  With  its  approaches,  which  rest  upon  massive  stone 
arches,  the  bridge  has  a  total  length  of  two  thousand  four  hun- 


FAIRMOUNT  BRIDGE. 


134 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


135 


dred  and  nineteen  feet,  and  a  width  of  fifty-five  feet,  except  at 
the  draw  span,  where  the  width  is  but  thirty-six  feet.  This 
gives  a  roadway  of  thirty-five  feet,  and  two  footwalks,  each  ten 
feet  wide.  The  river  span  is  five  hundred  and  eighty-four  feet 
long,  and  consists  of  two  permanent  spans  of  one  hundred  and 
eighty-five  feet  each,  and  a  pivot  draw  with  two  openings,  each 
of  seventy-seven  feet,  supported  by  a  cylindrical  cast-iron  pier. 

Chestnut  Street  Bridge  lies  next  above.  It  was  begun  in 
1861  and  completed  in  1866,  at  a  cost  of  $500,000.  It  is  one 
thousand  five  hundred  and  twenty-eight  feet  in  length,  and  is 
constructed  of  iron,  with  approaches  and  piers  of  granite. 

At  Market  street  is  a  temporary  wooden  bridge,  erected  in  the 
place  of  the  old  wooden  bridge  that  crossed  the  river  at  this 
point,  and  which  was  burned  about  the  close  of  1875.  It  is 
used  for  the  Market  Street  Railway,  by  vehicles  and  pedestrians, 
and  by  the  freight  trains  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

The  Fairmount,  or  CallowhUl  Street ,  Bridge  stands  on  the  site 
of  the  old  suspension  bridge,  so  well  known  to  visitors  to  Fair- 
mount.  It  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  substantial 
bridges  in  the  Union,  and  during  the  progress  of  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  was  used  by  a  large  part  of  the  visitors.  There  is 
a  span  over  Callowhill  street  of  eighty  feet;  then  follow  five 
arch  colonnades  on  the  east  side,  having  a  total  length  of  one 
hundred  and  five  feet;  then  the  main  span  of  three  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  over  the  Schuylkill ;  then  ten  arch  colonnades  on  the 
west  side,  with  a  length  of  two  hundred  and  thirty  feet;  then 
the  bridge  over  Thirtieth  street,  ninety  feet  long ;  then  seven 
spans  of  plate  girders,  three  hundred  feet  in  length,  and  finally 
the  span  over  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  one  hundred  and 
forty  feet  long ;  making  a  total  length  of  one  thousand  two  hun¬ 
dred  and  ninety-five  feet.  The  bridge  consists  of  two  roadways, 
the  upper  one  thirty-two  feet  above  the  lower.  The  upper  floor 
is  forty-eight  feet  wide  between  the  balustrades,  and  the  lower 
fifty  feet  wide.  Each  floor  has  a  roadway  with  sidewalks  on 
each  side.  The  bridge 'is  constructed  of  iron  with  stone  piers 
and  foundations,  and  is  ornamented  with  a  double  row  of  mag¬ 
nificent  gas  lamps.  Street  railway  tracks  are  laid  on  each  floor. 


136 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  are  used  by  a  number  of  street  car  lines  running  direct  ta 
the  exhibition  grounds.  The  cost  of  this  magnificent  structure 
was  $1,200,000. 

Above  the  bridge  are  the  dam  and  water- works  at  Fairmount, 
and  higher  up  still  are  the  boat-houses  of  the  Schuylkill  navy, 
to  which  we  shall  refer  again  in  another  portion  of  this  work. 

Higher  up  still  is  the  finest  of  all  the  Philadelphia  bridges* 
the  now  famous 

Girard  Avenue  Bridge, 

Which  spans  the  Schuylkill  at  the  main  avenue  of  approach  to 


THE  DRIVE — WISSAHICKON. 


Fairmount  Park  and  the  Centennial  Exhibition.  It  is  the 
most  magnificent  bridge  in  the  United  States,  and  will  always 
be  one  of  the  principal  objects  of  interest  to  visitors  to  the  city. 
It  has  a  length  of  one  thousand  feet,  and  a  width  of  one  hun¬ 
dred  feet,  and  was  built  at  a  cost  of  $1,404,445.  The  height 
of  the  roadway  $bove  low  water  is  fifty-five  feet.  The  girders 
rest  on  three  piers  and  two  abutments,  and  form  three  centre 
spans  of  one  hundred  and  ninety-seven  feet  each.  The  following 
description  of  the  bridge  is  taken  from  The  Scientific  American : 

“  The  masonry  of  the  piers  and  abutments  is  rock-faced  ashlar 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


137 


of  Maine  granite  laid  in  mortar  of  one  part  Coplay  cement  to 
two  parts  of  sand.  The  copings  and  parapets  are  of  finely-cut 
granite,  but  no  other  cutting  has  been  done,  except  the  necessary 
drafts,  the  object  being  to  preserve  the  massive  effect  of  rock¬ 
faced  granite  work. 

“ Superstructure . — There  are  seven  lines  of  trusses  or  girders 
placed  side  by  side,  sixteen  feet  apart,  and  united  by  horizontal 
and  vertical  bracing. 

“  These  trusses  are  of  the  well-known  Phcenixville  pattern 
of  quadrangular  girder.  The  upper  compressive  members  and 
the  vertical  posts  are  Phoenix-flanged  columns,  united  by  cast- 
iron  joint  boxes.  The  lower  chords  and  diagonals  are  Phoenix 
weldless  eye-bars,  die-forged  by  hydraulic  pressure.  Upon  the 
tops  of  the  posts,  twelve  feet  apart,  are  laid  heavy  fifteen-inch 
Phoenix-rolled  beams,  and  upon  these  longitudinally  nine-inch 
beams  placed  two  feet  eight  inches  apart.  These  are  covered 
transversely  with  rolled  corrugated  plates  one-fourth  inch  thick, 
corrugated  one  and  one-fourth  inches  high  by  five  inches  wide. 
These  form  an  unbroken  iron  platform  upon  which  the  asphalt 
concrete  is  placed. 

“  The  dead  load  of  the  structure,  with  a  moving  load  of  one 
hundred  pounds  per  square  foot,  makes  a  total  load  of  30,000 
pounds  per  lineal  foot  carried  by  seven  trusses.  The  limit  of 
strain  is  10,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  reduced  to  6000  pounds 
per  square  inch  as  the  compressive  limit  on  parts. 

“  All  points  of  contact  are  either  planed  or  turned.  The  pins 
are  of  cold  rolled  iron,  and  the  limit  of  error  between  pin  and 
hole  is  one  sixty-fourth  of  an  inch.  The  iron  used  in  this 
bridge  is  double  refined,  or  of  ‘  Phoenix  best  best'  brand,  cap¬ 
able  of  bearing  the  regular  tests  of  that  quality  of  iron,  as  fol¬ 
lows  :  Ultimate  strength,  55,000  pounds  to  60,000  pounds  per 
square  inch ;  no  permanent  set  under  27,000  pounds  to  30,000 
pounds  per  square  inch  ;  average  reduction  of  area  at  point  of 
fracture,  twenty-five  per  cent.  The  elongation  of  a  twelve-inch 
bar  is  fifteen  per  cent.,  and  the  cold  bend  of  a  one  and  one-half 
inch  round  bar  before  cracking  one  hundred  and  eighty  degrees, 
or  hammered  flat. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


139 


“Roadway. — The  corrugated  iron  plates  which  coyer  the 
bridge  are  themselves  covered  by  four  inches  to  five  inches  of 
asphalte,  making  a  water-tight  surface.  The  one  hundred  feet 
of  width  is  divided  into  sixty-seven  and  one-half  feet  of  carriage¬ 
way  and  two  sixteen  and  one-half  feet  sidewalks.  The  roadway 
is  paved  with  granite  blocks  in  the  usual  manner,  except  that 
it  is  divided  into  seven  ways  by  two  lines  of  iron  trackways  next 
the  sidewalks  for  horse-cars,  and  five  lines  of  carriage-tramways, 
made  of  cut  granite  blocks,  one  foot  wide,  laid  to  a  five-feet 
gauge.  The  gutters  and  curbstones  are  of  fine  cut  granite.  The 
sidewalks  are  covered  for  ten  feet  of  their  width  with  black 
Lehigh  county  slate  tiles,  two  feet  square,  laid  diagonally. 

“On  each  side  of  the  slate  tiles  are  spaces  two  feet  wide, 
which  were  originally  laid  with  encaustic  tiles.  After  one 
winter’s  frost  these  tiles  became  so  much  shattered  that  they 
were  removed  and  white  marble  tiles  substituted  in  their  place. 
The  curbstone,  eighteen  inches  wide,  makes  up  the  remainder 
of  the  sixteen  and  one-half  feet. 

“  The  sidewalks  are  separated  from  the  roadway  by  railings 
of  galvanized  iron  tubes  with  bronze  ornaments,  and  are  sup¬ 
ported  by  cast-iron  standards  at  every  six  feet.  Every  eighth 
standard  is  prolonged  into  a  lamp-post.  There  are  eight  refuge 
bays,  each  of  which  contains  a  cluster  of  six  lamps,  the  support¬ 
ing  shaft  rising  through  an  octagonal  seat,  which  forms  its  base. 
The  outer  balustrade  and  cornice  is  of  cast-iron  with  bronze 
open-work  panels,  and  treated  in  a  highly  ornamental  manner. 

“The  bronze  panels  represent  various  birds  and  foliage,  such 
as  the  phoenix,  swan,  heron,  owl,  eagle,  tobacco,  ivy,  Virginia 
creeper,  ferns  and  hops.  These  panels  are  of  statuary  bronze 
cast  under  a  pressure  of  sixty  pounds  per  square  inch,  which 
forces  the  metal  into  all  the  finest  lines  and  makes  an  extremely 
sharp  casting;  so  sharp,  indeed,  that  a  casting  made  by  this  pro¬ 
cess  from  an  electrotype  has  been  used  to  print  engravings  from. 
There  are  between  eight  and  nine  hundred  of  these  bronzes  set 
in  the  balustrade,  like  pictures  in  a  frame. 

“It  is  intended,  at  some  future  day,  to  place  sidewalks  inside 
the  bridge,  at  the  level  of  the  lower  chord.  Access  to  these  will 


140 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 

be  gained  through  the  arched  openings  in  the  abutments,  and 
rhisSTpot  has  been  selected  as  a  proper  place  for  a  drinking 
fountain.  The  bridge  is  painted  salmon  color,  relieved  by  blue 
and  gold  ;  the  cornice  and  balustrade  are  green  and  gold 

“The  construction  of  the  permanent  new  bridge  began  M  y 
11th,  1873,  and  July  4th,  1874,  it  was  formally  opened  for 
public  travel,  and  has  remained  in  use  ever  since. 


PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  BRIDGE,  FAIRMOUNT  PARK. 


“This  rapidity  of  construction  is  due,  first,  to  the  mode 
adopted  of  laying  the  foundations  under  water,  instead  of  pump- 
in.  out  that  water;  second,  to  the  forethought  displayed  m 
makin.  the  temporary  work  strong  enough  to  pass  uninjured 
through  a  freshet  which  increased  the  depth  of  water  rom  m  y 
feet  to  forty-six  feet;  third,  to  the  peculiar  construction  of  the 
girders  (which  contain  over  three  thousand  five  hundred  tons- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 


141 


f  iiron),  which  were  made  at  Phoenixville  from  the  ore,  entirely 
by  machinery,  and  without  any  hand  labor ;  and,  lastly,  to  the 
rapidity  and  facility  of  erection  allowed  by  the  pin-connected 
mode  of  construction.” 

Immediately  above  this  magnificent  structure  is  the  Connect¬ 
ing  Bridge  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad ,  over  which  the  road 
from  West  Philadelphia  to  New  York  passes.  Above  this  is 
the  Columbia  Bridge ,  a  wooden  structure,  used  by  the  Reading 
Railroad  to  connect  its  branches.  Just  below  the  Falls  of  the 


THE  BATTLE  OF  GERMANTOWN — CHEW’S  HOUSE. 


Schuylkill  is  a  picturesque  stone  bridge  of  six  arches,  which  is 
also  the  property  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad 
Company,  the  trains  of  which  pass  over  it. 

West  Philadelphia. 

West  Philadelphia  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  portions  of 
the  great  city.  It  is  built  up  with  numerous  handsome  villas 
and  cottages,  which  give  to  it  a  partly  rural  aspect,  while  it 
possesses  every  advantage  and  convenience  of  the  city  proper. 


142 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


It  offers  many  fine  drives  and  many  objects  of  interest  to  the 
visitor. 

Germantown 

Is  the  principal  and  most  beautiful  suburb  of  Philadelphia.  It 
is  reached  by  the  Germantown  branch  of  the  Philadelphia  and 


A  GERMANTOWN  VILLA. 


Reading  Railroad,  and  by  a  line  of  horse-cars.  It  was  settled 
in  1683  by  emigrants  from  Germany,  from  whom  it  takes  its 
name,  and  was  a  distinct  corporation  until  1854,  when  it  was 
incorporated  with  Philadelphia,  of  which  city  it  now  forms  a 


OP  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


143 


part.  It  contains  many  splendid  country-seats,  a  large  number 
of  elegant  but  less  costly  suburban  mansions,  and  several  his¬ 
torical  mansions,  chief  among  which  is  the  old  “Chew  Mansion,” 
which  was  occupied  by  the  British  as  a  fortress  during  the  battle 
of  Germantown,  on  the  4th  of  October,  1777.  Germantown  is 
a  favorite  place  of  residence  with  the  wealthier  class  of  Phila¬ 
delphians,  and  its  natural  beauty  has  been  heightened  by  a  lib¬ 
eral  expenditure  of  wealth  and  taste  in  the  adornment  of  the 
homes  with  which  it  is  filled. 

Manufactures  and  Commerce. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establishments  in  Philadelphia 
is  8184.  They  employ  a  capital  of  $174,016,674,  and  137,496 
hands;  they  pay  out  $58,780,130  annually  for  wages ;  consume 
raw  material  to  the  amount  of  $180,325,713;  and  yield  an  an¬ 
nual  product  of  $322,004,517.  In  1872  the  commercial  returns 
were  as  follows:  Vessels  arrived,  American,  503;  tonnage, 
185,727 ;  crews,  4943;  foreign,  522;  tonnage,  322,184;  crews, 
6325.  Aggregate  arrived,  vessels,  1025;  tonnage,  417,911; 
crews,  11,268.  Vessels  cleared,  American,  343;  tonnage,  153,- 
845 ;  crews,  3741 ;  foreign,  547 ;  tonnage,  251,467  ;  crews,  6526. 
Aggregate  cleared,  vessels,  890;  tonnage,  405,312;  crews, 
10,267.  Of  the  arrivals  27  were  steam  vessels,  of  which  21 
were  American  and  6  foreign.  Of  the  clearances  27  were  steam 
vessels,  of  which  16  were  American  and  11  foreign. 

In  the  same  year  the  imports  amounted  to  $20,383,858 ;  and 
the  exports  to  $21,016,750.  Of  the  latter  sum  $20,982,876 
were  for  domestic  exports,  and  $33,874  for  foreign  exports. 

Such  is  the  great  city  in  which  the  Centennial  Exhibition 
was  held. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


FAIRMOUNT  PARK. 

Dimensions  of  the  Park — Its  History — Improvements — Old  Fairmount  and 
Lemon  Hill — View  from  the  Hill — The  Waterworks — The  Art  Gallery — 
The  Lincoln  Monument — Lemon  Hill — Reminiscences  of  Robert  Morris — 
Sedgeley  Park — The  River  Road — The  East  Park — The  Storage  Reservoir 
— Old  Country-seats — Mount  Pleasant — Arnold’s  Home — Fort  St.  David’s— 
The  Wissahickon — Romantic  Scenery — The  Hotels — The  Hermit’s  Well — 
The  Mystics — Washington’s  Rock — The  Monastery — The  West  Park — 
Solitude — The  Zoological  Gardens — The  Grounds  of  the  Centennial  Exhibi¬ 
tion — Lansdowne — George’s  Hill — Belmont — Judge  Peters — The  Sawyer 
Observatory — How  to  Reach  the  Park. 

AIRMOUNT  PARK,  the  great  pleasure-ground  of 
Philadelphia,  is  the  fourth  park  in  size  in  the  world. 
It  contains  2740  acres,  and  is  exceeded  in  size  only  by 
Epping  and  Windsor  forests,  in  England,  and  the 
Prater,  in  Vienna.  It  lies  on  both  banks  of  the 
Schuylkill,  from  Callowhill  street  bridge  to  the  Falls  of  Schuyl¬ 
kill  and  the  mouth  of  Wissahickon,  a  distance  of  six  miles,  and 
along  the  Wissahickon,  from  its  mouth  to  Chestnut  Hill,  a 
further  distance  of  seven  and  a  half  miles. 

The  Park  grew  out  of  the  necessity  of  placing  the  Schuylkill 
and  Wissahickon  under  the  control  of  the  city,  in  order  to  pre¬ 
serve  the  water  supply  of  Philadelphia  from  pollution  by  the 
refuse  of  the  factories  and  slaughter-houses  that  were  being 
erected  along  the  shores  of  those  streams,  and  out  of  the  convic¬ 
tion  in  the  minds  of  the  Philadelphians  that  their  great  and 
growing  city  needed  a  suitable  pleasure-ground  for  the  enjoy¬ 
ment  of  its  people. 

The  Park  is  naturally  one  of  the  most  beautiful  enclosures  i: 
the  world.  It  has  not  yet  received  the  care  and  taste  that  have 
been  lavished  upon  the  "Central”  of  New  York,  but  improve- 
144 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


145 


merits  are  being  steadily  and  rapidly  made  in  it,  and  it  will, 
before  many  years,  be  the  most  magnificent  park  in  existence. 
It  is  generally  divided  into  four  sections,  known  as  Old  Fair- 
mount  and  Lemon  Hill,  East  Park,  West  Park,  and  Wissa- 
hickon  Park. 

Old  Fairmount  and  Lemon  Hill. 

Fairmount  and  Lemon  Hill  begin  at  Callowhill  street  bridge, 
and  extend  a  short  distance  above  the  Connecting  Bridge  of  the 


THE  SCHUYLKILL,  AT  PHILADELPHIA. 


Pennsylvania  Railroad.  Old  Fairmount  has  long  been  a  pleasure 
resort,  and  was  originally  laid  off  as  such  upon  the  construction 
of  the  Fairmount  Waterworks  in  1822.  William  Penn  selected 
this  site  as  the  most  suitable  for  his  manor,  as  he  was  greatly 
impressed  with  its  beauty. 

The  main  entrance  to  the  Park  is  from  Green  street.  On  the 
right  rises  the  picturesque  height  which  gives  its  name  to  the 
Park,  and  on  which  are  located  the  reservoirs  into  which  the 
10 


CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  147 


waterworks  on  the  river  shore  below  pump  drjtf.y  by  steam 
and  water  power  the  enormous  quantity  of*  thirty -five  million 
gallons.  The  reservoirs  are  four  in  number,  and  from  them  the 
visitor  may  enjoy  one  of  the  most  superb  views  to  be  obtained 
in  the  Park.  “At  the  foot  of  the  galleries  of  green  velvet  grass, 
above  which  you  are  standing,  you  have  the  Reservoir  Park* 
with  its  cascades, 
walks  and  plots; 
and  turning  west¬ 
ward  your  eye  em¬ 
braces  the  lake-like 
Fair mou lit  dam, 
with  its  broad  and 
bright-falling  sheets 
of  foam ;  its  head¬ 
race,  for  ebay,  and 
beautiful  terraces; 
the  fairy-like  little 
steamers  that  ply  up 
and  down  the 
Schuylkill ;  the  tem¬ 
ple-like  pier  at  the 
dam;  the  boat¬ 
houses  of  the 
Schuylkill  Navy 
and  their  little  fleets 
with  waving 
streamers ;  the  grand 
Lincoln  monument, 
and  beyond  this,  the 

,  ,  i  n  l  FOUNTAIN  NEAR  MINERAL,  SPRING,  LEMON  HILL. 

arboreal  and  tloral 

commencement  of  Fairmount  Park  proper,  with  its  broad  and 
beautiful  river-drive  on  the  left,  of  fourteen  miles;  its  fountains 
ascending,  and  shrubbery-lined  pathways,  embowered  seats  and 
historic  groves.”  Near  the  base  of  the  standpipe  on  the  cliff 
overlooking  the  forebay  are  “  Leda  and  the  Swan,”  a  group  of 
statuary  which  formerly  ornamented  the  old  waterworks  at  the 
intersection  of  Broad  and  Market  streets. 


148 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Not  far  from  the  Green  street  entrance  to  the  Park  is  the  Art 
Gallery ,  a  rough-cast  building,  containing  a  number  of  fine 
works  of  art,  among  which  are  Rothermel’s  “  Battle  of  Gettys¬ 
burg/'  painted  by  order  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  at  a  cost 
of  $30,000,  and  Benjamin  West’s  “  Christ  Rejected.”  The 
gallery  is  free  to  visitors.  The  “  Battle  of  Gettysburg”  held  a 
place  in  Memorial  Hall  during  the  Exhibition. 

Passing  the  Art  Gallery,  and  following  the  main  drive,  the 


MONUMENT  TO  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN  IN  FAIRMOUNT  PARK,  PHILADELPHIA. 


visitor  reaches  the  Lincoln  Monument,  which  stands  in  the  open 
space  at  the  foot  of  Lemon  Hill.  It  is  of  bronze,  and  represents 
the  martyred  President  seated  in  his  chair,  holding  in  his  right 
hand  a  pen,  and  in  his  left  the  scroll  of  the  Emancipation 
Proclamation.  The  statue  rests  upon  a  high  pedestal  of  granite. 
On  the  south  side  of  the  pedestal  is  the  inscription:  "To 
Abraham  Lincoln,  from  a  grateful  people ;  ”  on  the  east,  these 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


.  149 


words :  “  Let  us  here  highly  resolve  that  the  government  of  the 
people,  by  the  people,  and  for  the  people,  shall  not  perish  from 
the  face  of  the  earth  ;  ”  on  the  north  :  “  I  do  order  and  declare, 
that  all  persons  held  as  slaves,  within  the  States  in  rebellion,, 
are  and  henceforth  shall  be  free;”  on  the  west  side:  “With 
malice  towards  none,  with  charity  towards  all,  with  firmness  in 
the  right,  as  God  gives  us  to  see  the  right,  let  us  finish  the  work 
we  are  in.” 

The  statue  is  the  work  of  Randolph  Rogers,  the  artist  of  the 
famous  Bronze  Doors  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington.  It  was 
modelled  at  Rome  and  cast  at  Munich.  Its  cost  was  $33,000.. 
It  is  colossal  in  size,  being*!)  feet  6  inches  in  height.  It  was 
dedicated  in  1870. 

Beyond  the  Lincoln  Monument  is  a  handsome  fountain  in  the 
centre  of  a  large  basin,  known  as  the  Gold-fish  Pond .  From 
this  spot  the  hill  rises  in  terraces  to  the  summit.  Ascending  to 
the  top  by  the  stone  steps  which  lead  up  from  the  successive 
terraces,  the  visitor  finds  himself  on  the  summit  of 

Lemon  Hill, 

And  before  a  handsome,  old-time  mansion.  The  present  edifice 
was  erected  in  1800,  by  Henry  Pratt,  on  the  site  of  an  older 
mansion,  which  constituted  the  country-seat  of  Robert  Morris, 
the  great  financier  of  the  Revolution,  the  man  to  whose  fertile 
brain,  not  less  than  to  the  valor  of  her  sons,  America  owed  the 
successful  issue  of  the  war  for  Independence.  Morris*  country- 
seat  was  generally  known  as  “The  Hills.”  Plis  residence  was 
simple  but  tasteful.  He  owned  a  fine  town-house,  but  this  was 
his  “dearly  loved”  home,  and  here  he  resided  from  1770  to 
1798.  A  part  of  this  time  he  was  virtually  a  prisoner,  as  he 
was  afraid  to  leave  the  house  lest  he  should  be  arrested  for  debt. 

The  part  played  in  the  Revolution  by  this  illustrious  man 
should  never  be  forgotten  by  his  countrymen.  But  for  his 
indefatigable  efforts  the  American  cause  must  have  failed  for 
want  of  funds  to  carry  on  the  war.  At  the  critical  moments, 
however,  Morris  promptly  devised  the  means  of  raising  the 
necessary  funds,  and  often  when  no  other  way  would  answer 


150 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


pledged  his  own  private  credit  as  security  for  the  loans  made  to 
the  Continental  Congress.  Personally,  he  was  a  great  sufferer 
from  the  financial  troubles  caused  by  the  war,  but  had  the 
happiness  in  the  end,  of  seeing  the  triumph  of  the  cause  for 
which  he  had  labored  so  devotedly.  Shortly  after  the  close  of 
the  Revolution  he  formed  a  new  private  business  enterprise, 


EAST  TERRACE,  LEMON  HILL,  FAIRMOUNT  PARK. 


which  resulted  in  a  failure  and  caused  his  ruin.  He  bad  always 
advocated  imprisonment  for  debt,  and  now,  being  unable  to 
meet  his  liabilities,  was  obliged  to  suffer  that  penalty.  He  was 
offered  his  liberty  in  consideration  of  the  great  services  he  had 
rendered  to  his  country  during  the  Revolution,  but  refused  to 
accept  it,  saying  that  “a  law-maker  should  not  be  a  law-breaker.” 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


151 


He  remained  in  prison  for  four  years,  and  was  released  in  1802, 
upon  the  passage  of  the  Bankrupt  Law.  Shortly  after  this,  he 
died  in  an  humble  house  on  Twelfth  street  above  Chestnut.  His 
beautiful  home  at  “The  Hills ”  was  sold  at  the  time  of  his  ruin, 
and  in  1800  Henry  Pratt  erected  the  present  mansion  on  the 
site  of  the  old  one.  The  house  is  now  used  as  a  restaurant. 

Beyond  the  plateau  on  which  the  house  stands  is  another,  once 
called  “Sedgeley  Park.”  Here  is  a  plain  wooden  building 
known  as  “  Grant’s  Cottage,”  from  the  fact  that  it  once  stood  at 
City  Point,  Virginia,  and  was  used  by  General  Grant  as  his 
head-quarters  during  the  siege  of  Petersburg.  It  was  removed 
to  Fairmount  Park  after  the  close  of  the  civil  war. 

From  the  Green  street  entrance  to  the  park  the  river-road 
sweeps  around  the  foot  of  Lemon  Hill,  and  skirts  the  shore  of 
the  Schuylkill,  passing  the  beautiful  and  substantial  boat-houses 
of  the  Schuylkill  Navy.  It  is  the  main  drive  to  the  East  Park, 
and  passes  under  the  Girard  avenue  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
bridges,  after  which  it  plunges  through  a  tunnel  through 
Promontory  Rock,  and  enters  the  East  Park.  It  rises  gradually 
from  the  river  to  the  level  of  the  Reading  Railroad,  which  it 
crosses  at  Mifflin  Lane. 

The  East  Park. 

The  East  Park  extends  from  Thirty-third  and  Thompson 
streets  to  Ridge  avenue,  a  short  distance  north  of  Dauphin 
street.  From  this  point  Ridge  avenue  forms  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  park,  and  the  Schuylkill  the  western,  to  the 
month  of  the  Wissahickon.  Above  South  Laurel  Hill  Ceme¬ 
tery  the  East  Park  is  scarcely  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  width. 
Its  greatest  breadth  below  that  point  is  about  one  mile.  Its 
extreme  length  is  about  four  miles. 

In  the  lower  section  of  this  portion  of  the  park  is  located  the 
vast  storage  reservoir,  now  in  course  of  construction,  the  capacity 
of  which  is  750,000,000  gallons  of  water.  It  is  built  Lpon 
what  was  formerly  a  cultivated  field,  thus  sparing  the  most 
picturesque  portions  of  the  East  Park. 

The  section  east  of  the  Schuylkill  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 


152 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ful  portions  of  Fairmount  Park.  It  comprises  a  series  of  ra¬ 
vines  and  hills  of  the  most  picturesque  character,  stretching 
northward  towards  the  Falls,  and  jutting  out  upon  the  Schuyl¬ 
kill  in  bold  and  beautiful  cliffs  and  promontories,  which  are  the 
delight  of  the  artist.  At  every  turn  the  visitor  is  confronted 
with  some  new  and  charming  landscape.  The  trees  are  mag- 


ARKANSAS  STATE  BUILDING. 


nificent  and  the  shrubbery  luxuriant  and  carefully  trained.  The 
grass  is  soft  and  velvety,  and  the  lawns  are  perfect. 

Within  the  limits  of  the  East  Park  are  several  of  the  old 
time  country-seats,  which  were  once  so  thick  in  this  region. 
Some  of  them  are  rich  in  historical  interest.  The  first  of  these 
is  Fountain  Green ,  near  the  lower  end  of  the  reservoir.  It  was 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 


153 


once  the  residence  of  Samuel  Meeker,  and  was  built  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  last  century.  North  of  this,  between  the 
reservoir  and  the  Reading  Railroad,  is  Mount  Pleasant ,  a  line 
stone  mansion,  built  some  years  before  the  Revolution  by  Cap¬ 
tain  John  McPherson.  During  the  wars  between  Great 
Britain,  France  and  Spain,  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 


CONNECTICUT  STATE  BUILDING. 


century,  Captain  McPherson  commanded  several  privateers  be¬ 
longing  to  the  port  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  a  bold  and  suc¬ 
cessful  cruiser,  and  accumulated  a  considerable  fortune  from  his 
captures,  with  a  part  of  which  he  built  this  mansion,  which 
John  Adams,  who  was  a  guest  of  McPherson  in  1774,  describes 
as  “  the  most  elegant  seat  in  Pennsylvania.”  McPherson  sold 


154 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  house  soon  after  the  opening  of  the  Revolution,  and  it  was 
purchased  by  Major-General  Benedict  Arnold,  then  in  command 
at  Philadelphia.  After  his  marriage  to  Miss  Shippen,  of 
Philadelphia,  Arnold  settled  the  place  on  his  wife  and  children, 
retaining  only  a  life-interest  in  it.  Upon  the  discovery  of  his 
treason,  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  confiscated  his  life-interest  in 
the  estate.  The  mortgage  given  by  Arnold  at  the  purchase  of 
the  property  was  never  paid,  and  it  was  sold  again  in  1796,  the 
new  purchaser  being  General  Jonathan  Williams,  a  gallant 
officer  of  the  Revolution,  and  subsequently  the  first  Superin¬ 
tendent  of  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point.  From  the  fall 
of  1781  to  the  spring  of  1782,  the  house  wras  the  head-quarters 
of  Baron  Steuben,  of  the  American  army. 

Just  south  of  Laurel  Hill  is  Strawberry  Mansion,  now  a 
park  restaurant.  It  is  a  popular  place  of  resort  for  the  people 
of  Philadelphia,  and  is  admirably  conducted.  The  view  from 
the  heights  on  which  the  mansion  is  located  is  magnificent. 

Within  the  limits  of  the  East  Park,  just  above  the  stone 
bridge  of  the  Reading  Railroad,  is  Fort  St.  David’s,  a  fishing 
club-house,  erected  on  the  site  of  a  strong  work  of  heavy  timber 
which  was  built  long  before  the  Revolution  at  the  base  of  the 
hill  from  which  the  rock  which  forms  the  falls  projects. 

The  Wissahickon  Park 

Commences  a  short  distance  above  the  Falls  and  extends  from 
the  mouth  of  Wissahickon  Creek  to  Chestnut  Hill,  a  distance 
of  seven  and  a  half  miles.  It  consists  of  a  narrow  strip  along 
both  banks  of  the  river,  and  is  less  than  an  eighth  of  a  mile  in 
width.  It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  sections  of  the  park. 
Nature  has  adorned  it  with  such  a  bold  and  lavish  hand  that 
there  is  nothing  for  art  to  do  in  its  behalf. 

The  Wissahickon  has  long  been  famous  for  its  scenery.  The 
creek  lies  deep  in  a  rocky  ravine,  the  wooded  sides  of  which  rise 
up  steeply  on  either  shore  and  in  some  places  almost  overhang 
it.  Its  waters  are  calm  and  clear,  and  except  when  swollen  by 
heavy  rains  or  the  spring  freshets,  have  in  many  places  scarcely 
any  motion  at  all.  ‘‘Along  the  whole  course  of  this  romantic 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


155 


fitream  the  scenery  is  wild  and  constantly  changing  in  appear¬ 
ance.  The  waters  leap  along  seeking  the  great  river  by  devious 
courses,  winding  in  curves,  and  sometimes  changing  suddenly 
their  direction  as  new  obstacles  are  encountered.  Every  step 
along  the  banks  opens  new  vistas  of  beauty  and  of  romantic 


THE  HERMIT’S  WELL. 


Impression.  The  effect  is  heightened  by  the  towering  rocks  and 
lofty  trees  which  shade  the  pathway  or  let  occasional  gleams  of 
brightness  flash  through  the  gorges.” 

A  short  distance  above  the  Falls  is  Wissahickon  Hall ,  a  house 
well  known  to  pleasure-seekers  for  its  catfish  suppers.  Above 
this  are  the  Maple  Spring ,  Valley  Green ,  and  Indian  Rock 


156 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


hotels.  Above  Maple  Spring  is  Washington's  Rock,  a  favorite 
resort  of  the  father  of  his  country  during  his  residence  in 
Philadelphia  as  President  of  the  United  States. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Wissahickon,  and  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  park,  is  “The  Hermit’s  Well/’  dug  by  Johann 
Kelpius,  a  religious  enthusiast,  who  founded  a  peculiar  sect  hero 
towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  “Johann  Kelpius 
emigrated  from  Germany  to  Pennsylvania  in  1694,  and  with 
him  forty  others;  they*settled  on  the  Ridge,  the  range  of  hills 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Wissahickon,  and  called  themselves  the 
Society  of  the  Woman  in  the  Wilderness.  Kelpius  was  their 
leader  and  believed  he  would  not  die  before  he  saw  the  millen¬ 
nium.  But  he  was  mistaken.  He  died  in  1708.  Three  of  his 
followers — the  rest  having  disbanded — were  afterwards  known 
as  the  Hermits  of  the  Ridge,  and  continued  to  live  in  their 
caves,  awaiting  the  sign  and  visible  presence,  until  death  claimed 
them. 

“A  short  distance  above  the  bridge  which  crosses  the  Hermit’s 
Lane,  and  also  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  stream,  is  a  high 
bluff;  the  rock  which  rises  from  this  bluff  is  called  the  Lover’s 
Leap.  It  overlooks  a  wild  gorge  and  stands  two  hundred  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  stream.  On  the  face  of  the  rock  is  an 
illegible  Latin  inscription,  said  to  have  been  cut  by  Kelpius. 
It  is  the  scene  of  one  of  the  numerous  traditions  which  survive 
here.” 

The  main  road  crosses  the  Wissahickon  just  above  Washing¬ 
ton’s  Rock,  and  continues  its  course  to  Chestnut  Hill,  on  the 
west  side  of  the  creek.  A  short  distance  above  the  bridge  the 
stream  bends,  and  is  here  joined  by  Paper  Mill  Run,  a  small 
creek  “  which  is  scarcely  less  picturesque  in  places  than  the 
Wissahickon.  It  joins  the  latter  by  a  series  of  waterfalls. 
The  lower  of  these  has  a  perpendicular  descent  of  about  twenty 
feet.  Near  it  stands  the  old  house  in  which  David  Ritten- 
house  was  born,  and  near  its  source  the  first  paper-mill  in 
America  was  erected  by  his  ancestors  in  1690.  Beyond  these- 
points  the  road  reaches  a  bridge — the  Red  Bridge — over  which 
it  crosses  to  the  opposite  bank  of  the  stream.  About  a  mile 


PRINCIPAL  DEPOT  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD,  WEST  PHILADELPHIA, 


158 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


further,  another  road  leaves  the  park  road  and,  crossing 
the  stream  by  a  bridge,  takes  you  to  the  Monastery.  When  and 
by  whom  it  was  erected  antiquarians  are  not  agreed.  It  appears 
to  have  been  built  about  1750.  It  stands  on  high  ground  on 
the  brow  of  a  hill,  with  a  range  of  hills  towering  above  it.  A 
lane  winds  round  the  bend  of  the  bluff  and,  climbing  its  steep 
side,  forms  in  front  a  semi-circular  lawn.  The  outlook  here  and 
the  uplook  from  the  romantic  dell  below  are  magnificent.  In  the 
valley  below  (Willow  Glen)  there  is  a  spot  known  as  the  Bap¬ 
tistery.  Here  the  monks  immersed  their  converts.  A  yard  in 
the  rear  of  the  dwelling  was  used  by  them  for  the  burial  of  their 
dead. 

“A  mile  further,  on  the  west  bank,  are  the  caves,  which  are 
situated  in  a  lovely  valley  formed  by  the  junction  of  a  small 
stream  with  the  Wissahickon.  The  most  remarkable  of  them 
was  excavated  by  miners  seeking  for  treasures ;  the  other  caves 
are  natural,  and  were  perhaps  holes  for  bears  and  foxes,  and 
possibly  the  resort  of  Indians.  A  short  distance  beyond — three 
and  a  half  miles  above  its  mouth — the  stream  is  crossed  by  a 
beautiful  structure  called  the  Pipe  Bridge,  nearly  seven  hundred 
feet  long  and  one  hundred  feet  above  the  creek.  It  is  iron 
throughout,  except  the  bases  of  the  piers,  which  are  set  in  ma¬ 
sonry,  and  is  a  model  of  grace  and  strength.  It  conveys  the 
water  supply  from  the  Roxborough  to  Mount  Airy  reservoir  at 
Germantown.  A  hundred  yards  above  this  a  wooden  bridge 
spans  the  river.  Crossing  this  bridge,  turning  to  the  left  and 
following  a  pathway  a  short  distance,  you  arrive  at  The  Devil's 
Pool ,  where  Lime-rock  or  Cresheim  creek  comes  sighing  down, 
forming  a  mirror-like  basin  reflecting  every  object  near;  upon 
moonlight  nights  nothing  can  equal  the  numerous  fairy-like 
figures  and  grotesque  outlines  and  shadows  that  play  in  the 
silent  and  fantastic  light. 

“  It  was  the  scene  of  an  engagement  during  the  battle  of 
Germantown,  and  its  waters  once  were  dyed  red  with  blood ;  a 
portion  of  the  earthworks  used  in  the  engagement  may  still  be 
seen  in  close  proximity. 

“A  short  distance  further  on  is  VaUey  Green ,  with  its  hotel 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


159 


Here  the  hills  open  out  into  the  sunlight,  and  a  stone  bridge 
with  strong  buttresses  winds  across  the  stream.  The  bridge 
has  only  one  arch,  and 
its  reflection  is  so  per¬ 
fect  that  on  fine  days 
we  see  an  entire  oval 
of  masonry  instead  of 
a  single  arch. 

“  Proceeding  a  short 
distance  through  a 
deeper  and  more 
mountainous  course  of 
the  stream,  we  reach  a 
point  of  celebrity, 
known  as  Indian 
Rock,  the  abode  and 
hunting-grounds  of 
the  last  tribe  of  the 
Indian  race  in  this 
region.  Upon  a  lofty 
and  peculiarly  shaped 
rock  is  seen  the  figure 
of  their  chief,  Todyas- 
cuny,  or  Todawskim, 
who,  with  the  remains 

of  his  people,  left  for  the  hunting-grounds  of  the  West  above  an 
hundred  years  ago.”* 

Less  than  a  mile  above,  the  extreme  northern  limit  of  the 
park  is  reached,  in  the  bright,  open  country  about  Chestnut 
Hill. 


HEMLOCK  GLEN  ON  THE  WISSAHICKON. 


The  West  Park. 


The  West  Park  commences  at  Spring  Garden  street,  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  extends  along  that  river  to  the 
Falls.  Below  Girard  avenue  it  is  a  narrow  strip,  a  large  part 
of  which  immediately  below  Girard  avenue  bridge  has  been 


*  Mageda  JUuatrated  Guide  to  Philadelphia,  pp.  103,  104. 


160 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


assigned  to  the  Zoological  Society  for  their  Zoological  Garden . 
This  is  the  portion  formerly  known  as  Solitude,  the  country-seat 
of  John  Penn,  to  which  reference  has  been  made  in  another  part 
of  this  work. 

Above  Girard  avenue  the  park  widens  rapidly,  stretching 


away  from  the  entrance  at  the  bridge  to  George’s  Hill,  two 
miles  distant.  This  is  its  widest  portion. 

The  main  road  crosses  Girard  avenue  bridge  from  old  Fair- 
mount  and  Lemon  Hill,  and  passes  under  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  bridge  by  a  series  of  arches  at  the  point  known  as 
Egglesfield.  About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  beyond  this  it  passes 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


161 


Sweetbriar  Mansion,  once  the  residence  of  Thomas  Breck,  at  one 
time  a  member  of  Congress  from  Philadelphia. 

Farther  on,  about  a  mile  and  a  quarter  from  Girard  avenue 
bridge,  are  Lansdowne  Plateau  and  Lansdowne  Concourse,  the 
grounds  lately  occupied  by  the  Centennial  Exhibition.  The  Lans¬ 
downe  Mansion  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1854.  It  stood  near 
the  group  of  giant  pine  trees.  The  estate  formerly  comprised  a 
tract  of  two  hundred  acres,  and  extended  from  Sweet  Briar  to 
Belmont  and  George’s  Hill.  The  mansion  was  built  by  John 
Penn,  the  grandson  of  William  Penn,  who  resided  in  it  during 
the  period  of  the  Revolution.  His  sympathies  were  with  Great 
Britain  in  this  struggle,  and  his  great  estate  was  confiscated  by 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  consequence.  He  retained  the 
Lansdowne  property,  and  at  his  death  in  1795  bequeathed  it 
to  his  widow,  Anne  Penn,  the  daughter  of  Chief-Justice  Allen. 
In  1797  it  was  purchased  by  William  Bingham,  the  first  United 
States  Senator  from  Pennsylvania.  He  lived  in  great  style,  and 
the  place  was  well  known  for  its  splendid  hospitality,  and  was 
the  resort  of  the  most  distinguished  people  of  the  day.  His 
daughter  married  Alexander  Baring,  afterwards  Lord  Ashbur¬ 
ton.  It  thus  became  the  property  of  the  Baring  family,  from 
whom  it  was  purchased  by  the  Park  Commission. 

Beyond  Lansdowne  is  Georges  Hill ,  a  beautiful  elevated 
tract  of  eighty-three  acres  presented  to  the  city  by  Jesse  George 
and  his  sister,  well-known  and  respected  members  of  the  Society 
of  Friends.  The  summit  of  the  hill  consists  of  a  fine  plateau, 
the  highest  point  in  the  city,  being  210  feet  above  tidewater. 
The  view  from  it  is  superb.  Almost  the  whole  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  park  on  both  sides  of  the  river  is  in  sight,  with  the 
city  and  its  hundreds  of  spires  and  towers  in  the  distance,  and 
immediately  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  are  the  exhibition  grounds 
and  buildings.  Adjoining  the  hill  is  the  Belmont  reservoir,  the 
capacity  of  which  is  36,000,000  gallons  of  water. 

The  road  from  George’s  Hill  leaves  the  reservoir  on  the 
right,  and  passes  over  a  plateau  of  considerable  elevation  to 
Belmonty  one  of  the  most  prominent  points  within  the  limits  of 
the  park.  This  was  the  home  of  Judge  Richard  Peters,  whose 
11 


FAIRMOUNT  PARK  FROM  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  BRIDGE. 


162 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


163 


father,  William  Peters,  purchased  the  property  in  1742,  and 
built  the  first  house  which  stood  there.  This  venerable  build¬ 
ing  now  constitutes  the  kitchens  and  ladies’  restaurant  of  the 
present  establishment.  Richard  Peters,  the  son  of  the  founder 
of  the  estate,  was  born  there  in  June,  1744,  and  resided  there 
until  his  death  in  1828.  He  served  with  distinction  as  an  offi¬ 
cer  of  the  American  army  during  the  Revolution,  was  subse¬ 
quently  a  Commissioner  of  the  War  Office,  and  after  the  estab¬ 
lishment  of  the  present  government  of  the  United  States  was  a 
member  of  Congress, 
and  a  Judge  of  the 
United  States  Dis¬ 
trict  Court.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  prom¬ 
inent  men  of  his 
day  in  Pennsylva¬ 
nia,  and  was  the  in¬ 
timate  friend  of 
Washington,  Jeffer¬ 
son,  Hancock,  the 
Adamses,  and  others 
of  the  “  fathers  of 
the  republic.”  He 
was  as  well  known 
for  his  wit  as  for  his 
more  solid  attain¬ 
ments,  and  his  resi¬ 
dence  was  the  resort 

of  a  brilliant  and  distinguished  throng.  Among  the  foreigners 
of  distinction  who  were  his  guests  were  Lafayette,  Steuben,  Chas- 
tellux,  Kosciusko,  Pulaski,  Talleyrand,  and  Louis  Philippe. 

The  mansion  is  now  used  as  a  restaurant,  and  is  the  principal 
establishment  of  its  kind  within  the  park.  The  view  from  the 
verandah  is  beautiful,  embracing  as  it  does,  the  park,  the  river, 
and  its  bridges,  the  great  exhibition  buildings  and  the  distant 
city. 


DRINKING-FOUNTAIN  ON  THE  WISSAHICKON. 


A  walk  leads  from  Belmont  through  a  picturesque  glen  to 


164 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  shore  of  the  Schuylkill.  Here  the  visitor  is  shown  a  small 
cottage  which  was  the  summer  residence  of  Thomas  Moore,  the 
poet,  during  his  stay  in  this  country  in  1804. 

Adjoining  the  Belmont  Mansion  is  the  Sawyer  Observatory, 
one  of  the  most  noted  structures  in  the  park.  The  observatory 
rises  from  the  Belmont  plateau,  which  is  over  200  feet  above 
tidewater,  and  is  170  feet  high,  or  100  feet  above  the  highest 
point  of  the  Centennial  buildings.  It  was  constructed  by  the 
inventor,  Mr.  L.  B.  Sawyer,  of  Boston.  The  trunk  of  the  obser¬ 
vatory  is  a  wrought-iron  tower,  eight  feet  in  diameter  at  the  bottom 
and  three  feet  in  diameter  at  the  top,  constructed  by  the  Whittier 
Machine  Company  of  Boston.  This  tower  is  set  in  a  foundation 
of  Conshohocken  stone,  eighteen  feet  square  and  fourteen  feet 
deep,  laid  in  cement  and  dressed  with  granite.  On  the  upper 
dressing  of  granite,  which  is  one  foot  thick,  there  is  ribbed  iron 
plate,  eight  inches  deep  and  thirteen  feet  square,  bolted  down 
with  two  inch  bolts  eight  feet  long.  On  the  bed-plate  are  fast¬ 
ened  ten  heavy  iron  columns  seven  feet  high,  on  which  rests  an 
iron  ring  eight  feet  in  diameter  (inside),  weighing  a  ton  and  a 
half.  This  ring  is  riveted  to  the  main  shaft  of  the  observatory. 
The  shafting  and  machinery  used  in  the  observatory  are  attached 
to  the  columns  supporting  the  ring,  and  the  columns  are  also 
riveted  to  the  central  shaft. 

The  top  of  the  tower  is  reached  by  an  annular  car  encircling 
the  shaft,  and  moved  upwards  from  the  base  on  the  outside  of 
the  shaft.  It  is  made  of  iron  and  wood,  handsomely  upholstered, 
and  is  capable  of  accommodating  comfortably  about  thirty  pas¬ 
sengers.  The  sides  are  almost  entirely  of  glass  and  small  iron 
bars,  so  that  the  occupants  may  have  an  excellent  view  of  the 
surroundings  while  they  are  ascending. 

The  car  is  hoisted  (by  means  of  a  forty-horse  power  engine5 
by  eight  wire  steel  ropes,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  capable  of  sustaining  eleven  tons.  These  ropes 
pass  over  iron  drums  situated  at  the  base  of  the  shaft,  connected 
with  the  foundation  by  iron  columns,  and  turned  by  four-inch 
cast-steel  shafts,  worked  by  four  worm-gears.  The  ropes  pass 
up  inside  the  shaft  to  the  top,  where  they  pass  over  eight  wheels 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


165 


or  shives,  and  down  outside  the  shaft.  They  are  attached  to  the 
car  at  four  points. 

Outside  the  shaft  there  is  a  truss  work  of  wrought-iron,  of  the 
same  diameter  at  the  top  as  at  base,  and  intended  to  serve  the 
two-fold  object  of  guiding  and  supporting  the  car  and  strength¬ 
ening  the  tower.  The  car  runs  on  four  guides,  or  points,  which 
form  a  portion  of  the  truss  work,  and  is  raised  by  a  total 
strength  of  eighty-eight  tons.  The  car  and  its  thirty  passengers 
are  estimated  to  weigh  about  six  tons.  The  car  itself  is  counter¬ 
balanced  by  a  weight,  suspended  inside  the  tower,  of  three  tons, 
and  the  total  weight  to  be  raised,  therefore,  is  about  three  tons. 
Supposing,  therefore,  that  all  the  wire  ropes  but  one  were  to 
break,  the  one  remaining  would  be  strong  enough  to  raise  nearly 
four  times  the  contents  of  the  car.  In  case  of  the  breakage  of 
all  of  the  ropes  there  are  four  separate  “  checks  ”  provided,  any 
one  of  which  would  be  amply  sufficient  to  stop  the  downward 
passage  of  the  car  on  the  instant.  By  means  of  a  powerful 
spring  the  breakage  of  the  rope  itself  is  made  the  means  of 
throwing  in  a  milled  steel  roll,  clamped  by  a  powerful  wrought- 
iron  clutch  to  the  guide,  which  will  stop  the  car  immediately. 
The  car  when  near  the  top  encircles  a  gallery  two  and  a  half 
feet  wide  passing  all  the  way  round  the  shaft,  and  enclosed  with 
a  wire  net  work.  From  this  gallery  the  visitors  ascend  by 
means  of  a  stairway  to  the  top  of  the  tower,  which  is  also 
enclosed  with  a  wire  netting,  thus  excluding  the  possibility  of 
any  one  falling  or  jumping  from  it.  From  this  point  a  flagstaff, 
thirty-five  feet  high,  ascends.  The  space  at  top  of  the  tower  is 
twenty  feet  in  diameter,  and  is  capable  of  accommodating  125  or 
130  persons  comfortably. 

At  the  base  of  the  tower,  and  enclosing  it,  there  is  a  building 
about  sixty  feet  square,  of  an  ornamental  style  of  architecture, 
after  designs  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Schwa rtzman,  architect  of  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  Board  of  Finance.  This  building  is  used  for  offices, 
engine-room,  reception-rooms  for  ladies,  etc. 

It  is  asserted  that  the  observatory  would  be  sufficiently  strong 
to  withstand  almost  any  storm  alone,  but  for  additional  security, 
and  to  obviate  any  vibrations  in  the  building,  the  structure  is 


166 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


braced  by  eight  guys  of  galvanized  iron  rope,  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  in  diameter,  and  each  capable  of  sustaining  twenty  tons, 
anchored  in  masonry  ten  feet  deep. 

The  total  weight  of  the  structure  is  eighty  tons,  and  the  total 
cost  was  $40,000.  The  charge  to  visitors  is  25  cents  for  adults, 
and  10  cents  for  children. 

Beyond  Belmont  the  main  road  passes  through  one  of  the 
finest  portions  of  the  park,  and  in  a  short  while  reaches  Mount 
Prospect,  a  point  from  which  a  most  extensive  view  of  the  park, 
the  city,  and  the  distant  Delaware  can  be  obtained.  Beyond 
this  the  road  passes  to  Chamouni,  at  the  northern  limit  of  the 
park,  and  descends  to  the  Schuylkill,  crosses  it  at  the  Falls 
bridge,  and  continues  through  the  East  Park  to  the  Wissahickon. 

During  the  Exhibition,  the  park  was  reached  from  the  city 
by  the  Pennsylvania  and  Beading  Railroads,  the  depot  of  the 
former  line  being  at  the  Elm  avenue  entrance  to  the  Exhibition 
grounds,  and  those  of  the  latter  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  on  which 
stood  Memorial  Hall,  and  at  the  foot  of  Belmont  hill.  A  num¬ 
ber  of  street  railway  lines  also  led  to  the  park  and  the  Exhibition 
grounds.  Steamboats  plied  regularly  on  the  Schuylkill  between 
Fairmount,  just  above  the  dam,  and  the  various  landings  within 
the  park  limits  below  the  Falls. 


CHAPTER  Y. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBITIONS  OF  THE  PAST. 


Origin  of  Industrial  Exhibitions — The  First  French  Exhibitions — The  Ex¬ 
hibitions  at  Paris  in  1844  and  1849 — The  Dublin  Exhibition  of  1827 — The 
First  International  Exhibition,  held  at  London,  in  1851 — The  Crystal 
Palace — The  New  York  Exhibition  of  1855 — The  French  Exhibition  of 
1855 — The  Palace  of  Industry — The  Manchester  and  Florence  Exhibi¬ 
tions — The  London  Exhibition  of  1862 — Other  Displays — The  Paris  Exhi¬ 
bition  of  1867 — Other  Exhibitions — The  Vienna  Exhibition  of  1873. 


IEFORE  relating  the  history  of  the  Centennial  Exhibi¬ 
tion,  it  will  be  interesting  to  glance  at  the  great  Ex- 
J  hibitions  which  preceded  it  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic. 

The  first  Industrial  Exhibition  of  which  we  have  any 
authentic  account  was  held  in  France,  during  the  stormy 
period  of  the  Revolution.  In  1797  the  Marquis  d’Avize 
was  appointed  Commissioner  of  the  Royal  Manufactories  of 
the  Gobelins,  of  Sevres,  and  of  the  Savounerie.  Upon  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  his  office,  he  found  the  workmen  reduced 
nearly  to  starvation  by  the  neglect  of  the  two  previous  years, 
while  the  storehouses,  in  the  meantime,  had  been  filled  with 
their  choicest  productions.  He  conceived  the  idea  of  estab¬ 
lishing  an  Exhibition  of  the  large  store  of  tapestries,  porcelains, 
and  carpets,  thus  accumulated  by  the  government;  and  the 
^consent  of  the  government  to  this  plan  being  obtained,  prepa¬ 
rations  were  made  for  holding  the  Exhibition  in  the  Chateau 
of  St.  Cloud.  In  the  meantime  the  Marquis  was  obliged 
to  quit  France  in  consequence  of  a  decree  of  the  directory  ban¬ 
ishing  the  nobility  from  the  country,  and  the  Exhibition  scheme 
proved  a  failure.  The  next  year,  1798,  the  Marquis  returned 
to  France,  and,  reviving  his  plan,  this  time  on  a  larger  scale, 

167 


168 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


collected  a  considerable  number  of  beautiful  and  rare  objects, 
and  placed  them  on  exhibition  and  sale  in  the  buildings  and 
gardens  of  the  Maison  d’Orsay.  The  Exhibition  proved  so  suc¬ 
cessful  that  the  scheme  was  at  once  adopted  by  the  state,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  same  year  another  Exhibition  was  held, 
under  the  authority  of  the  government.  This  first  official 
Exhibition  took  place  on  the  Champs  de  Mars,  a  temporary 
building  being  erected  for  the  purpose.  One  hundred  and  ten 
exhibitors  took  part  in  it,  and  the  display  embraced  the  most 
magnificent  collection  of  objects  of  art  and  industry  that  Franco 
could  produce.  The  government  was  so  well  pleased  with  the 
results  of  the  Exhibition  that  it  was  announced  by  the  Minister 
of  the  Interior  that  there  would  in  future  be  an  annual  Exhibi¬ 
tion  at  Paris.  The  public  disturbances,  however,  made  it 
impossible  to  carry  out  this  plan,  and  it  was  not  until  1801 
that  the  second  official  Exhibition  was  held. 

Napoleon  was  now  First  Consul.  He  entered  heartily  into 
the  arrangements  for  the  Exhibition,  as  he  fully  comprehended 
its  advantages  to  the  country.  He  visited  the  workshops  and 
factories  of  the  chief  manufacturing  towns  of  France,  and 
urged  upon  the  manufacturers  the  great  importance  to  them- 
salves  and  to  the  country  of  giving  to  the  plan  their  hearty 
co-operation.  A  temporary  wooden  building  was  erected  in 
the  court-yard  of  the  Louvre,  and  in  spite  of  the  great  diffi¬ 
culties  in  the  wav,  the  Exhibition  was  a  success.  The  exhib- 
itors  numbered  229;  among  the  exhibits  was  the  now  world- 
famous  Jacquard  loom.  Ten  gold,  twenty  silver,  and  thirty 
bronze  medals  were  awarded  as  prizes,  and  the  recipients  of  tho 
gold  medal  were  formally  entertained  by  the  First  Consul  at  a 
state  dinner. 

The  third  French  Exhibition  was  held  in  1802,  and,  like  its 
predecessor,  occupied  a  temporary  building,  erected  in  the  court¬ 
yard  of  the  Louvre.  The  number  of  exhibitors  was  540. 
Among  the  successful  exhibitors  were  Montgolfier,  the  proto¬ 
aeronaut,  Vaucanson,  the  inventor  of  the  mechanical  duck  and 
the  flute  player;  and  Jacquard,  the  inventor  of  the  loom  which 
bears  his  name.  The  Exhibitions  had  now  become  so  popular  that 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


16-9 


a  “  Society  of  Encouragement  ”  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
continuing  them  and  of  aiding  the  efforts  of  French  manufac¬ 
turers. 

A  fourth  Exhibition  was  held  in  1806  on  the  esplanade  of 
the  Hotel  des  Invalides.  There  were  1442  exhibitors.  Among 
the  articles  exhibited  were  the  printed  cottons  of  Mul hausen 
and  Logelbach,  and  silk  and  cotton  thread,  which  were  displayed 
for  the  first  time.  Among  the  prizes  awarded  were  one  for  the 
manufacture  of  iron  by  means  of  coke,  and  another  for  the 
manufacture  of  steel  by  a  new  process. 

The  wars  of  the  Empire  made  further  Exhibitions  in  France 
impossible,  and  it  was  not  until  some  years  after  the  downfall 
of  Napoleon  that  they  were  revived.  A  fifth  Exhibition  was 
held  in  1819,  in  the  court-yard  of  the  Louvre,  the  exhibitors 
numbering  1662.  It  was  noticed  that  although  the  number  of 
exhibitors  showed  but  a  slight  increase  as  compared  with  the 
last  Exhibition,  the  quality  of  the  articles  displayed  had  mate¬ 
rially  improved.  Other  Exhibitions  were  held  in  the  court¬ 
yard  of  the  Louvre  in  the  years  1823  and  1827,  and  in  1844 
the  tenth  French  Exhibition  was  held  at  Paris.  Louis  Philippe 
was  King,  and  France  had  attained  a  degree  of  industrial 
prosperity  greater  than  anything  she  had  ever  known  before. 
The  Exhibition  was  the  most  superb  display  that  had  ever  been 
witnessed  in  Europe.  An  immense  wooden  building  was 
erected  for  it  in  the  Carr6  Marigny  of  the  Champs  Elysees  by 
the  architect  Moreau ;  and  in  this  edifice  3960  manufacturers 
displayed  their  wares.  In  1849,  though  the  country  was  still 
suffering  from  the  effects  of  the  Revolution  of  1848,  another 
and  a  still  grander  Exhibition  was  held.  A  larger  and  more 
imposing  building  than  that  of  1844  was  erected  in  the  Champs 
Elysees,  under  the  supervision  of  the  architect  Moreau.  It 
covered  an  area  of  220,000  square  feet,  exclusive  of  an  annex 
devoted  to  a  display  of  agricultural  products  and  implements. 
The  Exhibition  remained  open  sixty  days;  the  number  of  ex¬ 
hibitors  was  nearly  five  thousand;  and  there  were  3738  prizes 
awarded. 

The  success  of  the  French  with  their  Exhibitions  was  such  as 


170 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


to  encourage  other  nations  to  undertake  similar  enterprises.  As 
early  as  1827,  the  Royal  Dublin  Society  held  an  Exhibition  in 
their  grounds,  and  this  was  so  successful  that  the  undertaking 
was  repeated  every  three  years  until  1850.  At  a  later  period 
Exhibitions  were  held  at  Manchester,  Leeds,  and  other  places . 
in  Great  Britain.  The  Manchester  Exhibition  of  1849  was 
quite  a  notable  affair.  In  1845  an  Exhibition  was  held  at 
Munich,  under  the  auspices  of  the  King  of  Bavaria.  Belgium 


THE  CRYSTAL  PALACE,  LONDON  EXHIBITION,  1851. 


nt  an  early  day  engaged  in  such  enterprises,  and  her  Exhibitions 
were  both  numerous  and  important.  Austria,  Snain,  Portugal, 
Russia,  Denmark  and  Sweden  also  held  successful  Exhibitions 
at  various  times. 

All  these  Exhibitions,  however,  were  strictly  national ;  that 
is,  each  was  devoted  to  the  display  of  the  products  of  the  country 
in  which  it  was  held.  In  1849,  M.  Buffet,  the  French  Minister 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


171 


of  Agriculture  and  Commerce,  conceived  the  idea  of  holding  an 
Exhibition  of  the  products  of  all  countries,  and  accordingly 
addressed  a  circular  letter  to  various  manufacturers  on  the  sub¬ 
ject,  asking  their  views.  The  replies  received  by  him  so 
thoroughly  discouraged  him  that  he  abandoned  his  plan. 

The  honor  of  holding  the  first  International  Industrial  Exhi¬ 
bition  belongs  to  England.  The  idea  was  first  advanced  by 
Prince  Albert,  the  husband  of  Queen  Victoria,  in  his  suggestion 
of  an  International  Jubilee,  “  to  form  a  new  starting-point  from 
which  all  nations  were  to  direct  their  further  exertions.”  On 


INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  THE  TRANSEPT  OF  CRYSTAL,  PALACE. 


the  30th  of  June,  1849,  a  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Arts  was 
held  at  Buckingham  Palace,  and  to  this  body  the  Prince  ex¬ 
plained  his  plan  for  a  proposed  International  Exhibition  of 
Competition,  to  be  held  in  London  in  1851,  and  suggested  that 
the  exhibits  should  be  grouped  under  four  main  heads,  namely, 
Raw  Materials,  Machinery  and  Mechanical  Inventions,  Manu¬ 
factures,  and  Sculpture  and  the  Plastic  Arts.  At  a  subsequent 
meeting,  held  on  the  14th  of  July,  the  same  year,  he  proposed 
a  plan  of  operations  which  included  the  formation  of  a  Royal 


172 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Commission,  a  scheme  for  the  government  of  the  Exhibition, 
the  determination  of  a  method  of  deciding  and  awarding  the 
prizes,  and  for  providing  the  funds  necessary  for  carrying  the 
plan  into  execution.  His  recommendations  were  adopted,  and 
on  the  3d  of  January,  1850,  a  Royal  Commission,  with  Prince 
Albert  at  its  head,  was  appointed.  Architects  of  all  countries 
were  invited  to  submit  competitive  plans  for  the  necessary 
buildings,  and  it  was  decided  to  rely  upon  voluntary  contribu¬ 
tions  for  the  means  necessary  to  establish  the  Exhibition.  Out 
of  233  plans  submitted,  the  design  of  Mr.  afterwards  Sir  Joseph 
Paxton  was  accepted  by  the  Commission.  This  acceptance  was 
made  on  the  6th  of  July,  1850,  and  was  followed  on  the  26th, 
by  the  awarding  of  the  contract  for  the  erection  of  the  buildings 
to  Messrs.  Fox  &  Henderson.  On  the  30th  of  July  the  con¬ 
tractors  took  possession  of  the  site  in  Hyde  Park  granted  by  the 
government  to  the  Exhibition;  on  the  15th  of  August  the 
charter  of  incorporation  was  issued;  and  on  the  26th  of  Sep¬ 
tember  the  first  column  of  the  great  building  was  set  up  in  its 
place.  The  work  was  pushed  forward  with  vigor,  and  on  the 
1st  of  May,  1851 — the  day  originally  appointed — the  Exhibition 
was  opened  with  great  pomp  by  the  Queen. 

The  building  was  of  iron  and  glass,  and  presented  a  pleasing, 
and  at  that  time  a  novel,  combination  of  lightness,  beauty  and 
strength.  Such  an  eminent  authority  as  Fergusson  awards  it 
this  high  praise:  “  No  incident  in  the  history  of  architecture 
was  so  felicitous  as  Sir  Joseph  Paxton’s  suggestion.  At  a  time 
when  men  were  puzzling  themselves  over  domes  to  rival  the 
Pantheon,  or  halls  to  surpass  those  of  the  Baths  of  Caracalla,  it 
was  wonderful  that  a  man  could  be  found  to  suggest  a  thing 
that  had  no  other  merit  than  being  the  best,  and,  indeed,  the 
only  thing  then  known  which  would  answer  the  purpose.”  The 
building  covered  more  than  twenty  acres;  it  had  a  length  of 
1851  feet  and  a  height  ranging  from  64  to  104  feet.  Its  con¬ 
struction  required  3500  tons  of  cast-iron,  and  550  tons  of 
wrought-iron  ;  896,000  superficial  feet,  or  400  tons  of  glass  ;  and 
600,000  cubic  feet  of  wood.  It  cost  about  $850,000,  the  build¬ 
ing  remaining  the  property  of  the  contractors  when  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion  was  over. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  ]  73 

The  International  Exhibition  of  1851  was  a  great  success. 
It  was  open  five  months  and  fifteen  days.  More  than  $>200,000 
had  been  received  from  the  sale  of  season  tickets  previous  to  the 
opening.  The  total  number  of  visitors  was  6,170,000;  the  daily 
average  being  43,536.  The  receipts  amounted  to  $2,625,535, 
and  an  unexpended  balance  of  $750,000  remained  in  the  hands 
of  the  Commissioners  when  all  the  expenses  were  paid.  The 
exhibitors  numbered  13,937,  of  whom  6861  were  from  Great 
Britain,  520  from  the  Colonies,  and  6556  from  other  countries. 


“CRYSTAL  PALACE,”  NEW  YORK  EXHIBITION,  1853. 


The  awards  were  as  follows:  the  Council  Medal,  the  Prize 
Medal  and  a  Certificate  of  Honorable  Mention.  They  were 
distributed  thus:  Council  Medals,  171;  Prize  Medals,  2954; 
and  Certificates  of  Honorable  Mention,  2123. 

The  United  States  were  represented  by  a  small  but  creditable 
display,  in  estimating  which  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  our 
country  was  then  at  the  very  commencement  of  its  career  in  the 
higher  departments  of  art  and  manufactures.  Powers  exhibited 


174 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


his  “  Greek  Slave,”  and  “  Fisher  Boy;”  Nunn  &  Clark,  of  New 
York,  and  Jonas  Chickering,  of  Boston,  exhibited  their  pianos; 
Cornelius  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  exhibited  two  superb  gas 
chandeliers ;  a  number  of  handsome  carriages  were  shown  ;  and 
a  very  creditable  display  was  made  of  agricultural  implements 
and  products. 

The  success  of  the  London  Exhibition  of  1851  gave  rise  to  a 
number  of  similar  projects  on  a  smaller  scale.  In  1853  an 
International  Exhibition  was  held  at  Dublin,  a  superb  building 
of  glass  and  iron  being  constructed  for  the  purpose.  The  Ex¬ 
hibition  was  opened  by  the  Viceroy  of  Ireland  on  the  1 2th  of 
May,  1853.  It  was  only  partially  international  in  character, 
but  was  deeply  interesting  and  highly  successful. 

In  the  same  year  an  International  Exhibition  was  also  held 
in  *New  York.  Its  object  was  to  compare  the  productions  of 
America  with  those  of  other  countries,  with  the  hope  of  encour¬ 
aging  American  manufacturers  and  showing  them  their  defi¬ 
ciencies.  The  manufacturers  and  artists  of  Europe  joined 
heartily  with  those  of  our  own  country  in  the  display,  but  in 
spite  of  these  generous  efforts  the  enterprise  was  a  failure. 

An  elegant  building  of  glass  and  iron,  generally  known  as  the 
Crystal  Palace,  was  erected  at  the  intersection  of  the  Sixth 
avenue  and  Forty-second  street.  The  location  is  now  enclosed 
as  one  of  the  parks  of  the  city,  and  is  known  as  Reservoir  Square. 
The  piece  of  ground  secured  for  the  purpose  was  too  small,  being 
but  445  by  455  feet  in  size.  The  building  was  octagonal  in  shape, 
changing  at  the  height  of  twenty-four  feet  to  a  Greek  cross, 
with  low  roofs  in  the  four  corners,  and  crowned  in  the  centre 
by  a  dome  rising  to  a  height  of  148  feet.  The  four  corners  of 
the  building  were  octagon -shaped,  and  each  front  had  two  towers 
seventy  feet  high,  supporting  tall  flagstaffs.  The  construction 
of  iron  columns,  girders,  etc.,  was  similar  to  that  of  the  London 
Crystal  Palace  of  1851,  but  the  plan  of  the  dome  was  original 
with  the  architects.  The  building  covered  170,000  square  feet, 
and  there  was  also  an  annex,  used  for  the  display  of  works  of 
art,  covering  an  area  of  33,000  square  feet.  The  annex  was 
two  stories  in  height,  and  was  450  feet  long  and  21  feet  broad. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


175 


It  was  lighted  from  above,  there  being  no  windows  on  the  sides. 
It  was  connected  with  the  main  building  by  two  covered  ways 
or  wings,  one  story  in  height,  in  which  the  refreshment  rooms 
were  situated.  The  ceilings  of  the  Crystal  Palace  were  of  glass, 
and  were  sustained  by  iron  pillars.  The  prevailing  style  of 
architecture  was  Moorish  ;  the  decorations  were  Byzantine.  The 
ceilings  were  painted  in  white,  blue,  red,  and  cream  color. 
There  were  three  entrances,  147  feet  wide.  The  central  aisle 
was  forty-one  feet  and  the  side  aisles  fifty-four  feet  in  width. 
The  dome  was  100  feet  across. 

The  enterprise  seemed  doomed  to  misfortune  from  the  first. 
The  location  was  badly  chosen,  and  the  undertaking  was  hamp¬ 
ered  with  burdensome  conditions.  It  was  a  private  enterprise, 
being  conducted  by  a  joint  stock  company,  and  was  without 
government  recognition  or  assistance.  It  was  regarded  with 
jealousy  by  many  of  the  American  cities,  which  refused  to  take 
any  part  in  it. 

The  opening  of  the  New  York  Exhibition  was  announced  for 
early  in  June,  but  it  did  not  take  place  until  the  14th  of  July, 
1853.  President  Pierce  formally  presided  over  the  ceremonies 
in  the  presence  of  the  heads  of  the  various  departments  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  Commissioners 
from  Great  Britain  and  other  foreign  countries.  There  were 
4685  exhibitors  represented  in  the  Exhibition,  of  which  2083 
were  American.  As  far  as  the  display  was  concerned,  the 
Exhibition  was  a  success,  but  its  financial  management  resulted 
in  failure.  This  failure  caused  serious  loss  and  annoyance  to 
many  of  the  exhibitors. 

The  Crystal  Palace  was  used  for  various  purposes  for  several 
years  after  the  close  of  the  Exhibition.  In  the  fall  of  1858, 
during  the  progress  of  the  Annual  Fair  of  the  American 
Institute,  the  building  took  fire,  and  in  half  an  hour  was  totally 
destroyed,  together  with  all  its  contents. 

In  1854  a  grand  Exhibition  was  held  at  Munich,  in  which 
7005  exhibitors  from  all  parts  of  Germany  took  part.  It  was 
by  far  the  most  superb  display  of  German  art  and  industry  ever 
witnessed,  and  remained  without  a  peer  until  eclipsed  by  the 


^76  THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 

German  exhibit  at  Vienna  in  1873.  The  building  constructed 
on  this  occasion  is  still  standing.  It  was  designed  by  Herr 
Voit  and  is  a  superb  structure  of  glass  and  iron,  resembling  m 
some  respects  the  London  Crystal  Palace  of  1851.  It  was  of 
considerable  size,  being  850  feet  in  length,  and  about  85  feet  m 

Napoleon  III.  was  now  Emperor  of  France,  and  that  country 


PALACE  OF  INDUSTRY,  PARIS  EXHIBITION,  1855. 


was  in  the  enjoyment  of  greater  commercial  prosperity  than  it 
had  experienced  for  many  years.  The  Emperor  therefore  re¬ 
solved  to  undertake  an  International  Exhibition  on  a  grander 
scale  than  any  that  had  yet  been  given.  An  Imperial  Com¬ 
mission  was  organized,  with  Prince  Napoleon  as  President,  on 
the  24th  of  December,  1853,  and  the  work  of  preparing  the 
buildings  was  immediately  begun.  The  Emperor  wisely  deter- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL,  EXHIBITION. 


177 


mined  that  the  main  edifice  should  be  a  permanent  structure, 
and  of  such  a  character  that  it  should  not  only  reimburse  the 
state  for  its  outlay  upon  it  by  its  future  usefulness  after  the 
close  of  the  Exhibition,  but  that  it  should  also  be  an  ornament 
to  the  beautiful  city  in  which  it  was  to  stand.  A  site  was 
selected  in  the  Carre  Marigny  of  the  Champs  Elysees,  and  a 
permanent  edifice,  known  as  the  Palace  of  Industry,  was  erected. 
It  was  constructed  of  glass,  stone,  and  brick,  and  is  one  of  the 
principal  ornaments  of  the  Champs  Elysees.  It  is  800  feet 
long  and  350  feet  wide.  The  walls  of  the  Palace  are  of  stone, 
so  largely  supplied  with  windows  as  to  be  more  a  system  of 
arches  than  walls.  The  principal  entrance  is  on  the  Avenue 
<les  Champs  Elysees,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  group  of  statuary 
representing  the  genius  of  France  distributing  rewards  to  Art 
and  Commerce.  On  the  outside  are  shields  bearing  the  names 
of  the  cities  of  France,  and  medallions  containing  busts  of  cele¬ 
brated  men ;  and  round  the  lower  frieze  the  names  of  men 
celebrated  in  all  branches  of  knowledge,  and  of  every  country. 
The  interior  consists  of  one  large  hall,  634  feet  long,  158  feet 
wide,  and  115  feet  high,  surrounded  by  side  aisles,  or  galleries, 
on  iron  columns,  and  100  feet  wide.  The  roof  is  <3f  iron  and 
glass,  the  flat  walls  at  each  end  being  filled  with  brilliant 
painted  glass.  One'  of  these  represents  France  inviting  all 
nations  to  the  Exhibition.  Besides  this  building  there  was  a 
large  rotunda,  used  for  the  display  of  the  jewels  of  the  Empress 
of  the  French  and  the  Queen  of  Portugal,  and  exquisite  speci¬ 
mens  of  Gobelin  tapestries  and  Sevres  porcelain.  An  immense 
gallery,  1300  yards  in  length,  extended  along  the  Quai  d’Orsay, 
from  the  Place  de  la  Concorde  to  the  bridge  of  the  Alma, 
abutting  on  the  Avenue  Montaigne,  in  which  was  situated  the 
Palaisdes  Beaux  Arts.  The  area  thus  covered  was  much  larger 
than  that  of  the  London  Exhibition  of  1851,  being  about  thirty- 
five  acres,  including  the  galleries  and  the  exterior  grounds 
devoted  to  exhibition  purposes. 

The  Exhibition  was  opened  with  great  pomp,  bv  the  Em¬ 
peror  Napoleon  III.  and  the  Empress  Eugenie,  on  the  15th  of 
May,  1855.  As  a  display  of  objects  of  art  and  industry,  the 
12 


178 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Exhibition  was  a  grand  success.  Never  before  had  such  a 
magnificent  and  complete  collection  been  gathered  together. 
The  number  of  exhibitors  from  France  and  her  colonies  was 
10,691.  The  foreign  exhibitors  numbered  10,608,  representing* 
nearly  fifty-three  foreign  countries.  The  American  exhibitors 
numbered  131. 

The  great  feature  of  the  Exhibition  of  1855  was  the  Art 
Gallery,  which  was  the  first  truly  international  display  of  works 
of  art  ever  attempted.  Its  chief  object  of  interest  was  the 
beautiful  reproduction  of  the  statue  of  Minerva  executed  by 
Phidias  for  the  Parthenon.  The  reproduction  was  on  a  smaller 
scale  than  the  original. 

The  Exhibition  remained  open  from  the  15th  of  May  to  the 
15th  of  November,  when  it  was  formally  closed  by  the  Em¬ 
peror  in  person.  The  visitors  numbered  5,162,330,  the  highest 
number  on  any  day  being  123,017  on  Sunday,  the  9th  of  Sep¬ 
tember. 

As  a  financial  enterprise,  the  Exhibition  was  not  a  success. 
The  cost  of  the  buildings  was  about  $3,373,300,  and  the  ex¬ 
penses  of  conducting  the  Exhibition  brought  the  total  outlay  to 
about  $5,000,000.  The  receipts,  all  told,  came  to  but  $640,000. 
This  deficit  was  largely  due  to  the  wise  generosity  of  the  Em¬ 
peror,  who,  being  desirous  that  the  whole  people  of  France 
should  be  benefited  by  the  Exhibition,  made  the  tariff  of  ad¬ 
missions  so  low  that  the  poorest  man  in  France  could  enter  the 
gates  and  reap  the  benefits  of  the  beautiful  display.  On  certain 
days — and  these  were  numerous — the  admission  fee  was  only 
twenty  centimes,  or  four  cents,  in  American  money.  Thus, 
though  the  state  lost  money  in  its  actual  outlay,  it  was  im¬ 
measurably  the  gainer  by  its  wise  liberality. 

The  awards  were  distributed  by  the  Emperor  on  the  closing 
day.  They  were  as  follows:  For  the  Industrial  Department, 
112  grand  medals  of  honor,  252  medals  of  honor,  2300  medals 
of  the  first  class,  3900  of  the  second  class,  and  4000  honorable 
mentions ;  for  the  Fine  Art  Department,  40  decorations  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor,  16  medals  of  honor  voted  by  the  jury,  67 
medals  of  the  first  class,  87  of  the  second  class,  77  of  the  third 
class,  and  222  honorable  mentions. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


179 


The  United  States  were  well  represented  both  in  the  Ex¬ 
hibition  and  in  the  distribution  of  awards.  Of  the  131  Ameri¬ 
can  exhibitors,  the  proportion  of  awards  was  greater  than  any 
other  country,  as  we  received  two  grand  medals  of  honor,  one 
to  McCormick,  for  his  reaper,  and  the  other  to  Goodyear  for 
his  discoveries  in  the  treatment  of  India  rubber.  We  also 
received  three  medals  of  honor,  seventeen  first-class  medals, 
twenty-eight  second-class  medals,  and  thirty  honorable  mentions, 
each  accompanied  by  a  diploma.  Great  Britain  was  represented 
by  1549  exhibitors,  but  received  only  one  grand  medal  of  honor. 

In  the  year  1857  there  was  held  at  Manchester,  in  England, 
an  Exhibition  of  fine  art  and  fine  art  manufacture,  which  was 
confined  more  particularly  to  the  art  treasures  of  the  united 
kingdom.  The  building  covered  a  little  more  than  three  acres, 
was  fire-proof,  and  cost  $122,500. 

In  1861  an  Exhibition  of  the  industrial  and  agricultural 
products  and  the  fine  arts  of  Italy  was  held  at  Florence,  and 
in  the  same  year  Exhibitions  were  held  at  Edinburgh  and 
Dublin,  devoted  to  the  products  of  Scotland  and  Ireland. 

The  London  Exhibition  of  1851  was  the  first  of  a  series  of 
Industrial  Exhibitions  which  it  was  resolved  should  be  given  in 
the  British  capital  once  in  ten  years.  It  was  accordingly  de¬ 
termined  that  the  second  one  should  be  held  in  1861,  and  in 
1860  preparations  for  it  were  begun.  A  charter  of  incorpora¬ 
tion  was  issued  by  the  crown,  and  royal  commissioners  were 
appointed  under  the  presidency  of  the  Prince  Consort.  The 
Italian  war  caused  a  postponement  of  the  Exhibition  for  a  year. 
On  the  14th  of  December,  1861,  Prince  Albert  died,  and  his 
loss,  which  was  a  terrible  blow  to  the  British  nation,  was  pecu¬ 
liarly  felt  by  the  International  Exhibition,  of  which  he  was  the 
very  life  and  soul.  His  death  caused  no  delay  in  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion,  however,  which,  in  accordance  with  his  wishes,  was 
pushed  forward  steadily,  but  the  absence  of  his  wise  counsels 
and  generous  support  was  sadly  felt. 

The  site  chosen  for  the  Exhibition  was  at  South  Kensington, 
at  the  south  end  of  the  new  gardens  of  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society,  and  not  far  from  the  site  of  the  Crystal  Palace  of  1851. 


180 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


A  building  was  erected  from  designs  furnished  by  Captain 
Fowkes,  of  the  Royal  Engineers.  It  was  constructed  of  brick, 
glass,  and  iron,  and  was  1200  feet  long  by  560  feet  wide,  and, 
together  with  its  several  annexes,  covered  an  area  of  about 
1,023,000  square  feet.  The  total  cost  was  about  $2,150,000. 
The  buildings  were  inferior  in  beauty  and  convenience  to  the 
Crystal  Palace  of  1851. 

The  Exhibition  was  opened  on  the  1st  of  May,  1862.  As 
Prince  Albert  had  died  on  the  14th  of  the  previous  December, 
neither  the  Queen  nor  any  of  her  children  were  present.  Her 


LONDON  EXHIBITION,  1862. 


Majesty  was  represented  by  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  who  pre¬ 
sided  over  the  imposing  ceremonies  with  which  the  Exhibition 
was  opened.  Thirty  thousand  persons  were  present  on  this 
occasion,  and  2009  choristers  and  400  musicians  rendered  the 
ode  written  for  the  occasion  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

The  London  Exhibition  of  1862  was  opened  on  the  1st  of 
May,  and  was  closed  on  the  15th  of  November,  covering  a 
period  of  171  days,  exclusive  of  Sundays.  The  total  number 
of  visitors  was  6,211,103;  the  maximum  being  attained  on 
Thursday,  October  30th,  on  which  day  the  attendance  was 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


181 


67,891.  The  total  cost  of  the  Exhibition,  including  the  “run¬ 
ning  expenses,”  was  $2,298,155.  The  receipts  amounted  to 
precisely  the  same  sum,  making  the  Exhibition  merely  self- 
sustaining,  but  nothing  more. 

In  its  industrial  and  machinery  displays,  the  Exhibition  of 
1862  was  a  marked  improvement  upon  that  of  1851,  and  fully 
showed  the  great  advance  that  had  been  made  in  science  and 
manufacture  since  the  latter  period  by  the  civilized  world. 
The  strongest  feature  of  the  Exhibition,  however,  was  its  dis¬ 
play  of  the  fine  arts.  Here  Great  Britain  stood  pre-eminent,  her 
display  consisting  largely  of  the  works  of  her  great  painters, 
Hogarth,  Gainsborough,  Reynolds,  Wilkie,  Maclise,  Mulready, 
Clarkson  Stanfield,  Landseer,  and  David  Roberts. 

The  United  States,  being  engaged  in  the  life  and  death 
struggle  of  the  civil  war,  could  give  no  official  aid  to  the 
Exhibition  of  1862,  and  the  products  of  this  country  were 
represented  there  by  but  132  articles,  the  expenses  of  their  dis¬ 
play  being  defrayed  entirely  by  private  funds.  In  spite  of 
this,  however,  the  exhibitors  from  this  country  received  the 
largest  number  of  awards,  in  proportion,  of  any  nation  repre¬ 
sented.  Among  the  special  objects  of  interest  from  the  United 
States  at  the  Exhibition  of  1862  were  McCormick’s  Reaper, 
Sickles’  Steam  Steering  Apparatus,  Ericsson’s  Caloric  Engine, 
sewing  machines,  pianos,  maizena  or  corn  starch,  flour,  street 
railway-cars,  steam  fire-engines,  axes,  ploughs,  model  houses, 
and  cotton  goods. 

The  total  number  of  exhibitors  at  the  International  Exhibi¬ 
tion  of  1862  was  28,653.  The  principal  nations  were  repre¬ 
sented  as  follows:  Great  Britain,  5415;  British  Colonies,  3072 ; 
France,  3204;  United  States,  132;  Italy,  2099;  Spain,  1643; 
Austria,  1113;  Portugal,  1370;  French  Colonies,  826;  Russia, 
721;  Belgium,  799;  Sweden,  511  ;  Holland,  348;  Greece,  296; 
Denmark,  285;  Brazil,  230;  Norway,  216  ;  Ha  use  Towns,  187  ; 
South  American  Republics,  110;  Rome,  76;  Mecklenburg,  55; 
China  and  Japan,  38;  Africa,  17 ;  Switzerland,  10. 

In  the  year  1865  a  number  of  International  Exhibitions  on 
a  smaller  scale  were  held.  At  Amsterdam,  in  Holland,  there 


182 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


was  one  devoted  to  flowers ;  at  Paris,  there  was  one  for  the  dis¬ 
play  of  cheese;  at  Dublin,  there  was  one  of  a  miscellaneous 
character;  at  Oporto,  in  Portugal,  there  was  one  with  3911 
exhibitors ;  and  at  Stettin,  in  Prussia,  there  was  also  one,  gen¬ 
eral  in  character,  with  1451  exhibitors. 

France,  in  the  meantime,  had  been  planning  an  International 
Exhibition  upon  the  most  elaborate  and  magnificent  scale.  As 
early  as  the  22d  of  June,  1863,  an  Imperial  decree  was  issued, 
announcing  that  an  International  Exhibition  would  be  held 
at  Paris  in  1867,  and  that  it  would  be  more  completely  uni¬ 
versal  in  its  character,  and  more  magnificent  than  any  of  its 
predecessors.  The  nations  of  the  world  were  invited  to  take 
part  in  it,  and  it  was  expressly  stated  that  the  announcement 
had  been  made  so  early  in  order  to  give  to  all  desiring  to  enter 
the  Exhibition  time  to  mature  their  plans  and  preparations. 
A  second  Imperial  decree  in  February,  1865,  confirmed  the 
first  one,  and  gave  fuller  details  of  the  plan  determined  upon. 
An  Imperial  Commission  was  appointed,  and  committees  were 
formed  at  home  and  abroad  for  the  purpose  of  attending  to  the 
work  of  constructing  the  buildings  and  organizing  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion.  Prince  Napoleon  was  made  President  of  the  Commission, 
and  the  work  was  begun. 

The  Champs  de  Mars — the  site  of  the  first  French  Exhibi¬ 
tion  of  1798 — was  assigned  by  the  government  for  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion  of  1867.  It  was  a  rectangle  in  shape,  embracing  an  area 
of  119  acres,  and  to  it  was  added,  for  the  purposes  of  the 
Exhibition,  the  Island  of  Billancourt,  some  distance  lower  down 
the  Seine,  affording  an  additional  area  of  52  acres,  and  making 
171  acres  in  all.  The  island  was  used  for  the  agricultural 
department.  The  main  buildings  were  erected  in  the  Champs 
de  Mars. 

The  main  building  was  a  vast  one-story  structure,  elliptical  in 
form,  with  a  total  length  of  1608  feet  and  a  width  of  1247  feet. 
The  total  area  enclosed  by  the  outer  walls  of  the  building  was 
37Tg  acres.  The  centre  of  this  space  was  occupied  by  an  open 
garden  of  1J  acres,  which  made  the  area  under  the  roof  of  the 
building  36T30  acres.  The  plan  of  the  structure  was  unique. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


183 


It  comprised  a  series  of  vast,  concentric  oval  compartments,  each 
one  story  in  height,  the  inner  one  enclosing  the  central  garden 
as  an  open  colonnade.  There  were  seven  principal  compart¬ 
ments,  each  of  which  was  devoted  to  the  display  of  a  distinct 
group  of  objects.  “  The  spaces  devoted  to  the  different  coun¬ 
tries  were  arranged  in  a  wedge-like  form,  radially  from  the 
oentre  of  the  building  to  the  outer  edge,  and  the  visitor,  by 
proceeding  around  one  of  the  concentric  oval  departments, 


PARIS  EXPOSITION  BUILDING  AND  GROUNDS,  1867. 


passed  through  the  different  countries  exhibiting,  one  after  the 
other,  always  keeping  in  the  same  group  of  subjects;  but  if  he 
walked  from  the  centre  of  the  building  outwards,  radially,  he 
traversed  the  different  groups  of  the  same  country.  The 
arrangement  of  double  classification  required  wras,  therefore,  by 
this  plan,  completely  accomplished,  and  afforded  great  conven¬ 
ience  and  facility  for  study  and  comparison.” 

The  outer  compartment  of  the  building  was  the  broadest  of 


184 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


all,  being  115  feet,  and  81  feet  high  to  the  top  of  the  roof.  It 
was  devoted  to  machinery,  and  along  its  entire  length  was  a 
raised  platform,  supported  by  iron  pillars,  from  which  visitors 
could  view  the  machinery  below.  The  roof  of  the  building 
was  of  corrugated  iron,  supported  by  iron  pillars. 

The  grounds  surrounding  the  main  building  comprised  an 
extent  of  81  acres,  and  were  divided  into  a  park  and  a  reserve 
garden.  Each  section  was  beautifully  laid  off.  In  the  park 
“  numerous  structures,  constructed  by  the  different  nationalities, 


GRAND  VESTIBULE  OF  THE  PARIS  EXPOSITION  BUILDING,  1867. 


grew  up  in  all  varieties  of  style,  from  the  hut  of  the  Esquimaux 
to  the  palace  of  a  Sultan,  the  workmen  or  attendants  at  each 
being  almost  universally  peculiar  to  the  special  country,  and 
imparting  additional  interest  to  them.  The  Champs  de  Mars, 
in  a  short  space  of  time,  changed  like  magic  from  a  dry  and 
arid  plain — useful  only  as  a  place  for  manoeuvres  of  troops — to 
a  charming  park,  containing  a  city  in  the  midst  of  groves  and 
green  lawns;  a  place  such  as  the  author  of  the  ‘  Thousand  and 
One  Nights’  alone  could  have  imagined  ;  groups  of  buildings 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


185 


so  violent  in  their  contrasts  as  to  produce  harmony  only  by 
reason  of  their  oddity,  and  leading  the  visitor  to  imagine  that 
he  had  been  transported  to  dream-land.  Turkish  and  Egyptian 
palaces;  mosques  and  temples  of  the  Pharaohs;  Roman,  Nor¬ 
wegian,  and  Danish  dwellings  by  the  side  of  Tyrolese  chalets  ; 
here,  a  specimen  of  the  Catacombs  of  Rome;  there,  a  group  of 
English  cottages;  workmen  and  farmers’  dwellings,  light-houses, 
theatres,  a  succession  of  hundreds  of  constructions  as  unlike 
each  other  as  possible;  restaurants  and  cafes  everywhere  for  all 
classes  of  people;  noises  of  all  kinds  filling  the  air ;  concerts, 
orchestras,  the  ringing  of  bells,  and  the  blowing  off  of  steam 
boilers;  such  was  the  park  of  the  Champs  de  Mars  during  the 
Exposition  U n i versel le.” 

The  reserve  garden  contained  the  botanical,  horticultural,  and 
piscicultural  collections  of  the  Exhibition.  It  was  exquisitely 
laid  off  with  bright  lawns,  fountains,  pools,  cascades,  grottos, 
conservatories,  and  shrubbery. 

The  work  on  the  Exhibition  grounds  was  begun  in  Septem¬ 
ber,  18G5,  that  on  the  buildings  on  the  3d  of  April,  1866. 
The  Exhibition  was  opened  with  splendid  and  imposing  cere¬ 
monies,  on  the  1st  of  April,  18G7,  by  the  Emperor  Napoleon 
III.  and  the  Empress  Eugenie.  It  was  closed  on  the  3d  of 
November,  thus  covering  a  period  of  217  days,  including  Sun¬ 
days.  The  total  cost  of  the  Exhibition,  including  the  cost  of 
construction  and  the  daily  expenses,  was  $4,688,705.  The 
total  receipts,  including  the  subsidies  from  the  Imperial  govern¬ 
ment  and  the  city  of  Paris  of  $1,200,000  each,  were  $5,251,3G1, 
leaving  a  net  profit  of  $562,654.  Dividends  to  the  amount  of 
$553,200  were  declared  and  paid  ;  the  remaining  sum  of  $945G 
was  held  for  contingencies,  and  was  finally  devoted  to  charitable 
objects.  The  number  of  visitors  was  10,200,000.  On  Sun¬ 
days  the  admission  fee  was  ten  cents. 

The  Exhibition  of  1867  was  in  all  respects  a  wonderful  and 
magnificent  collection  of  the  arts  and  industries  of  the  world. 
It  far  surpassed  any  previous  Exhibition  in  France  or  any 
other  country,  and  will  always  be  esteemed  one  of  the  great 
events  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  agricultural  depart- 


186 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ment,  located,  as  we  have  stated,  on  the  Island  of  Billancourt, 
was  the  most  complete  and  extensive  display  of  agricultural 
implements  and  products  and  live-stock  that  had  ever  been 
witnessed  in  Europe. 

The  distribution  of  prizes  took  place,  in  the  Palace  of  Industry, 
in  the  Champs  ElysSes,  on  the  1st  of  July,  in  the  presence  of  a 
vast  and  brilliant  throng,  the  emperor  himself  bestowing  the 
awards.  There  were  50,226  exhibitors  represented  in  the 


ENTRANCE  TO  THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION,  1867. 


Exhibition.  The  awards  consisted  of  64  grand  prizes,  883  gold 
medals,  3653  silver  medals,  5565  bronze  medals,  and  5801 
honorable  mentions.  Of  these  the  exhibitors  from  the  United 
States  received  three  grand  prizes,  seventeen  gold  medals,  sixty- 
six  silver  medals,  and  ninety-four  bronze  medals.  The  total 
number  of  American  exhibitors  was  705. 

The  highest  number  of  visitors  on  any  day  was  173,923,  on 
the  27th  of  October. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


187 


In  1869  an  Exhibition  of  the  fine  arts  applied  to  industry 
was  held  in  the  palace  of  industry  at  Paris;  and  in  the  same 
year  an  Exhibition  was  held  at  Dublin,  and  a  Fine  Art  and 
Loan  Exhibition,  similar  to  the  Manchester  Exhibition  of  1857, 
was  given  at  Leeds,  in  England. 

In  1871  a  series  of  annual  International  Exhibitions  was 
begun  at  London.  The  first  of  these  was  opened  on  the  1st  of 
May,  1871,  and  was  closed  on  the  30th  of  September.  It  was 
held  in  a  building  erected  for  the  purpose  at  South  Kensington. 
Thirty-three  foreign  countries  were  represented ;  there  were 
4000  fine  art,  and  7000  industrial  entries  on  the  part  of  the 
exhibitors;  and  the  visitors  numbered  1,142,000.  There  were 
no  prizes,  and  the  receipts  of  the  Exhibition  balanced  its  ex¬ 
penses.  The  second  of  the  new  series  of  Exhibitions  was  given 
in  1872,  and  was  devoted  to  arts  connected  with  printing,  paper, 
music  and  musical  instruments,  jewelry,  cotton  goods,  and  fine 
arts.  This  was  followed  by  a  third  annual  Exhibition  in  1873, 
which  made  a  feature  of  cooking  and  its  apparatus.  The 
Exhibition  was  opened  on  the  14th  of  April  and  was  closed  on 
the  15th  of  August.  It  was  visited  by  31,784  persons. 

In  1872  an  Exhibition  was  held  at  Copenhagen,  and  was 
devoted  to  the  products  of  Sweden,  Norway  and  Denmark.  In 
the  same  year  an  Exhibition  on  a  considerable  scale  was  held 
at  Moscow.  It  was  given  under  the  auspices  of  the  Moscow 
Polytechnic  Society,  with  the  patronage  of  the  Russian  govern¬ 
ment.  Its  various  buildings  were  elaborately  constructed,  and 
occupied  a  space  of  two  English  miles.  In  its  arrangement  the 
greatest  skill  was  shown;  and  its  classification  is  said  to  have 
been  the  best  and  most  scientific  which  has  ever  yet  been 
attempted.  Each  special  group  of  objects  had  separate  build¬ 
ings.  Admirable  as  it  was,  it  was  too  far  distant  for  this 
country  to  take  part  in  it. 

Austria  now  resolved  to  engage  in  these  friendly  contests 
between  the  nations  of  the  world,  and  to  hold  in  Vienna  an 
International  Exhibition  which  should  eclipse  even  the  French 
Exhibition  of  1867.  Various  causes,  however,  prevented  any 
definite  action  from  being  taken  in  the  matter  until  1870.  The 


188 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


first  steps  were  taken  by  the  Trades’  Union  of  Vienna,  a 
wealthy  and  powerful  organization,  the  president  of  which  was 
Baron  Wertheimer,  a  wealthy  manufacturer.  A  guarantee 
fund  of  $1,500,000  was  formed,  the  subscriptions  being  taken 
mainly  by  the  members  of  the  Society.  The  government  now 
came  to  the  support  of  the  scheme,  and  on  the  24th  of  May, 
1870,  a  decree  was  issued  by  the  Emperor,  stating  that  “  under 
the  august  patronage  of  PI  is  Imperial  and  Royal  Majesty,  the 
Emperor,  an  International  Exhibition  would  be  held  at  Vienna 
in  the  year  1873,  having  for  its  aim  to  represent  the  present 
state  of  modern  civilization  and  the  entire  sphere  of  national 
economy,  and  to  promote  its  further  development  and  progress.” 
An  Imperial  Commission  was  formed,  with  Archduke  Charles 
Louis  as  Protector,  Archduke  Regnier,  President,  and  Baron 
William  Von  Schwarz-Senborn  as  Director-General.  An  ap¬ 
propriation  of  $3,000,000  was  made  by  the  government,  to 
which  was  added  the  guarantee  fund  previously  obtained  by 
private  subscriptions.  At  a  later  period  the  government  was 
obliged  to  make  an  additional  appropriation  of  $3,000,000. 

The  site  selected  for  the  Exhibition  was  the  Prater,  or  Im¬ 
perial  Park,  situated  on  the  border  of  the  Danube,  just  outside 
of  the  city.  It  was  admirably  chosen,  both  for  beauty  of  situa¬ 
tion  and  for  adaptation  to  the  purposes  of  the  Exhibition.  The 
total  area  enclosed  within  the  fence  surrounding  the  Exhibition 
grounds  was  about  280  acres.  The  principal  structures  were 
the  Palace  of  Industry,  or  the  Main  Exhibition  Building,  the 
Gallery  of  Fine  Arts,  the  Machinery  Hall,  and  the  Agricultural 
Building. 

The  Main  Building  was  constructed  of  brick,  glass  and  iron, 
and  was  2985  feet  long,  82  feet  wide,  and  52J  feet  high  to  the 
central  dome.  Opening  from  this  were  32  transverse  galleries, 
250  feet  long  and  49  feet  wide,  the  entire  structure  presenting  a 
form  not  unlike  that  of  the  spine  of  a  fish  with  its  lateral  pro¬ 
jecting  bones.  The  chief  feature  of  the  building  was  the  dome, 
which  was  of  iron,  and  was  354  feet  in  diameter.  It  was  the 
largest  dome  that  had  ever  been  constructed  before,  that  of  St. 
Peter’s  at  Rome  being  only  156  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  domes 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


189 


<of  the  London  Exhibition  of  1862  only  160  feet  in  diameter. 
It  was  crowned  by  a  central  lantern  101  feet  in  diameter,  and 
30  feet  high,  provided  with  side  lights  and  a  conical  roof,  simi¬ 
lar  to  that  of  the  main  dome.  On  top  of  this  was  another 
lantern  25  feet  in  diameter  and  30  feet  high,  which  was  sur¬ 
mounted  by  a  huge  copy  of  the  crown  of  Austria.  As  the 
dome  was  the  principal  feature  of  the  exterior  view  of  the  build¬ 
ing,  so  was  the  rotunda  the  most  beautiful  portion  of  the  in- 


ROTUNDA  OF  THE  VIENNA  EXPOSITION  BUILDING,  1873. 


terior.  A  circular  corridor,  a  little  more  than  forty  feet  in 
width,  ran  around  the  rotunda,  connecting  with  the  nave  of  the 
building  on  both  sides.  The  columns  on  which  the  dome  rested 
stood  between  the  corridor  and  the  rotunda,  and  were  joined 
to  one  another  by  large  arches.  The  columns  and  arches  were 
handsomely  finished,  and  the  effect  was  very  fine.  The  floor 
4)f  the  rotunda  was  lower  than  that  of  the  rest  of  the  building, 


190 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  in  the  centre  was  a  beautiful  fountain,  which  added  greatly 
to  the  general  appearance  of  the  hall.  The  ceiling  of  the  dome 
was  of  canvas,  and  was  beautifully  and  appropriately  decorated 
with  paintings  and  gilding. 

The  Gallery  of  Fine  Arts  stood  a  short  distance  to  the  east 
of  the  Palace  of  Industry,  and  was  connected  with  it  by  two 
temporary  covered  ways.  It  was  built  of  brick,  and  was 
stuccoed  so  as  to  produce  an  ornamental  appearance.  It  was 
650  feet  long  and  115  feet  wide.  It  proved  too  small,  and  two 
annexes  were  built,  and  were  connected  with  it  by  covered 
passages,  these  passages  containing  the  works  of  sculpture  on 
exhibition. 

The  Machinery  Hall  was  situated  to  the  north  of  the  Main 
Building,  and  was  2615  feet  long  and  164  feet  wide.  It  con¬ 
sisted  of  a  nave  92  feet  wide,  in  which  was  placed  the  machinery 
in  motion,  and  two  side  aisles,  each  28  feet  in  width,  devoted 
to  machinery  at  rest. 

The  Agricultural  Halls  consisted  of  two  separate  buildings, 
constructed  of  timber.  They  covered  an  area  of  426,500  square 
feet. 

The  grounds  were  beautifully  laid  off,  and  were  filled  with  a 
large  number  of  buildings  devoted  to  various  purposes,  and 
similar  to  those  which  were  so  marked  a  feature  of  the  Paris 
Exhibition  of  1867.  “  These  were  of  unprecedented  variety  and 
importance,  representing  on  a  scale  of  great  splendor  and  com¬ 
pleteness  the  habits,  manners,  customs  and  methods  of  construc¬ 
tion  of  various  nations.  The  palace  of  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt 
was  one  of  the  most  noticeable  of  these  buildings.  Designed 
by  an  Austrian  architect  long  resident  in  the  east,  and  con¬ 
structed  by  native  Egyptian  workingmen  with  great  skill  and 
truthfulness,  it  presented  an  appearance  at  once  interesting  and 
instructive.  One  saw  here  a  sumptuous  mosque  decorated  in 
the  richest  manner,  an  ordinary  dwelling-house,  and  then  a 
regular  farm  and  stable  department  stocked  with  dromedaries 
and  other  domestic  animals  of  Egypt.  Then  there  were  also 
on  the  grounds  specimens  of  the  national  habitations  of  Turkey, 
Persia,  Morocco,  Japan,  Sweden,  etc.  Farmers’  or  peasants* 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


191 


homes  from  all  countries,  restaurants  and  refreshment  saloons, 
the  Imperial  Pavilion,  the  Jury  Pavilion,  and  special  exhibits 
of  all  sorts,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  more  than  two  hun¬ 
dred  buildings,  each  one  presenting  something  novel  and 
pleasing.” 

The  deepest  interest  was  manifested  by  the  various  nations  of 
the  world  in  the  Vienna  Exhibition,  and  the  collection  gathered 
together  there  represented  the  choicest  objects  of  art  and  in¬ 
dustry  and  the  highest  culture  and  progress  of  the  civilized 
world. 

The  Exhibition  was  opened  on  the  1st  of  May,  1873,  with 
great  pomp,  by  the  Emperor  Francis  J oseph  I.,  of  Austria.  The 


CENTRAL  DOME  OF  THE  VIENNA  EXPOSITION  BUILDING,  1873. 


awards  were  formally  distributed  on  the  18th  of  August,  and 
numbered  26,002  in  all.  They  were  divided  as  follows:  421 
diplomas  of  honor;  3024  medals  for  progress;  10,465  diplomas 
of  honorable  mention;  8800  medals  for  merit;  326  medals  for 
good  taste;  978  medals  for  fine  arts;  1988  medals  awarded  to 
workmen.  The  Exhibition  was  closed  on  the  31st  of  October, 
having  extended  over  a  period  of  184  days,  including  Sundays. 
There  were  in  all  about  42,584  exhibitors  represented.  Of 
these,  643  were  from  the  United  States,  to  whom  were  awarded 
349  prizes,  of  which  the  International  Bureau  at  Washington, 
the  Light-House  Board  of  the  United  States,  the  State  of 
Massachusetts,  and  the  city  of  Boston,  for  school  systems,  and 


192 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


the  Smithsonian  Institute  at  Washington,  received  grand  diplo¬ 
mas  of  honor. 

The  total  number  of  visitors  was  7,254,687,  and  the  receipts 
amounted  to  $1,032,385,  or  about  enough  to  pay  the  running 
expenses.  The  total  cost  of  the  Exhibition  being  about 
$12,000,000,  there  remained  a  deficit  of  over  $9,000,000,  which 
loss  fell  upon  the  Austrian  government. 

There  were  many  reasons  for  this  loss.  In  the  first  place,  a 
sickly  season  at  Vienna  had  preceded  the  Exhibition,  and  had 
rendered  strangers  afraid  to  visit  that  city.  This  was  followed 
by  a  financial  crisis,  which  crippled  many  who  would  have 
aided  in  making  the  Exhibition  a  monetary  success.  Added  to 
this  was  the  selfish  conduct  of  the  people  of  Vienna,  who,  by 
raising  the  prices  of  living  to  an  exorbitant  figure,  frightened 
away  visitors,  and  invited  their  own  ruin.  The  contrast 
between  the  conduct  of  the  people  of  Philadelphia  during  the 
Centennial  International  Exhibition  and  that  of  the  people  of 
Vienna  in  1873,  was  marked  indeed;  and  the  results  in  each 
case  afford  a  valuable  lesson  to  future  times. 

Such  were  the  International  Exhibitions  of  the  past.  It  was 
reserved  to  our  own  great  Exhibition  to  eclipse  them  all  in  all 
the  essential  features  of  a  true  International  Exhibition. 


CHAPTER  YI. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 

The  First  Proposals  for  the  Exhibition — Initiatory  Measures — Action  of  the 
City  Councils  of  Philadelphia — The  Memorial  to  Congress — The  Act  of  In¬ 
corporation — Appointment  of  the  Centennial  Commission — Creation  of  the 
Board  of  Finance — Liberal  Action  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia — Donation 
of  the  Exhibition  Grounds — The  Formal  Transfer — Proclamation  of  the 
President  of  the  United  States — The  Invitation  to  Foreign  Powers — The 
Law  for  the  Free  Entry  of  Exhibitors*  Goods — The  General  Government 
Takes  Part  in  the  Exhibition — The  Ground  Broken,  July  4th,  1874 — Plans 
of  the  Commission — Circulars  of  the  Director-General — Regulations  for  Ex¬ 
hibitors — Order  of  the  Treasury  Department — Work  of  the  Board  of  Finance 
— Sales  of  Stock — The  Bureau  of  Revenue — Its  Successful  Work — Sale  of 
Medals — Appropriations  by  Pennsylvania  and  Philadelphia — Refusal  of 
Congress  to  Aid  the  Exhibition — Report  of  the  Board  of  Finance — Action 
of  the  States — Appropriations  by  Foreign  Governments— Congress  Appro¬ 
priates  a  Million  and  a  Half  to  the  Exhibition — Third  Annual  Report  of 
the  Board  of  Finance — Reception  of  Goods — Completion  of  the  Work — The 
System  of  Awards — The  Centennial  Calendar. 

S  the  close  of  the  first  century  of  the  independence  of  the 
United  States  drew  near,  it  was  generally  regarded  as 
the  duty  of  the  nation  to  celebrate  it  in  a  manner 
worthy  of  the  great  fame  and  wealth  of  the  republic. 
Yarious  plans  for  accomplishing  this  object  were  sug¬ 
gested,  but  none  met  with  a  national  approval.  In  1866  a 
number  of  gentlemen  conceived  the  idea  of  celebrating  the  great 
event  by  an  exhibition  of  the  progress,  wealth,  and  general  con¬ 
dition  of  the  republic,  in  which  all  the  nations  of  the  world 
should  be  invited  to  participate.  The  honor  of  originating  and 
urging  this  plan  upon  the  public  belongs  to  the  Hon.  John 
Bigelow,  formerly  minister  from  the  United  States  to  France; 
General  Charles  B.  Norton,  who  had  served  as  a  commissioner 
13  193 


THE  NEW  POST-OFFICE,  PHILADELPHIA. 


194 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


195 


of  the  United  States  at  the  Paris  exposition  of  1867 ;  Professor 
John  L.  Campbell,  of  Wabash  College,  Indiana;  and  Colonel 
M.  Richards  Muckle,  of  Philadelphia.  The  plan  proposed  by 
these  gentlemen  was  not  generally  received  with  favor  at  first. 
It  was  argued  in  opposition  to  it  that  the  great  exhibitions  of 
Europe  were  the  work  of  the  governments  of  the  countries  in 
which  they  were  held ;  that  under  our  peculiar  system  the 
government  could  not  take  the  same  part  in  our  exhibition;  and 
that  it  would  thus  be  thrown  into  the  hands  of  private  parties 
and  would  result  in  failure.  The  city  of  Philadelphia  was  desig¬ 
nated  as  the  place  at  which  the  exhibition  should  be  held.  This 
feature  of  the  plan  aroused  considerable  opposition  growing  out 
of  local  jealousies.  It  was  argued  by  the  friends  of  the  scheme 
that  Philadelphia  was  fairly  entitled  to  the  honor,  inasmuch  as 
it  had  been  the  scene  of  the  signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde¬ 
pendence  ;  and  that  the  city  was  also  admirably  located  for  such 
an  exhibition,  being  easily  accessible  from  all  parts  of  the  Union 
and  from  Europe. 

The  friends  of  the  scheme  labored  hard  to  overcome  the  ob¬ 
jections  urged  against  it,  and  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  their 
plans  become  more  popular  every  day.  The  matter  was  ably 
discussed  in  the  press  of  the  country,  and  at  length  was  taken 
in  hand  by  the  Franklin  Institute  of  Philadelphia,  which  body 
petitioned  the  municipal  authorities  to  grant  the  use  of  a  portion 
of  Fairmount  Park  for  the  purposes  of  a  centennial  celebration. 
This  petition  was  laid  before  the  Select  Council  by  Mr.  John  L. 
Shoemaker,  one  of  that  body,  who  offered  a  resolution  provid¬ 
ing  for  the  appointment  of  a  joint  commission  of  seven  members 
from  each  chamber  to  take  the  subject  into  consideration.  The 
resolution  was  adopted,  and  Mr.  Shoemaker  was  appointed 
president  of  the  joint  commission. 

After  a  careful  consideration  of  the  subject,  the  commission 
decided  to  lay  the  plan  before  Congress.  The  Legislature  of 
Pennsylvania  now  came  to  the  assistance  of  the  commission, 
and  adopted  a  resolution  requesting  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  to  take  such  action  as  in  its  judgment  should  seem  wise 
in  favor  of  an  international  celebration  in  the  city  of  Philadel- 


196 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


phia  of  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  American  independ¬ 
ence.  The  Legislature  also  appointed  a  committee  of  ten  to 
accompany  the  Philadelphia  commission  to  Washington  to 
present  a  memorial  upon  the  subject  to  Congress.  The  memo¬ 
rial  of  the  committees  was  presented  to  Congress  by  the  Hon. 
William  D.  Kelley,  a  representative  from  Pennsylvania,  who 
urged  its  adoption  by  that  body,  and  the  selection  of  Philadel¬ 
phia  as  the  scene  of  the  celebration,  as  that  city  had  witnessed 
the  adoption,  signing,  and  proclamation  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence. 

Early  in  March,  1870,  Mr.  Daniel  J.  Morrell,  of  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  presented  a  bill  in  the  lower  House  of  Congress  making 
provision  for  the  proposed  exhibition.  The  bill  was  several 
times  amended,  and  was  finally  adopted  by  Congress  on  the  3d 
of  March,  1871.  It  provided  for  the  appointment  by  the  Presi¬ 
dent  of  the  United  States  of  a  commissioner  and  alternate  com¬ 
missioner  from  each  State  and  Territory  of  the  Union,  who  were 
to  be  nominated  by  the  Governors  of  the  States  and  Territories 
from  which  they  were  appointed.  Philadelphia  was  selected  as 
the  place  at  which  the  exhibition  should  be  held  ;  and  it  was 
expressly  declared  that  the  United  States  should  not  be  liable 
for  any  of  the  expenses  attending  the  exhibition. 

The  Act  of  Congress  was  as  follows : 

An  act  to  provide  for  celebrating  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the 
American  Independence,  by  holding  an  International  Exhibition  of  Arts, 
Manufactures,  and  Products  of  the  Soil  and  Mine,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
and  State  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-six. 

Whereas ,  The  Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  United 
States  of  America  was  prepared,  signed,  and  promulgated  in  the 
year  seventeen  hundred  and  seventy-six,  in  the  city  of  Philadel¬ 
phia;  and,  whereas,  it  behooves  the  people  of  the  United  States 
to  celebrate,  by  appropriate  ceremonies,  the  Centennial  anniver¬ 
sary  of  this  memorable  and  decisive  event,  which  constituted  the 
Fourth  Day  of  July,  Anno  Domini  seventeen  hundred  and 
seventy-six,  the  birthday  of  the  nation;  and,  whereas,  it  is 
deemed  fitting  that  the  completion  of  the  first  century  of  our 


!l 

OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  197 

national  existence  shall  be  commemorated  by  an  exhibition  of 
the  natural  resources  of  the  country  and  their  development,  and 
of  its  progress  in  those  arts  which  benefit  mankind,  in  compari¬ 
son  with  those  of  older  nations;  and,  whereas,  no  place  is  so 
appropriate  for  such  an  exhibition  as  the  city  in  which  occurred 
the  event  it  is  designed  to  commemorate;  and,  whereas,  as  the 
exhibition  should  be  a  national  celebration,  in  which  the  people 
of  the  whole  country  should  participate,  it  should  have  the  sanc¬ 
tion  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States ;  therefore, 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled ,  That  an  ex¬ 
hibition  of  American  and  foreign  arts,  products  and  manufac¬ 
tures  shall  be  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  eighteen 
hundred  and  seventy-six. 

Section  2.  That  a  commission,  to  consist  of  not  more  than 
one  delegate  from  each  State  and  from  each  Territory  of  the 
United  States,  whose  functions  shall  continue  until  the  close  of 
the  exhibition,  shall  be  constituted,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
prepare  and  superintend  the  execution  of  a  plan  for  holding  an 
exhibition,  and,  after  conference  with  the  authorities  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia,  to  fix  upon  a  suitable  site  within  the  corporate 
limits  of  the  said  city  where  the  exhibition  shall  be  held. 

Sec.  3.  That  said  commissioners  shall  be  appointed  within 
one  year  from  the  passage  of  this  act  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  on  the  nomination  of  the  Governors  of  the  States 
and  Territories  respectively. 

Sec.  4.  That  in  the  same  manner  there  shall  be  appointed 
one  commissioner  from  each  State  and  Territory  of  the  United 
States,  who  shall  assume  the  place  and  perform  the  duties  of 

I  such  commissioner  and  commissioners  as  may  be  unable  to 
attend  the  meetings  of  the  commission. 

Sec.  5.  That  the  commission  shall  hold  its  meetings  in  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  and  that  a  majority  of  its  members  shall 
phave  full  power  to  make  all  needful  rules  for  its  government. 

Sec.  6.  That  the  commission  shall  report  to  Congress,  at  the 
first  session  after  its  appointment,  a  suitable  date  for  opening 


198 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  for  closing  the  exhibition ;  a  schedule  of  appropriate  cere¬ 
monies  for  opening  or  dedicating  the  same ;  a  plan  or  plans  of 
the  buildings;  a  complete  plan  for  the  reception  and  classifica¬ 
tion  of  articles  intended  for  exhibition ;  the  requisite  custom¬ 
house  regulations  for  the  introduction  into  this  country  of  the 
articles  from  foreign  countries  intended  for  exhibition  ;  and  such 
other  matter  as  in  their  judgment  may  be  important. 

Sec.  7.  That  no  compensation  for  services  shall  be  paid  to 
the  commissioners  or  other  officers  provided  by  this  act  from  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States;  and  the  United  States  shall  not 
he  liable  for  any  expenses  attending  such  exhibition ,  or  by  reason 
of  the  same. 

Sec.  8.  That  whenever  the  President  shall  be  informed  by 
the  Governor  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  that  provision  has 
been  made  for  the  erection  of  suitable  buildings  for  the  purpose, 
and  for  the  exclusive  control  by  the  commission  herein  pro¬ 
vided  for,  of  the  proposed  exhibition,  the  President  shall, 
through  the  Department  of  State,  make  proclamation  of  the 
same,  setting  forth  the  time  at  which  the  exhibition  will  open 
and  the  place  at  which  it  will  be  held  ;  and  he  shall  communi¬ 
cate  to  the  diplomatic  representatives  of  all  nations  copies  of  the 
same,  together  with  such  regulations  as  may  be  adopted  by  the 
jommissioners  for  publication  in  their  respective  countries. 

Approved  March  3d,  1871. 

The  President  having  approved  the  bill  it  became  a  law. 
During  the  year  1871  he  appointed  the  commissioners  provided 
for  by  the  act  of  Congress.  They  were  invited  to  assemble  at 
Philadelphia  on  the  4th  of  March,  1872;  and  on  that  day  com¬ 
missioners  from  twenty-four  States,  three  Territories,  and  the 
District  of  Columbia,  met  at  the  Continental  hotel  in  Philadel¬ 
phia.  A  temporary  organization  was  effected  by  the  election  of 
David  Atwood,  of  Wisconsin,  as  chairman,  and  J.  N.  Baxter, 
of  Vermont,  as  secretary.  The  commissioners  then  repaired  in 
a  body  to  Independence  Hall,  where  they  were  officially  received 
and  welcomed  by  Mayor  Stokley.  General  Joseph  R.  Hawley, 
of  Connecticut,  responded  to  this  address  on  behalf  of  the  com¬ 
missioners,  who  then  repaired  to  the  chamber  of  the  Common 


elephant  house,  zoological  gardens. 


200 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Council.  After  a  prayer  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hutter,  the  commis¬ 
sioners  proceeded  to  business.  On  the  5th  a  permanent  organ¬ 
ization  was  effected,  officers  were  elected,  nine  standing  com¬ 
mittees  were  appointed,  and  the  United  States  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission  was  definitely  organized. 

Several  changes  were  subsequently  made,  and  in  1876  the 
commission  was  constituted  as  follows  : 

President — Hon.  Joseph  R.  Hawley. 

Vice-Presidents — Hon.  Orestes  Cleveland,  Hon.  John  Dunbar  Creigh, 
Hon.  Robert  Lowry,  Hon.  Robert  Mallory,  Hon.  Thos.  H.  Coldwell,  Hon. 
John  McNeill,  and  Hon.  Wm.  Gurney. 

Secretary — Professor  J ohn  L.  Campbell. 

Director-General — Hon.  Alfred  T.  Goshorn. 

Counsellor  and  Solicitor — John  L.  Shoemaker. 

The  members  of  the  Centennial  Commission  for  1876  were: 

Alabama — Richard  M.  Nelson,  James  L.  Cooper. 

Arizona — Richard  C.  McCormick,  John  Wasson. 

Arkansas — George  W.  Lawrence,  George  E.  Dodge. 

California — John  Dunbar  Creigh,  Benjamin  P.  Kooser. 

Colorado — J.  Marshal  Paul,  N.  C.  Meeker. 

Connecticut — Joseph  R.  Hawley,  William  Phipps  Blake. 

Dakotah — J.  A.  Burbank,  Solomon  L.  Spink. 

Delaware — John  K.  Kane,  John  H.  Rodney. 

District  of  Columbia — J ames  E.  Dexter,  Lawrence  A.  Gobright. 
Florida — T.  H.  Osborn,  J.  T.  Bernard. 

Georgia — George  Hilly er,  Richard  Peters,  Jr. 

Idaho — Thomas  Donaldson,  C.  W.  Moore. 

Illinois — Frederick  L.  Mathews,  Lawrence  Weldon. 

Indiana — John  L.  Campbell,  Franklin  C.  Johnson. 

Iowa — Robert  Lowry,  Coker  F.  Clarkson. 

Kansas — John  A.  Martin,  George  A.  Crawford. 

Kentucky — Robert  Mallory,  Smith  M.  Hobbs. 

Louisiana — John  Lynch,  Edward  Pennington. 

Maine — Joshua  Nye,  Charles  H.  Haskell. 

Maryland — J.  H.  B.  Latrobe,  S.  M.  Shoemaker 
Massachusetts— George  B.  Loring,  William  B.  Spooner. 

Michigan — James  Birney,  Claudius  B.  Grant. 

Minnesota — J.  Fletcher  Williams,  W.  W.  FolwelL 
Mississippi — O.  C.  French,  M.  Edwards. 

Missouri — John  McNeil,  Samuel  Hayes. 

Montana — J.  P.  Woolman,  Patrick  A.  Largey. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


201 


Nebraska — Henry  S.  Moody,  R.  W.  Furnas. 

Nevada — William  Wirt  McCoy,  James  W.  Haines. 

New  Hampshire — Ezekiel  A.  Straw,  M.  Y.  B.  Edgarly. 

New  Jersey — Orestes  Cleveland,  John  G.  Stevens. 

New  Mexico — Eldridge  W.  Little,  Stephen  B.  Elkins. 

New  York — N.  M.  Beckwith,  Charles  P.  Kimball. 

North  Carolina — Samuel  F.  Phillips,  Jonathan  W.  Albertson* 

Ohio — Alfred  T.  Goshorn,  Wilson  W.  Griffith. 

Oregon — James  W.  Virtue,  Andrew  J.  Dufur. 

Pennsylvania — Daniel  J.  Morrell,  Asa  Packer. 

Khode  Island — George  H.  Corliss,  Royal  C.  Taft. 

South  Carolina — William  Gurney,  Archibald  Cameron. 

Tennessee — Thomas  H.  Coldwell,  William  F.  Prosser. 

Texas — William  H.  Parsons,  John  C.  Chew. 

Utah — William  Haydon,  Charles  R.  Gilchrist. 

Vermont — Middleton  Goldsmith,  Henry  Chase. 

Virginia — F.  W.  M.  Holliday,  Edmund  R.  Bagwell. 

Washington  Territory — Ellwood  Evans,  Alexander  S.  Abernethy. 

West  Virginia — Alexander  R.  Boteler,  Andrew  J.  Sweeney. 

Wisconsin — David  Atwood,  Edward  D.  Holton. 

Wyoming — Joseph  M.  Carey,  Robert  H.  Lamborn. 

In  order  to  provide  the  necessary  funds  for  the  exhibition, 
Congress,  on  the  1st  of  June,  1872,  adopted  a  bill  creating  a 
“  Centennial  Board  of  Finance, ”  which  was  authorized  to  issue 
stock  in  shares  of  ten  dollars  each,  the  whole  amount  issued  not 
to  exceed  ten  millions  of  dollars.  The  commissioners  adopted 
rules  for  the  organization  and  government  of  this  board,  and 
directed  that  the  books  for  subscriptions  to  the  stock  should  be 
opened  on  the  21st  of  November,  1872,  and  should  remain  open 
for  one  hundred  days.  At  the  same  time  the  President  and 
Secretary  of  the  Centennial  Commission  issued  an  address  to  the 
people  of  the  United  States,  setting  forth  the  objects  of  the 
exhibition,  and  asking  their  support  and  assistance  in  carrying 
the  enterprise  through  to  success. 

The  members  of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance  were  ap' 
pointed  by  the  stockholders  at  a  meeting  held  in  April,  1873. 
A  majority  of  the  members  of  the  board  were  chosen  from 
Philadelphia  in  order  that,  these  gentlemen  being  residents  of 
the  city,  there  might  always  be  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of 
business  present  at  the  meetings  of  the  board.  The  board  was 
authorized  to  issue  bonds  to  an  amount  not  to  exceed  the  capi- 


202 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


tal,  to  be  secured  upon  the  exhibition  buildings  and  other 
property  in  possession  of  the  commission,  and  upon  its  pros¬ 
pective  revenues.  The  board  was  also  ordered  to  begin  at  once 
the  work  of  preparing  the  grounds  and  erecting  the  necessary 
buildings  for  the  exhibition. 

The  city  of  Philadelphia,  with  the  liberality  which  charac¬ 
terized  its  whole  treatment  of  the  exhibition  scheme,  at  once 
set  apart  the  portion  of  Fairmount  Park  lying  below  Belmont 
and  George’s  Hill,  and  constituting  the  old  Lansdowne  estate, 
for  the  purposes  of  the  exhibition.  This  magnificent  domain 
was  formally  transferred  to  the  Centennial  Commission  on  the 
4th  of  July,  1873.  It  comprised  a  tract  of  four  hundred  and 
fifty  acres,  and  was  in  all  respects  the  best  suited  to  the  needs  of 
the  exhibition  of  any  location  in  the  Union.  The  transfer  was 
made  in  presence"  of  an  immense  throng  of  citizens,  and  with 
imposing  ceremonies  in  which  the  military  and  civic  organiza¬ 
tions  of  Philadelphia  took  part.  The  ceremonies  were  opened 
with  a  prayer  by  Bishop  Simpson,  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  after  which  Hon.  Morton  McMichael,  President  of  the 
Park  Commission,  formally  surrendered  the  grounds  to  General 
J.  B.  Hawley,  President  of  the  Centennial  Commission,  in  an 
appropriate  address.  After  reciting  the  reasons  which  had  in¬ 
duced  the  city  to  make  this  grant,  Mr.  McMichael  concluded  as 
follows  : 

“General  Hawley:  To  you,  sir,  as  the  representative  of 
the  Centennial  Commission  of  the  United  States,  in  the  con¬ 
structive  presence  of  the  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  nation  and  the 
actual  presence  of  his  constitutional  advisers — in  the  presence 
of  the  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  and  his 
official  staff — in  the  presence  of  the  Mayor  and  the  Councils  of 
Philadelphia — in  the  presence  of  these  dignitaries  gathered  from 
all  parts  of  the  Union  to  mark  the  national  character  of  the 
ceremony — in  the  presence  of  this  multitude  of  my  fellow- 
citizens,  who  are  here  to  sanction  and  approve  the  act — in 
behalf  of  the  Commissioners  of  Fairmount  Park,  to  whom  its 
legal  custody  has  been  confided, — I  now,  publicly  and  formally, 
transfer  to  your  keeping  all  the  land  designated  and  described 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


203 


in  the  maps  and  papers  herewith  presented.  And  in  the  same 
behalf  I  hereby  confer  on  the  Centennial  Commission  full  power 
to  hold  and  possess  and  employ  this  land,  for  so  long  and  in 
such  manner  as  the  needs  of  the  International  Exposition,  instant 
and  prospective,  may  require.  And,  sir,  this  transfer,  which  ful¬ 
fils  an  essential  provision  of  the  law  creating  your  commission, 
being  thus  made,  who  shall  doubt  that — stirred  by  memories  of 
the  turbulent  past,  urged  by  knowledge  of  the  flourishing 
present,  inspired  by  anticipations  of  the  promising  future — the 
people  of  the  several  States,  and  the  States  themselves  in  their 
sovereign  capacities,  as  well  as  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  and  all  the  branches  of  the  Federal  Government,  will  so 
assist  your  endeavors  that  in  1876  you  will  be  enabled  to  pre¬ 
sent  to  the  world  a  spectacle  which,  while  typical  of  the  skill 
and  culture  and  ingenuity  of  the  older  nations,  will  conspicuously 
demonstrate  what  the  thrift,  intelligence,  enterprise  and  energy 
of  our  own,  under  the  beneficent  rule  of  free  institutions,  and 
with  a  due  sense  of  reverence  for  Almighty  God,  have  achieved 
in  a  single  century  of  existence.” 

General  Hawley  responded  in  an  eloquent  address  of  accept¬ 
ance,  at  the  conclusion  of  which  he  said,  “  In  token  of  the  United 
States  Centennial  Commission  now  takes  possession  of  these 
grounds  for  the  purpose  we  have  described,  let  the  flag  be 
unfurled  and  duly  saluted.”  The  stars  and  stripes  were  then 
raised,  and  at  the  same  moment  the  trumpeter  of  the  City  Troop 
gave  a  signal  which  was  answered  by  a  salute  of  thirteen  guns 
from  the  Keystone  Battery. 

When  the  applause  had  subsided,  the  Hon.  John  F.  Hart- 
ranft,  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  spoke  as  follows : 

“  By  the  act  of  Congress  creating  a  commission  charged  with 
the  holding  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition  in  this  city  in  the  year 
1876,  it  was  made  the  duty  of  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  to 
certify  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  the  fact  that  provi¬ 
sion  has  been  made  for  the  erection  of  suitable  buildings  for  said 
Exhibition,  whenever  he  became  satisfied  that  such  result  had 
been  achieved. 

“  1  hold  in  my  hand  a  joint  certificate,  signed  by  General 


204 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Joseph  R.  Hawley,  President  of  the  Centennial  Commission, 
and  Mr.  John  Welsh,  Chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee  of 
said  Commission,  to  the  effect  that  such  provision  has  been  made. 
Knowing,  as  you  all  know,  the  wisdom  and  integrity  of  these 
gentlemen,  I  have  felt  it  to  be  my  duty  to  certify  to  the  Presi- 


ON  THE  WISSAHICKON. 


dent  of  the  United  States,  as  required  by  the  act  of  Congress, 
and  the  certificate  reads  as  follows : 

“‘To  the  President  of  the  United  States: 

“  ‘  Pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  section  8  of  the  act  of  Con¬ 
gress  approved  March  3d,  1871,  providing  for  a  National  Cele¬ 
bration  of  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  American  Independ¬ 
ence,  a  copy  of  which  act  is  appended  hereto,  the  undersigned, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


205 


Governor  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  has  the  honor  to  inform 
the  President  that  provision  has  been  made  for  the  erection  of 
suitable  buildings  for  the  purposes  of  the  International  Exhibi¬ 
tion  of  Arts,  Manufactures  and  Products  of  the  Soil  and  Mine, 
proposed  to  be  held  in  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1876,  and  for 
the  exclusive  control  of  the  said  Exhibition  by  the  United  States 
Centennial  Commission. 

“‘The  undersigned  makes  this  announcement  to  enable  the 
President,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the  act  above 
mentioned,  to  issue  his  proclamation  concerning  the  said  Exhibi¬ 
tion,  and  to  cause  official  invitations  to  be  given  to  foreign 
governments  to  participate  therein. 

“‘John  F.  Hartranft. 

“ 1  Harrisburg,  June  2 4th,  1873.’ 

“So  far,  this  grand  project  has,  to  some  extent  at  least, 
appeared  local — necessarily  so  by  the  conditions  imposed  ;  but 
henceforth  it  will  be  purely  national.  If  a  failure,  it  will  be  a 
national  failure.  If  a  success,  a  national  success. 

“  We  have  assembled  here  to  dedicate  a  portion  of  this  beauti¬ 
ful  Park  to  the  uses  of  this  great  International  Exhibition,  which 
is  to  commemorate  the  anniversary  of  our  country’s  birth.  Upon 
the  threshold  of  the  century  to  expire  in  1876,  thirteen  poor  and 
feeble  colonies,  with  no  common  ties  other  than  their  love  of 
liberty  and  their  hatred  of  oppression,  declared  their  independ¬ 
ence.  These  thirteen  colonies,  with  their  offspring,  now 
increased  in  number  to  thirty-seven,  stretch  their  empire  across 
a  continent,  and  afford  the  grandest  exhibition  of  a  nation’s 
progress  in  the  world’s  history.  In  all  the  wondrous  changes 
wrought  in  the  nineteenth  century,  none  are  so  wondrous  and 
conspicuous  as  the  industrious,  moral  and  physical  growth  of 
this  our  native  land.  With  those  powerful  auxiliaries,  steam 
and  the  telegraph,  both  of  which  our  country  gave  to  mankind, 
we  are  striding  with  majestic  steps  toward  a  dominion  unrivalled 
by  any  nation  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Let  us,  then,  from  every 
State — north,  south,  east  and  west — bring  to  this  great  city,  the 
consecrated  place  wffiere  our  liberty  was  born,  the  evidences  of 


206 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


our  culture,  the  proofs  of  our  skill,  and  our  vast  and  varied 
resources,  that  the  world  may  have  a  glimpse  of  our  enlargement, 
industry,  wealth  and  power.  And  to  the  myriads  who  will 
gather  here  from  every  clime  we  must  be  ready  to  accord  a 
welcome  in  keeping  with  the  dignity  and  magnitude  of  the 
country. 

“  To  this  city,  then,  and  to  the  Exhibition  the  public  bids 
welcome  the  people  of  every  nationality,  assuring  them  of  a 
cordial  reception,  and  just  and  generous  recognition.  And  here, 
too,  let  our  own  people  gather,  and  garnering  new  and  fresh  ideas 
from  a  survey  of  the  world’s  arts  and  industries,  let  us  dedicate 
ourselves  to  a  higher  civilization,  to  more  extensive  fields  of 
development,  to  more  liberal  and  more  diffused  education,  to  the 
purification  of  our  institutions,  and  the  preservation  of  the  liberty 
which  is  the  foundation-stone  of  our  happiness  and  prosperity 
as  a  people.” 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  certificate  referred  to  by  Gov^ 
erpor  Hartranft: 

“  The  undersigned  has  the  honor  to  report  to  the  President, 
in  order  that  it  may  be  officially  announced  in  such  proclama¬ 
tion  as  he  may  be  pleased  to  issue,  under  the  provisions  of  sec¬ 
tion  8  of  the  act  of  Congress,  approved  March  3d,  1871,  relating 
to  the  International  Exhibition,  to  be  held  in  Philadelphia  in 
1876,  that  it  was  decided  by  the  United  States  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission,  at  a  meeting  held  on  the  24th  of  May,  1872,  that  the 
Exhibition  shall  be  opened  on  the  19th  of  April,  1876,  and 
closed  on  the  19th  of  October,  1876. 

“The  undersigned  has  also  the  honor  to  transmit,  for  the 
information  of  foreign  governments,  a  copy  of  the  General 
Regulations  adopted  by  the  Commission  on  the  24th  of  May, 
1872. 

“  Respectfully  submitted, 

“J.  R.  Hawley, 

“  President  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission. 


“Philadelphia,  June  20th,  1873.” 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


207 


Hon.  Morton  McMichael  then  introduced  Hon.  George  M. 
Robeson,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  who  appeared  as  the  delegated 
representative  of  the  President  of  the  United  States.  He  said  : 

“  Prevented  himself  from  being  present  on  this  interesting 
occasion,  only  by  the  calls  of  imperative  personal  duty,  the 
President  of  the  United  States  has  directed  me,  as  his  represent¬ 
ative,  and  as  the  representative  of  the  State  Department  for 
the  occasion,  to  make  by  his  authority  and  in  his  name  the  fol¬ 
lowing  proclamation  : 

“By  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America . 

“a  proclamation: 

“Whereas,  By  the  act  of  Congress  approved  March  3d,  1871, 
providing  for  a  National  Celebration  of  the  one  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States,  by  the 
holding  of  an  International  Exhibition  of  Arts,  Manufactures 
and  Products  of  the  Soil  and  Mine,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
in  the  year  1876,  it  is  provided  as  follows: 

aThat  whenever  the  President  shall  be  informed  by  the 
Governor  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  that  provision  has  been 
made  for  the  erection  of  suitable  buildings  for  the  purpose,  and 
for  the  exclusive  control  by  the  Commission  herein  provided 
for  of  the  proposed  Exhibition,  the  President  shall,  through  the 
Department  of  State,  make  proclamation  of  the  same,  setting 
forth  the  time  at  which  the  Exhibition  will  open,  and  the  place 
at  which  it  will  be  held;  and  he  will  communicate  to  the 
diplomatic  representatives  of  all  nations  copies  of  the  same, 
together  with  such  regulations  as  may  be  adopted  by  the  Com¬ 
missioners,  for  publication  in  their  respective  countries ;  and 
“  Whereas ,  His  Excellency,  the  Governor  of  the  said  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  did,  on  the  24th  day  of  June,  1873,  inform  me 
that  provision  had  been  made  for  the  erection  of  said  buildings, 
and  for  the  exclusive  control,  by  the  Commission  provided  for 
in  the  said  act,  of  the  proposed  Exhibition  ;  and 

“Whereas,  The  President  of  the  United  States  Centennial 
Commission  has  officially  informed  me  of  the  dates  fixed  for 
the  opening  and  closing  of  the  said  Exhibition,  and  the  place 
at  which  it  is  to  be  held ; 


208 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


“  Now,  therefore,  be  it  known  that  I,  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  Presi¬ 
dent  of  the  United  States,  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of 
the  act  of  Congress  aforesaid,  do  hereby  declare  and  proclaim 
that  there  will  be  held,  at  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania,  an  International  Exhibition  of  Arts,  Manu¬ 
factures,  and  Products  of  the  Soil  and  Mine,  to  be  opened  on 


DRIVE  IN  FAIRMOUNT  PARK. 


the  19th  day  of  April,  Anno  Domini  1876,  and  be  closed  on 
the  19th  day  of  October  in  the  same  year. 

“And  in  the  interest  of  peace,  civilization  and  domestic  and 
international  friendship  and  intercourse,  I  commend  the  cele¬ 
bration  and  Exhibition  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  ;  and 
in  behalf  of  this  government  and  people,  I  cordially  commend 
them  to  all  nations  who  may  be  pleased  to  take  part  therein. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


209 


“  In  testimony  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and 
caused  the  seal  of  the  United  States  to  be  affixed. 

“Done  at  the  city  of  Washington,  this  3d  day  of  July,  1873, 
and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America  the 
ninety-seventh. 

“U.  S.  Grant. 

“  By  the  President, 

“  Hamilton  Fish,  Secretary  of  State,” 

“  GENERAL  REGULATIONS. 

“  1.  The  International  Exhibition  of  1876  will  be  held  in 
Fairmount  Park,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1876. 

“  2.  The  date  of  opening  the  Exhibition  will  be  April  19th, 
1876,  and  of  closing  will  be  October  19th,  1876. 

“  3.  A  cordial  invitation  is  hereby  extended  to  every  nation 
of  the  earth  to  be  represented  by  its  arts,  industries,  progress 
and  development. 

“4.  A  formal  acceptance  of  this  invitation  is  requested  pre¬ 
vious  to  March  4th,  1874. 

“  5.  Each  nation  accepting  this  invitation  is  requested  to 
appoint  a  Commission,  through  which  all  matters  pertaining  to 
its  own  interests  shall  be  conducted.  For  the  purpose  of  con¬ 
venient  intercourse  and  satisfactory  supervision,  it  is  especially 
desired  that  one  member  of  each  such  Commission  be  desig¬ 
nated  to  reside  at  Philadelphia  until  the  close  of  the  Exposition. 

“  6.  The  privileges  of  exhibitors  can  be  granted  only  to  citi¬ 
zens  of  countries  whose  governments  have  formally  accepted 
the  invitation  to  be  represented  and  have  appointed  the  afore¬ 
mentioned  Commission,  and  all  communications  must  be  made 
through  the  Governmental  Commissions. 

“  7.  Applications  for  space  within  the  Exposition  buildings, 
or  in  the  adjacent  buildings  and  grounds  under  the  control  of 
the  Centennial  Commission,  must  be  made  previous  to  March 
4th,  1875. 

“8.  Full  diagrams  of  the  buildings  and  grounds  will  be  fur¬ 
nished  to  the  Commissioners  of  the  different  nations  which  shall 
accept  the  invitation  to  participate. 

14 


210 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


“  9.  All  articles  intended  for  exhibition,  in  order  to  secure 
proper  position  and  classification,  must  be  in  Philadelphia  on  or 
before  January  1st,  1876. 

“  10.  Acts  of  Congress  pertaining  to  custom-house  regula¬ 
tions,  duties,  etc.,  together  with  all  special  regulations  adopted 

by  the  Centennial 
Commission  in  ref¬ 
erence  to  transpor¬ 
tation,  allotment  of 
space,  classification, 
motive  power,  in¬ 
surance,  police  rules, 
and  other  matters 
necessary  to  the 
proper  display  and 
preservation  of  ma¬ 
terials,  will  be 
promptly  commu¬ 
nicated  to  the  ac¬ 
credited  representa¬ 
tives  of  the  several 
governments  co-op¬ 
erating  in  the  Ex¬ 
position.” 

The  ceremonies  concluded  with  a  grand  military  review,  and 
were  followed  at  night  by  a  display  of  fireworks  in  the  park. 

On  the  5th  of  July,  1873,  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United 
States  forwarded  the  President’s  proclamation  to  the  various 
ministers  from  foreign  countries  residing  at  the  national  capital, 
together  with  the  following  official  note : 


ON  THE  WISSAHICKON  DRIVE. 


“  Department  op  State,  \ 
“Washington,  D.  C.,  July  5th,  1873.  ) 

“Sir: — I  have  the  honor  to  enclose,  for  the  information  of 
the  government  of - ,  a  copy  of  the  President’s  procla¬ 

mation,  announcing  the  time  and  place  of  holding  an  Interna¬ 
tional  Exhibition  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Products  of  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


211 


Soil  and  Mine,  proposed  to  be  held  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred 
and  seyenty-six. 

“The  Exhibition  is  designed  to  commemorate  the  Declaration 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States,  on  the  one  hundredth 
anniversary  of  that  interesting  and  historic  national  event,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  present  a  fitting  opportunity  for  such  display 
of  the  results  of  art  and  industry  of  all  nations  as  will  serve  to 
illustrate  the  great  advances  attained,  and  the  successes  achieved, 
in  the  interest  of  progress  and  civilization  during  the  century 
which  will  have  then  closed. 

“  In  the  law  providing  for  the  holding  of  the  Exhibition, 
Congress  directed  that  copies  of  the  proclamation  of  the  Presi¬ 
dent,  setting  forth  the  time  of  its  opening  and  the  place  at  which 
it  was  to  be  held,  together  with  such  regulations  as  might  be 
adopted  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  Exhibition,  should  be 
communicated  to  the  diplomatic  representatives  of  all  nations. 
Copies  of  those  regulations  are  herewith  transmitted. 

“The  President  indulges  the  hope  that  the  government  of 

- will  be  pleased  to  notice  the  subject,  and  may  deem  it 

proper  to  bring  the  Exhibition  and  its  objects  to  the  attention 
of  the  people  of  that  country,  and  thus  encourage  their  co-opera¬ 
tion  in  the  proposed  celebration.  And  he  further  hopes  that 
the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  Exhibition  for  the  interchange 
of  national  sentiment  and  friendly  intercourse  between  the 
people  of  both  nations  may  result  in  new  and  still  greater 
advantages  to  science  and  industry,  and  at  the  same  time  serve 
to  strengthen  the  bonds  of  peace  and  friendship  which  already 

happily  subsist  between  the  government  and  people  of - 

and  those  of  the  United  States. 

“  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir, 

“  With  the  highest  consideration, 

“  Your  obedient  servant, 

<( _ n 


In  June,  1874,  the  following  bill  requesting  the  President  to 
invite  foreign  nations  to  take  part  in  the  Exhibition  was  passed 


212 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


by  both  Houses  of  Congress  and  approved  by  the  President  on 
the  5th  of  June  : 

“  Whereas ,  At  various  International  Exhibitions  which  have 
been  held  in  foreign  countries,  the  United  States  have  been 
represented  in  pursuance  of  invitations  given  by  the  govern¬ 
ments  of  those  countries,  and  accepted  by  our  government, 
therefore, 

“Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled ,  That  the 
President  be  requested  to  extend,  in  the  name  of  the  United 
States,  a  respectful  and  cordial  invitation  to  the  governments  of 
other  nations  to  be  represented  and  take  part  in  the  Interna¬ 
tional  Exposition  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  in  the  year  1876. 
Provided,  however,  that  the  United  States  shall  not  be  liable, 
directly  or  indirectly,  for  any  expense  attending  such  Exposi¬ 
tion,  or  by  reason  of  the  same.” 

The  invitation  was  duly  extended  by  the  President  to  the 
various  nations  of  the  world  to  take  part  in  the  Exhibition. 
The  nations  which  accepted  this  invitation  and  which  took  part 
in  the  Exhibition  are  as  follows : 


Argentine  Confederation. 

Italy. 

Austria. 

Japan. 

Belgium. 

Liberia. 

Bolivia. 

Mexico. 

Brazil. 

Netherlands. 

Chili. 

Norway. 

China. 

Nicaragua. 

Denmark. 

Orange  Free  State — Africa. 

Ecuador. 

Egypt. 

Peru. 

France,  including  Algeria. 

Portugal. 

German  Empire. 

Russia. 

Great  Britain,  including  her 

Colonies. 

Spain. 

Greece. 

Sweden. 

Gautemala  and  Salvador. 

Switzerland. 

Hawaii 

Tunis. 

Hayti. 

Turkey. 

Honduras. 

United  States  of  Colombia. 

Venezuela. 


213 


RESTAURANT  IN  THE  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS. 


214 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


In  order  to  remove  all  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  complete 
success  of  the  international  character  of  the  Exhibition,  Congress 
enacted  the  following  bill,  which  was  approved  by  the  President 
on  the  18th  of  June,  1874,  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  foreign 
exhibitors  to  enter  their  goods  free  of  duty : 

“Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  all 
articles  which  shall  be  imported  for  the  sole  purpose  of  exhibi¬ 
tion  at  the  International  Exhibition  to  be  held  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1876,  shall  be  admitted  without  the 
payment  of  duty  or  of  customs,  fees,  or  charges,  under  such 
regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe: 
Provided ,  That  all  such  articles  as  shall  be  sold  in  the  United 
States  or  withdrawn  for  consumption  therein  at  any  time  after 
such  importations,  shall  be  subject  to  the  duties,  if  any,  imposed 
on  like  articles  by  the  revenue  laws  in  force  at  the  date  of 
importation :  And  provided  further,  That  in  case  any  article 
imported  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  withdrawn 
for  consumption  or  shall  be  sold  without  payment  of  duty  as 
required  by  law,  all  the  penalties  prescribed  by  the  revenue 
laws  shall  be  applied  and  enforced  against  such  articles  and 
against  the  persons  who  may  be  guilty  of  such  withdrawal  or 
sale.” 

Previous  to  this  the  general  government  of  the  United  States 
had  decided  to  take  part  in  the  Exhibition  as  an  exhibitor,  and 
on  the  24th  of  January,  1874,  the  President  issued  the  follow¬ 
ing  order  directing  the  various  executive  departments  of  the 
government  to  take  the  necessary  measures  for  their  proper 
representation : 

“EXECUTIVE  ORDER  BY  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 

“  ]Vhereas,  it  has  been  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  President 
of  the  United  States  that  in  the  International  Exhibition  of 
Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Products  of  the  Soil  and  Mine,  to  be 
held  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1876,  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  celebrating  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  Inde- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


215 


pendence  of  the  United  States,  it  is  desirable  that  from  the 
Executive  Departments  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States 
in  which  there  may  be  articles  suitable  for  the  purpose  intended, 
there  should  appear  such  articles  and  materials  as  will,  when 
presented  in  a  collective  exhibition,  illustrate  the  functions  and 
administrative  faculties  of  the  government  in  time  of  peace,  and 
its  resources  as  a  war  power,  and  thereby  serve  to  demonstrate 
the  nature  of  our  institutions  and  their  adaptation  to  the  wants 
of  the  people:  Now,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  complete 
and  harmonious  ar¬ 
rangement  of  the 
articles  and  materials 
designed  to  be  ex¬ 
hibited  from  the  Ex¬ 
ecutive  Department 
of  the  Government 
it  is  ordered  that  a 
board,  to  becomposed 
of  one  person  to  be 
named  by  the  head 
of  each  of  the  Execu- 
t  i  v  e  Departments 
which  may  have  ar¬ 
ticles  and  materials 
to  be  exhibited,  and 
also  of  one  person  to 

be  named  in  behalf 
„  ,  o*i  .  GR0UP  °F  palm  trees  if  horticultural  hall. 

or  the  Smithsonian 

Institution,  and  one  to  be  named  in  the  behalf  of  the  Depart¬ 
ment  of  Agriculture,  be  charged  with  the  preparation,  arrange¬ 
ment,  and  safe-keeping  of  such  articles  and  materials  as  the 
heads  of  the  several  Departments  and  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  and  the  Director  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
may  respectively  decide  shall  be  embraced  in  the  collection  ;  that 
one  of  the  persons  thus  named,  to  be  designated  by  the  Presi¬ 
dent,  shall  be  chairman  of  such  board,  and  that  the  board 
appoint  from  their  own  number  such  other  officers  as  they  may 


216 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


think  necessary,  and  that  the  said  board  when  organized  shall 
be  authorized  under  the  direction  of  the  President  to  confer 
with  the  executive  officers  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition  in 
relation  to  such  matters  connected  with  the  subject  as  may  per¬ 
tain  to  the  respective  departments  having  articles  and  materials 
on  exhibition,  and  that  the  names  of  the  persons  thus  selected 
by  the  heads  of  the  several  departments,  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture,  and  the  Director  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
shall  be  submitted  to  the  President  for  designation. 

“  By  order  of  the  President : 

“  (Signed)  “  Hamilton  Fish, 

“  Secretary  of  State. 

“  Washington,  January  23 d,  18 74.” 

In  accordance  with  the  above  order,  the  President  appointed 
a  board  composed  of  a  representative  from  each  of  the  Executive 
Departments  of  the  Government,  except  the  Department  of 
State  and  the  Attorney-General’s  Department;  but  including 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
The  board  was  composed  as  follows : 

War  Department — Col.  C.  S.  Lyford  (Chairman),  Ordnance  Bureau . 

Treasury  Department — Hon.  R.  W.  Tayler,  ls£  Controller  of  the 

Treasury. 

Navy  Department — Admiral  Thornton  A.  Jenkins,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Interior  Department — John  Eaton,  Commissioner  of  Education. 

Post-Office  Department — Dr.  Chas.  F.  McDonald,  Chief  of  Money 
Order  Department. 

Agricultural  Department — Wm.  Saunders,  Supei'intendent  of  Propa¬ 
gating  Garden. 

Smithsonian  Institution — Prof.  S.  F.  Baird,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  and  U.  S.  Fishery  Commissioner. 

This  board  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  perfecting  a  collec¬ 
tive  Exhibition,  that  should  illustrate  the  functions  and  admin¬ 
istrative  faculties  of  the  government  in  time  of  peace  and  its 
resources  as  a  war  power. 

On  the  4th  of  July,  1874,  the  ground  was  formally  broken 
in  Fairmount  Park  for  the  Exhibition  buildings.  The  occasion 
was  celebrated  with  the  most  imposing  demonstration  ever 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


217 


witnessed  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  which  thousands  of  the  citi¬ 
zens  took  part.  The  celebration  being  also  the  ninety-eighth 
anniversary  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States,  was  largely 
national  in  its  character,  and  drew  vast  crowds  from  other  parts 
of  the  Union  to  witness  it.  It  will  long  be  remembered  by 
Philadelphia  as  one  of  the  most  memorable  days  in  her  history. 

The  work  being  now  fairly  begun,  the  following  regulations 
were  issued  by  the  Director-General.  They  so  fully  describe 
the  purposes  of  the  projectors  of  the  Exhibition  that  we  quote 
them  entire : 

“GENERAL  REGULATIONS  FOR  EXHIBITORS  IN  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 

“The  Exhibition  will  be  held  in  Fairmount  Park,  in  the  city 
of  Philadelphia,  and  will  be  opened  on  the  10th  day  of  May, 
1876,  and  closed  on  the  10th  day  of  November  following. 

“  The  ten  departments  of  the  classification  which  will  deter¬ 
mine  the  relative  location  of  articles  in  the  Exhibition — except 
in  such  collective  exhibitions  as  may  receive  special  sanction — 
and  also  the  arrangement  of  names  in  the  catalogue,  are  as 
follows  : 

“  I.  Raw  Materials — Mineral,  Vegetable,  and  Animal. 

“  II.  Materials  and  Manufactures  used  for  Food,  or  in  the  Arts,  the  result 
of  Extractive  or  Combining  Processes. 

“  III.  Textile  and  Felted  Fabrics ;  Apparel,  Costumes,  and  Ornaments  for 
the  person. 

“  IV.  Furniture  and  Manufactures  of  general  use  in  construction  and  in 
dwellings. 

“  V.  Tools,  Implements,  Machines,  and  Processes. 

“  VI.  Motors  and  Transportation. 

“  VII.  Apparatus  and  Methods  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowl¬ 
edge. 

*  VIII.  Engineering,  Public  Works,  Architecture,  etc. 

“  IX.  Plastic  and  Graphic  Arts. 

“  X.  Objects  illustrating  efforts  for  the  improvement  of  the  Physical, 
Intellectual,  and  Moral  Condition  of  Man. 

“Applications  for  space  and  negotiations  relative  thereto 
should  be  addressed  to  the  Director-General,  International 
Exhibition,  Philadelphia,  Penna. 


218 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


“  Exhibitors  will  not  be  charged  for  space. 

“A  limited  quantity  of  steam  and  water-power  will  be  sup¬ 
plied  gratuitously.  The  quantity  of  each  will  be  settled  defin¬ 
itively  at  the  time  of  the  allotments  of  space.  Any  power 
required  by  the  exhibitor  in  excess  of  that  allowed  will  be  fur¬ 
nished  by  the  Commission  at  a  fixed  price.  Demands  for  such 
excess  of  power  must  also  be  settled  at  the  time  of  the  allotment 
of  space. 

“  Exhibitors  must  provide,  at  their  own  cost,  all  show-cases, 
shelving,  counters,  fittings,  etc.,  which  they  may  require;  and 
all  countershafts,  with  their  pulleys,  belting,  etc.,  for  the  trans¬ 
mission  of  power  from  the  main  shafts  in  the  Machinery  Hall. 
All  arrangements  of  articles  and  decorations  must  be  in  con¬ 
formity  with  the  general  plan  adopted  by  the  Director-General. 

“  Special  constructions  of  any  kind,  whether  in  the  buildings 
or  grounds,  can  only  be  made  upon  the  written  approval  of  the 
Director-General. 

“  The  Commission  will  take  precautions  for  the  safe  preserva¬ 
tion  of  all  objects  in  the  Exhibition;  but  it  will  in  no  way  be 
responsible  for  damage  or  loss  of  any  kind,  or  for  accidents  by 
fire  or  otherwise,  however  originating. 

“  Favorable  facilities  will  be  arranged  by  which  exhibitors 
may  insure  their  own  goods. 

“  Exhibitors  may  employ  watchmen  of  their  own  choice  to 
guard  their  goods  during  the  hours  the  Exhibition  is  open  to 
the  public.  Appointments  of  such  watchmen  will  be  subject  to 
the  approval  of  the  Director-General. 

“  Exhibitors,  or  such  agents  as  they  may  designate,  shall  be 
responsible  for  the  receiving,  unpacking,  and  arrangement  of 
objects,  as  well  as  for  their  removal  at  the  closeof  the  Exhibition. 

“The  transportation,  receiving,  unpacking  and  arranging  of 
the  products  for  exhibition  will  be  at  the  expense  of  the 
exhibitor. 

“  The  installation  of  heavy  articles  requiring  foundations 
should,  by  special  arrangement,  be  begun  as  soon  as  the  progress 
of  the  work  upon  the  buildings  will  permit.  The  general  re¬ 
ception  of  articles  at  the  Exhibition  buildings  will  be  commenced 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


219 


on  January  1st,  1876,  and  no  articles  will  be  admitted  after 
March  31st,  1876. 

“  Space  not  occupied  on  the  1st  of  April,  18-76,  will  revert  to 
the  Director-General  for  reassignment. 

“  If  products  are  not  intended  for  competition,  it  must  be  so 
stated  by  the  exhibitor ;  and  they  will  be  excluded  from  the  ex¬ 
amination  by  the  International  Juries. 

“  If  no  authorized  person  is  at  hand  to  receive  goods  on  their 
arrival  at  the  Exhibition  building,  they  will  be  removed  without 
delay,  and  stored  at  the  cost  and  risk  of  whomsoever  it  may 
concern. 

“  Articles  that  are  in  any  way  dangerous  or  offensive,  also 
patent  medicines,  nostrums,  and  empirical  preparations  whose 
ingredients  are  concealed,  will  not  be  admitted  to  the  Ex¬ 
hibition. 

“  The  removal  of  goods  will  not  be  permitted  prior  to  the 
close  of  the  Exhibition. 

“  Sketches,  drawings,  photographs,  or  other  reproductions  of 
articles  exhibited,  will  only  be  allowed  upon  the  joint  assent  of 
the  exhibitor  and  the  Director-General ;  but  views  of  portions 
of  the  building  may  be  made  upon  the  Director-General's  * 
sanction. 

“  Immediately  after  the  close  of  the  Exhibition,  exhibitors 
shall  remove  their  effects,  and  complete  such  removal  before 
December  31st,  1876.  Goods  then  remaining  will  be  removed 
by  the  Director-General  and  sold  for  expenses,  or  otherwise 
disposed  of  under  the  direction  of  the  Commission. 

“  Each  person  who  becomes  an  exhibitor  thereby  acknowl¬ 
edges  and  undertakes  to  keep  the  rules  and  regulations  estab¬ 
lished  for  the  government  of  the  Exhibition. 

“  Special  regulations  will  be  issued  concerning  the  exhibition 
of  fine  arts,  the  organization  of  international  juries,  awards  of 
prizes,  the  sale  of  special  articles  within  the  buildings,  and  on 
other  points  not  touched  upon  in  these  preliminary  instructions. 

“  An  Official  Catalogue  will  be  published  in  four  distinct 
versions, — viz.,  English,  French,  German  and  Spanish.  The 
sale  of  catalogues  is  reserved  to  the  Centennial  Commission. 


220 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


“  Communications  concerning  the  Exhibition  should  be  ad¬ 
dressed  to  ‘The  Director-General,  International  Exhibition, 
1876,  Philadelphia,  Penna.? 

“  The  Centennial  Commission  reserves  the  right  to  explain 
or  amend  these  regulations,  whenever  it  may  be  deemed  neces¬ 
sary  for  the  interests  of  the  Exhibition. 

“A.  T.  Goshorn,  Director-General. 

“  John  L.  Campbell,  Secretary. 

“Philadelphia,  July  4 th,  1874.” 

“GENERAL  REGULATIONS  FOR  FOREIGN  EXHIBITORS. 

“  The  Exhibition  will  be  held  at  Fairmount  Park,  in  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  and  will  be  opened  on  the  10th  day  of 
May,  1876,  and  closed  on  the  10th  day  of  November  following. 

“  All  governments  have  been  invited  to  appoint  Commis¬ 
sions,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  their  departments  of  the 
Exhibition.  The  Director-General  should  be  notified  of  the 
appointment  of  such  Foreign  Commissions  before  January  1st, 
1875. 

“  Full  diagrams  of  the  buildings  and  grounds  will  be  fur¬ 
nished  to  the  Foreign  Commissions  on  or  before  February  1st, 
1875,  indicating  the  localities  to  be  occupied  by  each  nation, 
subject,  however,  to  revision  and  readjustment. 

“Applications  for  space  and  negotiations  relative  thereto 
must  be  conducted  with  the  Commission  of  the  country  where 
the  article  is  produced. 

“  Foreign  Commissions  are  requested  to  notify  the  Director- 
General,  not  later  than  May  1st,  1875,  whether  they  desire  any 
increase  or  diminution  of  the  space  offered  them,  and  the 
amount. 

“  Before  December  1st,  1875,  the  Foreign  Commissions  must 
furnish  the  Director-General  with  approximate  plans  showing 
the  manner  of  allotting  the  space  assigned  to  them,  and  also 
with  lists  of  their  exhibitors,  and  other  information  necessary 
for  the  preparation  of  the  Official  Catalogue. 

“  Products  brought  into  the  United  States,  at  the  ports  of 
New  York,  Boston,  Portland,  Me.,  Burlington,  Vt.,  Suspen- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


221 


sion  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  Detroit,  Port  Huron,  Mich.,  Chicago, 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Norfolk,  New  Orleans  and  San  Fran¬ 
cisco,  intended  for  display  at  the  International  Exhibition,  will 
be  allowed  to  go  forward  to  the  Exhibition  buildings,  under 
proper  supervision  of  customs  officers,  without  examination  at 
such  ports  of  original  entry,  and  at  the  close  of  the  Exhibition 
will  be  allowed  to  go  forward  to  the  port  from  which  they  are 
to  be  exported.  No  duties  will  be  levied  upon  such  goods,  un¬ 
less  entered  for  consumption  in  the  United  States. 

“  The  transportation,  receiving,  unpacking,  and  arranging 
of  the  products  for  exhibition  will  be  at  the  expense  of  the 
exhibitor. 

“The  installation  of  heavy  articles  requiring  special  founda¬ 
tions  or  adjustment  should,  by  special  arrangement,  begin  as 
soon  as  the  progress  of  the  work  upon  the  buildings  will 
permit.  The  general  reception  of  articles  at  the  Exhibition 
building  will  commence  on  January  1st,  1876,  and  no  articles 
will  be  admitted  after  March  31st,  1876. 

“  Space  assigned  to  Foreign  Commissions  and  not  occupied 
on  the  1st  of  April,  1876,  will  revert  to  the  Director-General 
for  reassignment. 

“  If  products  are  not  intended  for  competition,  it  must  be  so 
stated  by  the  exhibitor,  and  they  will  be  excluded  from  the 
examination  by  the  International  Juries. 

“An  Official  Catalogue  will  be  published  in  four  distinct 
versions, — viz.,  English,  French,  German  and  Spanish.  The 
sale  of  catalogues  is  reserved  to  the  Centennial  Commission. 

“  The  ten  departments  of  the  classification  which  will  deter¬ 
mine  the  relative  location  of  articles  in  the  Exhibition — except 
in  such  collective  exhibitions  as  may  receive  special  sanction — 
and  also  the  arrangement  of  names  in  the  catalogue,  are  as 
follows : 

“  I.  Raw  Materials — Mineral,  Vegetable,  and  Animal. 

“  II.  Materials  and  Manufactures  used  for  Food,  or  in  the  Arts,  the  result 
of  Extractive  or  Combining  Processes. 
u  III.  Textile  and  Felted  Fabrics  ;  Apparel,  Costumes,  and  Ornaments  for 
the  person. 


222 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


a  IV.  Furniture  and  Manufactures  of  general  use  in  construction  and  in 
dwellings. 

“  V.  Tools,  Implements,  Machines,  and  Processes. 

“  VI.  Motors  and  Transportation. 

u  VII.  Apparatus  and  Methods  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowl¬ 
edge. 

“  VIII.  Engineering,  Public  Works,  Architecture,  etc. 

“  IX.  Plastic  and  Graphic  Arts. 

“  X.  Objects  illustrating  efforts  for  the  improvement  of  the  Physical, 
Intellectual,  and  Moral  Condition  of  Man. 


u  Foreign  Commissions  may  publish  catalogues  of  their  re¬ 
spective  sections. 

“  Exhibitors  will  not  be  charged  for  space. 

“A  limited  quantity  of  steam  and  water-power  will  be  sup¬ 
plied  gratuitously.  The  quantity  of  each  will  be  settled  defini¬ 
tively  at  the  time  of  the  allotment  of  space.  Any  power 
required  by  the  exhibitor  in  excess  of  that  allowed  will  be  fur¬ 
nished  by  the  Centennial  Commission  at  a  fixed  price.  De¬ 
mands  for  such  excess  of  power  must  also  be  settled  at  the  time 
of  the  allotment  of  space. 

“  Exhibitors  must  provide  at  their  own  cost,  all  show-cases, 
shelving,  counters,  fittings,  etc.,  which  they  may  require ;  and 
all  countershafts,  with  their  pulleys,  belting,  etc.,  for  the  trans¬ 
mission  of  power  from  the  main  shafts  in  the  Machinery  Hall. 
All  arrangements  of  articles  and  decorations  must  be  in 
conformity  with  the  general  plan  adopted  by  the  Director- 
General. 

“  Special  constructions  of  any  kind,  whether  in  the  buildings 
or  grounds,  can  only  be  made  upon  the  written  approval  of  the 
D  i  rector-Gen  eral . 

“  The  Centennial  Commission  will  take  precautions  for  the 
safe  preservation  of  all  objects  in  the  Exhibition  ;  but  it  will  in 
no  way  be  responsible  for  damage  or  loss  of  any  kind,  or  for 
accidents  by  fire  or  otherwise,  however  originating. 

“  Favorable  facilities  will  be  arranged  by  which  exhibitors  or 
Foreign  Commissions  may  insure  their  own  goods. 

“  Foreign  Commissions  may  employ  watchmen  of  their  own 
choice  to  guard  their  goods  during  the  hours  the  Exhibition  is 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


223 


open  to  the  public.  Appointments  of  such  watchmen  will  be 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Director-General. 

“  Foreign  Commissions,  or  such  agents  as  they  may  designate, 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  receiving,  unpacking  and  arrange¬ 
ment  of  objects,  as  well  as  for  their  removal  at  the  close  of  the 
Exhibition ;  but  no  person  shall  be  permitted  to  act  as  such 
agent  until  he  can  give  to  the  Director-General  written  evidence 
of  his  having  been  approved  by  the  proper  commission. 

“Each  package  must  be  addressed  ‘To  the  Commission  for 
[name  of  country ]  at  the  International  Exhibition  of  1876, 
Philadelphia,  United  States  of  America/  and  should  have  at 
least  two  labels  affixed  to  different  but  not  opposite  sides  of  each 
case,  and  giving  the  following  information : 

“  (1)  The  country  from  which  it  comes ;  (2)  name  or  firm  of 
the  exhibitor ;  (3)  residence  of  the  exhibitor;  (4)  department  to 
which  objects  belong  ;  (5)  total  number  of  packages  sent  by  that 
exhibitor;  (6)  serial  number  of  that  particular  package. 

“Within  each  package  should  be  a  list  of  all  objects. 

“  If  no  authorized  person  is  at  hand  to  receive  goods  on  their 
arrival  at  the  Exhibition  building,  they  will  be  removed  without 
delay,  and  stored  at  the  cost  and  risk  of  whomsoever  it  may 
concern. 

“Articles  that  are  in  any  way  dangerous  or  offensive,  also 
patent  medicines,  nostrums,  and  empirical  preparations  whose 
ingredients  are  concealed,  will  not  be  admitted  to  the  Ex¬ 
hibition. 

“  The  removal  of  goods  will  not  be  permitted  prior  to  the 
close  of  the  Exhibition. 

“Sketches,  drawings,  photographs  or  other  reproductions 
of  articles  exhibited,  will  only  be  allowed  upon  the  joint  assent 
of  the  exhibitor  and  the  Director-General ;  but  views  of  portions 
of  the  building  may  be  made  upon  the  Director-General's 
sanction. 

“Immediately  after  the  close  of  the  Exhibition,  exhibitors 
shall  remove  their  effects,  and  complete  such  removal  before 
December  31st,  1876.  Goods  then  remaining  will  be*removed 
by  the  Director-General  and  sold  for  expenses,  or  other- 


224 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


wise  disposed  of  under  the  direction  of  the  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission. 

“Each  person  who  becomes  an  exhibitor  thereby  acknowledges 
and  undertakes  to  keep  the  rules  and  regulations  established  for 
the  government  of  the  Exhibition. 

“  Special  regulations  will  be  issued  concerning  the  Exhibition 
of  fine  arts,  the  organization  of  international  juries,  awards  of 
prizes,  and  sale  of  special  articles  within  the  buildings,  and  on 
other  points  not  touched  upon  in  these  preliminary  instructions. 

“Communications  concerning  the  Exhibition  should  be 
addressed  to  ‘  The  Director-General,  International  Exhibition, 
1876,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  U.  S.  A.’ 

“The  Centennial  Commission  reserves  the  right  to  explain  or 
amend  these  regulations,  whenever  it  may  be  deemed  necessary 
for  the  interests  of  the  Exhibition. 

“A.  T.  Goshorn,  Director- General. 

“John  L.  Campbell,  Secretary . 

“  Philadelphia,  July  4 th,  1874.” 

On  the  3d  of  October,  1874,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
issued  the  following  order  prescribing  the  mode  of  the  free 
admission  of  goods  for  the  Exhibition : 

“  REGULATIONS  GOVERNING  THE  FREE  IMPORTATION  OF 

GOODS  FOR  THE  INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBITION  OF  1876, 

AT  PHILADELPHIA. 

“  Treasury  Department,  y 
“Washington,  D.  C.,  October  3d,  1874.  J 

“An  act  of  Congress  approved  June  18th,  1874,  entitled  ‘An 
act  to  admit  free  of  duty  articles  intended  for  the  International 
Exhibition  of  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-six/  provides  as 
follows : 

* 

“  ‘  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled ,  That  all 
articles  which  shall  be  imported  for  the  sole  purpose  of  exhibi¬ 
tion  at  the  International  Exhibition  to  be  held  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia  in  the  year  1876,  shall  be  admitted  without  the 
payment  of  duty  or  of  customs  fees  or  charges,  under  such 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


225 


regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe: 
Provided ,  That  all  such  articles  as  shall  be  sold  in  the  United 
States  or  withdrawn  for  consumption  therein  at  any  time  after 
such  importation  shall  be  subject  to  the  duties,  if  any,  im¬ 
posed  on  like  articles  by  the  revenue  laws  in  force  at  the 
date  of  importation :  And  provided  further ,  That  in  case  any 
articles  imported  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  with¬ 
drawn  for  consumption,  or  shall  be  sold  without  payment  of 
duty  as  required  by  law,  all  the  penalties  prescribed  by  the 
revenue  laws  shall  be  applied  and  enforced  against  such  articles 
and  against  the  person  who  may  be  guilty  of  such  withdrawal 
or  sale/ 

“  In  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  following 
regulations  are  prescribed : 

“1.  No  duty  or  customs  fees  or  charges  being  required  on 
any  such  importations,  a  new  form  of  entry  is  prescribed,  which 
will  be  employed  in  all  cases  at  the  port  where  such  goods  are 
received. 

“  2.  The  ports  of  New  York,  Boston,  Portland,  Me.,  Burling¬ 
ton,  Vt.,  Suspension  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  Detroit,  Port  Huron,  Mich., 
Chicago,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Norfolk,  New  Orleans  and 
San  Francisco,  will  alone  constitute  ports  of  entry  at  which 
importations  for  said  Exhibition  will  be  made  free  of  duty. 

“3.  All  articles  designed  for  such  Exhibition  must  be  for¬ 
warded,  accompanied  by  an  invoice  or  schedule  of  the  numbers, 
character,  and  commercial  value  of  each  shipment,  which  state¬ 
ment  shall  be  attested  before  a  consul  of  the  United  States  or  a 
civil  magistrate  of  the  country  in  which  they  are  produced  or 
from  which  they  are  shipped  to  the  United  States.  Such  veri¬ 
fied  bill  of  contents  and  values  will  be  transmitted  in  triplicate, 
one  copy  to  the  collector  of  customs  at  the  port  where  it  is 
desired  to  make  entry,  which  will  be  retained  for  the  files  of  his 
office;  one  copy  to  some  duly  authorized  agent,  either  of  the 
owners,  or  of  the  Foreign  Commission  of  the  country  from  which 
shipment  was  made,  which  agent  must  in  all  cases  be  recognized 
by  the  Director-General  of  the  Exhibition,  who  will,  by  virtue 
of  that  authority,  verify  the  goods  and  made  entry ;  and  one 
15 


226 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


copy  to  the  collector  at  the  port  of  Philadelphia ;  and  all  pack¬ 
ages  and  enclosures  containing  goods  destined  for  such  Exhibi¬ 
tion  must  be  plainly  and  conspicuously  marked  with  the  words 
1  For  the  International  Exhibition  of  1876,  at  Philadelphia/ 

“4.  All  goods  arriving  so  marked  and  represented,  either  at 
the  time  of  arrival  or  at  any  time  while  remaining  in  the  custody 
of  the  collector  of  customs  at  the  port  of  arrival  on  general  order, 
will,  when  entered  at  the  port  of  arrival,  be  delivered  without 
examination  to  such  recognized  agent  or  agents,  to  be  by  him  or 
them  forwarded  from  the  port  of  arrival  by  bonded  line  of 
transportation  to  Philadelphia,  there  to  be  delivered  to  the 
custody  of  the  collector  of  that  port. 

“  5.  Entry  for  warehouse  will  be  made  for  all  such  trans¬ 
ported  packages  on  arrival  at  the  said  port  of  Philadelphia,  and 
original  entry  for  warehouse  will  be  made  of  all  goods  directed 
by  first  shipment  to  Philadelphia.  Warehouse  entry  having 
been  made,  the  packages  will  be  held  in  the  custody  of  the  said 
collector  until  the  Exhibition  building,  or  some  building  erected 
by  and  in  the  custody  of  the  officers  controlling  the  said  Exhi¬ 
bition,  and  suitable  for  secure  custody  as  a  warehouse  under  the 
authority  of  the  United  States,  is  ready  to  receive  them. 

“6.  Separate  and  complete  records  of  all  packages  so  trans¬ 
mitted  and  received  by  the  collector  at  Philadelphia  will  be 
made  by  the  storekeeper  at  the  port  of  Philadelphia  in  a  book 
prepared  for  the  purpose,  in  which  will  be  entered,  so  far  as 
known,  the  owner’s  name,  the  agent’s  name  representing  the 
articles,  the  country  from  which  shipped,  the  date  of  such  ship¬ 
ment,  the  name  of  the  importing  vessel,  and  the  date  of  arrival, 
the  general  description  and  value  of  the  goods,  and  the 
specific  marks  and  numbers  of  the  packages.  Such  record  will 
also  be  kept  in  duplicate  by  a  special  inspector  of  customs  who, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall  be 
appointed  to  identify,  forward,  and  care  for  packages  so  properly 
marked,  and  intended  in  good  faith  for  the  Exhibition,  but 
which  may  not  be  properly  represented  by  an  owner  or  agent. 

“  7.  When  the  said  Exhibition  building,  or  a  warehouse 
suitable  for  secure  custody  of  articles  intended  for  the  Exhibi- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


227 


tion,  duly  authorized  for  receiving  bonded  goods,  shall  be  ready 
to  receive  articles  then  in  the  custody  of  the  collector  of  the 
port  of  Philadelphia,  descriptive  permits,  in  duplicate,  shall  be 
issued  by  the  said  collector  to  the  storekeeper  of  the  port, 
directing  the  delivery  of  packages  as  required  by  the  owner  or 
agent,  or  by  the  officers  of  the  said  Exhibition — one  copy  of 
which  permits  shall  be  preserved  by  the  said  storekeeper,  the 
second  copy  to  be  delivered  with  the  goods  to  a  proper  officer 
of  the  customs  stationed  at  the  said  Exhibition  building  or 
warehouse,  to  be  there  kept  as  a  record  of  goods  entered  for 
such  Exhibition  in  addition  to  the  duplicate  required  to  be 
kept  in  a  book  of  proper  form  as  before  referred  to.  And  all 
packages  shall  be  opened  in  presence  of  an  officer  of  the  customs, 
who  shall  verify  the  contents  from  and  upon  such  descriptive 
list,  correcting  and  completing  it  as  the  facts  may  require. 

“  8.  In  case  of  receipt  by  the  collector  at  Philadelphia  of 
packages  imperfectly  described  or  verified,  or  in  regard  to  which 
information  may  be  received  questioning  the  good  faith  of  the 
persons  forwarding  the  same,  the  said  collector  may  direct  an 
examination,  in  proper  form,  for  the  purpose  of  determining 
the  question,  and  if,  on  conference  with  the  Director-General, 
the  goods  are  found  to  have  been  forwarded  not  in  good  faith 
for  said  Exhibition,  they  will  be  charged  with  duty  according 
to  their  value  and  classification,  and  held  by  the  said  collector, 
subject  to  appeal  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to  await 
proper  claim  and  payment  of  duty  by  their  owners. 

“9.  All  charges  for  transportation,  drayage,  and  freight, 
accruing  on  goods  arriving  for  the  said  Exhibition,  will  be 
required  to  be  paid  by  the  owner  ©r  agent  at  the  time  of  their 
delivery  into  the  custody  of  the  collector  of  customs  at  Phila¬ 
delphia,  or  if  on  packages  of  small  bulk  or  weight,  not  accom¬ 
panied  by  the  owner  or  agent,  or  consigned  to  a  foreign  com¬ 
missioner,  and  not  exceeding  $5  in  amount,  will  be  charged 
against  the  goods  as  so  delivered  into  the  custody  of  the  col¬ 
lector  at  Philadelphia,  to  be  paid  with  other  charges  subse¬ 
quently  accruing  before  the  permit  is  issued  for  their  delivery 
to  the  Exhibition  building;  and  on  all  packages  exceeding 


228 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


fifty  pounds  in  weight,  half  storage,  as  provided  by  regulation 
for  the  storage  of  ordinary  merchandise  in  the  public  warehouse 
at  the  port  of  Philadelphia,  will  be  charged  against  the  goods 
received  and  stored  therein  from  the  time  of  receipt  to  the  time' 
of  delivery  to  the  Exhibition  building.  No  fees  for  entry, 
permit,  or  other  official  act,  and  no  duties  will  be  charged  upon 
or  against  such  packages  until  after  their  withdrawal  from  such 
Exhibition,  for  sale,  at  its  close  or  during  its  continuance. 

“  10.  All  articles  received  and  entered  at  such  Exhibition  in 
the  manner  hereinbefore  provided  may,  at  any  time  consistently 
with  the  regulations  controlling  said  Exhibition,  be  withdrawn 
for  sale  or  delivery  to  other  parties  than  the  owner  or  agent 
concerned  in  their  importation,  on  payment  of  the  duties  prop¬ 
erly  accruing  on  said  goods  according  to  the  laws  in  force  at 
the  time  of  the  importation  thereof ;  and  for  the  purpose  of 
assessment  and  determination  of  such  duties,  and  for  proper 
identification  of  the  articles,  an  officer  of  the  appraiser’s 
department  of  the  port  of  Philadelphia  shall  be  detailed  to 
make  due  examination  of  the  articles  so  withdrawn  or  sold, 
verifying  them  by  the  record  of  their  introduction,  and  charg¬ 
ing  upon  a  proper  form,  to  be  prepared  for  such  purpose,  the 
said  rate  and  amount  of  duty ;  and  on  payment  of  the  duty  so 
charged,  but  without  fee  or  other  expenses,  the  owner  or  agent 
shall  receive  a  permit  for  their  removal  from  the  Exhibition. 

“11.  Articles  designed  to  be  returned  to  the  foreign  country 
from  which  the  same  were  imported,  or  to  be  removed  from  the 
United  States,  will,  at  the  close  of  the  Exhibition,  or  at  such 
time  as  shall  be  directed  by  the  officers  of  such  Exhibition,  be 
verified  by  the  customs  officer  in  charge  at  the  Exhibition,  re¬ 
enclosed,  duly  marked,  and  forwarded,  under  permit  of  the 
collector  at  Philadelphia,  to  any  other  port  for  export,  or  may 
be  directly  exported  to  Philadelphia.  Export  entries  for  such 
use  will  be  prepared,  corresponding  to  the  import  entries  under 
which  the  goods  were  originally  received. 

“  12.  A  special  inspector  of  customs  will,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  report  at  intervals  to  the  col¬ 
lectors  of  the  ports  of  Philadelphia  and  of  New  York,  or  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


229 


such  other  ports  as  he  may  be  directed  to  visit,  for  the  purpose 
of  applying  the  regulations  herein  provided. 


“  [Signed,] 


“  B.  H.  Bristow,  Secretary . 


Immediately  after  the  passage  of  the  act  of  Congress  estab¬ 
lishing  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission,  the  work  of 
preparing  for  the  Exhibition  was  begun.  It  was  understood 
from  the  first  that  the  most  difficult  portion  of  this  task  would 
be  the  providing  of  the  funds  necessary  for  carrying  on  the 
work.  Congress  had  expressly  stipulated  that  the  general 
government  should  not  be  responsible  for  any  of  the  debts 
contracted  on  account  of  the  Exhibition,  and  had  given  the 
friends  of  the  scheme  to  understand  that  they  need  not  expect 
any  aid  from  the  treasury  of  the  United  States.  Whatever 
money  was  to  be  provided  must  come  from  private  individuals, 
or  from  the  various  States  and  cities  of  the  Union.  It  was 
necessary,  therefore,  in  order  to  inspire  the  people  of  the  coun¬ 
try  with  confidence  enough  to  induce  them  to  contribute  to¬ 
ward  the  enterprise,  that  the  management  of  the  financial  part 
of  it  should  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  proper  parties,  who 
should  be  vested  with  certain  powers  and  brought  under  cer¬ 
tain  restrictions.  Accordingly,  the  friends  of  the  Exhibition 
obtained  the  passage  of  an  act  of  Congress,  which  was  approved 
by  the  President  on  the  1st  of  June,  1872,  establishing  the 
Centennial  Board  of  Finance.  The  following  are  the 
principal  sections  of  this  bill : 

“  Whereas ,  Congress  did  provide  by  an  act  entitled  ‘  An  act 
to  provide  for  celebrating  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of 
American  Independence  by  holding  an  International  Exhibi¬ 
tion  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Products  of  the  Soil  and  Mine, 
in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  State  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
year  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-six/  approved  March  third, 
eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-one,  for  the  appointment  of  Com¬ 
missioners  to  promote  and  control  the  exhibition  of  the  national 
resources  and  their  development,  and  the  nation’s  progress  in 
arts  which  benefit  mankind,  and  to  suggest  and  direct  appro¬ 
priate  ceremonies  by  which  the  people  of  the  United  States 


230 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


may  commemorate  that  memorable  and  decisive  event,  the 
Declaration  of  American  Independence  by  the  Congress  of  the 
United  Colonies,  assembled  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  on  the 
fourth  day  of  July,  Anno  Domini  seventeen  hundred  and 
seventy-six ;  and,  whereas,  such  provisions  should  be  made  for 
procuring  the  funds  requisite  for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  as  will 
enable  all  the  people  of  the  United  States,  who  have  shared  the 
common  blessings  resulting  from  national  independence,  to  aid 
in  the  preparation  and  conduct  of  said  International  Exhibition 
and  memorial  celebration  under  the  direction  of  the  Commis¬ 
sioners  of  the  United  States  :  Therefore, 

“Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  there 
is  hereby  created  a  body  corporate,  to  be  known  by  the  name 
of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance,  and  by  that  name  to  have 
an  incorporate  existence  until  the  object  for  which  it  is  formed 
shall  have  been  accomplished ;  and  it  shall  be  competent  to  sue 
and  be  sued,  plead  and  be  impleaded,  defend  and  be  defended 
in  all  courts  of  law  and  equity  in  the  United  States;  and  may 
make  and  have  a  corporate  seal,  and  may  purchase,  take,  have, 
and  hold,  and  may  grant,  sell,  and  at  pleasure  dispose  of  all 
such  real  and  personal  estate  as  may  be  required  in  carrying  into 
effect  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress,  entitled  ‘An  act  to 
provide  for  celebrating  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of 
American  Independence  by  holding  an  International  Exhibi¬ 
tion  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Products  of  the  Soil  and  Mine, 
in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  and  State  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-six/  approved  March 
third,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-one,  and  an  act  supple¬ 
mentary  thereto. 

“  Sec.  2.  That  the  said  corporation  shall  have  authority,  and 
is  hereby  empowered  to  secure  subscriptions  of  capital  stock  to 
an  amount  not  exceeding  ten  million  dollars,  to  be  divided  into 
shares  of  ten  dollars  each,  and  to  issue  to  the  subscribers  of  said 
stock  certificates  therefor  under  the  corporate  seal  of  said  cor¬ 
poration,  which  certificates  shall  bear  the  signature  of  the  Presi¬ 
dent  and  Treasurer,  and  be  transferable  under  such  rules  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


231 


regulations  as  may  be  made  for  the  purpose.  And  it  shall  be 
lawful  for  any  municipal  or  other  corporate  body  existing  by 
or  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  to  subscribe  and  pay  for 
shares  of  said  capital  stock ;  and  all  holders  of  said  stock  shall 
become  associates  in  said  corporation,  and  shall  be  entitled  to 
one  vote  on  each  share. 

“Sec.  8.  That  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance  shall  have 
authority  to  issue  bonds,  not  in  excess  of  its  capital  stock,  and 
secure  the  payment  of 
the  same,  principal 
and  interest,  by  mort¬ 
gage  upon  its  proper¬ 
ty  and  prospective  in¬ 
come. 

“Sec.  9.  That  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  of  the  United 
States,  as  soon  as  prac¬ 
ticable  after  the  pas¬ 
sage  of  this  act,  to 
cause  to  be  prepared, 
in  accordance  with  a 
design  approved  by 
the  United  States  Cen¬ 
tennial  Commission 
and  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  a  suffi¬ 


THE  SELLERS  SLOTTING  MACHINE  EXHIBITED 
IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


cient  number  of  certificates  of  stock  to  meet  the  require¬ 
ments  of  this  act;  and  any  person  found  guilty  of  counter¬ 
feiting,  or  attempting  to  counterfeit,  or  knowingly  circulating 
false  certificates  of  stock  herein  authorized,  shall  be  subject  to 
the  same  pains  and  penalties  as  are  or  may  be  provided  by 
law  for  counterfeiting  United  States  currency;  but  nothing 
in  this  act  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  create  any  liability 
of  the  United  States,  direct  or  indirect,  for  any  debt  or  ob¬ 
ligation  incurred,  nor  for  any  claim  by  the  Centennial  Inter- 


232 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


national  Exhibition,  or  the  corporation  hereby  created,  for  aid 
or  pecuniary  assistance  from  Congress  or  the  treasury  of  the 
United  States,  in  support  or  liquidation  of  any  debt  or  obli¬ 
gations  created  by  the  corporation  herein  authorized :  And 
; provided ,  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
override  or  interfere  with  the  laws  of  any  State;  and  all  con¬ 
tracts  made  in  any  State  for  the  purposes  of  the  Centennial 
International  Exhibition  shall  be  subject  to  the  laws  thereof: 
And.  provided  further,  That  no  member  of  said  Centennial  Board 
of  Finance  assumes  any  personal  liability  for  any  debt  or  obli¬ 
gation  which  may  be  created  or  incurred  by  the  corporation 
authorized  by  this  act. 

“Sec.  10.  That  as  soon  as  practicable  after  the  said  Exhi¬ 
bition  shall  have  been  closed,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  cor¬ 
poration  to  convert  its  property  into  cash,  and,  after  the  pay¬ 
ment  of  all  its  liabilities,  to  divide  its  remaining  assets  among 
its  stockholders,  pro  rata,  in  full  satisfaction  and  discharge  of 
its  capital  stock.” 

Under  the  above  act  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance  was 
organized,  and  was  constituted  as  follows : 

o  7 

CENTENNIAL  BOARD  OF  FINANCE. 

President — John  Welsh,  Philadelphia. 

Vice-Presidents — William  Sellers,  Philadelphia ;  John  S.  Barbour,  Vir¬ 
ginia. 

Secretary  and  Treasurer— Frederick  Fraley. 

Auditor — H.  S.  Lansing. 

Directors — Samuel  L.  Felton,  Philadelphia ;  Daniel  M.  Fox,  Philadelphia ; 
Thomas  Cochran,  Philadelphia  ;  Clement  M.  Biddle,  Philadelphia ;  N.  Parker 
Shortridge,  Philadelphia;  James  M.  Robb,  Philadelphia;  Edward  T.  Steel, 
Philadelphia;  John  Wanamaker,  Philadelphia ;  John  Price  Wetherill,  Phila¬ 
delphia;  Henry  Winsor,  Philadelphia;  Henry  Lewis,  Philadelphia;  Amos 
R.  Little,  Philadelphia;  John  Baird,  Philadelphia;  Thomas  H.  Dudley,  New 
Jersey;  A.  S.  Hewitt,  New  York;  John  Cummings,  Massachusetts;  John 
Gorham,  Rhode  Island  ;  Charles  W.  Cooper,  Pennsylvania;  William  Bigler, 
Pennsylvania;  Robert  M.  Patton,  Alabama ;  J.  B.  Drake,  Illinois;  George 
Bain,  Missouri. 

Financial  Agent — William  Bigler. 

In  the  organization  of  the  Board  of  Finance  a  majority  of  its 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


233 


members  were  chosen  from  Philadelphia  in  order  that,  being 
on  the  ground,  they  might  be  able  to  devote  their  whole  time  to 
the  work  intrusted  to  them. 

The  Board  of  Finance  was  authorized  by  the  act  of  incor¬ 
poration  to  issue  certificates  of  stock  to  the  amount  of  ten  mil¬ 
lion  dollars.  It  was  estimated  that  apart  from  the  subscrip¬ 
tions  of  the  various  States  and  cities,  it  would  be  necessary  to 
sell  stock  to  the  amount  of  $3, 500,000.  The  shares  were  fixed 
by  the  board  at  ten  dollars  each,  a  sum  suited  to  the  means  of 
all  classes,  and  calculated  to  make  the  subscriptions  to  the  stock 
of  the  Exhibition  popular  in  character.  The  holder  of  each  cer¬ 
tificate  is  entitled  to  a  share  in  the  profits  of  the  Exhibition.  All 
the  net  income  of  the  six  months’  display,  together  with  the 
proceeds  of  the  sale  of  all  the  available  property  remaining  at 
the  close  of  the  Exhibition,  will  be  divided  proportionately 
among  the  holders  of  the  stock. 

The  act  of  Congress  directed  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
to  cause  certificates  of  the  stock  of  the  Exhibition  to  be  engraved 
and  printed  at  the  treasury  of  the  United  States  and  delivered 
to  the  Board  of  Finance.  These  certificates  were  duly  delivered 
to  subscribers  to  the  stock  of  the  Exhibition,  and  each  is  to  re¬ 
main  forever  the  property  of  its  holder  as  a  memorial  of  the 
great  enterprise  and  of  the  liberality  with  which  the  American 
people  carried  it  through  to  success.  The  certificate  is  in  all 
respects  a  beautiful  specimen  of  the  highest  branch  of  steel  en¬ 
graving.  “The  plate  is  twenty-four  by  twenty  inches,  on  the 
best  bank-note  paper.  The  design  is  pyramidal,  America  form¬ 
ing  the  apex,  with  Fame  and  Art  personified  sitting  at  her  feet; 
the  busts  of  Washington  and  Grant  on  either  side,  typical  of 
the  commencement  and  end  of  the  century.  America  is  repre¬ 
sented  as  welcoming  the  representatives  of  foreign  nations,  who 
bear  symbols  of  their  national  industries  and  resources.  Inde¬ 
pendence  Hall  and  the  National  Capitol  are  in  the  background. 
Beneath  the  former  stand  Fulton  and  Fitch,  with  their  steam¬ 
boat  models,  and  under  the  latter  are  Franklin  and  Morse,  with 
electric  and  telegraphic  instruments.  On  the  right,  facing  the 
figure  of  America,  is  Howe  offering  his  sewing-machine,  also  a 


234 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


shipwright  with  a  model  of  a  clipper.  The  freedman,  Conti¬ 
nental  and  Federal  soldier,  and  mechanic,  form  a  group  on  the 
right,  and  the  farmer,  planter,  miner,  trapper  and  Indian,  all 
presenting  symbols  of  their  avocations,  the  group  on  the  left. 
The  centre  of  the  base  is  Trumbull's  painting  of  the  *  Signing 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence/  on  the  right  of  which  is 
exemplified  progress — the  busy  manufacturing  city  in  contrast 
with  the  neglected  windmill.  To  the  left  of  the  base  is  repre¬ 
sented  civilization,  combining  the  railroad,  telegraph,  steamship 
and  reaping-machine,  in  contrast  with  the  Conestoga  wagon, 
mail  rider,  sailing  vessel  and  laborer  with  a  sickle.  The  legend 
in  the  body  of  the  certificate  was  engraved  by  a  new  and  inge¬ 
nious  process,  the  invention  of  G.  W.  Casilear,  Superintendent 
of  the  Engraving  Department  of  the  Treasury,  and  is  most 
creditable,  as  is  also  the  printing — the  department  being  deter¬ 
mined  to  make  the  work  worthy  of  the  nation  and  the  grand 
commemorative  occasion.  The  designs  and  arrangement  are 
due  to  Messrs.  Ferris  and  Darley,  American  artists." 

The  efforts  of  the  Board  of  Finance  to  dispose  of  the  stock  of 
the  Exhibition  succeeded  but  slowly  at  first.  The  stock  had  to 
contend  in  the  market  with  that  of  a  hundred  other  schemes 
which  promised  a  larger  rate  of  interest  and  a  quicker  return. 
Still,  it  did  not  go  begging.  The  adjacent  State  of  New  Jersey 
gave  new  life  to  the  effort  by  a  subscription  of  $100,000,  and 
was  followed  by  subscriptions  from  New  Hampshire,  Connect¬ 
icut  and  Delaware  for  $10,000  each.  The  city  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  subscribed  for  $5000,  and  in  a  short  time  a  subscrip¬ 
tion  of  about  $250,000  was  made  up  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

This  did  not  meet  the  demand,  however,  and  as  it  was  found 
impossible  to  carry  on  the  work  of  raising  funds  through  the 
agency  of  the  banks,  as  was  at  first  proposed,  it  was  decided  by 
the  Board  of  Finance  to  create  a  Bureau  of  Revenue ,  which 
should  devote  all  its  energies  to  the  task  of  raising  funds,  thus 
leaving  the  Board  of  Finance  free  to  attend  to  its  other  duties. 
The  Bureau  of  Revenue  was,  therefore,  duly  organized  on  the 
1st  of  July,  1874,  and  was  constituted  as  follows: 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


235 


Clement  M.  Biddle,  Chairman . Philadelphia. 

William  Bigler,  Financial  Agent . Pennsylvania. 

Edmund  T.  Steel . Philadelphia. 

Amos  R.  Little . 

John  Wanamaker . 

Daniel  M.  Fox . 

James  M.  Robb . 

John  Baird . 

Thos.  H.  Dudley . New  Jersey. 

John  Cummings . Massachusetts. 

William  L.  Strong . New  York. 

George  Bain . Missouri. 

C.  B.  Norton,  Secretary. 

The  work  which  was  thus  intrusted  to  the  Bureau  of  Revenue 
was  important  and  laborious  in  the  highest  degree.  The  panic 
of  1873  had  almost  paralyzed  the  finances  of  the  country,  and 
the  people  had  become  timid  and  hesitating  in  supporting 
schemes  of  any  kind  which  required  an  outlay  of  money.  It  be¬ 
came  necessary  for  the  Bureau  of  Revenue  to  win  the  confidence 
of  the  people  in  the  scheme  they  were  asked  to  assist,  as  the 
basis  of  all  its  operations.  It  had  by  this  time  become  evident 
that  the  various  States  of  the  Union  could  not  be  depended  upon 
to  furnish  their  respective  proportions  of  the  funds,  and  that  the 
Exhibition  must  depend  for  its  success  mainly  upon  private 
subscriptions. 

The  Bureau  of  Revenue  at  once  set  to  work.  Its  efforts  to 
popularize  the  stock  of  the  Exhibition  were  systematic  and 
well  directed.  How  well  they  succeeded  is  shown  by  the  mag¬ 
nificent  sum  subscribed  by  the  people  of  the  Union  in  response 
to  their  appeals — a  sum  amounting  to  nearly  three  million  dol¬ 
lars.  To  each  member  of  the  bureau  is  due  his  share  of  praise 
for  this  splendid  success,  but  the  credit  is  chiefly  due  to  the 
able  and  efficient  Secretary,  General  Charles  B.  Norton,  upon 
whom  devolved  the  principal  portion  of  the  labor  of  the 
board,  and  whose  wide  experience  and  fertile  genius  ever  sug¬ 
gested  the  happiest  and  most  successful  methods  by  which  this 
success  was  won. 

As  a  means  of  facilitating  the  work  in  hand,  and  of  securing 
as  nearly  as  possible  the  exact  quota  originally  assigned  to  each 


236 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


State  by  the  Board  of  Finance,  auxiliary  boards  were  organized 
by  the  bureau  in  States,  counties  and  districts.  These  were 
composed  of  volunteers,  whose  patriotic  interest  in  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion  induced  them  to  give  their  services  gratuitously  to  the 
cause.  One  of  their  duties  was  to  select  responsible  and  ener¬ 
getic  men  in  their  respective  communities  for  the  sale  of  stock 
and  medals.  The  plan  was  eminently  successful. 

As  a  further  means  of  obtaining  a  revenue,  and  at  the  same 
time  of  providing  a  permanent,  appropriate,  inexpensive  and 
yet  handsome  memorial  of  the  Centennial  year,  the  Board  of 

Finance  obtained  the 
passage  of  an  act  of 
Congress,  approved 
June  16th,  1874,  author¬ 
izing  the  board  to  have 
coined  at  the  United 
States  Mint  at  Phila¬ 
delphia  a  series  of 
Memorial  Medals  in 
bronze  and  gilt,  and 
silver.  These  medals 
were  furnished  by  the 
mint  at  cost,  and  were 
sold  by  the  Bureau  of 
Revenue  and  its  agents 
at  a  fair  profit.  Persons 
whose  means  did  not  permit  them  to  purchase  the  ten  dollar 
certificates  of  stock  were  thus  enabled  by  the  purchase  of  one  or 
more  of  these  medals  to  contribute  towards  the  success  of  the 
great  enterprise,  and  at  the  same  time  to  possess  a  beautiful  and 
enduring  memorial  of  the  Centennial  year  and  Exhibition. 

These  “ Memorial  Medals”  were  of  four  descriptions,  to  bring 
them  within  the  taste  and  means  of  all,  viz. :  In  large  bronze,  at 
$2 ;  large  gilt,  at  $5 ;  small  silver,  at  $3;  and  small  gilt,  at  $1. 
In  addition,  the  four  medals  could  be  had  neatly  arranged  in  one 
case,  price  $11.  The  fac-simile  annexed  is  of  the  size  of  the 
first  and  second  of  these,  the  small  silver  and  gilt  being  the  size 


CENTENNIAL  MEDAL — REVERSE. 


OF  TIIE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


237 


of  the  American  dollar,  with  the  same  obverse  design,  but 
bearing  on  the  centre  of  the  reverse  the  inscription  :  “  In  Com¬ 
memoration  of  the  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  American  Inde¬ 
pendence,  1876, ”  surrounded  by  the  words:  “By  authority  of 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States.” 

The  design  of  the  “obverse”  on  all  of  the  medals  represents 
the  Genius  of  American  Independence  rising  from  a  recumbent 
position,  grasping  with  her  right  hand  the  sword  which  is  to 
enforce  her  demands,  and  raising  her  left  in  appealing  pride  to 
the  galaxy  of  thirteen  stars,  which,  indicating  the  original  col¬ 
onies  and  States,  are 
blazing  in  the  firma- 
merit.  Beneath  is  the 
date,  1776.  The  “re¬ 
verse  ”  on  the  large 
medals  displays  the 
Genius  of  Liberty,  with 
the  now  ornamental 
sword  buckled  to  her 
girdle,  the  shield  of  the 
stars  and  stripes  leaning 
at  rest,  while  with  either 
hand  she  extends  a  wel¬ 
come  and  a  chaplet  to 

the  Arts  and  Sciences  CEltTE2raiAL  medal-obverse. 

assembled  with  evi¬ 
dences  of  their  skill  and  craft  to  do  honor  to  the  date  1876, 
which  is  inscribed  upon  the  platform.  The  history  of  our  great 
nation  is  depicted  in  these  two  designs;  and  as  a  work  of  art, 
a  memento  of  the  Centennial,  or  as  a  means  of  contributing  to 
its  celebration,  these  Memorial  Medals  should  be  objects  of 
universal  appreciation. 

The  State  of  Pennsylvania  at  an  early  day  came  forward  to 
the  assistance  of  the  Exhibition  with  an  appropriation  of 
§1,000,000.  This  was  followed  by  appropriations  by  the  city 
of  Philadelphia  amounting  to  $1,500,000.  Besides  these  ap¬ 
propriations,  the  city  of  Philadelphia  may  be  regarded  as  a 


CARNIVORA  BUILDING — ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS. 


238 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  239 

contributor  to  the  success  of  the  Exhibition  in  the  erection  of 
the  magnificent  bridges  over  the  Schuylkill  at  Callowhill  street 
and  Girard  avenue,  at  a  cost  of  over  $2,500,000;  in  the  various 
improvements  it  made  in  Fairmount  Park  on  account  of  the 
xhibition ;  and  in  its  splendid  donation  of  the  Exhibition 
grounds.  Apart  from  all  this,  however,  the  direct  appropria- 
tions  of  the  State  and 

city,  together  with  the 
subscriptions  of  private 
individuals  to  the  stock  JwMk* 
of  the  enterprise,  swell  H|j 
the  contribution  o  f 
Pennsylvania  to  the 
Exhibition  to  more  than 
four  million  dollars  — 
fully  one-half  of  the  en-  Jj  | 
tire  cost  of  the  prepara-  3 
tion  and  administration 
of  the  Exhibition. 

In  spite  of  the  clause 
of  the  act  of  Congress 
incorporating  the  Exhi-  1 
bition,  which  stipulated 
that  the  United  States 
should  not  be  respon¬ 
sible  for  any  of  the  ex¬ 
penses  of  the  enterprise, 
the  Centennial  Commis¬ 
sion,  in  the  spring  of 
1874,  made  an  appeal  to 
Congress  for  an  appro¬ 
priation  in  behalf  of  the  scheme.  A  bill  was  introduced  in 
the  House  of  Kepresentatives  appropriating  the  sum  of  three 
million  dollars  to  the  Exhibition.  It  was  argued  by  the  friends 
of  the  scheme  that  as  the  United  States  had  by  its  invitations 
to  foreign  powers  to  participate  in  the  Exhibition  given  to  it 
an  international  character,  and  had  become  responsible  for  its 


MONSTER  PINES,  WEST  PARK. 


240 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


success,  Congress  was  morally  bound  to  aid  the  enterprise  by 
a  liberal  appropriation,  if  for  no  other  reason,  for  the  simple 
purpose  of  sustaining  the  credit  of  the  country  in  the  eyes  of  the 
world.  It  was  also  argued  that  as  the  single  State  of  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  had  voluntarily  assumed  fully  half  of  the  cost  of  the 
Exhibition,  Congress  might  reasonably  be  expected  to  con¬ 
tribute  the  sum  asked  for  on  account  of  the  nation  at  large. 
The  bill  was  put  upon  its  final  passage  on  the  6th  of  May, 
1874,  and  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  139  against  it  to  90  in  its 
favor.  The  defeat  of  the  bill  was  owing  chiefly  to  the 
Western  States,  which  cast  their  votes  almost  solidly  against 
it.  The  vote  of  the  various  sections  stood  as  follows :  The 
Eastern  States ,  for  the  bill,  43  votes ;  against  it,  27  votes ;  the 
Southern  States ,  for  the  bill,  36  votes;  against  it,  22  votes;  the 
Western  States,  for  the  bill,  11  votes;  against  it,  90  votes.  The 
Western  vote  against  the  bill  thus  equalled  the  combined  vote 
in  its  favor. 

The  defeat  of  the  appropriation  bill  by  Congress,  instead  of 
disheartening  the  friends  of  the  Exhibition,  merely  stimulated 
them  to  fresh  exertions.  They  were  resolved  that  the  scheme 
should  not  fail  in  their  hands.  Thanks  to  the  liberal  action  of 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  the 
cordial  manner  in  which  the  people  of  the  country  responded  to 
the  appeals  of  the  Board  of  Finance  and  the  Bureau  of  Revenue 
for  aid,  the  work  upon  the  great  Exhibition  buildings  was 
promptly  begun,  and  steadily  carried  forward.  On  the  1st  of 
December,  1875,  the  Board  of  Finance  was  able  to  make  the 
following  encouraging  showing  of  its  work : 

SUMMARY  OF  RECEIPTS. 

Total  stock  subscriptions,  reliable . $2,357,750 

In  which  are  included : 

New  Jersey . $100,000 

Delaware .  10,000 

Connecticut . . .  10,000 

New  Hampshire .  10,000 

Wilmington,  Del .  5,000 


$135,000 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  241 

Gifts,  concessions  and  interest .  $230,000 

Further  receipts  from  concessions .  100,000 

Appropriation  by  Pennsylvania .  1,000,000 

Appropriation  by  Philadelphia .  1,500,000 

Deficiency .  1,537,100 

Total  cost  of  preparation  to  May  10th,  1876 . $6,724,850 

EXPENDITURES. 

The  expenditures  have  been  as  follows : 

Main  Building,  or  Industrial  Hall . $1,113,793  22 

Memorial  Hall .  834,218  80 

Machinery  Hall . 577,637  25 

Horticultural  Hall .  231,466  60 

Agricultural  Hall .  26,641  14 

Administration  offices. .  25,787  48 

Boundary  fence .  8,638  55 

Water  supply.. .  35,331  87 

Eansdowne  and  Belmont  bridges . . . . . .  20,821  00 

Judges’  Hall .  7,047  50 

Grading  and  drainage .  163,801  29 

Railroads . 11,166  16 

Women’s  Pavilion .  5,750  00 

Engineers  and  architects .  53,780  56 

Insurance  and  police .  1,258  55 

Fire  Department .  2,348  13 

Ceremonials  on  Fourth  of  July,  1873  and  1875.. ..  6,003  56 

Advertising  and  printing .  31,043  17 

Expenses  of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance. . . .  91,456  07 

Expenses  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission  . . . - .  199,027  70 

Medals .  9,227  56 

Available  means  on  hand .  367,926  03 


$3,824,172  19 

Which  were  provided  from  the  following  sources: 

Pavmenton  subscriptions  to  stock . - . $1,852,649  30 

Gifts . 58,015  91 

Concessions  for  privileges .  146,050  00 

Interest  on  deposits .  24,374  71 

State  of  Pennsylvania  towards  Memorial  Hall. .  . .  456,890  73 

City  of  Philadelphia  towards  Memorial  Hall .  302,812  24 

City  of  Philadelphia  towards  Machinery  Hall.  -  ..  490,795  37 

City  of  Philadelphia  towards  Horticultural  Hall. .  191,082  29 

Percentage  retained  to  secure  the  fulfilment  of 
contracts . 301,431  64 


i6  $3,824,172  19 


242  THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 

ESTIMATED  FUTURE  EXPENDITURES. 

Estimate  of  the  sura  required  for  the  completion  of  the 
grounds  and  buildings  up  to  the  10th  of  May,  1876,  when  the 
International  Exhibition  will  be  opened.  The  Memorial, 
Machinery  and  Horticultural  Halls  being  provided  for  by  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  and  city  of  Philadelphia,  are  not 
included : 

For  the  Main  Industrial  Hall . 

Agricultural  Hall . . . - . . 

Administration  offices . 

Judges’  Hall . 1 . . 

Lansdowne  and  Belmont  bridges . . . 

Women’s  Pavilion . . . . . 

Four  additional  buildings  to  meet  enlarged  de¬ 
mands..  . . . - . . 

Grading,  draining,  metaling  roads  and  walks, 
preparations  for  gardens,  fountains,  and  other 
ornaments,  including  gas  and  additional  water 

supply . - . 

Boiler-house  creation  and  distribution  of  power, 

shafting,  etc . 

Expenses  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commis¬ 
sion,  and  those  of  all  its  bureaus  up  to  May  10th. 

Expenses  of  the  Board  of  Finance.. . . 

Retained  percentages  to  be  paid  on  completion  of 
contracts,  not  including  those  to  be  paid  by  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  and  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Contingencies. . . . . 

Total  requirements  up  to  May  10th,  1876. . .. 

RESOURCES. 


Available  means  on  hand . $367,900 

Subscriptions  to  stock  yet  to  be  paid .  500,000 

Probable  receipts  from  concessions .  100, 000 

-  967,900 

Deficiency .  $1,537,100 


$600,000 

275,000 

20,000 

25,000 

60,000 

25,000 

190,000 


400,000 

110,000 

400,000 

40,000 


160,000 

200,000 

$2,505,000 


This  statement  is  submitted  with  confidence  that  it  is  as  close 
an  approximate  as  can  be  made. 

John  Welsh, 

President  Centennial  Board  of  Finance . 
Philadelphia,  December  1st,  1875. 


243 


244 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


In  the  meantime  the  sales  of  the  stock  and  medals  was  car¬ 
ried  on  steadily,  and  it  became  at  length  apparent  that  the 
Exhibition  would  be  financially  a  success.  The  work  of  prep¬ 
aration  was  paid  for  by  the  Board  of  Finance  as  it  progressed, 
and  no  heavy  and  embarrassing  debt  was  allowed  to  accumulate. 
It  was  the  aim  of  the  managers  of  the  scheme  from  the  first  to 
open  the  doors  of  the  Exhibition  free  from  debt,  and  this  pur¬ 
pose  was  steadily  adhered  to. 

It  was  found  that  the  Exhibition  could  not  be  opened  on  the 
19th  of  April,  1876,  the  day  originally  appointed,  and  the 
openings  day  was  changed  to  the  10th  of  May.  A  correspond¬ 
ing  change  of  the  date  of  closing  the  Exhibition  was  also  made 
from  October  19th  to  November  10th,  1876. 

The  success  of  the  Exhibition  being  secured,  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States  appropriated  the  sum  of  $505,000  to  enable 
the  general  government  to  erect  a  building  of  its  own  on  the 
Exhibition  grounds,  and  to  exhibit  in  it  the  articles  necessary 
for  the  proper  illustration  of  “the  functions  and  administrative 
faculties  of  the  government  in  time  of  peace  and  its  resources 
as  a  war  power.’7 

Many  of  the  States  also  made  appropriations  for  the  erection 
of  State  buildings  on  the  Exhibition  grounds,  and  for  defraying 
the  expenses  of  their  State  Boards  of  Centennial  Managers. 
These  appropriations  amount  in  the  aggregate  to  over  $400.- 
000.  The  principal  were  as  follows  : 


Pennsylvania. 
Massachusetts. 
New  York.. . . 

Ohio . . 

Nevada . 

Illinois . 

Delaware . 

Indiana . 

Michigan . 

West  Virginia 
New  Jersey . . . 

Arkansas . 

Kansas . 

Maryland .... 

Colorado . 

Arizona . 

Montana . 


$50,000 
.  50,000 
,  25,000 
.  13,000 
20,000  (gold) 
.  10,000 
10,000 
,  10,000 
,  7,500 

.  20,000 
10,000 
5,000 
5,000 
15,000 
4,000 
5,000 
,  5,000 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


245 


The  foreign  powers  to  whom  the  invitations  of  the  Govern- 
ment  to  participate  in  the  Exhibition  were  addressed,  re¬ 
sponded  cordially  and  favorably,  as  we  have  stated.  Their 
appropriations  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  expenses  of  their 
share  of  the  display  were  largely  in  excess  of  the  most  sanguine 
expectations  of  the  friends  of  the  enterprise.  The  appropria¬ 
tion  of  Great  Britain  (including  Australia  and  Canada)  was 
$250,000  in  gold  ;  that  of  France  (including  Algeria)  $120,000  ; 
Germany,  $171,000;  Austria,  $75,000;  Italy,  $76,000,  of 
which  $38,000  was  from  the  government,  and  $38,000  from  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  Spain,  $150,000;  Japan,  $600,000; 
Sweden,  $125,000;  Norway,  $44,000;  Ecuador,  $10,000;  and 
the  Argentine  Confederation,  $60,000.  Egypt,  China,  Brazil, 
Chili,  Venezuela,  Russia,  and  other  nations,  made  appropria¬ 
tions  for  the  expenses  of  their  exhibitors,  the  exact  amount 
of  which  is  unknown.  In  all  about  forty  governments  con¬ 
tributed  to  the  expenses  of  the  Exhibition.  Their  total  outlay 
was  over  two  million  dollars  in  American  money.  .  This 
sum,  it  should  be  remembered,  is  distinct  from  the  eight 
millions  and  a  half,  estimated  as  the  proper  cost  of  the  Exhi¬ 
bition.  Each  government  taking  part  in  the  Exhibition  was 
represented  by  a  board  of  commissioners  appointed  by  it,  and 
consisting  of  a  number  of  its  most  distinguished  citizens.  They 
were  charged  with  the  management  and  display  of  the  exhibits 
of  their  respective  countries. 

The  success  of  the  Exhibition  being  now  assured,  the  Centen¬ 
nial  Commission  resolved  to  make  a  final  appeal  to  Congress  for 
aid.  Soon  after  the  opening  of  the  session  of  1875-76,  a  bill 
was  introduced  appropriating  one  million  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars  in  aid  of  the  Exhibition.  There  was  a  general  demand 
from  the  press  and  .people  of  the  country  that  the  bill  should 
pass.  The  Exhibition  had  been  carried  so  nearly  to  success  by 
private  and  State  subscriptions,  that  it  was  felt  that  the  honor 
of  the  nation  required  that  the  general  government  should 
make  up  the  sum  which  was  still  needed  to  place  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion  on  an  assured  basis  of  success.  After  considerable  discus¬ 
sion,  the  bill  passed  both  Houses  of  Congress,  and  was  approved 
by  the  President  on  the  16th  of  February,  1876. 


246 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  bill  required  the  sum  of  one  million  five  hundred  thou¬ 
sand  dollars  to  be  paid  by  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  to 
the  President  and  Treasurer  of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance 


BUILDING  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE 
COMPANY. 


as  follows  :  one-third  immediately  after  the  approval  of  the  act 
by  the  President,  and  the  remainder  in  four  equal  monthly  pay¬ 
ments.  Before  any  portion  of  the  appropriation  could  be  paid 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


247 


oufc  of  the  Federal  Treasury,  the  President  and  Treasurer  of  the 
Board  of  Finance  were  required  to  give  security  for  the  proper 
use  of  the  money  paid  them  in  a  bond  of  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  The  bond  was  given  on  the  3d  of  March,  1876,  and 
the  sureties  affixed  to  it  consisted  of  the  names  of  one  hundred 
prominent  citizens  of  Philadelphia,  whose  aggregate  wealth 
amounted  to  over  $60,000,000.  The  act  of  Congress  required 
that  the  general  government  should  be  reimbursed  out  of  the 
first  profits  of  the  Exhibition,  thus  placing  it  in  the  position  of 
a  preferred  creditor,  an  act  worthy  of  the  Forty-fourth  Congress. 

The  million  and  a  half  dollars  appropriated  by  Congress 
placed  the  Centennial  authorities  in  possession  of  the  full  sum 
needed  by  them  to  carry  out  their  grand  idea  of  opening  the 
Exhibition  free  from  debt.  This  amount  was  sufficient,  to¬ 
gether  with  the  sum  already  obtained  from  other  sources,  to 
pay  the  cost  of  preparing  the  grounds,  erecting  the  buildings, 
and  making  all  the  necessary  preparations  for  the  opening  of 
the  Exhibition.  After  the  opening  of  the  doors  to  the  public, 
the  “  running  expenses  ”  were  to  be  defrayed  from  the  daily 
receipts. 

The  third  annual  report  of  the  Board  of  Finance,  dated 
April  19th,  1876,  gave  the  following  gratifying  statement : 

“So  many  agencies  are  in  action,  drawing  the  various  parts 
of  our  preparatory  work  to  a  close,  that  it  is  impossible  to  speak 
other  than  approximately  of  the  outlay.  We  see  no  reason  to 
vary  the  estimate  heretofore  made,  which  was  eight  million  five 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  from  the  beginning  to  the  final  wind¬ 
ing  up.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  expenditure  incident 
to  an  Exhibition  on  so  large  a  scale  can,  in  advance,  only  be 
given  conjecturally. 

“  The  whole  outlay  will  be  provided  from  the  following  sources : 


State  of  Pennsylvania . $1,000,000 

City  of  Philadelphia . 1,500,000 

Concessions,  gifts,  and  interest .  500,000 

Stock  subscriptions .  2,500,000 

Appropriation  by  the  United  States . 1,500,000 


$7,000,000 


248 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


“As  this  shows  a  deficiency  of  one  million  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars,  that  amount  must  be  supplied  from  admis¬ 
sion  fees. 

“Assuming  that  our  present  assured  means  are  equal  to  the 
payment  of  everything  up  to  the  opening,  and  that  for  the  ex¬ 
penses  of  the  Exhibition  until  the  final  winding  up  of  its  affairs 
there  will  be  required  one  million  five  hundred  thousand  dol¬ 
lars  from  the  receipts  for  admission  fees,  then  whatever  sum 
beyond  that  shall  be  realized  from  admissions,  together  with  the 
value  of  the  materials  after  its  close,  will  be  applicable  to  the 
repayment  of  the  capital  stock  and  the  United  States  appro¬ 
priation  ;  the  interests  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  and  the 
City  of  Philadelphia  being  represented  by  their  respective 
buildings,  the  Machinery,  Memorial  and  Horticultural  Halls/7 
The  item  given  as  concessions  in  the  above  report  comprises 
the  sales  by  the  Board  of  Finance  of  the  privilege  of  selling 
various  articles  upon  the  grounds  of  the  Exhibition.  The  total 
sum  received  for  these  privileges  was  $495,000,  and  was  made 
up  as  follows : 

The  Centennial  Catalogue  Company, 
exclusive  right  of  printing  and  sell¬ 
ing  the  Official  Catalogue . $100,000 

Narrow  Gauge  Railway .  20,000 

American,  German,  French,  Lafayette, 

Southern  and  George’s  Hill  Restaur¬ 
ants,  each  $6,000. . .  36,000 

Exclusive  Right  to  Sell  Cigars  and 

Tobacco . . . . . .  18, COO 

Exclusive  Right  to  Sell  Soda  Water  .  20,000 

Exclusive  Right  to  Sell  Pop-corn .  8,000 

Rolling-Chair  Company .  13,000 

Department  of  Public  Comfort .  8,500 

Centennial  Photographic  Company..  3,000 
Centennial  Guide  Book  Company. .. .  5,000 

Centennial  Dairymen’s  Association . .  3,000 

Virginia  Tobacco  Factory  in  Machin¬ 
ery  Hall .  3,000 

The  great  work  was  at  length  completed,  and  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  was  an  accomplished  fact.  It  had  been  throughout 
a  series  of  triumphs  for  those  engaged  in  it.  The  singleness  of 
purpose,  the  systematic  energy,  and  the  rapidity  with  which  its 
projectors  carried  it  through  to  success,  have  no  parallel  even 


Vienna  Bakery . .  $3,000 

Gillinder  &  Sons’ Glass  Works .  3,000 

Whitman’s  Confectionery  Stands .  5,000 

Centennial  National  Bank . 5,000 

Globe  Hotel  .  10,300 

California  Wine  Booth .  5,000 

Centennial  Safe  Deposit  Company. . . .  5,000 

Exclusive  Privilege  to  Sell  Cut 

Flowers .  3,000 

American  Fusee  Company .  1,000 

Cafes  in  Exhibition  Buildings.  .  29,500 

Confectioneries .  2,900 

Royalty  on  beer,  estimated .  80,000 

Telegraph  and  Messenger  Service,  and 
all  other  Privileges .  104,800 


$495,000 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 


249 


in  the  history  of  our  own  enterprising  country.  It  was  fitting 
that  the  enterprise  destined  to  commemorate  the  great  achieve¬ 
ments  of  the  American  people  in  the  arts  of  peace  should  be  in 
itself  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  those  achievements. 

The  work  on  the  great  buildings  was  pushed  forward  steadily 
from  the  time  of  its  commencement.  It  was  watched  with  the 
deepest  interest  by 
thousands  who  daily 
visited  the  grounds, 
and  even  to  those  who 
beheld  its  daily  pro¬ 
gress  it  seemed  almost 
incredible  that  so 
much  should  have 
been  done  in  so  short 
a  time.  Machinery 
Hall  was  the  first 
completed,  and  this 
was  followed  by  the 
Main  Building,  the 
Horticultural,  Agri¬ 
cultural  and  Memo¬ 
rial  Halls. 

All  things  being 
in  readiness  the  re¬ 
ception  of  articles 
for  the  Exhibition 
was  begun  on  the 
5th  of  January,  ravine  in  western  park,  sweeteriar  vale. 
1876.  This  work 

was  greatly  facilitated  by  the  co-operation  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Company.  A  line  of  track  was  laid  from  the  main 
line  of  that  road  into  the  Exhibition  grounds,  and  was  carried 
into  each  of  the  principal  buildings.  By  this  means  the  cars 
loaded  with  the  materials  for  the  construction  of  the  buildings 
were  enabled  to  discharge  their  contents  on  the  exact  spot,  and 
when  the  structures  were  completed  the  articles  intended  for 


250 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


exhibition  were  transported  to  the  proper  buildings  on  the  cars 
and  unloaded  within  a  few  yards  of  the  location  assigned  to 
them.  Goods  arriving  from  abroad  were  transferred  from  the 
steamer  in  which  they  were  originally  shipped  to  the  cars  along¬ 
side  the  vessel,  and  transported  direct  to  the  Exhibition  build¬ 
ings. 

The  work  of  installation  was  pressed  forward  with  vigor,  and 
it  was  hoped  that  it  would  be  ended  by  the  time  appointed  for 
the  opening  of  the  Exhibition.  So  great  and  so  numerous  were 
the  delays  on  the  part  of  the  exhibitors  that  the  Exhibition,  like 
its  predecessor  at  Vienna,  was  opened  before  this  work  was 
completed.  The  opening  ceremonies  were  held  on  the  10th  of 
May,  1876,  and  will  be  noticed  at  length  in  another  chapter. 

The  Exhibition  being  competitive  in  character,  great  care  was 
given  by  the  Centennial  Commission  to  the  preparation  of  a 
system  of  awards.  At  a  meeting  of  the  executive  committee 
held  on  the  13th  of  October,  1875,  a  report  was  made  with 
reference  to  this  matter  and  a  system  of  awards  finally  decided 
upon.  We  quote  the  following  extract  from  the  report: 

“Awards  have  generally  been  made  by  an  international  jury 
of  six  hundred  members.  The  apportionment  of  jurors  to 
countries  was  tried  on  various  bases,  but  was  usually  made  on 
the  basis  of  relative  space  occupied  by  products  of  each  country 
respectively  in  the  Exhibition.  The  great  jury  was  divided 
into  numerous  small  juries,  who  examined  the  products  and 
prepared  lists  of  names  of  persons  whom  they  proposed  for 
awards,  and  the  proposals  thus  made  were  confirmed  or  rejected 
by  higher  juries.  This  system  brought  together,  unavoidably, 
many  individuals  unqualified  for  the  work.  The  basis  of  rep¬ 
resentation  was  apparently  fair,  but  its  results  were  delusive. 
The  countries  nearest  the  Exhibition  occupied  the  largest  space. 
Numerous  remote  countries  filled  smaller  spaces.  The  number 
of  jurors  allotted  to  the  latter  body  left  them  in  many  instances 
without  jurors  on  many  classes,  and  thus  in  voting  on  awards 
they  had  no  voice,  and  the  awards  were  in  effect  decreed  by  the 
few  contiguous  countries.  Written  reports  were  not  usually 
made  by  juries,  and  if  made,  were  not  printed,  consequently  no 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


251 


person  outside  the  jury  knew  on  what  ground  awards  were 
made.  Medals,  when  distributed,  were  silent  verdicts,  and 
awards  thus  made  conveyed  little  useful  information.  Awards 
were  based  upon  anonymous  reports  or  reports  not  published, 
and  final  decisions  were  recorded  in  vague  and  mystic  language 
not  satisfactory  to  producers  or  public. 

“The  method  of  awards  adopted  by  the  Centennial  Commis¬ 
sion  differs  from  this  system.  It  dispenses  with  the  interna¬ 
tional  jury,  and  substitutes  a  body  of  two  hundred  judges,  one- 
half  foreign,  chosen  individually  for  high  qualifications.  It 
dispenses  also  with  the  system  of  awards  by  graduated  medals, 
and  requires  of  the  judges  written  reports  on  the  inherent  and 
comparative  merits  of  each  product  thought  worthy  of  award, 
setting  forth  its  properties  and  qualities,  and  presenting  the  con¬ 
siderations  forming  the  ground  of  the  award.  Each  report  lias 
the  signature  of  its  author.  The  professional  judgment  and 
moral  responsibility  of  the  judges  being  thus  involved,  the 
integrity  of  the  reports  is  assured.  The  success  of  this  method 
absolutely  depends  upon  the  judicious  selection  of  judges,  and 
to  this  point  I  desire  to  call  particular  attention.” 

The  following  is  the 

SYSTEM  OF  AWARDS: 

“1.  Awards  shall  be  based  upon  written  reports  attested  by 
the  signatures  of  their  authors. 

“2.  Two  hundred  judges  shall  be  appointed  to  make  such 
reports,  one-half  of  whom  shall  be  foreigners  and  one-half 
citizens  of  the  United  States.  They  will  be  selected  for  their 
known  qualifications  and  character,  and  will  be  experts  in 
departments  to  which  they  will  be  respectively  assigned.  The 
foreign  members  of  this  body  will  be  appointed  by  the  commis¬ 
sion  of  each  country  and  in  conformity  with  the  distribution  and 
allotment  to  each,  which  will  be  hereafter  announced.  The 
judges  from  the  United  States  will  be  appointed  by  the  Centen¬ 
nial  Commission. 

“  3.  The  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  will  be  paid  to  each 
commissioned  judge  for  personal  expenses. 


252 


THE  ILLUSTEATED  HISTOEY 


“4.  Reports  and  awards  shall  be  based  upon  merit.  The 
elements  of  merit  shall  be  held  to  include  considerations  relating 
to  originality,  invention,  discovery,  utility,  quality,  skill,  work¬ 
manship,  fitness  for  the  purposes  intended,  adaptation  to  public 
wants,  economy,  and  cost. 

“  5.  Each  report  will  be  delivered  to  the  Centennial  Commis¬ 
sion  as  soon  as  completed,  for  final  award  and  publication. 

“6.  Awards  will  be  finally  decreed  by  the  United  States 
Centennial  Commission,  in  compliance  with  the  act  of  Congress, 
and  will  consist  of  a  diploma  with  a  uniform  bronze  medal  and 
a  special  report  of  the  judges  on  the  subject  of  the  award. 

“7.  Each  exhibitor  will  have  the  right  to  reproduce  and 
publish  the  report  awarded  to  him,  but  the  United  States  Cen¬ 
tennial  Commission  reserves  the  right  to  publish  and  dispose  of 
all  reports  in  the  manner  it  thinks  best  for  public  information, 
and  also  to  embody  and  distribute  the  reports  as  records  of  the 
Exhibition.  “A.  T.  G  os  horn,  Director- General 

“  John  L.  Campbell,  Secretary.” 

The  following  was  the  Exhibition  Calendar  determined  upon 
by  the  Executive  Committee : 

Reception  of  Articles  commences  January  5th. 

Reception  of  Articles  ends  April  19th. 

Unoccupied  space  forfeited  April  26th. 

Main  Exhibition  opens  May  10th. 

Grand  Ceremonies  on  Exhibition  Grounds,  July  4th. 

Trials  of  Harvesting  Machines,  June  and  July. 

Trials  of  Steam-Plows  and  Tillage  Implements,  September  and  October. 

Exhibit  of  Horses,  Mules,  and  Asses,  September  1st  to  September  15th. 

Exhibit  of  Horned  Cattle,  September  20th  to  October  5th. 

Exhibit  of  Sheep,  Swine,  Goats  and  Dogs,  October  10th  to  October  25th. 

Exhibit  of  Poultry,  October  28th  to  November  10th. 

Main  Exhibition  closes  November  10th. 

Exhibits  must  be  removed  by  December  31st. 


CHAPTER  VI  I. 


THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

A  List  of  the  Officers  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  the  Commissioners 
from  Foreign  Countries. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION. 

President — Joseph  R.  Hawley,  Colonnade  Hotel,  city. 

Vice-Presidents: — Orestes  Cleveland,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. ;  John  D.  Creigh, 
San  Francisco,  Cal.;  Robert  Lowry,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Thomas  H.  Coldwell, 
Shelbyville,  Tennessee;  John  McNeil,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  William  Gurney, 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

Director-General — Alfred  T.  Goshorn,  Continental  Hotel,  city. 

Secretary — John  L.  Campbell,  318  South  Broad  street,  city. 

Assistant  Secretaries — Myer  Asch,  Dorsey  Gardener. 

Counsellor  and  Solicitor — John  L.  Shoemaker,  Esq.,  611  Vine  st.,  city. 

Office  of  the  Commission— No.  903  Walnut  street. 

BUREAUS  OF  ADMINISTRATION. 

Chiefs  of  Bureaus. 

Foreign — Direction  of  the  foreign  representation,  A.  T.  Goshorn,  Myer  Asch. 

Installation — Classification  of  application  for  space,  allotment  for  space 
in  Main  Building,  supervision  of  special  structures,  Henry  Pettit. 

Transportation — Foreign  transportation  for  goods  and  visitors,  transpor¬ 
tation  for  goods  and  visitors  in  the  United  States,  local  transportation,  ware¬ 
housing  and  customs  regulations,  Dolphus  Torrey. 

Machinery — Superintendence  of  the  Machinery  Department  and  building, 
including  allotment  of  space  to  exhibitors,  John  S.  Albert. 

Agriculture — Superintendence  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  building, 
and  grounds,  including  allotment  of  space  to  exhibitors,  Burnet  Landreth. 

Horticulture — Superintendence  of  Horticultural  Department,  conserva¬ 
tory,  and  grounds,  including  allotment  of  space  to  exhibitors,  Charles  H. 
Miller. 

Fine  Arts — Superintendence  of  the  Fine  Art  Department  and  building, 
including  allotment  of  space  to  exhibitors,  John  Sartain. 


253 


254 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Daniel  J.  Morrell  (Johnstown),  Pennsylvania,  Chairman ;  Alfred  T.  Gos- 
horn  (Continental  Hotel),  Ohio;  N.  M.  Beckwith  (New  York  city),  New 
York;  Alexander  R.  Boteler  (Shepherdstown),  West  Virginia;  Richard  C. 
McCormick  (Washington,  D.  C.),  Arizona;  John  Lynch  (New  Orleans), 
Louisiana;  Charles  P.  Kimball  (Brewster  &  Co.),  New  York  city;  Samuel  F. 
Phillips  (Washington,  D.  C.),  North  Carolina;  George  B.  Loring  (Salem), 
Massachusetts;  Frederick  L.  Matthews  (Carlinville),  Illinois;  William  Phipps 
Blake  (Philadelphia),  Connecticut ;  James  E.  Dexter  (Washington),  Dist.  of 
Columbia;  J.  T.  Bernard  (Tallahassee),  Florida. 

Myer  Asch  (Philadelphia),  Secretary. 

CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION— CENTENNIAL  BOARD  OF 
FINANCE. 

President — John  Welsh,  Philadelphia. 

Vice-Presidents — William  Sellers,  Philadelphia;  John  S.  Barbour,  Vir¬ 
ginia. 

Directors — Samuel  L.  Felton,  Philadelphia ;  Daniel  M.  Fox,  Philadelphia; 
Thomas  Cochran,  Philadelphia;  Clement  M.  Biddle,  Philadelphia ;  N.  Parker 
Shortridge,  Philadelphia;  James  M.  Robb,  Philadelphia;  Edward  T.  Steel, 
Philadelphia;  John  Wanamaker,  Philadelphia ;  John  Price  Wetherill,  Phila¬ 
delphia;  Henry  Win sor,  Philadelphia;  Henry  Lewis,  Philadelphia;  Amos 
R.  Little,  Philadelphia;  John  Baird,  Philadelphia;  Thomas  IL  Dudley,  New 
Jersey;  A.  S.  Hewitt,  New  York;  John  Cummings,  Massachusetts;  John 
Gorham,  Rhode  Island  ;  Charles  W.  Cooper,  Pennsylvania;  William  Bigler, 
Pennsylvania;  Robert  M.  Patton,  Alabama;  J.  B.  Drake,  Illinois;  George 
Bain,  Missouri. 

Secretary  and  Treasurer— Frederick  Fraley,  Philadelphia. 

Financial  Agent — Hon.  William  Bigler. 

Chief  Bureau  of  Revenue — General  C.  B.  Norton. 

Auditor — H.  S.  Lansing. 

Engineers  and  Architects — Henry  Pettit,  Joseph  M.  Wilson,  H.  J. 
Schwarzmann. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  WOMEN’S  CENTENNIAL  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE. 

Mrs.  E.  D.  Gillespie,  President ;  Mrs.  John  Sanders,  Vice-President ;  Mrs. 
Frank  M.  Etting,  Secretary;  Mrs.  S.  A.  Irwin,  Treasurer. 

UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BOARD. 

War  Department,  Ordnance  Bureau — Col.  S.  C.  Lyford,  Chairman. 

Treasury  Department — Hon.  R.  W.  Taylor,  First  Controller  of  the 
Treasury. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


255 


Navy  Department — Admiral  Thornton  A.  Jenkins. 

Interior  Department— Hon.  John  Eaton,  Commissioner  of  Education. 

Post-Office  Department  —  Dr.  Charles  F.  McDonald,  Cnief  Moneys 
Order  Department. 

Agricultural  Department  —  William  Saunders,  Superintendent  of 
Propagating  Department. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

Prof.  S.  F.  Baird,  Acting  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
United  States  Fishery  Commission  ;  William  A.  DeCaindry,  Secretary. 

BUILDING  COMMITTEE. 

Thomas  Cochran,  Chairman ;  John  Baird,  Clement  M.  Biddle,  William 
Sellers,  Samuel  M.  Felton,  James  M.  Kobb. 

TELEGRAPHIC  DIRECTOR,  W.  J.  Phillips. 

DIRECTOR  FIRE  DEPARTMENT,  Atwood  Smith. 

CHIEF  BUREAU  OF  AWARDS,  Dr.  C.  J.  StillS. 

COMMITTEE  ON  CONCESSIONS. 

John  Price  Wetherill,  Chairman  ;  N.  Parker  Shortridge,  Henry  Winsor. 

CHIEF  BUREAU  OF  ADMISSIONS,  David  G.  Yates. 

FOREIGN  COMMISSIONS  ACCREDITED  TO  THE  INTERNA¬ 
TIONAL  EXHIBITION  OF  1876. 

Argentine  Republic— Carlos  Carranza,  President,  New  York  ;  Edward 
Shippen,  Vice-President,  Philadelphia;  Edw.  T.  Davison,  Treasurer,  Consul 
General,  New  York  ;  Diego  de  Castro,  Secretary,  New  York ;  Deputy  Member, 
E.  Mara  Davison. 

Central  Committee — Ernesto  Oldendorf,  President,  Buenos  Ayres;  Eduardo 
Olivera,  Buenos  Ayres;  Onesimo  Leguizamon,  Buenos  Ayres;  Diego  de  la 
Fuente,  Buenos  Ayres;  Lino  Palcois,  Buenos  Ayres;  Ricardo  Newton,  Buenos 
Ayres;  Leonardo  Perevra,  Buenos  Ayres;  Jose  M.  Jurafdo,  Buenos  Ayres ; 
Emilio  Duportal,  Buenos  Ayres;  Julio  Victorica,  Secretary,  Buenos  Ayres. 

Austria — Rudolf  Isbary,  Vice-President  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
President,  Vienna;  Franz  Ritter  von  Liebig,  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Com¬ 
merce,  First  Vice-President,  Reichenberg;  Michael  Matseheko,  Manufac¬ 
turer,  Second  Vice-President.  Members:  Eugene  Felix,  President  of  the 
Society  of  Arts ;  Edward  Kanitz,  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  ;  Karl 
von  Oberleitner,  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Olmutz;  Otto  von 
Bauer,  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Brunn ;  Ernst  von  Pontzen, 
Engineer;  Dr.  Emil  Hornig,  Counsellor  ;  Dr.  F.  Migerka,  Imperial  and  Royal 
Counsellor;  Theo.  A.  Havemeyer,  Austro-Hungarian  Consul-General,  New 
York. 


256 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Africa — Orange  Free  State  —  Charles  W.  Riley,  Consul-General, 
Philadelphia. 

Belgium — Baron  Gustave  de  Woelmont,  Senator,  President,  Brussels; 
Alexander  Robert,  Historical  Painter,  member  of  the  Belgium  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts,  Letters  and  Sciences,  Vice-President,  Brussels ;  Ch.  de  Smet-de  Smet, 
Manufacturer,  President  of  the  Industrial  and  Commercial  Society,  Vice-Presi¬ 
dent,  Ghent;  I.  Clerfeyt,  Chief  of  Bureau,  Ministry  of  the  Interior,  Secretary 
of  the  Upper-Consul  of  Industry  and  Commerce,  late  Secretary  of  the  Belgian 
Commission  and  Juries  of  the  International  Exhibition  of  Paris,  London,  and 
Vienna,  Secretary,  Brussels;  Alfred  Ancion,  Manufacturer  of  Arms,  Liege; 
A.  J.  Belpaier,  Inspector-General  of  Railways  and  Telegraphs;  L.  de  Curte, 
Architect,  member  of  the  Royal  Commission  of  Monuments,  and  Council  for  the 
Improvement  of  the  Arts  of  Design,  Brussels;  Felix  Duhayon,  Lace  Manu¬ 
facturer,  Judge  of  the  Tribunal  of  Commerce,  and  member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  Brussels;  E.  Duisberg,  Director  of  the  Paper  Manufactories  of 
Messrs.  Godin  &  Co.,  at  Huy,  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Liege ; 
Jos.  Fayn,  Mining  Engineer,  Consul  of  the  Netherlands,  Liege;  P.  F.  Ghys- 
Bruneel,  Lace  Manufacturer,  Grammont ;  Jules  Plavenith,  Ship-Owner,  Counsel 
of  Austria,  Hungary,  Antwerp  ;  J.  Kindt,  Inspector-General  of  Industry,  Minis¬ 
try  of  the  Interior;  Eugene  Meeus,  Manufacturer,  member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Representatives,  Antwerp;  Alph.  Morel,  Director  of  the  Glass  Works,  Lodelin- 
«art,  Charleroi ;  Henri  Morel,  Flax  Manufacturer,  Gand ;  Remy  Paquot, 
Director  of  the  Company  of  Bleyberg-es-Montzen,  Verviers;  Edm.  Parmentier, 
Manufacturer,  Brussels;  Ferdinand  Pauwels,  Historical  Painter,  Antwerp; 
Aug.  Ronnberg,  Director-General  of  Agriculture  and  Manufactures,  Ministry 
of  the  Interior;  E.  Sadoine,  Director-General  of  Works,  Seraing-lez-Liege ; 
Jules  Sauveur,  Director-General  of  Public  Instruction,  Ministry  of  the  Interior; 
E.  E.  A.  Schaar,  Chief  Engineer,  Director  of  the  Arsenal  and  Railways  of  the 
State,  Malines;  Alfred  Simonis,  Cloth  Manufacturer,  member  of  the  Chamber 
of  Representatives,  Verviers. 

Resident  Commissioners  in  Philadelphia — Count  d’Oultremont,  Director-Gen¬ 
eral  ;  Mr.  J.  Van  Bree,  Chief  of  Fine  Art  Department ;  Mr.  J.  Gody,  Ministry 
of  Public  Works ;  Mr.  J.  Beco,  Engineer,  Brussels. 

Brazil — His  Highness  Gaston  d’  Orleans,  Conde  d’  Eu,  Marshal  of  the 
Army,  President;  Viscount  de  Jaguary,  First  Vice-President;  Viscount  de 
Bonn-Retiro,  Second  Vice-President ;  his  Excellency  A.  P.  de  Carvalho  Borges, 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  his  Majesty  the  Em¬ 
peror  of  Brazil,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Viscount  de  Souza  Franco  Joaquin  An¬ 
tonio  de  Azevedo. 

Ciiili — Mr.  Rafael  Lorrain,  Mr.  Maximiano  Errazuriz,  Mr.  Ignacio  Dom- 
eyko,  Mr.  Armando  Philippi,  Mr.  Francisco  Solano  Asta-Buruaga,  Mr.  Euge¬ 
nio  Figuerad,  Mr.  Lamo  Barros,  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Joseph 
P.  Root,  Esq.,  Francisco  Gonzalez,  Esq.,  J.  Patterson  Burd,  Esq.,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  Philadelphia. 

China — Edward  B.  Drew,  Commissioner  of  Customs,  Chefoo ;  Gustave  Diet¬ 
ring,  Commissioners  of  Customs,  Ningpo;  Charles  Hannen,  J.  L.  Hammond, 
Commissioner  of  Customs,  Swatou. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


257 


Denmark — Jacob  Holmblad,  Manufacturer,  President ;  Olaf  Hansen,  U.  S. 
Vice-Consul,  Vice-President ;  Job  Hansen,  Austrian  Consul-General,  Treasurer ; 
C.  C.  Burmeister,  Manufacturer;  V.  Cliristesen,  Manufacturer;  V.  Fieldskon; 
Sculptor;  Charles  Hansen,  Manufacturer;  William  Hammer,  Artist;  Thomas 
Schmidt,  New  York ;  Th.  Green,  Secretary. 

Ecuador — Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  Consul,  President,  Philadelphia;  Gabriel 
Obarrio,  New  York  ;  J.  J.  Ribon,  New  York ;  J.  M.  Munoz,  New  York;  J.  R. 
de  la  Espriella,  New  York. 

Egypt — His  Highness  Prince  Mohammed  Tawfic  Pacha,  President,  Cairo; 
His  Excellency  Cherif  Pacha,  Minister  of  Commerce,  Vice-President,  Cairo ; 
H.  Brugsch  Bey,  Commissioner-General,  Cairo.  Commissioners — General 
Stone,  Cairo ;  M.  Mahmoud  Bey,  Astronomer,  Cairo ;  M.  Mariette  Bey,  Director 
of  the  Museums  of  Antiquities,  Cairo ;  M.  Gastinel  Bey,  Professor  in  the  Medical 
School,  Cairo;  M.  Rogers,  Director  in  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction, 
Cairo;  M.  Acton,  Chief  of  Division,  Ministry  of  Commerce,  Cairo;  M.  Baudry, 
Architect,  Cairo;  M.  Delchevalerie,  Attache.  Cairo. 

Resident  Members  in  Philadelphia — H.  Brugsch  Bey,  Cairo,  Commissioner- 
General  ;  Brugsch,  Cairo,  Chief  of  Transportation  and  Installation ;  Behmcrt, 
Attache,  Cairo,  Secretary;  Edward  Elias,  Cairo,  Secretary  and  Interpreter; 
M.  Danninos,  Attach^,  Cairo. 

France — M.  M.  Ozenne,  Counsellor  of  State,  Secretary-General  of  the 
Ministry  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce,  Commissioner-General  of  International 
Exhibitions;  Du  Sommerard,  Director  of  the  Museums  of  Thermes  and  Cluny, 
Commissioner-General  of  International  Exhibitions. 

Committee — Organized  under  the  Presidency  of  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  and 
Commerce — M.  Duclerc,  Vice-President  of  the  National  Assembly,  member  of 
the  Committee  on  International  Exhibitions;  Marquis  de  Talhouet,  Deputy; 
Baron  de  Soubevran,  Deputy  ;  Mr.  Wolowski,  Deputy  ;  Marquis  de  Lafayette, 
Deputy  ;  M.  Bonnet,  Deputy  ;  M.  Flotard,  Deputy  ;  M.  Laboulaye,  Deputy  ;  M. 
Dietz-Monin,  Deputy;  M.  Count  de  Bouille,  Deputy  ;  Viscount  d’Haussonville, 
Deputy;  M.  De  Chabrol,  Deputy  ;  M.  Jullien,  Deputy;  the  Secretary-General 
of  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce,  the  Director-General  of  Customs, 
the  Director  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  the  Director  of  Consulates  and 
Commercial  Affairs  at  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs;  M.  Outrey,  Minister 
Plenipotentiary ;  M.  Du  Sommerard,  Director  of  the  Museum  of  Thermes  and 
Cluny,  the  Assistant  Director  of  Foreign  Commerce,  the  President  of  the  Paris 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  M.  Guillaume,  member  of  the  Institute ;  Marquis  de 
Rochambeau,  Baron  Alphonse  de  Rothschild,  M.  Sieber,  M.  Marne  (Alfred), 
M.  Laveissiere  (Jules),  Dealer  in  Metals;  M.  Roulleaux  Dugage,  Secretary; 
M.  de  Fallois,  late  Chief  of  Bureau,  Ministry  of  Public  Works,  Assistant 
Secretary.  Resident  Commissioners — Mr.  de  Laforrest,  Consul-General  of 
France,  Commissioner-General,  New  York  ;  Mr.  Ravin  d’Elpeux,  Vice-Consul, 
Philadelphia;  Capt.  Anfrye,  Military  Attache,  French  Legation,  Washington. 

German  Empire — Dr.  Jacobi,  Royal  Prussian  Actual  Privy-superior  Gov¬ 
ernment  Counsellor  and  Ministerial  Director,  President ;  Dr.  Stuve,  Royal  Prus¬ 
sian  Privy-Government  Counsellor  and  Counsellor  in  the  Ministry  of  Commerce; 
Dr.  Wedding,  Royal  Prussian  Counsellor  of  Mines  ;  Mr.  Reither,  Royal  Bava- 
17 


258 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


rian  Counsellor  of  Legation ;  Mr.  Von  Nostitz-Wallwitz,  Royal  Saxon  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary;  Baron  Von  Spitzemberg,  Royal 
Wnrtemburg  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary;  Dr.  Neid- 
hardt,  Grand  Ducal  Hessian  Ministerial  Counsellor;  Mr.  Kauffman n,  Royal 
Prussian  Counsellor  of  Commerce;  Dr.  Kruger,  Hanseatic  Minister  Resident; 
Mr.  Von  Holloben,  Royal  Prussian  Superior  Tribunal  Counsellor;  Mr.  Nieber- 
ding,  Counsellor  in  the  Office  of  the  Chancellor  of  the  Empire;  Baron  Von 
Zedlitz,  Royal  Prussian  Provincial  Counsellor.  Resident  Commissioners — 
John  D.  Lankenau,  Esq.,  Philadelphia ;  Charles  H.  Meyer,  Esq.,  Consul, 
Philadelphia;  Gustavus Remak,  Esq.,  Philadelphia;  Dr.  Fred.  Volck,  Baltimore. 

Great  Britain  and  Colonies — His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  K.  G., 
Lord -President  of  the  Council.  Joint  Executive  Commissioners — Col.  Herbert 
Sandford,  R.  A.,  Professor  Thomas  C.  Archer,  F. R.  S.  E.,  A.  J.  R. Trended,  Esq., 
Secretary,  Philadelphia.  Superintendents — T.  A.  Wright,  Industrial  Depart¬ 
ment  ;  John  Anderson,  LL.  D.,  Machinery  Department;  B.  T.  Brandreth  Gibbs, 
Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Departments;  J.  M.  Jopling,  Fine  Art  Depart¬ 
ment;  J.  H.  Cundall,  Engineer,  Philadelphia.  Clerical  Assistants — Plugh 
Willoughby  Sweny,  Ernest  Charrington,  Philadelphia ;  Ernest  E.  Cooper,  Phila¬ 
delphia;  John  M.  Brett,  Philadelphia. 

Canada — Senator-Luc  Letellier  de  St.  Just,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  Presi¬ 
dent,  Ottawa.  Honorary  Commissioners  —  Hon.  Adam  Crooks,  Provincial 
Treasurer,  Ontario;  Hon.  P.  A.  Garneau,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  Quebec; 
Hon.  P.  Carteret  Hill,  Provincial  Secretary,  New  Brunswick  ;  Hon.  J.  J.  Fraser, 
Provincial  Secretary,  New  Brunswick  ;  Hon.  L.  C.  Owen,  Attorney-General, 
Prince  Edwards  Island ;  Hon.  W.  J.  Armstrong,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  British 
Columbia  ;  Hon.  Mr.  Nolin,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  Manitoba.  Executive  Com¬ 
missioners — Hon.  E.  G.  Penny,  Senator,  Montreal,  Quebec;  Plon.  R.  D.  Wilmot, 
Senator,  Sanbury,  New  Brunswick;  D.  Macdougall,  Esq.,  Berlin,  Ontario ;  J. 
Perrault,  Esq.,  Secretary,  Ottawa. 

New  South  Wales— His  Honor  Sir  James  Martin  Knight,  Chief  Justice, 
President;  Hon.  John  Hay,  President  bf  the  Legislative  Council,  Vice-President; 
Hon.  George  W  igram  Allen,  Speaker  of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  Vice-Presi¬ 
dent  ;  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Deas  Thomson,  C.  B.,  K.  C.  M.  G.,  M.  L.  C.,  Vice- 
President.  Commissioners — The  Rev.  Charles  Badham,  D.  D.,  Samuel  Bennett, 
Esq.,  James  Byrnes,  Esq.,  R.  W.  Cameron,  Esq.,  The  Hon.  G.  H.  Cox,  M.  L.  C., 
J.  R.  Fairfax,  Esq.,  Andrew  Garran,  Esq.,  LL.  D.,  Hon.  S.  D.  Gordon,  M.  L,  C., 
Henry  Halloran,  Esq.,  Edw.  S.  Hill,  Esq.,  Hon.  Thomas  Hoet,  M.  L.  C.,  P.  A. 
Jennings,  Esq.,  G.  W.  Lord,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  Hon.  Sir  William  Macarthur,  Knight, 
M.  L.  C.,  William  Macleay,  Esq.,  F.  L.  S.,  T.  S.  Mort,  Esq.,  Benjamin  Palmer, 
Esq.,  Mayor  of  Sidney ;  Commander  Thomas  Stackhouse,  R.  N.,  Alexander 
Stuart,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  George  Thornton,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  William  Wallis,  Esq.,  James 
Watson,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  Hon.  J.  B.  Watt,  M.  L.  C.,  Fitz  William  Wentworth,  Esq., 
J.  H.  Williams,  Esq.,  John  Williams,  Esq.,  W.  C.  Windeyer,  Esq.,  Robert 
Wisdom,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  John  Woods,  Esq.,  William  Wolfen,  Esq.,  Charles 
Robinson,  Esq.,  Secretary. 

Victoria — Sir  Redmond  Barry,  Acting  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
President ;  Hon.  J.  J.  Casey,  M.  P.,  Hon.  J.  F.  Sullivan,  M.  P.,  Hon.  C.  J.  Jenner, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


259 


M.  L.  C.,  James  Munro,  Esq.,  J.  McII wraith,  Esq.,  L.  J.  Sherrard,  Esq.,  Count 
de  Castelnau,  Hon.  S.  H.  Bindon,  James  Bosisto,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  James  Gatehouse, 
Esq.,  Mayor  of  Melbourne;  J.  I.  Bleasdale,  D.  I).,  Hon.  Sir  John  O’Shanassy, 
K.  C.  M.  G.,  Hen.  Sir  James  McCulloch,  M.  P.,  Hon.  John  Alexander  Mac- 
pherson,  M.  P.,  Hon.  John  Thomas  Smith,  M.  P.,  Leslie  James  Sherrard,  Esq., 
John  Danks,  Esq.,  George  Collins  Levey,  Esq.,  Secretary. 

South  Australia  ( Adelaide ) — His  Excellency,  A.  Musgrave,  Esq.,  C.  M.  G., 
Chairman ;  Hon.  W.  Everard,  Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands ;  Hon.  H.  E.  Bright, 
M.L.  C.,  J.  P.,  Commissioner  of  Public  Works;  Hon.  John  Crozier,  M.  L.  C.,  J.  P., 
Hon.  Wentwood  Cavanagh,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  J.  P.,  Hon.  Josiah  Boot  lily,  Esq.,  J.  P., 
Hon.  E.  W.  Andrews,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  Hon.  S.  Davenport,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  Hon.  Joseph 
Crompton,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  H>n.  George  McEwan,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  Dr.  Schomburg,  D.  P., 
J.  P.,  Caleb  Peacock,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  B.  D.  Ross,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  J.  P.,  E.  S.  Smith, 
Esq.,  M.  P.,  J.  P.,  Walter  Hackel,  Esq.,  I.  A.  Holden,  Esq.,  J.  P.,  S.  V.  Pozey, 
Esq.,  C.  J.  Coates,  Esq.,  F.  G.  Waterhouse,  Esq.,  C.  I.  Coates,  Honorary  Secretary. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope — Mr.  C.  Crawford  Coates,  Executive  Commissioner 
and  Agent,  Philadelphia. 

Greece — Dr.  Botassis,  Special  Representative,  Consul-General,  New  York. 

Guatemala  and  Salvador — His  Excellency  Don  Vincente  Dardon, 
Minister  Plenipotentiary,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Honduras — Governor  Don  Francisco  Bardales,  General  Don  E.  de  Salignac, 
Don  Jose  Maria  Fiallos,  Don  J  nan  Ramon  Valenzuela.  Resident  Commissioners — > 
Don  Vincente  Dardon,  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  T. 
Ansoatigin,  Consul,  New  York. 

Italy — II.  E.  Baron  Blanc,  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
Count  B.  Litta,  First  Secretary  of  Legation,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  M.  Angelo 
Gianelli,  Agent,  Philadelphia. 

Japanese  Empire — His  Excellency  Okubo  Toshimichi,  Minister  of  the 
Interior  and  Privy  Counsellor,  President;  His  Excellency  Lieutenant-General 
Saigo  Yorimichi,  Imperial  Army,  Vice-President;  Mr.  Kawase  .Elide  ham, 
Vice-President  Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Industry,  Commissioner-General ; 
Mr.  Tanaka  Yoshio,  Minister  of  the  Interior;  Mr.  Sekizawa  Akekio,  Bureau 
of  Industry;  Mr.  Yamataka  Nobuakira,  Bureau  of  Industry;  Mr.  Shioda 
Masashq  Bureau  of  Industry;  Mr.  Ishihara  Toyoyasu,  Bureau  of  Industry; 
Mr.  Ishida  Tametake,  Bureau  of  Industry;  Mr.  Yamao  Tsunetaro,  Bureau  of 
Industry;  Mr.  Kubo  Hiromiehi,  Minister  of  the  Interior;  Mr.  Notomi  Skejiro, 
Bureau  of  Industry;  Mr.  Shibata  Hireshi,  Bureau  of  Industry;  Mr.  Makivama 
Kobe,  Bureau  of  Industry;  Mr.  Ishii  Yoshitaka,  Bureau  of  Industry;  Mr. 
Asahi  Nobori,  Ministry  of  the  Interior;  Mr.  Kawara  Noritachi,  Bureau  of 
Industry;  Mr,  Sasashe  Motoakira,  Bureau  of  Industry;  Mr.  Takeda,  Bureau 
of  Agriculture  and  Industry;  Mr.  Sugiyama  Katsunari,  Bureau  of  Agriculture 
and  Industry  ;  Mr.  Hitaka  Giro,  Lieutenant  Imperial  Army  ;  Mr.  Omori  Ieliiu, 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Industry;  Mr.  Asami  Tadatsune,  Bureau  of  Agii 
culture  and  Industry  ;  Mr.  Fukui  Mokoto,  Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Industry; 
Mr.  Fritz  Cunlifle  Owen,  Attache,  Philadelphia. 

Liberia — J.  S.  Payne,  Esq.,  Monrovia;  Edward  S.  Morris,  Esq.,  Consul, 
Philadelphia. 


260 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Mexico — Mr.  Romero  Rubio,  President,  city  of  Mexico ;  Ramon  y  Alcaraz, 
city  of  Mexico;  Gabriel  Mancera,  city  of  Mexico;  Rafael  Martinez  de  la 
Torre,  city  of  Mexico  ;  Julio  Zarate,  city  of  Mexico  ;  Antonio  del  Castillo,  city 
of  Mexico ;  Sebastian  Camacho,  city  of  Mexico ;  Eduardo  E.  Zarate,  Secretary, 
city  of  Mexico.  Special  Commissioner,  Mr.  E.  Avila,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Netherlands — Dr.  E.  H.  von  Baumhauer,  Honorary  Professor,  Secretary 
of  the  Dutch  Society  of  Sciences,  Director  of  the  Society  for  the  Advancement 
of  Industry  in  the  Netherlands,  President,  Haarlem  ;  F.  de  Casembroot,  Rear 
Admiral  Aid-de-camp  in  Extraordinary  Service  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
the  Netherlands,  and  Member  of  the  States  General,  Second  Chamber,  The 
Hague ;  A.  H.  Eigeman,  Industrial  President  of  the  Society  of  Dutch  Indus¬ 
trials,  Leiden ;  P.  Harsten,  Chairman  of  the  Amsterdam  Board  of  Commerce, 
Amsterdam;  J.  E.  Van  Heemskerck  Van  Beest,  Dutch  Royal  Navy,  The 
Hague;  Dr.  W.  T.  A.  Jonckbloet,  President  of  the  Committee  of  Superin¬ 
tendence  of  the  Academy  of  Imitative  Arts,  Amsterdam;  D.  Van  der  Kel- 
len,  Jr.,  Member  of  the  Administration  Society  Arti  et  Amicitice,  Amsterdam; 
L.  C.  Van  Kerkwyk,  Pensioned  Lieutenant-Colonel  Corps  of  Engineering, 
Member  of  the  Council  of  Administration  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  En¬ 
gineers,  The  Hague;  M.  M.  de  Monchy,  President  of  the  Board  of  Commerce, 
Rotterdam;  Dr.  J.  Th.  Mouton,  Vice  President  of  the  Society  to  Promote 
Manufactures  and  Trade-Industry  in  the  Netherlands,  The  Hague;  C.  T.  Van 
der  Oudermeulen,  President  of  the  Dutch  Society  of  Agriculture,  The  Hague ; 
Baron  W.  G.  Brantsen  van  de  Zyp,  LL.  D.,  Lord  in  Waiting  to  His  Majesty 
the  King  of  the  Netherlands,  Arnheim  ;  Dr.  M.  W.  C.  Gori,  Doctor  of  Medi¬ 
cine,  late  Medical  Officer  of  the  Netherlands  Army,  Ophthalmic  Surgeon, 
Amsterdam;  R.  C.  Burlage,  Consul-General  of  the  Netherlands,  New  York ; 
L.  Westergaard,  Consul  of  the  Netherlands,  Philadelphia;  C.  Muysken,  Civil 
Engineer,  Secretary,  Haarlem. 

Norway — Herman  Baars,  Bergen ;  William  C.  Christoph erson,  Buenos 
Ayres;  Gerhard  Gade,  United  States  Consul,  Christiania. 

Peru — Jose  Carlos  Tracy,  President,  New  York ;  Frederick  L.  Barreda, 
Edward  Villena,  Charles  Nasy. 

Russia — Privy  Councillor  Butoffsky,  President;  Privy  Councillor  Kobeko, 
Director;  Councillor  of  State  Yermakof,  Vice- Director  of  the  Department  of 
Commerce  and  Manufactures;  Councillor  of  State  Vijshnegradsky,  Director 
of  the  Technological  Institute;  Councillor  of  State,  Beilsky,  Special  Official 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Manufactures,  Commissioner-General;  Coun¬ 
cillor  of  State  Podobiedof,  Director  of  Section  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Manufactures  ;  Councillor  of  State  Ilin,  Professor  in  the  Technological  Insti¬ 
tute;  Councillor  of  State  Behr,  Special  Official,  Ministry  of  Finance;  Coun¬ 
cillor  of  the  College  Timiriazef,  Director  of  Section  Department  of  Commerce 
and  Manufactures. 

Sandwich  Islands — Hon.  S.  G.  Wilder,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Honolulu; 
Hon.  J.  U.  Kawainui ;  Elisha  H.  Allen,  Jr.,  New  York. 

Siam — J.  H.  Chandler,  Commissioner,  Bangkok. 

Spain — Colonel  Lopez  Fabra,  Royal  Commissioner-General ;  Don  Joaquin 
Oliver,  Secretary ;  Don  Alvarado  de  la  Gandara,  Director  of  the  Industrial 


SCEKE  HEAR  TYRONE,  ON  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD. 


261 


262 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Department ;  Count  del  Donadio,  Director  of  the  Department  of  Fine  Arts  - 
Don  Jose  Jordana  y  Morera,  Director  of  the  Agricultural  Department.  Chiefs 
of  Bureaus—  Don  Enrique  Brotons,  Don  Alfredo  Escobar,  Don  Enrique  Borrell. 
Chiefs  of  Installation — Don  Bernardo  Forzano,  Don  Francisco  Foranzo,  Don 
Francisco  Parody,  Interpreter;  Don  Juan  Morphy,  Consul-General  of  Spain, 
Member  of  the  Commission  ;  Don  Julian  A.  Principe,  Vice-Consul,  Attache; 
Don  Miguel  Gonzales,  Attache  ;  Don  Jose  Fonrodona,  Attache. 

Sweden— P.  A.  Bergstrom,  late  Minister  of  Interior,  President  Board  of 
Domains,  President,  Stockholm;  C.  O.  Troilius,  Director-General  of  Govern¬ 
ment  Railways,  Vice-President,  Stockholm;  F.  L.  von  Dardel,  Director- 
General  Board  of  Public  Buildings,  Stockholm  ;  Ch.  Dickson,  M.  D.,  Goteborg ; 
Baron  A.  H.  E.  Fock,  Chief  of  Board  of  Controls,  Stockholm  ;  Professor  F.  W. 
Seholander,  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Stockholm ;  C.  F.  Luntjstrom,  Manufac¬ 
turer,  Stockholm ;  N.  H.  Elfving,  Consul-General,  Stockholm ;  S.  Stenberg, 
Professor  Carolinian  Medico-Chi rurgical  Institution,  Stockholm  ;  A.  R.  Acker¬ 
man,  Professor  of  School  of  Mines,  Stockholm  ;  J.  Bolinder,  Manufacturer, 
Stockholm;  J.  Lenning,  Manufacturer,  Norrkoping ;  C.  L.  Lundstrom,  Manu¬ 
facturer,  Goteborg;  Ch.  G.  Breitholtz,  Colonel  of  Artillery,  Stockholm;  IC. 
Peyron,  Captain  in  the  Navy,  Chamberlain,  Stockholm;  E.  Widmark,  Chief 
of  the  Board  of  Public  Education,  Stockholm  ;  H.  Widegren,  Superintendent 
of  Fisheries,  Stockholm;  P.  E.  Sidenbladh,  Secretary  of  the  Central  Board 
of  Statistics,  Stockholm  ;  V.  Norman,  Captain  of  Engineers,  Secretary,  Stock¬ 
holm  ;  E.  Brusewitz,  Engineer,  Mining  and 'Metallurgy. 

Resident  Commissioners  in  Philadelphia—  C.  Julilin  Dannfelt,  Commissioner- 
General,  Stockholm  ;  L.  Westergaard,  Consul,  Assistant  Commissioner,  Phila¬ 
delphia  ;  Dr.  J.  Ph.  Lindahl,  Secretary,  Lund;  M.  Isaeus,  Architect,  Stock¬ 
holm;  W.  Hoffstedt,  Engineer,  Stockholm;  A.  E.  Jacobi,  Engineer,  Stock¬ 
holm. 

Special  Commissioners — C.  J.  Meijerberg,  Superintendent  of  Primary  Schools, 
Educational  Department,  Stockholm;  G.  W.  Bergman,  Captain  of  Artillery, 
Army  Department,  Stockholm  ;  Baron  O.  Herinelin,  Fine  Art  Department, 
Stockholm. 

Switzerland — Colonel  H.  Rieter,  Commissary-General,  Winterthur ;  Dr. 
Emile  Schumacher,  Assistant  Commissioner;  N.  I.  Andersson,  Professor  Royal 
Academy  of  Science,  Educational  Department ;  Arnold  Steinmann,  Secretary 
of  Commerce,  Zurich  ;  Dr.  Adolph  Hirsch,  Director  of  the  Observatory,  Neuf- 
chatel ;  Colonel  Siegfried,  Chief  of  the  Federal  Topographical  Bureau,  Berne; 
Dr.  Frederic  de  Tochudi,  St.  Gall ;  Mr.  Edward  Guver,  Secretary-General, 
Zurich  ;  Mr.  John  Icely,  Engineer,  Basle;  Mr.  Rud.  Koradi,  Consul,  Resident 
Commissioner,  Philadelphia. 

Tunis — His  Excellency  Sidi  Heussein,  General  of  Division,  Minister  of 
Instruction  and  Public  Works,  President. 

Turkey — His  Excellency  G.  d’Aristarchi,  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  Wash¬ 
ington,  D.  C. 

Venezuela — Mr.  Leon  de  la  Cova,  Consul,  218J  Walnut  street,  Philadel¬ 
phia  ,  Dr.  Adolphus  Ernst,  Professor  University  at  Caracas. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


THE  WORK  OF  THE  RAILROADS  AND  THE  HOTELS. 

Rush  of  Visitors  to  Philadelphia — Arrangements  for  Transportation  of  Visitors 
by  the  Railroads  of  the  United  States— Settlement  of  the  Question  of  Fares — 
Arrangements  of  the  Railroads  leading  into  Philadelphia— How  the  Ex¬ 
hibition  Grounds  were  reached  from  the  City — The  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
— Magnificent  Equipment  of  the  Road — The  Model  Railroad  of  the  Union — 
Arrangements  of  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railroad — The  Schuylkill 
Steamboats— The  Street  Railway  Arrangements— Cabs  and  Carriages— Reg¬ 
ulations  concerning  them — The  Philadelphia  Hotels — The  Centennial  Lodg¬ 
ing-House  Agency — Boarding  Houses — Suburban  Hotels. 

S  the  successful  transportation  and  accommodation  of  the 
millions  of  visitors  who  were  present  at  the  Exhibition 
is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest  triumphs  con¬ 
nected  with  the  great  undertaking,  and  as  one  of  the 
most  signal  evidences  of  American  executive  ability, 
we  propose  to  devote  a  few  pages  to  a  review  of  this  subject. 

The  arrangements  for  transporting  visitors  from  the  various 
parts  of  the  country  to  Philadelphia  were  admirable.  The  bulk 
of  the  passenger  traffic  was  controlled  by  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  the  most  perfect  organization  of  its  kind  in  this 
country.  By  its  main  line  visitors  were  brought  from  all  parts 
of  the  West,  and  were  set  down  at  the  Exhibition  doors.  By 
its  New  Jersey  Division  visitors  from  New  York  and  the 
Eastern  States  were  brought  to  the  same  spot.  This  company 
granted  the  use  of  the  new  depot  it  had  erected  opposite  the 
Exhibition  grounds  to  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Balti¬ 
more  Railroad,  by  which  visitors  from  the  South  and  Southwest 
reached  the  Exhibition.  The  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Rail¬ 
road  Company  erected  a  new  passenger  station  within  the  limits 
of  the  Park,  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  on  which  Memorial  Hall 

263 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


265 


stands.  Passengers  from  central  Pennsylvania  and  the  West 
could  reach  the  Exhibition  gates  by  this  road,  without  loss  of 
time. 

The  officials  of  all  the  railroads  terminating  in  Philadelphia 
were  busy  for  months  preparing  for  the  increased  amount  of 
travel  which  the  Exhibition  would  draw  to  that  city.  Their 
tracks  were  overhauled  and  put  in  order ;  new  cars  were  built ; 
and  every  arrangement  made  by  which  the  comfort  and  safety 
of  large  bodies  of  travellers  could  be  secured.  By  the  arrange- 


TRACK  TANK,  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD. 


ments  put  in  force  145,000  visitors  could  be  transported  daily 
from  the  various  points  of  the  Union  to  Philadelphia. 

A  few  months  before  the  opening  of  the  Exhibition  a  meeting 
of  the  General  Ticket  Agents  of  the  great  trunk  lines  between 
Philadelphia  and  the  West  was  held  at  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
to  consider  the  question  of  fares.  Nearly  every  principal  road 
in  the  Union  was  represented,  one  hundred  agents  being  in 
attendance.  They  agreed  upon  a  system  of  excursion  tickets 


266 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


from  various  points  to  Philadelphia  at  rates  about  twenty-five 
per  cent,  below  the  usual  fares.  Later  in  the  season  the  fares 
were  still  further  reduced  in  consequence  of  a  “  railroad  war  ” 
between  the  leading  lines  of  the  country. 

The  Pennsylvania  road,  the  New  Line  from  New  York  to 
Philadelphia,  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore,  the 


BLOCK  SIGNAL  STATION,  PENNSYLVANIA  KAILROAD. 


Philadelphia  &  Reading,  and  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railroads 
also  made  liberal  arrangements  for  numerous  excursion  trains 
from  points  on  their  roads  to  the  Exhibition  grounds,  and  made 
generous  reductions  in  the  fares. 

The  extraordinary  arrangements  made  by  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  for  transporting  passengers  from  all  parts  of  the  Union 
to  Philadelphia  will  warrant  a  brief  reference  to  this  great 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


267 


"  American  institution,”  at  this  point.  It  was  begun  in  1846 
and  completed  in  1854.  “It  was,”  says  Mr.  Sipes,  in  his 
interesting  account  of  the  road,  “constructed  in  a  superior 
manner,  and  with  the  improvements  since  made,  is  undoubtedly 
the  most  perfect  road  in  America.  Notwithstanding  it  had  to 
overcome  the  great  Allegheny  mountains,  a  barrier  which  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century  had  been  considered  insurmountable  by  a 
railroad  without  inclined  planes,  yet  it  was  carried  across  by 
engineering  skill  with  a  facility  really  astonishing.  The  road 
commences  a  gradual  ascent  at  Harrisburg,  where  it  is  310  feet 
above  tide,  and  rises  regularly.  At  Lewistown  it  is  480  feet 
above  tide;  at  Huntingdon  it  has  ascended  to  610  feet;  at 
Tyrone  it  has  climbed  to  an  altitude  of  886  feet ;  and  at  Altoona, 
where  it  reaches  the  base  of  the  mountain  proper,  it  is  at  an 
elevation  of  1168  feet.  Up  to  this  point  the  heaviest  gradient 
per  mile  has  not  exceeded  twenty-one  feet.  From  a  short 
distance  west  of  Altoona  this  gradient  is  increased  to  ninety-five 
feet  per  mile  on  straight  lines,  and  eighty-two  feet  per  mile  on 
curves.  Thus  ascending,  it  reaches  its  culminating  point  at  the 
west  end  of  the  great  tunnel,  where  its  altitude  above  tide  is 
2161  feet.  Its  maximum  gradient  is  twenty-one  feet  per  mile 
less  than  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  and  is  equalled  by 
several  railroads  in  the  New  England  States.  The  highest 
gradient  west  of  the  tunnel  is  fifty-two  and  eight-tenths  feet  per 
mile,  and  the  average  gradient  on  that  end  is  twenty-six  and 
four-tenths  feet  per  mile.  At  Johnstown  the  elevation  above 
tide  is  1184  feet;  at  Greensburg  it  is  1091  feet;  and  at  Pitts¬ 
burgh  it  is  748  feet,  being  438  feet  higher  at  its  western  ter¬ 
minus  than  at  Plarrisburg,  where  it  commences  to  overcome  the 
barrier  presented  by  the  mountains.” 

The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  extends  from  Philadelphia  to 
Pittsburgh,  with  a  number  of  branches,  giving  it  a  total  mileage 
of  888  miles.  By  the  purchase  of  the  New  Jersey,  Camden  & 
Amboy,  and  Philadelphia  &  Erie  Railroads,  an  additional 
mileage  of  763  miles  was  gained,  making  the  total  number  of 
miles  owned  and  operated  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  1651, 
and  giving  it  outlets  at  New  York  and  upon  Lake  Erie.  A 


THE  ITORSE-SHOE  CURVE,  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


269 


number  of  branches  or  feeders  had  been  acquired  west  of  Pitts¬ 
burgh,  by  lease  and  purchase,  extending  the  line  of  the  road  to 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  and  Louisville.  In  order  to 
simplify  and  render  more  efficient  the  management  of  these  wes¬ 
tern  connections,  a  charter  was  procured  from  the  Legislature  of 
Pennsylvania  incorporating  the  “  Pennsylvania  Company,”  to 
which  all  the  interests  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  west  of 
Pittsburgh  were  transferred  on  the  1st  of  March,  1871.  The 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  retained  a  controlling  interest  in  the 
new  company.  The  total  number  of  miles  of  road  owned  and 
controlled  by  the  “ Pennsylvania  Company”  is  1715.  The 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  has  also  a  controlling  interest  in  the 
Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati  &  St.  Louis  Railroad,  better  known  as 
“The  Panhandle  Route,”  which  with  its  connections  embraces 
a  total  of  1150  miles,  and  in  the  St.  Louis,  Vandalia,  Terre 
Haute  &  Indianapolis  Railroad,  with  a  mileage  of  238  miles. 
Thus  the  total  number  of  miles  of  railroad  owned,  operated  or 
controlled  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  is  6615.  It 
will  be  seen  from  this  showing  that  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company  is  the  largest  and  most  powerful  corporation  in  the 
world. 

The  main  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  road  is  in  all  respects  the 
most  splendid  piece  of  railroad  engineering  in  America.  The 
road-bed  is  perfect  and  the  track  is  laid  with  a  solidity  and 
care  that  render  a  high  rate  of  speed  compatible  with  safety. 
The  discipline  is  of  the  most  rigid  and  thorough  character,  and 
a  faithful  performance  of  duty  is  exacted  from  every  employe. 
The  rolling  stock  is  mainly  constructed  at  the  company’s  shops 
at  Altoona.  The  passenger  trains  are  supplied  with  the  “  West- 
inghouse  Air-brake,”  and  are  lighted  with  gas.  The  cars  are 
handsome  and  are  luxuriously  upholstered.  The  sleeping  and 
parlor  cars  are  of  the  Pullman  class,  and  “Pullman  Hotel 
Cars,”  in  which  meals  are  furnished  passengers  while  the  train 
is  in  motion,  have  recently  been  placed  on  the  line.  The 
“Wharton  Patent  Switch”  is  used  on  the  entire  line,  and 
furnishes  a  perfect  guard  against  accidents  from  misplaced 
switches. 


270 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


During  the  six  months  of  the  Exhibition  the  passenger  traffic 
over  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  was  enormous.  From  the 
Jersey  City  depot,  22,917  trains  were  started  westward,  made 
up  of  127,080  cars  and  carrying  about  7,500,000  passengers  for 
Philadelphia  and  the  West.  These  figures  include  the  travel 


BRYN  MAWE  HOTEL,  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD. 


in  one  direction  only.  The  travel  in  both  directions  is  esti¬ 
mated  at  between  1 2,000,000  and  13,000,000  passengers.  This 
immense  throng  was  safely  and  comfortably  transported  without 
an  accident,  or  the  injury  of  a  single  passenger.  The  largest 
number  of  passengers  arriving  at  the  Centennial  Depot  of  the 
Pennsylvania  road  was  on  the  19th  of  October,  when  33,919 
passengers  were  landed  there.  On  the  26th  of  October  32,993 
passengers  arrived  at  this  depot,  and  on  the  28th  of  September 
the  arrivals  numbered  31,563. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


271 


The  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railroad  had,  as  we  have  stated, 
a  depot  in  the  Exhibition  grounds.  It  had  a  large  and  popu¬ 
lous  section  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  to  draw  from,  and  also 
secured  through  its  city  lines  a  large  daily  local  travel.  The 
following  is  a  statement  of  the  passenger  traffic  by  this  road 
from  May  10th  to  November  1st,  the  figures  representing  the 
travel  to  and  from  the  Exhibition  grounds:  May,  831,370; 
June,  981,997;  July,  1,142,308;  August,  1,113,135;  Septem¬ 
ber,  1,596,550;  October,  1,600,000;  November,  800,000.  Total, 
8,065,360.  Of  this  number  2,773,669  were  classed  as  city 
travel,  proportioned  as  follows:  May,  169,296;  June,  307,503; 
July,  306,081 ;  August,  388,970;  September,  801,819;  Octo¬ 
ber,  800,000.  Total,  2,773,669.  This  table  includes  about 
200,000  passengers  which,  under  a  strict  construction  of  the 
words,  might  not  be  classed  as  city  travel,  but  this  amount  is 
made  up  by  the  traffic  of  the  last  ten  days  of  the  Exhibition, 
not  included  in  the  above.  Of  this  large  number  it  is  esti¬ 
mated  that  1,400,000  were  on  the  Ninth  and  Green  line, 
720,000  on  Broad  street,  and  560,000  on  the  Richmond  branch. 
Deducting  the  ordinary  amount  of  travel  during  the  same  time 
in  other  years,  4,500,000,  it  leaves  nearly  a  million  increase  in 
the  travel  from  outside  points  to  Philadelphia.  For  the 
accommodation  of  Centennial  travel  110  passenger  cars  were 
built,  21  were  borrowed,  78  freight,  12  baggage,  and  12  gon¬ 
dola  cars  were  impressed  into  the  service.  Altogether,  324 
passenger  cars  were  used  in  the  travel. 

The  largest  number  of  passengers  carried  on  any  single  day 
by  the  Reading  road  was  185,000,  on  September  28th,  Penn¬ 
sylvania  Day.  Not  an  accident  occurred  on  this  road  during 
the  progress  of  the  Exhibition. 

In  this  connection  we  may  appropriately  quote  the  business 
transacted  by  the  Narrow  Gauge  Road  in  the  Exhibition 
grounds.  The  number  of  daily  trains  wras  eight,  each  train 
making  fourteen  trips  per  day,  and  the  number  of  persons 
carried  was  as  follows : 


MAIN  entrance  to  the  exhibition  grounds. 


272 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


273 


May  15  to  31 .  125,363 

June . : .  505,704 

July .  460,558 

August .  589,334 

September . 1,054,465 

October . 1,048,718 

Total  to  November  1 . 3,784,142 


The  largest  number  was  carried  on  September  28th,  Penn¬ 
sylvania  Day,  viz.,  68,273. 

The  street  car  lines  leading  from  the  city  to  the  Exhibition 
were  taxed  to  their  utmost  capacity,  but  were  found  fully  equal 
to  the  strain  put  upon  them.  The  Exhibition  buildings  were 
located  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  about  two  and  a- 
half  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  city.  The  Schuylkill  is 
crossed  by  ten  bridges,  all  of  which  were  used  as  approaches  to 
the  Centennial  grounds.  Four  of  these  were  used  exclusively 
by  steam  railroads,  a  fifth  by  a  steam  railroad  and  horse  vehi¬ 
cles,  and  the  remaining  five  by  horse  vehicles  and  pedestrians. 

The  Pennsylvania  and  Reading  Railroads  ran  frequent  trains 
from  their  city  depots  to  their  stations  in  the  Exhibition 
grounds.  The  fare  on  each  road  was  ten  cents.  The  travel  by 
these  lines  was  enormous.  A  line  of  steamers  ran  at  intervals 
of  fifteen  minutes  from  Old  Fairmount  to  the  landing  at  the 
Exhibition  grounds.  The  fare  was  ten  cents.  Hacks,  cabs, 
omnibuses,  and  other  vehicles  were  provided  in  abundance, 
with  a  capacity  for  transporting  60,000  passengers  daily.  The 
fare  by  these  vehicles  averaged  fifty  cents  per  passenger. 

The  street  railway  system  of  Philadelphia  is  admitted  to  be 
the  best  in  the  world.  All  the  prominent  lines  extended  their 
tracks  to  the  entrances  to  the  Exhibition  grounds  on  Elm 
avenue,  thus  bringing  all  parts  of  the  city  into  direct  commu¬ 
nication  with  the  Exhibition.  A  well-devised  system  of  tracks 
was  laid  on  Elm  and  Belmont  avenues  by  which  the  hundreds 
of  cars  were  enabled  to  arrive  and  depart  without  crowding  or 
confusion.  The  various  street  car  lines  transported  on  the 
opening  day  of  the  Exhibition  over  200,000  people  without  a 
single  accident. 

18 


274 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  fare  from  any  part  of  the  city  to  the  Exhibition  grounds, 
by  these  lines,  was  seven  cents,  or  four  tickets  for  twenty-five 
cents,  these  tickets  being  good  on  all  the  city  roads.  The  fare 
for  children  under  ten  years  of  age  was  four  cents. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  total  business  of  the  street  car  lines 
running  to  the  Exhibition  amounted  during  the  six  months  of 
the  Exhibition  to  at  least  fifteen  million  passengers. 

The  hotel  accommodations  proved  equal  to  the  demand  upon 
them.  The  hotels  of  Philadelphia  rank  among  the  best  in  the 
world.  At  each  one  preparations  were  made  for  accommodating 
large  numbers  of  extra  visitors  during  the  Centennial  season. 
Quarters  were  thus  provided  for  150,000  people  per  day.  No 
advance  was  made  in  the  prices  of  board  or  lodging,  which  were 
kept  at  the  usual  rates.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal 
houses,  including  those  built  especially  for  the  Exhibition 
season,  their  locations,  accommodations  and  the  rates  charged  : 


Number 

Number  that 

HOTEL. 

Location. 

of 

can  be  accommo¬ 

Terms 

rooms* 

dated. 

per  day. 

Continental  . 

..9th  and  Chestnut  sts . 

.  500 _ 

. 1500 . 

. .  §4.50 

Girard  House . 

.  .9th  and  Chestnut  sts . 

.  400 _ 

. 1500 . 

. .  3.50 

Colonnade . 

.  314.... 

.  500 . 

. .  3.50—5.00 

Transcontinental  . . 

. 1200 . 

Globe . . . 

, .  .Elm  and  Belmont  avs . 

.1000.... 

La  Pierre .  ... 

. .  .Broad,  near  Chestnut  st . 

.  130.... 

.  325 . 

. .  3.50—5.00 

St.  Cloud . 

. .  .Arch,  ah.  7th  st . . . 

.  350 . 

United  States . 

.  .42d  and  Columbia  av . 

.  325.... 

.  600 . 

..  4.00 

Hotel  Aubrey . 

...33d  and  Walnut  sts  . 

.  400. .. . 

. 3000 . 

Atlas . 

.  .Elm  av.,  op.  Machinery  Hall. 

.1500 _ 

. 3000 . 

Grand  Exposition  . . 

.  .Girard  and  Lancaster  avs  . . . 

.1325...  . 

Masonic  Hall . . 

. .  .Chestnut,  ab.  7th  st . 

St.  Stephen’s . 

.  .Chestnut,  ab.  10th  st . 

.  118.... 

.  350 . 

Bingham . 

...11th  and  Market  sts . 

.  150.... 

.  400 . 

Merchants’ . 

..  .Fourth,  bel.  Arch  st . 

.  300.... 

.  850 . 

. .  3  00 

Washington . 

. .  .Chestnut,  ab.  7th  st . 

.  200.... 

.  450 . 

American . 

. .  .Chestnut,  ab.  5th  st . 

..  300.... 

.  600 . 

. .  3.00 

St.  Elmo . 

..317  and  319  Arch  st . 

.  225.... 

.  500 . 

. .  2.50—3.00 

Merchants’  House. . 

.  .413  N.  3d  st . 

Mansion  House  . . . . 

...621  Arch  st . 

.  100  .. . 

sm 

Irving  House . 

. .  .915  Walnut  st . 

.  200 . 

. .  3.00 — 5.00 

Guy’s . 

.  .7th  and  Chestnut  sts . 

.  60.... 

. 150 . 

West  End . . 

. .  .Chestnut,  ab.  16th  st . 

.  90  .. 

isn 

-f-t 

St.  George’s . 

. .  .Broad  and  Walnut  sts  ...... 

..  4.50 

In  addition  to  these  there  were  forty-five  smaller  hotels  in 
operation  during  the  Exhibition,  with  accommodations  for 
about  8000  visitors,  with  prices  ranging  from  $1.50  to  $3.00 
per  day. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


275 


In  addition  to  the  hotels  were  the  boarding-houses,  of  which 
the  city  was  full,  and  in  which  thousands  were  comfortably  ac¬ 
commodated  at  reasonable  rates  during  the  Exhibition  period. 
The  majority  of  these  houses  were  connected  with  the  Centen¬ 
nial  Lodging-House  Agency  ( Limited ),  of  Philadelphia.  This 
company  had  a  main  office  in  Walnut  street,  and  a  number  of 
branches  in  the  city.  Arrangements  were  made  with  numerous 
boarding-houses  of  the  city  to  furnish  board  and  lodging  at 
fixed  and  moderate  rates,  and  to  accept  in  payment  for  the  same 
from  guests  the  tickets  of  the  agency.  These  tickets  were 
placed  on  sale  at  the  leading  railroad  ticket  offices  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  By  purchasing  a  sufficient  number  of  these 
tickets  before  leaving  home,  visitors  provided  themselves  with 
certain  accommodations  in  advance  of  reaching  the  city.  An 
agent  of  the  Lodging-House  Company  met  each  train  upon  its 
arrival  at  Philadelphia,  and  gave  the  necessary  information  to 
holders  of  tickets  as  to  the  location  of  their  lodgings,  the  best 
means  of  reaching  them,  etc.,  and  attended  to  the  delivery  of 
their  baggage.  Though  some  fault  was  found  with  this  agency, 
it  is  believed,  on  the  whole,  to  have  worked  satisfactorily. 

Besides  the  hotels  and  boarding-houses  of  Philadelphia,  the 
vicinity  of  the  city  contained  numerous  hotels  and  suburban 
resorts,  the  majority  of  which  were  situated  on  the  railways 
which  led  direct  to  the  Exhibition  grounds.  These  were  several 
hundred  in  number,  with  excellent  accommodations  for  over 
20,000  guests.  They  were  liberally  patronized  during  the  sum¬ 
mer,  visitors  to  them  having  all  the  delights  of  a  summer  home  in 
the  country,  and  being  able  to  reach  the  Exhibition  by  numerous 
trains  in  from  half-an-hour  to  an  hour.  These  places  included 
such  elegant  and  well-known  resorts  as  Bryn  Mawr,  Ridley 
Park,  Media,  West  Chester,  Haddonfield,  Beverly,  Burlington, 
Norristown,  Germantown,  Chestnut  Hill,  and  others. 

Six  large  hotels  were  built  expressly  for  the  Exhibition  sea¬ 
son.  These  were  the  Globe,  the  Transcontinental,  the  United 
States,  the  Grand  Exposition,  the  Hotel  Aubrey,  and  the  Atlas. 
The  Hotel  Aubrey  was  situated  in  West  Philadelphia  near  the 
depot  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  ;  the  Grand  Exposition  was 
on  Girard  avenue,  within  a  few  squares  of  the  Exhibition,  and 


276 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


During  the  Exhibition  season,  the  Globe  Hotel  entertained 
between  250,000  and  300,000  guests;  the  Transcontinental 
entertained  about  175,000  guests  in  the  same  period  ;  the  United 
States,  125,000  guests;  the  Grand  Exposition,  175,000  guests; 
the  Atlas,  250,000 ;  and  the  Hotel  Aubrey  from  80,000  to 
100,000. 


the  others  were  immediately  opposite  the  Exhibition  grounds. 
With  the  exception  of  the  Atlas,  which  consisted  of  a  series  of 
rough  frame  buildings,  all  were  substantial  structures.  The 
six  hotels  contained  5050  rooms,  and  could  accommodate  15,800 
visitors. 


BRYN  MAWR  STATION,  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


THE  OPENING  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

Arrangements  for  the  Opening — Programme  Issued  by  the  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission — Scenes  in  Philadelphia  on  the  9th  of  May — The  Opening  Day — 
The  Rush  to  the  Grounds — Arrival  of  Visitors  from  Distant  Points — The 
Gates  Thrown  Open — The  Grand  Stands — A  Brilliant  Scene — Arrival  of 
the  President  of  the  United  States — Wagner’s  Centennial  March — Bishop 
Simpson’s  Prayer  —  Whittier’s  Hymn  —  Enthusiasm  of  the  Multitude- 
Transfer  of  the  Exhibition  to  the  Centennial  Commission — The  Centennial 
Cantata — Address  of  General  Hawley — President  Grant  Declares  the  Exhi¬ 
bition  Open — The  Flag  Unfurled — The  President’s  Tour  Through  the 
Buildings — The  Starting  of  the  Great  Engine — Scenes  in  the  Exhibition 
Grounds — Illumination  of  the  City. 

^/HE  10th  of  May,  1876,  was  the  day  appointed  for  the 
opening  of  the  International  Exhibition.  On  the 
8th  the  Centennial  Commission  issued  the  following 
order : 

UNITED  STATES  CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION, 
International  Exhibition ,  1876,  Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia,  May  8 thy  1876. 
The  United  States  Centennial  Commission  announces  the 
following  orders  and  programme  for  the  opening  of  the  Inter¬ 
national  Exhibition  on  the  10th  instant. 

The  Commission,  with  the  concurring  counsel  of  the  Board 
of  Finance,  instructed  its  officers  to  give  formal  invitations  only 
to  persons  in  official  positions,  to  those  officially  connected  with 
the  Exhibition  and  to  members  of  the  press,  by  reason  of  the 
impossibility  of  discriminating  among  the  numerous  and  gen¬ 
erous  supporters  of  the  enterprise. 

All  the  gates,  except  those  at  the  east  end  of  the  Main  Build¬ 
ing,  will  be  open  to  the  public  at  9  A.  M.  at  the  established  rate 
of  admission. 


277 


278 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  Main  Building,  Memorial  Hall  and  Machinery  Hall 
will  be  reserved  for  guests  and  exhibitors  until  the  conclusion 
of  the  ceremonies,  about  1  P.  M.,  when  all  restrictions  will  be 
withdrawn. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  will  be  escorted  to  the 
Exhibition  by  Governor  Hartranft,  of  Pennsylvania,  with  a 
division  or  more  of  troops  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey. 

Invited  guests  will  enter  the  Main  Building  from  the  carriage 
concourse  at  the  east  end,  or  by  the  south-middle  entrance  on 
Elm  avenue.  The  doors  will  be  open  to  them  at  9  A.  M.  They 
will  pass  to  the  platform  in  front  of  Memorial  Hall  through  the 
north-middle  doors  of  the  Main  Building,  and  should  occupy 
their  places  before  10.15  A.  M.  All  the  space  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  platform,  save  what  may  be  needed  for  passage,  will  be  open 
to  the  public.  Seats  on  the  platform  for  the  ladies  invited  are 
provided,  and  it  is  expected  that  they  will  join  the  procession 
if  they  choose. 

The  orchestra  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  pieces  and  the  chorus 
of  one  thousand  voices  will  be  under  the  direction  of  Theodore 
Thomas,  assisted  by  Dudley  Buck. 

PROGRAMME. 

1.  10.15  A.  M. — National  Airs  by  the  Orchestra. 

2.  10.30 — Arrival  of  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

3.  Centennial  Inauguration  March,  by  Richard  Wagner. 

4.  Prayer,  by  the  Right  Reverend  Bishop  Simpson. 

5.  Hymn,  by  John  Greenleaf  Whittier. 

Music,  by  John  K.  Paine,  of  Massachusetts. 

Organ  and  Orchestral  accompaniment. 

6.  Presentation  of  the  Buildings  to  the  Commission  by  the  President  of  the 

Centennial  Board  of  Finance. 

7.  Cantata,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  of  Georgia. 

Music,  by  Dudley  Buck,  of  Connecticut. 

Basso  Solo,  by  Myron  W.  Whitney,  of  Boston. 

8.  Presentation  of  the  Exhibition  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  by  the 

President  of  the  Centennial  Commission. 

9.  Address  by  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

10.  Unfurling  of  the  Flag,  Hallelujah  Chorus,  Salutes  of  Artillery  and  Ring¬ 

ing  of  the  Chimes. 

11.  Procession  through  the  Main  Building  and  Machinery  Hall. 

12.  Reception  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  in  the  Judges’  Pavilion. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


279 


No  flags  or  ensigns,  except  such  as  are  permanently  fixed  in 
the  buildings,  will  be  displayed  on  the  morning  of  the  10th  until 
the  signal  be  given.  The  organs  and  other  musical  instruments 
and  the  bells  will  await  the  same  notice. 

When  the  President  of  the  United  States  declares  the  Exhi¬ 
bition  open,  the  flag  on  the  staff  near  him  will  be  unfurled  as  a 
signal  for  the  raising  of  all  other  flags  and  ensigns,  the  ringing 
of  the  chimes,  the  salute  of  one  hundred  guns  on  George’s  Hill, 
and  the  singing  of  the  Hallelujah  Chorus  of  Handel  by  the 
chorus,  with  organ  and  orchestral  accompaniment. 

Immediately  upon  the  announcement,  the  Foreign  Commis¬ 
sioners  will  pass  into  the  Main  Building  and  take  places  upon 
the  general  avenue  opposite  their  respective  sections. 

The  President  of  the  United  States,  conducted  by  the  Director- 
General  of  the  Exhibition,  and  followed  by  the  guests  of  the  day, 
will  pass  through  the  Main  Building.  As  the  President  passes 
the  Foreign  Commissioners  they  will  join  the  procession,  and 
the  whole  body  will  move  to  Machinery  Hall. 

On  his  way  the  President  will  be  saluted  by  his  military 
escort,  formed  in  two  lines  between  the  buildings. 

In  Machinery  Hall,  when  the  procession  shall,  as  far  as  pos¬ 
sible,  have  entered  the  building,  the  President,  assisted  by 
George  H.  Corliss,  will  set  in  motion  the  great  engine  and  the 
machinery  connected  therewith.  No  further  formal  order  of 
procession  will  be  required. 

The  President,  and  such  of  the  guests  as  may  choose  to  fol¬ 
low,  will  be  escorted  by  way  of  the  north  main  aisle  of  Ma¬ 
chinery  Hall  to  the  doors  of  the  eastern  tower  and  to  the 
Judges’  Pavilion. 

The  passage  in  return  to  the  Main  Building  will  be  kept  for 
half  an  hour. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  will  hold  a  brief  reception 
in  the  Judges’  Pavilion. 

Should  the  weather  render  it  impossible  to  conduct  the  exer¬ 
cises  in  the  open  air,  they  will  be  held  in  the  Main  Building, 
and  the  best  regulations  the  circumstances  may  permit  will  be 
communicated  to  the  guests  upon  their  arrival.  T.  B.  P.  Dixey 


REPOT  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  AT  ALTOONA. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


281 


is  announced  as  Master  of  Ceremonies.  He  will  wear  a  white 
sash.  He  will  be  assisted  by  twenty -five  aids,  who  will  wear 
blue  sashes. 

By  order  of  the  Centennial  Commission. 

Joseph  It.  Hawley,  President. 

John  L.  Campbell,  Secretary . 

Philadelphia  was  in  a  whirl  of  excitement  for  several  days 
previous  to  the  10th.  The  hotels  began  to  fill  up  as  early  as 
the  7th,  and  by  the  night  of  the  9th  were  full  to  overflowing. 
On  the  9th  of  May  a  steady  rain  fell  during  the  day,  but  in 
spite  of  this  Chestnut  street  was  alive  with  people  eager  to  be¬ 
hold  the  arrivals  of  distinguished  visitors  and  the  various  visit¬ 
ing  military  organizations  that  came  in  during  the  day.  Great 
anxiety  was  manifested  lest  the  storm  should  continue  through 
the  next  day  and  interfere  with  the  opening  ceremonies.  To¬ 
wards  nightfall  the  rain  increased,  and  it  seemed  almost  useless 
to  hope  for  fair  weather  the  next  day. 

The  dawn  of  Wednesday,  May  10th,  found  the  rain  still  fall¬ 
ing  and  the  shy  covered  with  heavy  clouds  in  which  no  rift  was 
visible.  In  spite  of  this,  however,  the  city  was  lavishly  and 
beautifully  decorated  with  flags  and  streamers.  Chestnut, 
Market  and  Walnut  streets,  and  all  the  principal  thoroughfares, 
were  literally  alive  with  flags.  The  stars  and  stripes  were 
naturally  the  most  prominent,  but  every  nation  of  the  globe  was 
represented  in  the  display.  As  the  morning  advanced  the  rain 
ceased,  and  about  eight  o’clock  the  sun  shone  out  and  soon 
scattered  the  clouds  across  the  sky. 

From  an  early  hour  in  the  morning  the  street  cars,  steam  ears 
and  other  conveyances  to  the  Exhibition  grounds  were  crowded, 
and  long  before  nine  o’clock,  the  hour  for  opening  the  gates  to 
the  public,  arrived,  the  entrances  were  surrounded  by  dense 
throngs  eager  for  admission.  All  through  the  morning  excur¬ 
sion  trains  from  New  York,  Baltimore,  and  points  along  the 
railroads  leading  to  Philadelphia,  were  arriving  at  the  Centen¬ 
nial  depots  of  the  Pennsylvania  and  Reading  Railroads  and 


I 


282 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


discharging  thousands  of  visitors  to  swell  the  crowds  in  the 
Exhibition  grounds. 

“  Hundreds  of  those  who  waited  at  the  gates,  which  were  so 
soon  to  admit  them  to  an  assembled  world,  had  not  before  been 
near  the  grounds  since  the  enclosure  had  consisted  only  of  a 
half-erected  fence  and  the  skeletons  of  a  few  of  the  larger  build¬ 
ings  ;  and  their  looks  of  glad  surprise  and  expressions  of  aston¬ 
ishment  can  easily  be  imagined  by  those  who  have  had  the  good 
fortune  to  gaze  upon  the  mighty  cosmos  in  all  its  completed  per7 
fection.  The  picture  presented  even  from  the  outside  of  the 
grounds  was  interesting  from  its  peculiarity,  entertaining  from 
its  novelty,  and  bewildering  from  its  dazzling  variety.  The 
inconceivable  expanse  of  the  Main  Building,  enriched  through¬ 
out  all  its  acres  of  length  and  breadth  with  the  most  brilliant 
decorations,  was  yesterday  rendered  doubly  magnificent  by  the 
addition  of  myriads  of  flags  of  all  colors,  shapes,  sizes  and  na¬ 
tions,  and  from  every  inch  of  available  space  floated  red-white- 
and-blue  streamers.  The  national  and  international  insignias 
over  the  entrances  were  almost  covered  with  the  grouped 
banners  of  every  nation,  and  even  the  golden  motto,  ‘  Virtue, 
Liberty,  and  Independence/  seemed  to  have  grown  brighter 
since  the  dawn  of  the  10th  of  May.  Machinery  Hall  was  less 
elaborately  decorated  than  its  neighbor,  and  the  larger  banners, 
like  those  on  all  the  other  buildings, ‘were  kept  furled  until  the 
formal  opening  of  the  Exhibition.  There  were,  however, 
myriads  of  miniature  flags  and  streamers  dancing  in  the  breeze, 
and  the  great  structure  in  which  had  been  collected  the  triumphs 
of  the  inventive  ingenuity  of  all  races  presented  a  gala  appear¬ 
ance  well  befitting  the  occasion.  The  chaste,  imposing  beauty 
of  Memorial  Hall  was  enhanced  by  the  gracefully-intertwined 
colors  which  decked  the  southern  fagade,  while  far  into  the 
grounds  could  be  seen  countless  thousands  of  furled  standards 
and  waving  streamers.  The  arriving  trains  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Kail  road  came  in  quick  succession,  bringing  thousands  of  pas¬ 
sengers  from  the  Kensington  and  Washington  avenue  stations 
to  swell  the  crowd  already  assembled,  and  the  handsome  depot 
south  of  Machinery  Hall  soon  became  a  scene  of  fascinating 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


233 


animation  as  the  increasing  visitors  hastened  out  of  the  numer¬ 
ous  cars  and  poured  in  living  streams  of  humanity  to  the  still- 
closed  entrances.  The  arrival  of  trains  at  the  same  structure 
from  points  along  the  main  line  and  its  connections,  bringing 
guests  from  New  York,  Harrisburg,  Pittsburgh,  and  interme¬ 
diate  stations,  added  new  interest  to  the  inspiriting  scene,  and 
the  plateau  between  the  building  and  the  Centennial  offices 
became  almost  immediately  packed  with  men,  women  and  chil¬ 
dren,  all  waiting  anxiously  for  the  hour  of  nine.  The  Philadel¬ 
phia,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore  Railroad  trains  also  landed  at 
the  Pennsylvania  depot,  bringing  car  after  car  loaded  with  pas¬ 
sengers.  At  the  new  depot  erected  by  the  Reading  Railroad 
Company,  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff  on  which  stands  Memorial 
Hall,  long  trains  of  cars  every  few  moments  dashed  in  loaded 
with  passengers  from  Broad  and  Callowhiil  streets,  Ninth  street 
and  Columbia  avenue,  and  Ninth  and  Green  streets  stations,  in 
addition  to  the  thousands  of  visitors  from  Germantown,  Norris¬ 
town,  Reading,  Pottsville,  and  more  distant  points.  The  wide 
platform  of  over  fifteen  hundred  feet  in  length  was  continually 
covered  with  visitors,  none  of  whom  lost  a  moment  in  pressing 
onward  to  the  various  entrances.  On  these  trains  arrived  al¬ 
most  all  of  the  one  thousand  choristers  who  had  so  long  been 
preparing  for  their  important  part  in  the  opening  ceremonies, 
and  so  complete  had  been  all  the  arrangements  that  all  the 
singers  were  conducted  to  the  seats  they  were  to  occupy  without 
material  delay.  As  the  hour  of  nine  approached,  the  throngs  of 
visitors  increased  still  more  rapidly;  and  from  the  eastern  end 
of  the  Main  Building  to  the  western  boundary  of  the  passenger 
railroad  concourse  the  Elm  avenue  tracks  were  for  the  next  half 
hour  filled  with  incoming  and  outgoing  street  cars,  and  the 
roadway  was  crowded  with  rapidly-driven  vehicles  hastening  to 
or  returning  from  the  carriage  concourse.  In  spite  of  this  con¬ 
stant  danger  to  pedestrians,  thousands  of  persons  of  both  sexes, 
all  ages  and  classes  abandoned  the  closely-packed  sidewalks  and 
made  their  way  along  the  street  towards  the  main  entrance. 
Every  moment  this  method  of  locomotion  became  more  difficult 
and  more  dangerous,  until  the  once  quiet  avenue  was  converted 


284 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


into  an  indescribable  confusion  of  restive  horses,  yelling  drivers, 
moving  street  cars,  frantic  old  ladies,  rumbling  wagons,  dis¬ 
tracted  women,  enthusiastic  gamins  and  laughing  children. 
The  little  folks  were,  of  course,  present  in  full  force,  and  no 
amount  of  physical  discomfort  or  personal  danger  seemed  to 


INTERIOR  OF  A  PARLOR  CAR — EXHIBITED  IN  THE  CARRIAGE 
BUILDING. 


disconcert  them.  They  were  out  for  a  grand  holiday,  and,  on 
the  principle  of  ‘  the  more  the  merrier/  they  seemed  to  have 
found  the  height  of  juvenile  felicity  in  the  midst  of  this  general 
melee.  Belmont  avenue  presented  much  the  same  appearance, 
but  as  on  this  thoroughfare  everybody  was  hastening  in  the  same 
direction  there  was  less  confusion.  The  thousands  assembled 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


285 


and  assembling  represented  every  possible  class  of  society,  every 
profession,  trade,  or  vocation  in  the  world,  and  almost  all  the 
nations  on  the  globe.  Hundreds  of  men  who  had  come  from 
Other  countries,  either  as  exhibitors  or  as  workmen,  were 
mingled  with  the  throng,  and  as  most  of  them  had  again  donned 
their  national  costumes  in  honor  of  the  occasion,  the  moving 
spectacle  was  indeed  one  of  rare  interest.  Americans  and  Eng¬ 
lishmen,  Germans  and  French,  Norwegians  and  Turks,  Irish¬ 
men  and  Japanese,  red  Indians  and  dark-skinned  Moors, 
Chinamen  and  Mexicans,  Egyptians  and  Arabs,  were  all  to  be 
found  mingled  with  the  heterogeneous  collection  of  humanity, 
and  here,  there,  and  everywhere  at  once  were  heard  innumerable 
fakirs  loudly  expatiating  on  the  incomparable  virtues  of  their 
articles  of  merchandise.  A  certain  proportion  of  the  visitors  so 
closely  packed  together  were,  of  course,  obliged  to  submit  to  no 
little  personal  inconvenience  and  more  or  less  physical  discom¬ 
fort;  but  the  pleasure  of  being  among  the  thousands  who  were 
to  witness  the  final  blossoming  of  the  nation’s  Centennial  plant, 
and  the  general  excitement  and  ever-changing  variety  of  the 
wondrous  display,  overcame  for  the  time  the  selfishness  of  weak 
human  nature,  and  as  the  few  churlish  entities  who  at  first 
scowled  at  the  closed  gates,  growled  at  the  heat,  and  sullenly 
glared  at  the  incoming  crowds,  had  either  moved  off  to  more 
congenial  quarters  or  been  compelled  to  forget  their  acerbity 
by  the  magnetic  sympathy  of  exultant  multitudes,  the  scene  soon 
became  one  of  universal  good  nature,  pleasant  anticipation,  and 
general  rejoicing.” 

At  nine  o’clock  the  entrances  to  the  grounds  were  opened,  and 
the  people  were  admitted  upon  payment  by  each  one  of  a  fifty 
cent  note  or  a  silver  half  dollar.  The  multitude  passed  in 
rapidly,  and  soon  the  grounds  were  thronged.  The  crowds 
pressed  up  eagerly  around  the  stands  which  had  been  erected 
for  the  accommodation  of  those  who  were  to  take  part  in  the 
opening  ceremonies. 

The  site  selected  for  the  opening  ceremonies  was  the  open 
space  between  the  Main  Building  and  Memorial  Hall.  A  plat¬ 
form  for  the  Centennial  authorities,  the  President  of  the  United 


286 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


States  and  other  distinguished  guests  was  erected  in  front  of  the 
latter  building,  and  another,  rising  like  an  amphitheatre  from 
the  level  of  the  terrace  in  front  of  Memorial  Hall  to  the  second 
row  of  arches  in  the  central  pavilion  of  the  Main  Building,  was 
provided  for  the  accommodation  of  the  orchestra  and  chorus  of 
a  thousand  voices  which  were  to  render  the  musical  portion  of 
the  exercises. 

The  reserved  places  were  jealously  guarded  by  a  detachment 
of  the  Centennial  guard,  and  only  persons  provided  with  com¬ 
plimentary  tickets  were  admitted  to  them.  Every  place  was 
filled  before  the  hour  for  the  commencement  of  the  ceremonies 
struck,  and  every  available  foot  of  ground  without  the  enclosure 
was  occupied  by  the  public  generally. 

On  the  grand  stand  in  front  of  Memorial  Hall  were  assembled 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  the  Governors  of  a  number 
of  the  States,  officers  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States, 
the  Emperor  and  Empress  of  Brazil,  the  Ministers  from  foreign 
countries,  and  a  large  number  of  distinguished  persons  from  our 
own  and  other  lands.  The  display  of  uniforms  was  brilliant, 
and  the  rich  toilettes  of  the  ladies  on  the  stand  gave  to  the  scene 
a  pleasing  and  picturesque  aspect.  The  Emperor  and  Empress 
of  Brazil  were  given  seats  on  the  central  platform  on  the  right 
of  the  chair  reserved  for  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

The  decorations  of  the  grand  and  orchestra  stands,  which 
were  located  directly  opposite  each  other,  were  of  the  simplest 
description,  consisting  only  of  the  colors  of  the  United  States 
and  the  various  European  nations.  Hundreds  of  flags  fluttered 
from  the  pinnacles  of  the  Exhibition  buildings,  but  the  larger 
flagstaflfs  were  conspicuously  bare. 

As  the  distinguished  guests  were  seated,  there  was  a  slight 
commotion  on  the  orchestra  stand,  and  immediately  Theodore 
Thomas  took  his  place  at  the  conductor’s  desk,  and  waved  his 
baton  as  a  signal  for  the  music  to  begin.  Under  the  leadership 
of  this  master  the  orchestra  rendered  in  fine  style  the  national 
airs  of  all  the  nations  represented  in  the  exhibition. 

“ After  having  stated,”  says  the  Philadelphia  Press ,  in  its 
admirable  account  of  the  opening  ceremonies,  “  that  the  immense 


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287 


multitude  was  composed  of  representatives  of  all  civilized  coun¬ 
tries  on  the  globe,  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  describe  the  effect 
of  this  succession  of  hymns  which,  in  times  past,  had  roused 
whole  nations  to  activity,  called  to  the  defence  of  their  country 
millions  of  brave  men,  sustained  the  drooping  energies  of  soldiers 
on  forced  marches,  stimulated  them  in  battle,  comforted  the 
dying,  infused  new  courage  after  defeat,  and  celebrated  the  most 
brilliant  victories — national  hymns  which  had  been  learned  in 
childhood,  loved  in  youth,  and  venerated  in  old  age.  Nor  need 
it  be  added  that  as  the  first  familiar  strains  of  each  air  were 
touched  by  the  orchestra  more  than  one  face  became  illuminated 
with  looks  of  joyous  recognition,  and  more  than  one  mind 
reverted  to  times  and  scenes  when  the  simple  air  sent  the  warm 
blood  thrilling  through  his  veins  and  made  him  worship  the 
country  he  had  already  learned  to  love.  The  second  selection, 
the  Austrian  national  hymn,  has  long  been  familiar  to  citizens 
of  all  European  and  American  governments,  as  it  is  much  used 
in  church  music.  But  how  widely  different  must  have  been 
the  thoughts  suggested  by  its  sweet  melody  to  different  auditors  ! 
To  English  and  American  citizens  it  recalled,  not  some  great 
national  occasion,  but  the  holy  sanctuary  where  on  the  concordant 
voices  of  devout  worshippers  paeans  of  praise  were  wafted  heav¬ 
enward  ;  to  the  Austrians  the  same  strains  doubtless  brought 
vividly  to  mind  their  country’s  trials,  dangers,  and  triumphs, 
and  perhaps  to  not  a  few  its  harmonies  were  overpowered  by  the 
memory  of  terrible  conflicts  with  their  country’s  foes,  long  hours 
of  almost  mortal  suffering,  rewarded  at  last  by  the  consciousness 
of  having  been  one  of  the  few  who  bravely  fought  and  yet  lived 
to  celebrate  a  glorious  victory.  When  the  Brazilian  national 
hymn  was  played  both  the  emperor  and  empress  gave  to  the 
orchestra  a  look  of  glad  surprise  in  recognition  of  the  compli¬ 
ment,  and  then,  as  the  musicians  glided  into  the  stirring  ‘  Mar¬ 
seillaise,’  Americans  and  Frenchmen  clasped  hands,  in  spirit  if 
not  in  reality,  for  this  peerless  national  hymn  is  almost  equally 
loved  in  both  countries.  Its  martial  measure  and  exciting 
strains  are  always  infectious,  but  when  played  as  the  Thomas 
orchestra  yesterday  performed  it  the  effect  was  irresistible. 


288 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Among  the  throng  were  thousands  who  had  either  come  direct 
from  France  or  had  been  brought  up  in  the  land  of  the  ‘  Mar¬ 
seillaise,  and  it  was  easy  to  see  that,  as  the  old  familiar  summons 
to  the  defence  of  Liberty  was  being  grandly  repeated,  hundreds 
of  the  impulsive  Frenchmen  within  sound  of  the  orchestra 
would  have  danced  for  joy  had  there  been  room  enough.  But 
there  was  not,  and  the  lovers  of  the  noble  hymn  were  compelled 
to  content  themselves  with  waving  their  hats,  shouting  4  Vive 
la  F ranee/  and  looking  volumes.  The  Germans  who  had  been 
anxiously  waiting  for  the  ‘Wacht  am  Rhine*  were  surprised 
though  not  disappointed  when  the  familiar  melody  of  ‘  Was  ist 


JOHN  WANAMAKER’8  NEW  CLOTHINO  HOUHK - MARKET  8T. 


des  Deutschen  Vaterland  *  reached  their  ears,  and  the  beaming 
faces  of  hundreds  who  years  and  years  ago  had  heard  the  same 
air  sung  as  a  lullaby  by  the  long-silenced  lips  of  a  hallowed 
mother  told  how  sacred  the  beautiful  air  had  become.  Grand 
old  4  Hail  Columbia/  of  course,  met  with  the  heartiest  possible 
reception,  and  for  the  first  time  during  the  waiting  hour  the 
pressing,  surging  mass  of  humanity  ceased  their  efforts  to  push 
their  way  still  further  forward,  and  stood  silent  and  motionless, 
enjoying  to  the  utmost  the  life  of  recollections  and  flood  of 
emotions  which  this  hymn  had  so  suddenly  called  into  new 
existence.” 

As  the  music  ceased,  a  loud  cheer  rising  from  the  entrance  to 


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289 


the  grounds  in  the  rear  of  Memorial  Hall,  proclaimed  the 
arrival  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  his  Cabinet. 
The  President  was  escorted  from  the  city  to  the  Exhibition  by 
a  division  of  4000  troops,  made  up  of  the  volunteers  of  the  city 
and  visiting  detachments  from  other  parts  of  the  Union.  The 
President  was  received  with  considerable  enthusiasm  as  he 
reached  the  grand  stand,  and  at  once  took  the  place  reserved  for 
him.  He  was  followed  by  the  members  of  the  Cabinet  and  the 
distinguished  persons  who  had  come  from  the  city  with  him. 

As  the  President,  after  acknowledging  the  greeting  of  the 
multitude,  took  his  seat,  there  burst  from  the  orchestra  at  a  sign 
from  Theodore  Thomas  the  first  strains  of  the  grand  Centennial 
Inauguration  March  composed  for  the  occasion  by  Bichard 
Wagner.  This  magnificent  composition  was  rendered  with  a 
fervency  and  thoroughness  which  only  a  leader  and  an  orchestra 
who  understand  and  love  the  great  composer  as  perfectly  as  do 
Theodore  Thomas  and  his  band,  could  impart  to  it.  It  was 
listened  to  with  breathless  attention  by  the  vast  throng  of  over 
100,000  people,  and  at  the  conclusion  was  greeted  with  loud 
and  enthusiastic  cheers. 

The  music  had  scarcely  ceased  when  Bishop  Simpson,  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  advanced  to  the  front  of  the  stand, 
and  lifting  up  his  hands,  offered  up  the  following  impressive 
prayer : 

“  Almighty  and  everlasting  God,  our  heavenly  Father. 
Heaven  is  thy  throne  and  the  earth  is  thy  footstool.  Before 
thy  majesty  and  holiness  the  angels  veil  their  faces,  and  the 
spirits  of  the  just  made  perfect  bow  in  humble  adoration.  Thou 
art  the  creator  of  all  things,  the  preserver  of  all  that  exist, 
whether  they  be  thrones  or  dominions,  or  principalities  or 
powers.  I  he  minute  and  the  vast,  atoms  and  worlds,  alike 
attest  the  ubiquity  of  thy  presence  and  the  omnipotence  of  thy 
sway. 

“Thou  alone  art  the  sovereign  ruler  of  nations.  Thou 
raiseth  up  one  and  casteth  down  another,  and  thou  givest  the 
kingdoms  of  the  world  to  whomsoever  thou  wilt.  The  past 

with  all  its  records  is  the  unfolding  of  thy  counsels  and  the 
19 


290 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


realization  of  thy  grand  designs.  We  hail  thee  as  our  rightful 
ruler,  the  King  eternal,  immortal,  and  invisible,  the  only  true 
God,  blessed  forever  more. 

a  We  come  on  this  glad  day,  O  thou  God  of  our  fathers,  into 
these  courts  with  thanksgiving  and  into  these  gates  with  praise. 
We  bless  thee  for  thy  wonderful  goodness  in  the  past,  for  the 
land  which  thou  gavest  to  our  fathers,  a  land  veiled  from  the 
ages,  from  the  ancient  world,  but  revealed  in  the  fulness  of 
time  to  thy  chosen  people,  whom  thou  didst  lead  by  thine  own 
right  hand  through  the  billows  of  the  deep,  to  a  land  of  vast 
extent,  of  towering  mountains  and  broad  plains,  of  unnumbered 
products  and  of  untold  treasures. 

“We  thank  thee  for  the  fathers  of  our  country,  men  of  mind 
and  of  might,  who  endured  privations  and  sacrifices,  who  braved 
multiplied  dangers  rather  than  defile  their  consciences  or  be 
untrue  to  their  God,  men  who  laid  on  the  broad  foundations  of 
truth  and  justice  the  grand  structure  of  civil  freedom. 

“We  praise  thee  for  the  closing  century,  for  the  founders  of 
the  republic,  for  fhe  immortal  Washington  and  his  grand  asso¬ 
ciates,  for  the  wisdom  with  which  they  planned,  and  the  firm¬ 
ness  and  heroism,  which,  under  thy  blessing,  led  them  to  trium¬ 
phant  success.  Thou  wast  their  shield  in  hours  of  danger,  their 
pillar  of  cloud  by  day,  and  their  pillar  of  fire  by  night.  May 
we,  their  sons,  walk  in  their  footsteps  and  imitate  their  virtues. 

“  We  thank  thee  for  social  and  national  prosperity  and  pro¬ 
gress,  for  valuable  discoveries  and  multiplied  inventions,  for 
labor-saving  machinery  relieving  the  toiling  masses,  for  schools, 
free  as  the  morning  light  for  the  millions  of  the  rising  genera¬ 
tion,  for  books  and  periodicals  scattered  like  leaves  of  autumn 
over  the  land,  for  art  and  science,  for  freedom  to  worship  God 
according  to  the  dictates  of  conscience,  for  a  Church  unfettered 
by  the  trammels  of  State. 

“Bless,  we  pray  thee,  the  President  of  the  United  States  and 
his  constitutional  advisers,  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
the  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress,  the  Governors  of 
our  several  commonwealths,  the  officers  of  the  army  and  navy, 
and  all  who  are  in  official  position  throughout  our  land.  Guide 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


291 


them,  we  pray  thee,  with  counsels  of  wisdom,  and  may  they 
ever  rule  in  righteousness.  We  ask  thy  blessing  to  rest  upon 
the  President  and  members  of  the  Centennial  Commission,  and 
upon  those  associated  with  them  in  the  various  departments, 
who  have  labored  long  and  earnestly  amidst  anxieties  and  diffi¬ 
culties  for  the  success  of  this  enterprise. 

“  May  thy  special  blessing,  O  thou  God  of  all  the  nations  of 
the  earth,  rest  upon  our  national  guests,  our  visitors  from  distant 
lands.  We  welcome  them  to  our  shores,  and  we  rejoice  in  their 
presence  among  us,  whether  they  represent  thrones,  or  culture, 
or  research,  or  whether  they  come  to  exhibit  the  triumphs  of 
genius  and  art,  in  the  development  of  industry  and  in  the  pro¬ 
gress  of  civilization.  Preserve  thou  them,  we  beseech  thee,  in 
health  and  safety,  and  in  due  time  may  they  be  welcomed  by 
loved  ones  again  to  their  own,  their  native  lands. 

“Let  thy  blessing  rest  richly  on  this  Centennial  celebration. 
May  the  lives  and  health  of  all  interested  be  precious  in  thy 
sight.  Preside  in  its  assemblies.  Grant  that  this  association 
in  effort  may  bind  more  closely  together  every  part  of  our  great 
republic,  so  that  our  Union  may  be  perpetual  and  indissoluble. 
Let  its  influence  draw  the  nations  of  earth  into  a  happier  unity. 
Plereafter,  we  pray  thee,  may  all  disputed  questions  be  settled 
by  arbitration,  and  not  by  the  sword,  and  may  wars  forever 
cease  among  the  sons  of  men. 

“May  the  new  century  be  better  than  the  past — more  radiant 
with  the  light  of  true  philosophy,  warmer  with  the  emanations 
of  a  world-wide  sympathy.  May  capital,  genius  and  labor  be 
freed  from  all  antagonism  by  the  establishment  and  application 
of  such  principles  of  justice  and  equity  as  shall  reconcile  diver¬ 
sified  interests  and  bind  in  imperishable  bands  all  parts  of 
society. 

“We  pray  thy  benediction  especially  on  the  women  of 
America,  who  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  our  race  take 
so  conspicuous  a  place  in  a  national  celebration.  May  the  light 
of  their  intelligence,  purity  and  enterprise  shed  its  beams  afar, 
until,  in  distant  lands,  their  sisters  may  realize  the  beauty  and 
glory  of  Christian  freedom  and  elevation.  We  beseech  thee. 


CHESTER  VALLEY,  NEAR  PHILADELPHIA,  AS  SEEN  FROM  THE  PENNSYLVANIA 


292 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


293 


Almighty  Father,  that  our  beloved  republic  may  be  strength¬ 
ened  in  every  element  of  true  greatness,  until  her  mission  is 
accomplished  by  presenting  to  the  world  an  illustration  of  the 
happiness  of  a  free  people,  with  a  free  church,  in  a  free  State, 
under  laws  of  their  own  enactment  and  under  rulers  of  their 
own  selection,  acknowledging  supreme  allegiance  only  to  the 
King  of  kings  and  Lord  of  lords.  And  as  thou  didst  give  to 
one  of  its  illustrious  sons  first  to  draw  experimentally  the 
electric  spark  from  heaven,  which  has  since  girdled  the  globe 
in  its  celestial  whispers  of ‘Glory  to  God  in  the  highest,  peace 
on  earth  and  good  will  to  men/  so  to  latest  time  may  the 
mission  of  America,  under  Divine  inspiration,  be  one  of  affec¬ 
tion,  brotherhood  and  love  for  all  our  race.  And  may  the 
coming  centuries  be  filled  with  the  glory  of  our  Christian 
civilization. 

“And  unto  thee,  our  Father,  through  Him  whose  life  is  the 
light  of  men,  will  we  ascribe  glory  and  praise,  now  and  forever. 
Amen.” 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  prayer  Whittier’s  Centennial  Hymn , 
a  fine,  vigorous  production,  worthy  of  the  genius  of  the  poet, 
was  sung  by  the  chorus  of  one  thousand  voices,  accompanied 
by  the  orchestra  and  the  great  organ  erected  at  the  north  end 
of  the  central  transept  of  the  Main  Building. 

The  music  for  this  poem  was  written  by  Mr.  John  K.  Paine, 
of  Massachusetts,  and  as  the  united  voices  rendered  it  the 
composition  was  exceedingly  beautiful,  though  not  of  striking 
individuality.  The  sweet  melody  was  accompanied  by  simple 
harmonies,  which  rolled  forth  upon  the  air  like  the  gently- 
moving  billows  of  old  ocean  in  her  most  peaceful  mood ;  and, 
as  the  sacred  strains  were  heard,  countless  thousands,  who  had 
previously  regarded  the  occasion  as  a  grand  day  of  joy  and 
mirth,  seemed  to  fully  realize  that  the  crowning  hours  of  a 
century  of  independence  had  also  a  serious  meaning,  which 
should  not  be  overlooked.  The  voices  of  the  chorus  were  par¬ 
ticularly  full  and  strong  in  every  bar,  and  some  of  the  higher 


294 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


chords  could  be  distinctly  heard  for  a  great  distance.  The 
hymn  was  as  follows : 

Our  fathers’  God  !  from  out  whose  hand 
The  centuries  fall  like  grains  of  sand, 

We  meet  to-day,  united,  free, 

And  loyal  to  our  land  and  thee, 

To  thank  thee  for  the  era  done, 

And  trust  thee  for  the  opening  one. 

Here,  where  of  old,  by  thy  design, 

The  fathers  spake  that  wo^d  of  thine. 

Whose  echo  is  the  glad  refrain 
Of  rended  bolt  and  falling  chain, 

To  grace  our  festal  time  from  all 
The  zones  of  earth  our  guests  we  call. 

Be  with  us  while  the  New  World  greets 
The  Old  World  thronging  all  its  streets. 

Unveiling  all  the  triumphs  won 
By  art  or  toil  beneath  the  sun ; 

And  unto  common  good  ordain 
This  rivalship  of  hand  and  brain. 

Thou  who  hast  here  in  concord  furled 
The  war-flags  of  a  gathered  world. 

Beneath  our  western  skies  fulfil 
The  Orient’s  mission  of  good  will ' 

And,  freighted  with  Love’s  golden  fleece, 

Send  back  the  Argonauts  of  peace. 

For  art  and  labor  met  in  truce, 

For  beauty  made  the  bride  of  use, 

We  thank  thee,  while  withal  we  crave 
The  austere  virtues,  strong  to  save ; 

The  honor,  proof  to  place  or  gold ; 

The  manhood,  never  bought  or  sold ! 

Oh !  make  thou  us,  through  centuries  long, 

In  peace  secure,  in  justice  strong ; 

Around  our  gift  of  freedom  draw 
The  safeguards  of  thy  righteous  law, 

And,  cast  in  some  diviner  mould, 

Let  the  new  cycle  shame  the  old  ! 

The  hymn  being  ended,  Mr.  John  Welsh,  President  of  the 
Board  of  Finance,  rose  from  his  place  by  General  Hawley,  for 


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295 


the  purpose  of  formally  presenting  the  Exhibition  buildings 
and  grounds  to  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission.  His 
appearance  was  the  signal  for  long  continued  plaudits  of  en¬ 
thusiasm.  To  many  of  the  great  audience  this  was  the  first 
opportunity  that  had  been  vouchsafed  to  them  to  behold  the 
man  whose  genius,  pre-eminent  above  that  of  many  of  his 
compeers,  has  made  his  name  a  household  word  throughout 
America,  and  through  whose  unfaltering  and  unselfish  devotion 
the  Exhibition  has  been  made  not  only  a  reality,  but  an 
assured  success,  and  this  without  even  the  suspicion  of  a  dis¬ 
honest  or  improper  act  on  the  part  of  a  single  one  of  its  officials. 
Cheer  upon  cheer  rent  the  air  in  grateful  recognition  of  the 
worth  and  services  of  one  who  has  done  so  much  for  Phila¬ 
delphia  and  Philadelphia  interests.  When  order  had  been 
partially  restored,  Mr.  Welsh  proceeded  as  follows : 

“Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  United 
States  Centennial  Commission:  In  the  presence  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  distin¬ 
guished  bodies  by  whom  we  are  surrounded,  and  in  behalf  of 
the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance,  I  greet  you. 

“In  readiness  at  the  appointed  time,  I  have  the  honor  to 
announce  to  you  that,  under  your  supervision  and  in  accordance 
with  the  plans  fixed  and  established  by  you,  we  have  erected 
the  buildings  belonging  to  us,  and  have  made  all  the  arrange¬ 
ments  devolving  on  us  necessary  for  the  opening  of  the  i  Inter¬ 
national  Exhibition/  We  hereby  now  formally  appropriate 
them  for  their  intended  occupation,  and  we  hold  ourselves 
ready  to  make  all  further  arrangements  that  may  be  needed  for 
carrying  into  full  and  complete  effect  all  the  requirements  of 
the  acts  of  Congress  relating  to  the  Exhibition. 

“For  a  like  purpose  we  also  appropriate  the  buildings 
belonging  to  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  city  of  Phila¬ 
delphia,  erected  by  us  at  their  bidding,  to  wit:  Memorial  Hall, 
Machinery  Hall  and  Horticultural  Hall.  These  and  other 
substantial  offerings  stand  as  the  evidence  of  their  patriotic  co- 


296 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


operation.  To  the  United  States  of  America,  through  Congress, 
we  are  indebted  for  the  aid  which  crowned  our  success. 

“In  addition  to  those  to  which  I  have  just  referred,  there 
are  other  beautiful  and  convenient  edifices  which  have  been 
erected  by  the  representatives  of  foreign  nations,  by  State 
authority  and  by  individuals,  which  are  also  devoted  to  the 
purposes  of  the  Exhibition. 

“Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  If  in  the  past  we  have  met 
with  disappointments,  difficulties  and  trials,  they  have  been 
overcome  by  a  consciousness  that  no  sacrifice  can  be  too  great 
which  is  made  to  honor  the  memories  of  those  who  brought  our 
nation  into  being.  This  commemoration  of  the  events  of 
1776  excites  our  present  gratitude.  The  assemblage  here  to-day 
of  so  many  foreign  representatives  uniting  with  us  in  this 
reverential  tribute  is  our  reward. 

“  We  congratulate  you  on  the  occurrence  of  this  day.  Many 
of  the  nations  have  gathered  here  in  peaceful  competition. 
Each  may  profit  by  the  association.  This  Exhibition  is  but  a 
school ;  the  more  thoroughly  its  lessons  are  learned  the  greater 
will  be  the  gain,  and,  when  it  shall  have  closed,  if  by  that 
study  the  nations  engaged  in  it  shall  have  learned  respect  for 
each  other,  then  it  may  be  hoped  that  veneration  for  Him  who 
rules  on  high  will  become  universal,  and  the  angels’  song 
once  more  be  heard : 

“Glory  to  God  in  the  highest, 

And  on  earth  peace,  good  will  towards  men." 

Upon  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Welsh’s  address  General  Joseph 
R.  Hawley,  the  President  of  the  United  States  Centennial 
Commission,  replied  as  follows  in  behalf  of  the  Commission : 

“Mr.  President  of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Fi¬ 
nance  :  The  Centennial  Commission  accepts  the  trust  with 
grateful  and  fraternal  acknowledgment  of  the  great  services  of 
the  Board  of  Finance.” 

The  chorus  then  sang,  with  orchestral  accompaniment,  the 
following  Centennial  Cantata}  written  by  Sidney  Lanier,  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


207 


Georgia.  The  music,  which  is  singularly  beautiful,  was  com¬ 
posed  by  Mr.  Dudley  Buck,  of  Connecticut : 

From  this  liundred-terraced  height, 

Sight  more  large  with  nobler  light 
Banges  down  yon  towering  years: 

Humbler  smiles  and  lordlier  tears 
Shine  and  fall,  shine  and  fall, 

While  old  voices  rise  and  call 
Yonder  where  the  to-and-fro, 

Weltering  of  my  Long-Ago, 

Moves  about  the  moveless  base, 

Far  below  my  resting-place. 

Mayflower,  Mayflower,  slowly  hither  flying, 

Trembling,  Westward  o’er  yon  balking  sea, 

Hearts  within,  Farewell,  dear  England,  sighing, 

Winds  without  but  dear  in  vain  replying, 

Gray-lipp’d  waves  about  thee  shouted,  crying, 

“ No  1  It  shall  not  be!” 

Jamestown,  out  of  thee  — 

Plymouth,  thee — thee,  Albany — 

Winter  cries :  “Ye  freeze ;  away !  ” 

Fever  cries :  “  Ye  burn  ;  away !  ” 

Hunger  cries :  “Ye  starve ;  away ! ” 

Vengeance  cries:  “  Your  graves  shall  stay!” 

Then  old  Shapes  and  Masks  of  Things, 

Framed  like  Faiths  or  clothed  like  Kings — 

Ghosts  of  Goods  once  fleshed  and  fair, 

Grown  foul  Bads  in  alien  air — 

War,  and  his  most  noisy  lords, 

Tongued  with  lithe  and  poisoned  swords — 

Error,  Terror,  Kage  and  Crime, 

All  in  a  Avindy  night  of  time 
Cried  to  me  from  land  and  sea : 

“  No !  Thou  slialt  not  be !  ” 

Hark! 

Huguenots  whispering  yea  in  the  dark ; 

Puritans  answering  yea  in  the  dark  ! 

Yea ,  like  an  arrow  shot  true  to  his  mark, 

Darts  through  the  tyrannous  heart  of  Denial, 

Patience  and  Labor  and  solemn-souled  Trial, 

Foiled,  still  beginning; 

Soiled,  but  not  sinning ; 


298 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 

Toil  through  the  stertorous  death  of  the  Night; 

Toil  when  wild  brother-wars  new-dark  the  Light ; 

Toil  and  forgive  and  kiss  o’er  and  replight. 

Now  praise  to  God’s  oft-granted  grace ; 

Now  praise  to  man’s  undaunted  face. 

Despite  the  land,  despite  the  sea, 

I  was,  I  am,  and  I  shall  be — 

How  long,  Good  Angel,  oh!  how  long? 

Sing  me  from  Pleaven  a  man’s  own  song ! 

Long  as  thine  Art  shall  love  true  love ; 

Long  as  thy  Science  truth  shall  know ; 

Long  as  thine  Eagle  harms  no  Dove ; 

Long  as  thy  Law  by  law  shall  grow ; 

Long  as  thy  God  is  God  above, 

Thy  brother  every  man  below, 

So  long,  dear  Land  of  all  my  love, 

Thy  name  shall  shine,  thy  fame  shall  glow! 

O  Music !  from  this  height  of  time  my  Word  unfold  ; 

In  thy  large  signals  all  men’s  hearts  Man’s  Heart  behold; 
Mid-heaven  unroll  thy  chords  as  friendly  flags  unfurled, 

And  wave  the  world’s  best  lover’s  welcome  to  the  world. 

The  bass  solo,  commencing  “Long  as  thine  Art  shall  love 
true  love,”  was  rendered  in  superb  style  by  Myron  J.  Whitney, 
of  Boston,  and  was  enthusiastically  encored.  At  the  conclusion 
of  the  Cantata  Mr.  Buck  was  loudly  called  for,  and  upon  ap¬ 
pearing  at  one  of  the  windows  of  the  Main  Building  was  giver 
three  hearty  cheers  in  acknowledgment  of  his  work. 

Silence  being  restored,  General  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  President 
of  the  Centennial  Commission,  rose,  and  turning  to  the  Presi¬ 
dent  of  the  United  States,  formally  presented  the  Exhibition  to 
him,  in  the  following  words ; 

“Me.  President — Five  years  ago  the  President  of  the 
United  States  declared  it  fitting  that  ‘the  completion  of  the 
first  century  of  our  national  existence  should  be  commemorated 
by  an  exhibition  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  country  and 
their  development,  and  of  its  progress  in  those  arts  which  bene¬ 
fit  mankind/  and  ordered  that  an  Exhibition  of  American  and 
foreign  arts,  products,  and  manufactures  should  be  held,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  in  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


299 


city  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1876.  To  put  into  effect  the 
several  laws  relating  to  the  Exhibition,  the  United  States  Cen¬ 
tennial  Commission  was  constituted,  composed  of  two  Commis¬ 
sioners  from  each  State  and  Territory,  nominated  by  their 
respective  Governors,  and  appointed  by  the  President.  The 
Congress  also  created  our  auxiliary  and  associate  corporation, 
the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance,  whose  unexpectedly  heavy 
burdens  have  been  nobly  borne.  A  remarkable  and  prolonged 
disturbance  of  the  finances  and  industries  of  the  country  has 
greatly  magnified  the  task,  but  we  hope  for  a  favorable  judg¬ 
ment  of  ,  the  degree  of  success  attained.  July  4th,  1873,  this 
ground  was  dedicated  to  its  present  uses.  Twenty-one  months 
ago  this  Memorial  Hall  was  begun.  All  the  other  one  hun¬ 
dred  and  eighty  buildings  within  the  enclosure  have  been 
erected  within  twelve  months.  All  the  buildings  embraced  in 
the  plans  of  the  Commission  itself  are  finished.  The  demands 
of  applicants  exceeded  the  space,  and  strenuous  and  continuous 
efforts  have  been  made  to  get  every  exhibit  ready  in  time. 

“By  general  consent  the  Exhibition  is  appropriately  held 
in  the  City  of  Brotherly  Love.  Yonder,  almost  within  your 
view,  stands  the  venerated  edifice  wherein  occurred  the  event 
this  work  is  designed  to  commemorate,  and  the  hall  in  which 
the  first  Continental  Congress  assembled.  Within  the  present 
limits  of  this  great  park  were  the  homes  of  eminent  patriots  of 
that  era,  where  Washington  and  his  associates  received  gener¬ 
ous  hospitality  and  able  counsel.  You  have  observed  the  sur¬ 
passing  beauty  of  the  situation  placed  at  our  disposal.  In 
harmony  with  all  this  fitness  is  the  liberal  support  given  the 
enterprise  by  the  State,  city,  and  the  people  individually. 

“  In  the  name  of  the  United  States,  you  extended  a  respect¬ 
ful  and  cordial  invitation  to  the  governments  of  other  nations 
to  be  represented  and  to  participate  in  this  Exhibition.  You 
know  the  very  acceptable  terms  in  which  they  responded,  from 
even  the  most  distant  regions.  Their  Commissioners  are  here, 
and  you  will  soon  see  with  what  energy  and  brilliancy  they 
have  entered  upon  this  friendly  competition  in  the  arts  of 
peace. 


300 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


“  It  has  been  the  fervent  hope  of  the  Commission  that,  dur¬ 
ing  this  festival  year,  the  people  from  all  States  and  sections,  of 
all  creeds  and  churches,  all  parties  and  classes,  burying  all 
resentments,  would  come  up  together  to  this  birthplace  of  our 
liberties,  to  study  the  evidence  of  our  resources;  to  measure  the 
progress  of  an  hundred  years,  and  to  examine  to  our  profit  the 
wonderful  products  of  other  lands  ;  but  especially  to  join  hands 
in  perfect  fraternity,  and  promise  the  God  of  our  fathers  that 
the  new  century  shall  surpass  the  old  in  the  true  glories  of 
civilization.  And  furthermore,  that  from  the  association  here 
of  welcome  visitors  from  all  nations,  there  may  result  not  alone 
great  benefits  to  invention,  manufactures,  agriculture,  trade 
and  commerce,  but  also  stronger  international  friendships  and 
more  lasting  peace. 

“  Thus  reporting  to  you,  Mr.  President,  under  the  laws  of 
the  government  and  the  usage  of  similar  occasions,  in  the  name 
of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission,  I  present  to  your 
view  the  International  Exhibition  of  1876.” 

Immediately  following  General  Hawley’s  speech  President 
Grant  discharged  the  last  formal  yet  simple  and  dignified  act 
of  the  ceremonies  by  making  proclamation  of  the  eventful  fact 
of  the  opening  of  the  International  Exhibition.  The  remarks 
of  the  President,  like  all  the  other  speeches  of  the  day,  were  in 
writing,  and  at  intervals  were  applauded  with  great  spirit. 
The  following  is  the  address: 

“  My  Countrymen — It  has  been  thought  appropriate  upon 
this  Centennial  occasion  to  bring  together  in  Philadelphia,  for 
popular  inspection,  specimens  of  our  attainments  in  the  indus¬ 
trial  and  fine  arts,  and  in  literature,  science  and  philosophy,  as 
well  as  in  the  great  business  of  agriculture  and  of  commerce. 
That  we  may  the  more  thoroughly  appreciate  the  excellencies 
and  deficiencies  of  our  achievements,  and  also  give  emphatic 
expression  to  our  earnest  desire  to  cultivate  the  friendship  of 
our  fellow-members  of  this  great  family  of  nations,  the  enlight¬ 
ened  agricultural,  commercial,  and  manufacturing  people  of  the 
world  have  been  invited  to  send  hither  corresponding  speci¬ 
mens  -of  their  skill  to  exhibit  on  equal  terms  in  friendly  com- 


301 


302 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


petition  with  our  own.  To  this  invitation  they  have  generously 
responded.  For  so  doing  we  render  them  our  hearty  thanks. 

“  The  beauty  and  utility  of  the  contributions  will  this  day 
be  submitted  to  your  inspection  by  the  managers  of  this  Exhi¬ 
bition.  We  are  glad  to  know  that  a  view  of  specimens  of  the 
skill  of  all  nations  will  afford  to  you  unalloyed  pleasure,  as  well 
as  yield  to  you  a  valuable  practical  knowledge  of  so  many  of 
the  remarkable  results  of  the  wonderful  skill  existing  in  enlight¬ 
ened  communities. 

“  One  hundred  years  ago  our  country  was  new  and  but  par¬ 
tially  settled.  Our  necessities  have  compelled  us  to  chiefly 
expend  our  means  and  time  in  felling  forests,  subduing  prairies, 
building  dwellings,  factories,  ships,  docks,  warehouses,  roads, 
canals,  machinery,  etc.,  etc.  Most  of  our  schools,  churches, 
libraries,  and  asylums  have  been  established  within  an  hundred 
years.  Burdened  by  these  great  primal  works  of  necessity, 
which  could  not  be  delayed,  we  yet  have  done  what  this  Exhi¬ 
bition  will  show  in  the  direction  of  rivalling  older  and  more 
advanced  nations  in  law,  medicine,  and  theology ;  in  science, 
literature,  philosophy,  and  the  fine  arts.  Whilst  proud  of  what 
we  have  done,  we  regret  that  we  have  not  done  more.  Our 
achievements  have  been  great  enough,  however,  to  make  it  easy 
for  our  people  to  acknowledge  superior  merit  wherever  found. 

“And  now,  fellow-citizens,  I  hope  a  careful  examination  of 
what  is  about  to  be  exhibited  to  you  will  not  only  inspire 
you  with  a  profound  respect  for  the  skill  and  taste  of  our 
friends  from  other  nations,  but  also  satisfy  you  with  the  at¬ 
tainments  made  by  our  own  people  during  the  past  one  hun¬ 
dred  years.  I  invoke  your  generous  co-operation  with  the 
worthy  Commissioners  to  secure  a  brilliant  success  to  this  Inter¬ 
national  Exhibition,  and  to  make  the  stay  of  our  foreign  vis¬ 
itors — to  whom  we  extend  a  hearty  welcome — both  profitable 
and  pleasant  to  them. 

“  I  declare  the  International  Exhibition  now  open.” 

As  the  President  declared  the  Exhibition  open,  General 
Ha\Aey  gave  the  signal,  and  the  flag  of  the  United  States  was 
run  up  to  the  staff  rising  from  the  north  transept  of  the  Main 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


303 


Building.  This  was  the  signal  for  the  unfurling  of  the  national 
and  foreign  flags  on  all  the  buildings,  and  was  greeted  with 
deafening  cheers  from  the  assembled  multitude.  At  the  same 
moment  the  chorus,  the  orchestra  and  great  organ  in  the  Main 
Building  burst  forth  into  the  grand  strains  of  HandeFs  “Halle¬ 
lujah  Chorus,”  rendering  it  with  fine  effect.  As  the  music  died 
away,  the  merry  peals  of  the  chimes  of  Machinery  Hall  were 
heard,  and  a  salute  of  one  hundred  guns  was  thundered  from 
George’s  Hill. 

The  invited  guests,  to  the  number  of  4000,  were  now  mar¬ 
shalled  in  line  by  Mr.  T.  B.  P.  Dixey,  Master  of  Ceremonies, 
and  passing  from  Memorial  Hall,  through  lines  of  troops, 
entered  the  Main  Building.  The  following  was  the 

ORDER  OF  PROCESSION. 

The  President  of  the  United  States,  and  Alfred  T.  Goshorn,  Director-General. 

The  Chief-Justice  of  the  United  States. 

The  President  of  the  Senate. 

The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Joseph  R.  Hawley,  President  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission. 

John  Welsh,  President  of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance. 

Daniel  J.  Morrell,  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Commission. 

John  L.  Campbell,  Secretary  of  the  Commission. 

Frederick  Fraley,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Finance. 

The  Cabinet. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

The  Diplomatic  Corps. 

The  United  States  Centennial  Commission. 

Chiefs  of  Bureaus  of  Administration. 

The  Centennial  Board  of  Finance. 

Henry  Pettit  and  Joseph  M.  Wilson,  Engineers  and  Architects  of  Main 
Building  and  Machinery  Hall. 

H.  J.  Schwarzmann,  Architect  of  Memorial  Hall  and  Horticultural  Hall. 

James  H.  Windrim,  Architect  of  Agricultural  Hall  and  United  States 
Governmen  Building. 

Richard  J.  Dobbins,  Contractor  Main  Building  and  Memorial  Hall. 

Philip  Quigley,  Contractor  Machinery  Hall  and  Agricultural  Hall. 

Aaron  Doane,  Contractor  Government  Building. 

The  Board  of  the  United  States  Executive  Department. 

The  Women’s  Centennial  Executive  Committee. 

The  Fairmount  Park  Commission. 

The  Governors  of  the  States  and  Territories. 

The  Senate  of  the  United  States. 


304 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  House  of  Representatives. 

The  General  of  the  Army  and  Staff. 

The  Admiral  of  the  Navy  and  Staff. 

The  Lieutenant-General  of  the  Army  and  Staff. 

The  Vice-Admiral  of  the  Navy  and  Staff. 

The  General  Officers  of  the  Army  and  Staffs. 

The  Rear-Admirals  and  Commodores  of  the  Navy  and  Staffs. 

Officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy. 

Military  and  Naval  Officers  of  Foreign  Governments. 

Consuls-General  and  Consuls  of  Foreign  Governments. 

Judges  of  United  States  Courts  and  Officers  of  the  United  States  Executive 

Bureaus. 

Officers  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

Officers  of  the  Naval  Observatory. 

Officers  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute. 

The  Board  of  Judges  of  Awards  of  the  Exhibition. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Judiciary  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Board  of  State  Supervisors  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  State  Boards  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Mayor  of  Philadelphia. 

The  Mayors  of  Cities. 

The  Select  and  Common  Councils  of  Philadelphia. 

The  State  Centennial  Boards. 

The  Women’s  Centennial  Committees. 

The  Advisory  and  Co-operating  Committees  and  Boards  of  the  Commission. 

International  Regatta  Committees,  and  Committee  of  the  National  Rifle 
Association. 

Officers  of  the  City  Departments  of  Philadelphia. 

The  Foreign  Commissioners  of  the  Exhibition  successively  took  positions 
immediately  after  the  Diplomatic  Corps,  as  the  latter  passed 
the  Foreign  Sections  in  the  Main  Building. 

The  procession  passed  through  the  Main  Building,  and 
through  the  lines  of  troops  which  kept  clear  the  passage  to 
the  Machinery  Hall.  Entering  the  latter  edifice,  escorted  by 
the  Philadelphia  City  Troop  as  a  guard  of  honor,  the  President 
of  the  United  States  and  the  Emperor  of  Brazil  ascended  to  the 
platform  of  the  great  Corliss  Engine,  where  Mr.  George  H. 
Corliss,  a  Commissioner  from  Rhode  Island  and  the  inventor  and 
constructor  of  the  engine,  received  them,  and  instructed  them 
how  to  turn  the  wheels  of  shining  steel  that  were  to  wake  the 
engine  into  life.  When  all  the  guests  had  assembled  around 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


305 


the  platform,  the  President  and  the  Emperor  took  their  posi¬ 
es  at  the  starting  wheels.  A  sharp  wave  of  the  hand  from 
Mr.  Corliss  gave  the  signal,  and  at  twenty  minutes  past  one 
o  clock  P.M.,  the  wheels  were  turned,  and  the  great  engine 
began  to  move  slowly  and  steadily.  In  an  instant  the  countless 
wheels  and  bands  connected  with  it  started  on  their  rounds,  and 
Machinery  Hall  was  alive  with  motion. 

.  TlleACro"'d  in  tlle  >H"'st  into  loud  and  prolonged  cheer- 
ing.  A  sort  of  informal  reception  was  held  on  the  platform 
)y  Pi  esident  Grant,  but  it  was  soon  cut  short,  as  the  Presiden¬ 
tial  party,  worn  out  by  the  fatigues  of  the  day,  departed  for  the 

city,  omitting  the  reception  at  the  Judges’  Pavilion,  the  last 
ieature  in  the  programme. 

The  doors  of  the  various  Exhibition  buildings  were  at  once 
thrown  open  to  the  public,  and  the  halls  were  soon  filled,  and 
remained  thronged  throughout  the  day  by  sight-seers.  On  all 
sides  were  heard  exclamations  of  wonder  and  delight.  Few  had 
imagined  the  Exhibition  either  so  extensive  or  so  grand  an 
anair,  and  all  were  delighted. 

.  Tll<;  E  ;lii:,'tion  was  now  an  accomplished  fact.  The  hopes  of 
its  friends  were  more  than  realized.  The  criticisms  of  its 
enemies  were  silenced. 

At  night  the  city  was  brilliantly  illuminated  in  honor  of  the 
opening,  and  the  principal  streets  were  thronged  with  sight-seers 
to  an  extent  which  made  them  almost  impassable  until 
midnight. 


near 


20 


CHAPTER  X. 


WITHOUT  THE  GROUNDS. 

Rapid  Growth  of  the  Centennial  Town — The  Transcontinental  and  Globe 
Hotels — The  United  States — The  Grand  Exposition — The  Panorama — 
Sights  and  Scenes  on  Elm  Avenue — The  Cheap  Hotels — The  Beer-Gardens 
— The  Carriage  Sheds — The  Cheap  Museums — The  Oil  Wells — The  Street 
Car  Concourse — A  Busy  Scene — Centennial  Depot  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad — Belmont  Avenue — Appearance  of  the  Street — The  Largest  Soda 
Fountain  in  the  World — The  Restaurants — The  Tropical  Garden — A 
Delightful  Resort — George’s  Hill — Belmont — The  Steamboat  Landing — 
Centennial  Depot  of  the  Reading  Railroad — The  Great  Fire. 

HEN  the  Exhibition  buildings  were  begun,  the  portion 
of  the  city  which  lies  south  of  Elm  avenue,  and  along 
Lancaster  avenue,  was  an  open  field,  with  scarcely  a 
structure  upon  it.  It  was  changed  to  a  busy  town, 
having  an  interest  quite  apart  from  that  of  the  great  city 
on  the  outskirts  of  which  it  lay,  and  drawing  its  life  solely  from 
the  Centennial  Exhibition.  It  consisted  of  a  multitude  of 
structures  of  brick  and  wood  that  sprang  up  along  the  ap¬ 
proaches  to  the  Exhibition,  and  which  presented  a  scene  almost 
as  picturesque  and  as  animated  as  that  within  the  enclosure. 

At  the  intersection  of  Belmont  and  Elm  avenues,  opposite 
the  main  entrance  to  the  Exhibition  grounds,  was  the  Trans¬ 
continental  Hotel ,  a  handsome  edifice  of  brick,  built  in  the  most 
substantial  manner,  and  triangular  in  shape.  It  was  five  stories 
in  height,  including  a  mansard  roof,  with  a  front  of  297  feet  on 
Elm  avenue,  and  one  of  181  feet  on  Belmont  avenue.  The 
three  sides  enclosed  a  spacious  courtyard,  giving  to  each  room 
an  abundance  of  light  and  air.  It  contained  500  rooms,  with 
accommodations  for  1200  guests,  which  number  could  be  in¬ 
creased  to  1500  in  case  of  necessity.  The  view  of  the  Centen- 
306 


308 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


nial  grounds  from  any  portion  of  it  above  the  second  story  was 
excelled  only  by  that  from  the  summit  of  the  towers  of  its 
gigantic  neighbor,  the  Main  Exhibition  Building,  or  from  the 
Belmont  observatory.  The  cars  of  the  Chestnut  &  Walnut, 
West  Philadelphia,  Race  &  Vine,  and  Girard  Avenue  Pas¬ 
senger  Railway  lines  ran  directly  to  its  doors,  while  the  depot 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  was  within  less  than  a  stone’s 
throw.  These  were  advantages  which  it  possessed  in  common 
with  the  Globe.  It  was  built  by  R.  J.  Dobbins,  the  well-known 
contractor,  who  erected  the  Main  Exhibition  Building  and 
Memorial  Hall,  and  who  was  one  of  the  stockholders  of  the 
hotel.  Its  management  was  conducted  bv  Messrs.  J.  E.  Kings- 


TRANSCONTINENTAL  HOTEL,  OPPOSITE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


ley  &  Co.,  of  the  Continental.  Built  and  furnished  at  a  cost  of 
over  $250,000,  nothing  was  left  undone  in  the  hotel  that  could 
contribute  to  the  perfect  satisfaction  of  patrons  of  the  highest 
class.  The  business  office,  public  parlors,  bar-room,  kitchens, 
laundries,  reading-rooms  and  dining-rooms  were  models  in 
themselves,  and  an  important  feature  was  a  great  restaurant, 
independent  from  the  dining-room,  and  conducted  on  the  same 
plan  as  the  restaurant  at  the  Continental. 

Across  Belmont  avenue,  a  short  distance  back  of  Elm  avenue, 
with  nothing  between  it  and  the  Exhibition  buildings  to  break 
the  view,  stood  the  monster  Globe  Hotel ,  built  also  to  accommo- 


THE  UNITED  STATES  HOTEL,  NEAR  THE  MAIN  EXHIBITION  BUILDING. 


310 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


date  the  throng  of  visitors  to  the  Exhibition.  It  stood  on  Bel¬ 
mont  avenue,  within  500  feet  of  the  main  entrance  to  the 
Exhibition  grounds.  It  was  not  flush  with  the  avenue,  for  a 
lawn  interspersed  with  beds  of  bright  flowers  separated  it  from 
the  roadway  more  than  fifty  feet.  A  verandah  fifteen  feet  wide 
and  no  less  than  900  feet  long  encircled  the  building,  affording 
a  cool  promenade  during  the  warm  summer  evenings.  The 
hotel,  including  the  mansard  roof,  was  five  stories  high,  and  the 
area  which  it  covered  was  about  81,000  square  feet.  At  the 
entrance  to  the  hall  was  the  office,  eighty  feet  square  ;  the  dining¬ 
room,  which  was  able  to  accommodate  thirty  thousand  persons 
a  day,  was  500  by  53  feet.  The  upper  floors  were  reached,  by 
means  of  the  elevators,  by  weary  guests,  who  could  summon 
servants  at  will  by  the  touching  of  electric  bells.  The  Penn¬ 
sylvania  Railroad  landed  its  passengers  on  the  hotel  grounds. 

The  hotel  contained  1100  rooms,  with  accommodations  for 
4000  guests.  The  Globe  was  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
John  A.  Rice,  so  well  and  favorably  known  to  travellers  as  the 
proprietor  of  the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel  of  Chicago. 

Within  a  square  of  the  Exhibition  grounds,  and  in  the  rear 
of  the  Transcontinental,  was  the  United  States  Hotel,  at  the 
corner  of  Forty-second  street  and  Columbia  avenue.  It  was 
built  and  was  owned  by  Mr.  R.  J.  Dobbins,  already  referred  to 
above,  and  was  so  constructed  that  it  could  be  readily  converted 
into  first-class  dwellings  after  the  close  of  the  Exhibition.  It 
was  one  of  the  pleasantest  of  the  Exhibition  hotels,  and  while 
perfectly  convenient  to  the  grounds  was  sufficiently  removed 
from  them  to  escape  the  noise  and  confusion  which  reigned 
supreme  on  Elm  and  Belmont  avenues.  It  contained  325 
rooms,  with  accommodations  for  600  guests. 

Another  monster  establishment  was  the  Grand  Exposition 
Hotel ,  at  the  intersection  of  Girard  and  Lancaster  avenues.  It 
contained  1325  rooms,  and  had  accommodations  for  4000  guests. 
It  was  delightfully  located  in  a  pleasant  neighborhood,  and  was 
within  fifteen  minutes  walk  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  Exhi¬ 
bition.  The  street  cars  passed  the  door,  and  afforded  direct 
communication  with  the  Exhibition  and  all  parts  of  the  city. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


311 


The  house  was  under  the  management  of  Mr.  M.  Riley.  It 
was  conducted  on  the  European  plan. 

Having  thus  disposed  of  the  four  great  hotels  that  owed  their 
existence  to  the  Exhibition,  let  us  glance  at  the  town  that 
sprang  up  around  the  great  buildings.  It  was  very  different 
from  the  city  which  lay  in  the  distance  beyond  it,  and  pos¬ 
sessed  such  a  distinctive  character  of  its  own,  that  no  descrip¬ 
tion  of  the  Exhibition  would  be  complete  without  some  reference 
to  it. 

We  begin  our  inspection  on  Elm  avenue  below  the  Main 


GRAND  EXPOSITION  HOTEL. 


[i  Exhibition  Building.  Within  the  limits  of  the  Park,  and  a 
f  few  hundred  yards  below  the  Exhibition  grounds,  was  a  huge 
C  circular  building  of  corrugated  iron.  This  was  The  Panorama , 
lj  and  was  built  somewhat  upon  the  plan  of  the  Colosseum,  on 
Broad  street.  It  was  used  for  the  exhibition  of  the  panorama 
I  of  The  Siege  of  Paris ,  painted  by  Colonel  Lienard,  of  the 
■  French  army.  This  picture  was  exhibited  in  New  York  dur¬ 
ing  the  previous  winter,  and  received  the  highest  praise  from 
y  both  press  and  public. 

Looking  up  Elm  avenue  and  across  to  Girard  avenue,  from 
i  this  point,  the  scene  was  gay  and  inspiriting.  On  the  right 


312 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


towered  up  the  huge  masses  of  the  Exhibition  buildings.  On 
the  left,  stretching  away  up  Elm  avenue  for  nearly  a  mile,  was 
a  line  of  restaurants,  small  hotels,  beer-gardens,  ice-cream 
saloons,  and  small  shows  that  sprang  up  as  if  by  magic.  Each 
was  gayly  decorated  with  flags  and  streamers,  and  at  night  glit¬ 
tered  with  scores  of  gas-lamps  of  all  possible  lines.  Almost  every 
one  of  these  buildings  had  a  flat  roof,  which  was  either  left  open 
and  sheltered  by  a  canvas  awning,  or  the  second  story  was  built 
open  in  order  that  the  guests  of  the  house  might  enjoy  the  air 
while  eating  and  drinking.  These  upper  stories  formed  capital 
points  of  observation,  and  from  any  of  them  a  brilliant  and 
interesting  picture  of  the  street  and  the  Exhibition  buildings 
and  grounds  could  be  obtained.  Many  of  the  beer-gardens 
were  provided  with  bands  of  music,  which  added  to  the  gayety 
of  the  scene,  and  attracted  customers. 

Every  available  foot  of  ground  was  covered,  and  the  build¬ 
ings  were  arranged  in  a  manner  that  was  often  amusing.  There 
was  no  ground  wasted  in  the  rear  of  the  front  line  of  buildings. 
A  small  side  alley  often  led  to  an  extensive  restaurant  or  beer- 
garden  set  back  behind  the  front  line.  The  prices  paid  for  the 
leases  of  the  ground  were  high  as  a  ride,  and  the  buildings  were 
cheap  and  flimsy.  They  were  mostly  of  wood,  a  few  being  of 
brick. 

At  Forty-first  street  and  Elm  avenue  commenced  a  line  of 
small  hotels.  These  were  of  brick,  and  though  small  were 
generally  well  kept.  The  principal  were,  the  Elm  Avenue 
Hotel ,  at  the  corner  of  Forty-first  street  and  Elm  avenue;  the 
* Metropolitan ,  in  Forty-first  street,  just  out  of  Elm  avenue;  the 
Liter  national,  a  German  house,  on  Elm  avenue,  a  few  doors 
above  Forty-first  street,  and  Congress  Hall ,  a  few  doors  higher 
up.  These  houses  could  each  accommodate  from  200  to  800 
guests — the  latter  being  the  capacity  of  Congress  Hall.  They 
were  the  best  of  the  cheaper  hotels  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Exhibition. 

A  walk  of  a  square  down  Forty-first  street  brought  us  to 
Girard  avenue,  beyond  which  rose  the  handsome  iron  bridges  at 
this  and  Fortieth  streets,  over  the  tracks  of  the  Pennsylvania 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


313 


Railroad.  By  means  of  these  bridges  the  Market  Street  Pas¬ 
senger  Railway  Company  was  enabled  to  reach  Elm  avenue 
and  the  street-car  concourse  in  front  of  the  Main  Exhibition 
Building  without  using  the  tracks  of  any  of  the  other  roads. 

Looking  down  Girard  avenue  towards  the  Schuylkill,  one 
beheld  a  long  line  of  restaurants,  beer-gardens,  bar-rooms,  and 
cheap  hotels  similar  to  those  on  Elm  avenue,  all  gaudily  decor¬ 
ated  and  gay  with  flags. 

Just  above  Forty-first  street,  Girard  and  Columbia  avenues 
cross  each  other  obliquely,  the  former  continuing  its  course 
through  West  Philadelphia,  the  latter  stopping  short  at  Bel¬ 
mont  avenue.  Gathered  around  their  intersection  were  the 
“  Carriage  Repositories,”  a  peculiar  feature  of  the  Exhibition. 
These  consisted  of  several  establishments,  each  of  which  was 
.  made  up  of  an  office,  one  or  more  waiting-rooms,  and  long  lines 
of  rough  sheds  enclosed  with  a  high  board  fence.  The  sheds  were 
divided  into  stalls,  and  were  intended  for  the  accommodation 
of  carriages  and  horses.  Visitors  coming  from  the  city  or  the 
surrounding  country  in  their  own  carriages  or  buggies  could 
leave  them  at  these  “Repositories,”  and  receive  checks  for  them. 
They  were  left  in  care  of  competent  hostlers,  and  a  charge  of 
fifty  cents  per  carriage  was  made  for  taking  care  of  them.  The 
repositories  were  connected  by  wires  with  the  telegraph  offices 
in  the  Exhibition  grounds,  from  which  visitors  about  to  return 
could  order  their  teams  to  be  gotten  in  readiness  for  them,  and 
thus  avoid  all  delays  at  the  stands.  One  of  these  “  Reposi¬ 
tories”  contained  1000  stands  or  stalls;  another  300;  and  a 
third  500. 

Returning  to  Elm  avenue  by  way  of  Forty-first  street,  we 
continued  our  walk  towards  Belmont  avenue.  The  line  of 
restaurants  was  broken  by  a  building,  covered  with  coarse  and 
glaring  pictures  which  informed  us  that  the  establishment  was 
a  “Museum.”  Here  might  be  seen  the  wild  men  of  Borneo, 
and  the  wild  children  of  Australia,  the  fat  woman  whose  avoir¬ 
dupois  was  put  down  in  the  bills  at  602  pounds,  a  weight 
heavy  enough  to  entitle  her  to  a  place  in  Machinery  Hall,  and 
a  collection  of  “Feejees,”  who  were  vouched  for  by  the  exhibi¬ 
tors  as  “pure  and  unadulterated  man-eaters.” 


314 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


A  few  doors  above  the  “  Museum  ”  was  an  establishment 
richly  worth  a  visit.  Two  tall  derricks  of  frame  work  rising 
above  the  highest  of  the  surrounding  buildings  at  once  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  passers-by.  A  large  canvas  suspended 
between  them  announced  that  this  was  a  “ Pennsylvania  Oil 
Well.”  This  establishment  was  the  property  of  Messrs. 
O’Donnell,  Alshouse  &  Louge,  of  Titusville,  Pennsylvania. 
They  erected,  at  a  cost  of  $24,000,  a  large  working  oil  well, 
such  as  is  used  in  the  oil  regions  of  Pennsylvania.  The  mem¬ 
bers  of  tii is  firm  are  enterprising  and  practical  men,  and  their 
business  is  the  sinking  of  oil  and  artesian  wells.  They  have 
bored  many  of  the  most  successful  wells  in  the  oil  regions,  and 
with  commendable  enterprise  purchased  the  ground  on  which 
their  establishment  stood,  and  erected  all  the  machinery  neces¬ 
sary  to  the  successful  working  of  an  oil  well  of  the  largest  size, 
in  order  that  visitors  to  the  Exhibition,  both  native  and  foreign, 
might  see  the  practical  operation  of  what  is  now  one  of  the 
leading  industries  of  America. 

Higher  up,  on  Elm  avenue,  nearly  opposite  to  the  central 
pavilion  of  the  Main  Building,  a  section  of  one  of  the  famous  Big 
Trees  of  California  attracted  wondering  spectators,  who  sought 
from  it  to  form  an  idea  of  these  marvels  of  the  Pacific  slope. 

Immediately  below  the  Transcontinental  Hotel  was  a  hand¬ 
some  building  consisting  of  a  long  narrow  gallery,  the  lower 
story  of  which  was  a  beer-saloon  and  the  second  story  an  open- 
air  restaurant.  At  the  Elm  avenue  end  was  a  tasteful  circular 
pavilion  used  as  an  ice-cream  saloon.  It  formed  one  of  the  best 
points  of  observation  on  the  street,  and  from  it  one  might  see  the 
whole  of  the  brilliant  scene  below  while  he  sipped  his  ices. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  Elm  avenue,  just  under  the  shadow 
of  the  Main  Building,  was  the  Street  Car  Concourse.  All  the 
passenger  railway  lines  centred  here,  and  a  number  of  tracks 
were  laid  for  their  accommodation.  These  were  in  the  form  of 
an  ellipse,  so  that  the  turning  of  the  car  and  changing  of  horses, 
which  Avould  result  in  endless  confusion,  were  avoided.  An 
endless  stream  of  cars  was  arriving  and  departing  at  all  hours 
during  the  day,  taking  on  and  discharging  their  thousands  of 
passengers. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


315 


Belmont  avenue  was  now  reached.  At  the  southwest  corner 
of  this  street  and  Elm  avenue  was  the  Transcontinental  Hotel, 
already  referred  to.  Pausing  a  moment  in  the  shelter  of  this 
handsome  edifice,  we  noticed  the  throng  of  vehicles  gathered 
about  the  main  entrances  to  the  Exhibition  grounds  immedi¬ 
ately  opposite.  Here  were  vehicles  of  every  description — omni¬ 
buses,  cabs,  carriages,  coupes,  transfer  coaches,  etc.,  furnishing 
ample  transportation  of  this  class  for  all  who  desired  to  use  it. 

Through  the  gates  of  the  Exhibition  a  steady  throng  poured 
in  and  out,  and  the  turnstiles  at  the  entrances  kept  up  a  con¬ 
stant  clicking  as  they  registered  the  arrivals  and  departures. 

Crossing  Belmont  avenue  we  continued  on  our  way  up  Elm 
avenue,  and  came  upon  an  open  space  lined  with  the  “  small- 
trade  people.”  Here  were  pea-nut  stands,  pie-stalls,  the  apple- 
men  and  women,  Bologna  sausage-vendors,  dealers  in  cakes  and 
lemonade,  and  the  inevitable  balloon-man.  They  made  up  a 
curious  display  as  they  stood  patiently  through  the  long  hours 
of  the  hot  and  dusty  day  offering  their  wares  which  no  one 
seemed  to  buy. 

Passing  on,  the  Centennial  Depot  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail¬ 
road,  on  Elm  avenue,  opposite  the  main  entrance  to  the  Exhi¬ 
bition  grounds,  was  reached.  This  was  a  large  and  handsome 
wooden  structure,  tastefully  painted  to  harmonize  with  the 
great  buildings  across  the  street,  and  was  ornamented  with  pic¬ 
turesque  towers  at  its  four  corners.  It  was  provided  with  all 
the  conveniences  of  a  first-class  railroad  depot,  and  was  in  all 
respects  worthy  of  the  great  road  to  which  it  belonged. 

The  depot  building  was  devoted  to  offices,  ticket-offices,  wait¬ 
ing  and  baggage  rooms,  etc.  The  waiting-rooms  were  large  and 
airy,  and  wer^  abundantly  supplied  with  comfortable  seats. 
News  and  refreshment  stands  were  established  at  convenient 
points,  and  several  ticket-offices  were  attached  to  these  rooms. 

The  doors  on  the  north  side  of  the  building  led  out  upon 
Elm  avenue.  Those  on  the  south  side  opened  upon  a  series  of 
platforms  provided  with  three  lines  of  track,  each  of  which  was 
enclosed  with  a  picket  fence  separating  it  from  the  others.  The 
tracks  entered  the  depot  enclosure  at  one  end,  passed  around  in 


2NTENNIAL  DEPOT,  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD,  OPPOSITE  MACHINERY  1IAL 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


317 


a  serai-circle,  and  left  it  at  the  opposite  end.  This  arrangement 
allowed  the  use  of  the  depot  by  a  large  number  of  trains  with¬ 
out  confusion.  The  main  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
was  but  a  few  hundred  yards  distant,  and  all  western  trains  of 
this  road  passed  through  this  depot,  thus  landing  their  passengers 
at  the  very  gates  of  the  Exhibition.  Trains  also  arrived  at  this 
station  from  New  York,  Baltimore  and  Washington,  so  that  pas¬ 
sengers  from  all  parts  of  the  Union  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
and  its  southern  and  eastern  connections  were  set  down  here, 

and  could  here  take  the  trains  for  their  distant  homes. 

* 

The  depot  was  a  busy  place.  Trains  were  constantly  arriv¬ 
ing  and  departing,  each  one  bringing  in  or  taking  out  its  load 
of  human  freight.  So  perfect  were  the  arrangements,  and  so 
strictly  were  the  tracks  guarded  against  the  intrusion  of  persons 
not  connected  with  the  road,  that  in  spite  of  the  constant  mov¬ 
ing  of  trains  and  the  vast  crowd  of  passengers,  accidents  were 
impossible. 

Above  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Depot,  the  line  of  restaur¬ 
ants,  beer-saloons  and  bar-rooms  began  again.  These  estab¬ 
lishments  were  inferior  to  those  below  Belmont  avenue,  but  the 
same  reckless  use  of  wood  was  found  here,  and  the  same  lavish 
use  of  flags  and  painted  canvas  was  seen. 

One  square  back  of  Elm  avenue,  on  Viola  street,  and  extend¬ 
ing  from  Fifty-second  to  Forty-eighth  street,  was  the  Atlas 
Hotel.  It  consisted  of  a  number  of  frame  buildings  connected 
by  covered  galleries.  The  hotel  contained  1500  rooms,  and 
could  provide  accommodations  for  3000  people. 

Returning  to  Belmont  avenue,  we  paused  once  more  to  gaze 
upon  the  busy  scene  at  the  intersection  of  this  thoroughfare  with 
Elm  avenue.  On  the  one  hand  were  the  main  entrances  to  the 
Exhibition  grounds,  with  the  eager  throng  around  them  ;  to  the 
east  and  west  stretched  away  the  long  line  of  Elm  avenue,  gay 
with  flags  and  alive  with  music  and  the  sharp  rattle  of  passing 
vehicles.  Facing  Belmont  avenue  the  scene  was  equally  at¬ 
tractive.  To  the  right  w'as  the  large  open  space  occupied  by 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  with  its  constantly  arriving  and 
departing  trains,  with  the  main  line  beyond  it,  and  farther  on 


318 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  towers  and  flags  of  the  huge  Grand  Exposition  Hotel  were 
seen  rising  above  the  trees.  On  the  left  was  the  Transconti¬ 
nental  Hotel,  about  the  entrance  of  which  a  crowd  was  always 
collected.  A  constant  stream  of  street  cars  and  carriages  poured 
along  Belmont  avenue,  which  was  the  main  route,  from  the 
Exhibition  into  the  city,  and  the  street  was  as  busy,  as  bustling 
and  as  gay  as  its  neighbor,  Elm  avenue. 

About  one  hundred  yards  back  from  Elm  avenue  was  the 
Globe  Hotel,  which  has  been  described.  It  stood  opposite  the 
Transcontinental  and  fronted  on  Belmont  avenue.  It  was  an 
immense  structure,  the  prevailing  colors  of  which  were  gray  and 
brown,  and  its  long  galleries  offered  a  delightful  promenade,  and 
reminded  one  of  the  great  watering-place  hotels. 

In  the  open  space  between  the  upper  end  of  the  Globe  and 
Elm  avenue  were  two  structures,  which  from  their  peculiar  ap¬ 
pearance  were  sure  to  attract  the  attention  of  strangers.  One  of 
these  was  a  large  building  erected  as  a  soda  water  saloon  by  Mr. 
James  W.  Tufts,  of  Boston,  the  well-known  manufacturer  of 
soda  water  fountains  and  apparatus.  Mr.  Tufts  had  some  thir¬ 
teen  or  fourteen  soda  water  fountains  in  operation  within  the 
Exhibition  grounds,  but  his  greatest  display  was  reserved  for 
this  building.  The  exterior  of  the  edifice  was  neat  and  tasteful, 
and  the  interior  was  fitted  up  very  handsomely  and  adorned 
with  elaborate  frescoes.  In  the  centre  stood  a  splendid  fountain 
of  variegated  marble,  with  silver  trimmings.  It  was  forty  feet 
in  height,  and  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  between  twenty-five  and 
thirty  thousand  dollars.  It  was  the  largest  fountain  in  the 
world,  and  by  far  the  handsomest.  It  was  capable  of  supplying 
an  almost  unlimited  demand  for  soda  water,  as  it  had  seventy- 
six  syrup,  eight  soda,  and  twenty  mineral  tubes. 

Immediately  adjoining  the  soda  water  hall  was  a  showy 
pavilion  constructed  mainly  of  colored  glass  set  in  a  tasteful 
frame  work.  This  was  the  Cigar  Pavilion  of  M.  Salomon  & 
Co.,  importers  of  Havana  cigars,  whose  wholesale  houses  in 
Philadelphia  and  New  York  have  long  been  known  to  the 
trade. 

On  the  east  side  of  Belmont  avenue,  immediately  in  the  rear 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


319 


of  the  Transcontinental  Hotel,  was  Wiley’s  Restaurant ,  with  a 
handsome  entrance  and  an  open-air  saloon  in  the  second  story. 
Next  door  to  it  was  Delmonico’s  Restaurant ,  a  large  and  substan¬ 
tial  edifice  of  brick,  with  a  spacious  dining-hall,  a  cafe,  and  a  bar¬ 
room  on  the  first  floor.  Here  were  also  telegraph  offices,  writing 
and  wash-rooms,  and  a  private  parlor  for  ladies.  The  second 
floor  contains  numerous  suites  of  rooms,  private  parlors,  banquet- 
rooms,  etc. 

Next  below  Delmonico’s  was  Tischner’s  Restaurant ,  a  hand¬ 
some  private  dwelling  altered  to  suit  the  demands  of  the  times. 
It  stood  in  the  midst  of  its  own  grounds  and  was  shaded  by 
fine  trees,  and  constituted  one  of  the  prettiest  features  of  the 
street.  At  the  entrance  to  these  grounds  was  a  handsome 
pavilion  containing  a  beautiful  marble  soda  fountain,  from 
which  cooling  drinks  were  dispensed  for  the  refreshment  of 
weary  passers-by. 

The  east  side  of  Belmont  avenue,  from  Columbia  avenue  to 
Jefferson  street,  was  taken  up  with  the  stables  and  depot  of  the 
Philadelphia  City  Passenger  Railway,  tasteful  and  substantial 
buildings  of  pressed  brick. 

Immediately  opposite,  and  adjoining  the  Globe  Hotel,  was  a 
huge  building  of  wood,  covered  with  corrugated  iron  and 
painted  in  light  colors.  This  was  Operti’s  Tropical  Garden, 
one  of  the  handsomest  places  of  amusement  in  Philadelphia. 
It  was  light  and  airy,  and  was  handsomely  decorated  with 
frescoes  and  other  paintings.  Long  lines  of  colored  globes, 
each  containing  a  gas  jet,  stretched  across  the  interior  beneath 
the  ceiling,  and  shed  a  brilliant  light  upon  the  scene  below. 
At  the  back  a  large  waterfall  dashed  over  the  painted  rocks, 
forming  a  beautiful  cascade,  and  giving  to  the  air  on  the  hot 
nights  of  the  summer  a  delicious  coolness.  The  orchestra  stand 
was  in  the  centre  of  the  hall,  and  was  profusely  decorated  with 
flowers  and  shrubbery,  which  were  also  scattered  lavishly  through 
the  hall.  The  chairs  of  visitors  were  arranged  around  the 
orchestra  on  the  lower  floor,  and  in  a  large  gallery  which 
extended  entirely  around  the  hall. 

The  scene  within  the  hall  during  the  performances  was  very 


320 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


beautiful.  Rocky  nooks  and  beds  of  rare  and  beautiful  flowers 
invited  the  visitor  on  every  hand.  The  splendid  cascade  dashed 
down  its  rocky  height,  glittering  in  the  radiance  of  a  powerful 
lime  light  shed  upon  it  from  an  invisible  point.  Different 
colored  lights  flashed  down  from  the  lamps  overhead,  and  the 
air  was  laden  with  the  rich  perfume  of  the  flowers  and  the 
delicious  coolness  of  the  waters. 

The  music  was  furnished  by  a  superb  band  of  over  sixty  per¬ 
formers  led  by  Signor  Guiseppe  Operti.  As  the  concert  began 
the  water  was  turned  off  from  the  cascade,  which  was  silent 
during  the  performance;  but  the  moment  the  music  ceased  it 
sprang  into  life  again. 

Below  the  Tropical  Garden  the  line  of  cheap  restaurants 
and  bar-rooms  commenced,  and  continued  unbroken  to  Girard 
avenue.  These  were  mostly  of  brick,  and  altogether  Belmont 
avenue  had  a  more  substantial  and  respectable  appearance  than 
Elm  avenue.  The  two  great  hotels,  the  musical  garden  and  the 
solid  appearance  of  its  buildings  gave  to  it  more  of  the  aspect 
of  a  street  of  a  great  city,  and  the  picture,  as  one  surveyed  it 
from  Girard  avenue,  was  enhanced  by  the  great  buildings  of  the 
Exhibition  and  the  long  reach  of  Exhibition  grounds,  which 
stretched  away  from  the  head  of  the  street  to  the  hills  of  the 
Park. 

At  Girard  avenue  a  fine  iron  bridge  carried  the  line  of  Bel¬ 
mont  avenue  over  the  tracks  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  and 
a  similar  structure  at  an  oblique  angle  to  the  first  continued  the 
line  of  Girard  avenue  unbroken  to  the  westward.  From  this 
bridge  a  fine  view  could  be  obtained  of  the  main  line  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  for  a  distance  of  several  miles,  and  of 
its  Centennial  branch  and  depot.  The  constant  moving  of 
trains,  which  passed  this  point  at  a  high  rate  of  speed,  rendered 
this  view  one  of  the  most  interesting  to  be  had  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Exhibition. 

At  Girard  avenue  the  temporary  town  which  had  grown  np 
about  the  gates  of  the  Exhibition  ended,  and  a  long,  sparsely 
built  region  intervened  between  it  and  Philadelphia  proper. 

It  was  deeply  interesting  to  view  this  “  Centennial  town” 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


321 


from  some  commanding  point  at  which  the  whole  picture  could 
be  taken  in  at  once.  The  central  towers  of  the  Main  Exhibi¬ 
tion  Building  afforded  a  capital  place  from  which  to  view  this 
curious  panorama,  as  from  them  both  Belmont  and  Elm  avenues, 
and  the  distant  line  of  Girard  avenue,  with  the  intervening  cross 
streets,  could  be  seen.  The  contrast  between  the  splendid  and 
imposing  structures  within  the  Exhibition  grounds  and  the 
cheap  and  tawdry  buildings  which  lay  beyond  them  was  strik¬ 
ing  indeed.  Still  the  scene  was  curious  and  interesting,  and 
not  the  least,  among  the  “sights”  of  the  Exhibition. 

Scarcely  less  interesting  was  the  scene  within  the  Park  beyond 
the  enclosure  of  the  Centennial  grounds.  At  the  prominent 
points,  such  as  George’s  Hill  and  Belmont,  crowds  assembled 
to  view  the  busy  scene  within  the  Exhibition  grounds.  One 
could  not  realize  the  extent  and  variety  of  the  Exhibition  until 
he  had  viewed  the  buildings  and  grounds  from  one  of  these 
points.  A  tall  observatory  of  frame- work  was  erected  on 
George’s  Hill,  from  which  a  view  of  the  “Centennial”  and  the 
surrounding  country  could  be  had.  A  similar  view  might  be 
obtained  from  the  Sawyer  Observatory  at  Belmont.  Those  who 
did  not  wish  to  soar  so  high  as  the  summit  of  this  structure 
could  sit  in  the  balconies  of  the  restaurant  or  under  the  trees 
and  enjoy  the  magnificent  view,  which  embraced  the  Centen¬ 
nial  grounds,  the  river  with  its  bridges,  the  Park  and  the 
distant  city  beyond.  The  Centennial,  with  its  multitude  of 
restaurants,  did  not  rob  Belmont  of  its  popularity,  and  on  fair 
days  one  was  sure  to  find  this  favorite  resort  thronged  with 
guests. 

Two  prominent  points  of  interest  were  situated  on  the  river 
shore.  The  first  of  these  was  the  landing-place  of  the  Schuyl¬ 
kill  steamboats,  which  plied  between  the  Falls  and  the  city, 
making  regular  landings  here.  Broad  flights  of  stairs  led  from 
the  water  to  the  summit  of  the  hill  above,  and  afforded  an  easy 
means  of  reaching  the  entrances  to  the  Exhibition  grounds. 

The  other  and  last  point  of  interest  without  the  enclosure  was 
the  depot  of  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railroad.  It  was  a 
tasteful  frame  building,  painted  in  colors  which  harmonized  well 
21 


CENTENNIAL  DEPOT  OF  THE  PHILADELPHIA  &  READING  RAILROAD 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


323 


with  the  luxuriant  foliage  in  which  it  was  embowered.  The 
depot  was  provided  with  ticket-offices,  waiting-rooms,  private 
rooms  for  ladies,  and  all  the  conveniences  of  a  first-class  railway 
station.  The  tracks  of  the  main  line  ran  alongside  the  station, 
and  a  long  platform  afforded  the  means  of  entering  and  leaving 
the  cars.  A  plank  walk-way  led  up  an  easy  ascent  from  the  depot 
to  the  entrance  to  the  Main  Exhibition  Building.  The  depot  was 
situated  in  one  of  the  loveliest  sections  of  the  Park,  and  there 
could  be  nothing  more  charming  and  delightful  than  the  view 
which  greeted  the  wearied  sight-seer,  returning  from  the  Exhi¬ 
bition  to  the  cars,  as  he  descended  the  hill  towards  the  river. 
The  luxuriant  foliage  seemed  to  enwrap  the  depot  building, 
so  thickly  did  it  cluster  about  it;  and  through  the  open¬ 
ing  in  the  trees  could  be  seen  the  broad  and  beautiful  river, 
with  the  picturesque  arches  of  the  bridge  in  the  distance, 
and  the  bold,  bluff-like  shores  of  the  East  Park  across  the 
water. 

The  flimsy  character  of  the  majority  of  the  structures  on  Elm 
and  Belmont  avenues  made  it  certain  that,  sooner  or  later, 
some  of  them  would  fall  victims  to  fire;  and  it  was  very  evi¬ 
dent  that  should  a  fire  occur  in  any  one  of  them  a  large  number 
would  be  swept  away  before  the  flames  could  be  stayed.  They 
were  dangerous  neighbors  to  the  great  Exhibition  Buildings, 
from  which  they  were  separated  by  Elm  avenue  alone,  and 
serious  fears  were  entertained  that  in  case  of  a  general  confla¬ 
gration  it  would  be  impossible  to  prevent  the  Main  Exhibition 
Building  from  taking  fire. 

That  these  fears  were  not  idle  was  shown  on  the  10th  of 
September,  when  a  fire  broke  out  in  one  of  the  smaller  shanties 
used  as  an  oyster  house.  The  flames  spread  with  alarming 
rapidity,  and  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  fire  department,  which 
was  promptly  summoned,  could  not  be  stayed  until  about 
twenty-five  buildings,  including  one  of  the  smaller  hotels,  were 
destroyed.  The  heat  was  so  great  as  to  scorch  the  fence  in 
front  of  the  Main  Exhibition  Building,  which  structure  at  one 
time  was  in  no  little  danger,  and  the  Transcontinental  and 
United  States  Hotels  narrowly  escaped  destruction. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


THE  EXHIBITION  GROUNDS. 


Topography  of  the  Grounds — The  Ravines— The  Entrances — The  Turnstiles — 
Styles  of  Tickets  used — The  Photograph  Regulation — The  Centennial  Guard 
— The  Fire  Department — The  Narrow-Gauge  Railway — The  Rolling-Chair 
Service — Landscape  Gardening — The  Flowers — The  Avenues — The  Bridges 
—Bartholdi’s  Fountain — The  Roman  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Fountain — 
The  Centennial  Waterworks — Relief  Plans  of  Foreign  Cities — Statues  of 
Christopher  Columbus  and  Elias  Howe — The  Hunter’s  Camp — An  Old- 
Fashioned  Railroad  Train — The  American  Soldiers’  Monument — The  Ice- 
Water  Fountain. 


;^/HE  Commissioners  of  Fairmount  Park  transferred  to 


n 


the  United  States  Centennial  Commission,  for  the  pur¬ 
poses  of  the  International  Exhibition,  a  tract  of  450 
acres.  Of  this  tract  236  acres  were  occupied  by  the 
Exhibition  buildings  and  the  open  spaces  between 
them,  and  were  enclosed  with  a  stout  picket  fence. 

The  tract  thus  enclosed  was  admirably  adapted  to  the  pur¬ 
poses  of  the  Exhibition.  It  was  an  elevated  plateau,  with  three 
spurs  jutting  out  toward  the  river,  separated  from  each  other 
by  deej),  wooded  ravines,  through  which  flowed  small  streams. 
The  ravine  nearest  the  southern  end  of  the  grounds  was  called 
the  Lansdowne  valley,  the  other  the  Belmont  valley.  The 
Lansdowne  valley  was  spanned  by  two  handsome  bridges,  the 
Belmont  valley  by  one,  these  bridges  affording  an  easy  commu¬ 
nication  between  the  various  portions  of  the  grounds. 

The  Exhibition  plateau  stood  120  feet  above  the  Schuylkill, 
and  was  always  swept  bv  a  delightful  breeze.  The  view  from 
either  of  the  spurs  was  exquisitely  beautiful,  embracing  as  it  did 
the  river,  the  park,  and  the  distant  city.  The  most  northern 
of  these  spurs  was  occupied  by  the  Agricultural  Building,  the 
324 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


325 


central  one  by  Horticultural  Hall,  and  the  southern  by  Memo¬ 
rial  Hall.  The  three  united  in  a  broad  plain,  which  contained 
the  Main  Building,  Machinery  Hall,  the  United  States  Gov¬ 
ernment  Building  and  a  number  of  smaller  structures.  The 
sides  of  the  ravines  and  the  spaces  between  the  more  prominent 
edifices  were  also  thickly  covered  with  buildings. 

Thirteen  places  of  entrance  and  exit  to  and  from  the  grounds 
were  selected  by  the  Board  of  Finance.  These  were  located  at 
points  convenient  to  the  main  roads  and  nearest  to  the  places 
at  which  the  horse  and  steam  railways  and  steamboats  set  down 
their  passengers. 

“The  entrances  nearly  all  had  four  gates:  one  for  visitors 
proper  to  the  Exhibition,  that  is,  those  who  paid  to  go  in ; 
another  for  persons  bearing  complimentary  tickets;  a  third  for 
exhibitors,  representatives  of  the  press,  and  employes,  in  fact, 
for  all  not  belonging  to  the  two  classes  just  named;  and  another 
for  wagons.  At  these  points  of  entrance,  so  called,  were  also 
placed  the  exits.  Based  upon  a  careful  calculation  of  the  traffic 
over  each  of  the  roads  surrounding  the  Exhibition  grounds 
and  leading  to  the  entrance  points  selected,  were  placed  from 
one  to  thirty-three  gates  or  turnstiles.  Of  these  altogether  there 
were  one  hundred  and  six.  The  exits,  in  their  vicinity,  were 
forty-two.  On  page  326  will  be  found  a  detailed  statement  of 
their  number  and  position. 

“The  turnstiles,  which  had  the  usual  four  arms,  were  in  twos 
at  the  end  of  passage-ways  ten  feet  long,  separated  by  another 
passage-way  to  be  afterward  described.  These  led  slantingly 
from  the  doorway,  so  as  to  prevent  a  direct  crowd  pressure 
upon  the  head  of  the  line  of  visitors.  Other  means  were  also 
adopted  to  prevent  this  pressure.  Each  turnstile  was  under  the 
control  of  a  keeper,  who  sat  or  stood  behind  a  short  counter 
and  received  from  each  visitor  the  admission  fee — a  fifty  cent 
note — before  the  visitor  passed  the  arm  of  the  stile,  which  was, 
by  a  mechanical  contrivance,  operated  by  the  keeper’s  foot.  As 
the  stile  turned  for  each  entrance  it  registered  itself  as  well  at 
the  gate  as  electrically  at  the  manager’s  office,  with  which  each 
had  electrical  communication. 


326 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


LOCATION. 

Money 

gates. 

Compli¬ 

mentary 

gates. 

Exhibit¬ 
ors,  em¬ 
ployes, etc. 

Wagons. 

Exits. 

East  end  of  Main  Building . 

15 

2 

3 

2 

5 

Centre  i  f  Main  Buibiing.  facing  Elm  avenue. 
Main  entrance,  intersection  of  Belmont  and 

5 

3 

1 

6 

Elm  avenues  . 

33 

2 

3 

1 

13 

Cemrc  ot  Machinery  Hall,  on  Elm  avenue. . . 
On  Kilty -second  street,  w  here  it  intersects 

2 

2 

1 

2 

Fountain  and  Elm  avenues . 

Georges  Hill,  western  entrance  of  “Avenue 

of  the  Republic  ” . 

At  the  intersection  of  Be.mont  drive  and 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

Belmont  avenue . 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

Glen  Entrance,  on  Lansdowne  drive . 

Belmont  Valley  (entrance  for  viators  arriving 

2 

2 

1 

2 

bv  steamboat),' on  Lansdowne  drive . 

Horticultural  Halt  (entrance  for  visitors  ar¬ 

2 

.... 

1 

riving  by  steamboat),  on  Lansdowne  drive. . 
Lansdowne  Valley  (entrance  for  visitors  by 
steamboat  and  Reading  railroad),  under 

2 

2 

1 

2 

bridge  at  Lansdowne  drive . 

Memorial  Hall,  Lansdowne  drive,  south  of 

4 

2 

2 

the  former  entrance . . . 

Old  Riv<*r  road,  at  the  intersection  of  the 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

Lansdowne  drive . 

3 

1 

1 

2 

76 

6 

24 

11 

42 

RECAPITULATION. 


M'>ney  gates . 76 

Complimentary . 6 

Exhibitors,  employes,  press,  etc . 24 


Total  number  of  entrances. 


106 


“The  money,  when  received  by  the  gate-keeper,  was  de¬ 
posited  in  a  box  placed  under  the  counter,  which  also  by  a 
mechanical  contrivance  locked  itself  as  it  was  pulled  from  the 
position  which  it  occupied  when  in  use.  Its  opening  could 
only  be  effected  by  the  bank  officers. 

“  Between  the  two  counters  and  entrances  stood  an  officer 
who,  with  his  back  to  the  middle  passage-way  previously 
referred  to,  watched  both  lines  as  they  entered.  On  the 
happening  of  the  least  disturbance  he  was  to  draw  the  disturber 
from  the  line  and  pass  him  down  this  passage  and  out  beyond 
the  fence. 

“The  exits  were  of  ingenious  contrivance,  and,  while  per¬ 
mitting  freely  the  departure  of  persons  from  the  grounds 
through  turnstiles  of  rather  different  construction  than  those 
described  above,  absolutely  prevented  re-entrance,  although 
no  officer  was  required  to  watch  them.  They  resembled  small 
roofed  sheds,  with  two  gates  opening  inward  or  backward  from 


MAIV  EXHIBITION  BUILDING.  MACHINERY  BUILDING. 


328 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


a  centre  post  on  the  fence  line.  One  of  the  sides  of  the  shed 
was  extended  or  continued  in  an  arc  till  its  inner  limit  was 
opposite  the  centre  of  the  gate-post.  At  the  other  side,  oppo¬ 
site  the  spot  at  which  the  arc  (or  fender)  started,  and  rising 
one  above  another,  extended  out,  at  right  angles  with  the 
side,  a  series  of  fixed  lateral  bars  or  arms  nine  feet  high.  On 
a  line  with  this,  and  also  on  a  line  with  the  end  of  the  fender 
opposite  the  gate-post,  rose  another  post  on  which  another 
turnstile  revolved,  the  four  arms  of  which  repeated,  rose  as 
high  as  the  top  of  the  lateral  bars,  between  which  they  passed 
on  each  quarter  revolution.  This  latter  worked  with  a  ratchet, 
and  always  outward. 

“It  will  be  seen  from  this  that  when  a  visitor  desired  to 
leave  the  ground  he  had  to  place  himself  in  a  triangle  formed 
by  two  of  the  turnstile  arms  and  the  fender.  As  he  moved 
forward  and  outward  the  turnstile  moved  with  him  until  he 
found  himself  at  the  gate.  He  could  not  change  his  mind  and 
get  back,  this  being  prevented  by  the  outward  movement  con¬ 
trolled  by  the  ratchet,  nor  could  he  come  in  again  without  the 
payment  of  another  fifty  cent  note,  this  being  prevented  by  the 
fixed  lateral  bars. 

“  The  designs  of  all  the  entrances  were  very  neat  and  tasteful. 
The  wagon  entrances,  ten  feet  high,  being  necessarily  the  widest 
and  highest,  admitted  of  the  greatest  scope  for  ornamentation. 
They  were  surmounted  with  American  trophies,  shields,  flags, 
eagles,  etc.  A  flagstaff  rose  at  each  side,  and  the  name  1  Inter¬ 
national  Exhibition  9  was  over  the  door.  A  similar  style  of 
ornamentation  was  upon  the  pedestrian  entrance  gates  and  exits. 
On  panels  over  the  gates  were  gilt  signs  indicating  whether 
they  were  for  employes,  etc.,  or  were  complimentary,  or  pay 
entrances.” 

No  tickets  were  used  for  the  pay  admissions  until  the  Exhi¬ 
bition  was  more  than  half  over.  The  visitor  was  required  to 
come  provided  with  a  fifty  cent  note  or  a  silver  half-dollar. 
There  was  required  a  separate  fifty  cent  note  or  half-dollar  for 
each  visitor.  The  gate-keepers  had  no  authority  to  accept  notes 
or  silver  pieces  of  a  larger  or  smaller  denomination,  and  did 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


329 


not  furnish  change.  At  each  entrance  an  office  was  located  to 
furnish  change  for  large  bills. 

Complimentary  tickets  were  issued  only  to  persons  whose 
high  official  stations  entitled  them  to  the  privilege,  and  the  num¬ 
ber  was  therefore  limited.  These  tickets  were  printed  on  heavy 
bond  paper  in  square  note-size  sheets.  The  design  was,  on  the  first 
page,  a  female  figure  of  America  seated  on  a  globe,  with  a  palm 
branch  in  her  hand,  and  by  her  side  a  cornucopia.  Beneath  were 
the  words  u  United  States  International  Exhibition,  Philadel- 
phia,  opening  May  10th, closing  November  10th,  1876.  Compli¬ 
mentary.”  They  were  signed  by  the  President  of  the  Board  of 
Finance,  the  President  of  the  Commission,  and  the  Director- 
General.  On  the  third  page  there  was  a  request  to  the  holder 
that  he  would  deposit  his  card  on  entrance  as  a  basis  for  future 
statistics  of  the  Exhibition.  The  envelope  containing  these  was 
worded  as  the  note,  but  without  the  figure  of  America.  The 
tickets  for  exhibitors,  employes,  etc.,  were  on  fine  card,  in  the 
form  of  a  two-leaved  book.  Round  the  centre  space  on  the 
inner  pages  was  a  border  of  geometrical  lathework-cutting, 
whilst  around  that  were  three  rows  of  numerals,  corresponding 
in  number  with  the  number  of  days  the  Exhibition  was  open. 
Around  these  again  was  another  lathe  work  border.  It  was  in¬ 
tended  that  one  of  these  numbers,  and  the  appropriate  one 
should  be  punched  on  the  first  daily  entrance  of  the  holder. 
Each  time  he  left  the  ground  after  his  first  entrance  he  received 
a  pass  or  return-check.  This  was  noted  on  the  left  leaf  of  the 
ticket.  On  the  right  inner  page  there  was  an  oval  in  the  centre, 
surrounded  by  stars  and  ornamental  lathework.  In  this  oval 
the  holder  was  required  to  insert  his  photograph  before  the  1st 
of  June,  and  he  was  reminded  of  this  by  the  words  in  this  space, 
“  Not  good  after  June  1st  unless  the  regulation  photograph  of 
the  holder  be  inserted  in  this  place.”  Under  the  photograph 
space  were  the  words  “  Not  transferable,  forfeited  if  presented 
bv  any  but  the  proper  owner.”  On  the  first  or  title  page  out¬ 
side  wis  the  title,  “  International  Exhibition,”  with  the  holder’s 
name,  his  class,  his  country,  and  serial  number.  On  the  fourth 
or  last  page  there  was  a  lathework  medallion  with  the  warning, 


330 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


“  This  ticket  will  not  be  renewed  if  lost.”  The  border  on  these 
two  pages,  as  well  as  on  the  inner  pages,  was  elaborate  lathe- 
work. 

For  the  protection  of  the  buildings  and  the  large  and  valu¬ 
able  collection  gathered  within  them  a  special  police  or  guard 
was  provided  by  the  Commission.  The  force  consisted  of  600 
men,  uniformed,  and  placed  under  rigid  military  discipline. 
They  were  quartered  in  barracks  erected  at  the  upper  and  lower 
ends  of  the  Exhibition  grounds,  and  were  on  duty  day  and  night. 
They  were  organized  as  a  regiment,  under  the  command  of  a 
colonel,  and  were  divided  into  companies,  each  with  its  proper 
officers.  They  were  charged  with  the  duty  of  guarding  the 
buildings  and  their  contents,  and  preserving  order  within  the 
enclosure.  They  had  full  power  to  arrest  offenders  and  convey 
them  to  the  station-house  provided  for  their  reception  and  deten¬ 
tion  until  they  could  be  turned  over  to  the  courts  for  trial. 

A  special  fire  department  was  also  provided:  Several  first- 
class  steam  fire-engines  were  located  at  convenient  points  within 
the  grounds,  and  a  system  of  telegraphic  signals  was  arranged 
by  which  the  exact  location  of  a  fire  could  be  instantly  com¬ 
municated  to  the  engine-houses.  A  number  of  Babcock  Fire 
Extinguishers,  ready  for  instant  use,  were  placed  in  the  various 
buildings,  and  every  possible  precaution  against  fire  was  taken. 

To  visit  the  distant  parts  of  the  grounds  on  foot  was  a  slow 
and  tedious  undertaking,  and  greatly  interfered  with  the  com¬ 
fort  and  pleasure  of  visitors.  As  no  carriages  were  allowed 
within  the  enclosure  a  pleasant  and  speedy  means  of  transit  be¬ 
tween  the  various  portions  of  the  grounds  was  provided  in  the 
T Vest  End  Railway ,  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  about  four  miles  in 
length,  which,  beginning  at  the  lower  end  of  the  Main  Build¬ 
ing,  made  the  circuit  of  the  grounds.  The  road  was  laid  with 
a  double  track,  and  was  finely  equipped  with  ten  narrow-gauge 
locomotives  and  forty  cars.  The  road  with  its  equipment  was 
a  special  exhibit  by  the  West  End  Bailway  Company,  who  also 
purchased  the  sole  right  to  transport  passengers  within  the 
grounds.  Passenger  stations  were  provided  at  convenient  points 
along  the  line.  Passengers  purchased  tickets  at  the  offices  at 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


331 


these  stations,  and  delivered  them  to  the  guard  upon  entering 
upon  the  platform.  They  were  then  at  liberty  to  take  the  train 
when  it  came  along,  arid  might  leave  it  at  any  station,  or  might 
make  the  circuit  of  the  grounds  for  a  single  fare.  The  trains 
ran  at  an  average  speed  of  eight  miles  an  hour.  The  fare  was 
five  cents. 

Rolling  chairs  were  kept  for  hire  at  designated  stations  within 
the  principal  buildings,  and  were  used  to  pass  from  point  to 
point  within  the  grounds.  They  could  be  hired  with  the  ser¬ 
vices  of  an  attendant  to  propel  them,  or  without,  as  one  might 
desire.  The  charge,. with  an  attendant,  was  sixty  cents  an  hour, 
or  $4.50  a  day.  If  hired  without  an  attendant  the  charge  was 
$1  for  three  hours,  subject  to  a  drawback  of  thirty  cents  for 
each  hour  in  which  the  chair  was  unused.  These  chairs  were 
comfortable  vehicles,  in  which  one  might  sit  at  ease  and  make 
the  tour  of  the  buildings  without  fatigue.  They  were  excellent 
for  ladies  or  persons  who  were  not  able  to  endure  the  long  and 
steady  tramp  through  the  buildings,  and  their  construction  and 
shape  were  such  that  they  could  be  wheeled  through  the  nar¬ 
rowest  passage-ways  of  the  enclosure,  except  within  the  special 
pavilions,  and  close  up  to  the  articles  the  occupant  wished  to 
inspect. 

Chairs  and  settees  were  scattered  through  the  buildings  and 
grounds,  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors.  No  charge  was 
made  for  the  use  of  these.  Many  of  the  exhibitors  had  hand¬ 
some  sofas  and  other  seats  within  their  spaces,  which  were  at 
the  visitors’  service. 

The  grounds  were  handsomely  laid  off,  and  were  in  many 
places  well  shaded  by  the  native  forest  trees.  The  ravines  which 
separate  the  spurs  on  which  the  principal  buildings  stand  gave 
to  them  a  picturesqueness  which  nothing  else  could  impart. 
From  almost  any  point  a  beautiful  landscape  extended  before 
the  gazer,  and  afforded  a  pleasant  and  grateful  contrast  to  the 
lines  of  buildings  which  stretched  away  on  every  hand.  At  the 
north  side  of  Machinery  Hall  a  pretty  lake,  covering  about  five 
acres  of  ground,  constituted  a  pleasant  feature  of  the  scene,  and 
from  its  centre  a  fine  jet  of  water  sprang  up,  cooling  the  air 


332  THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 

with  its  moisture.  Other  fountains  there  were,  to  be  noticed 
hereafter.  The  spacious  grounds  in  front  of  Horticultural  Hall 
were  clotted  with  parterres  of  flowers  and  were  traversed  by  a 
sunken  garden  leading  up  to  the  portals  of  the  hall.  Wherever 
it  was  possible  to  save  any  ground  for  ornamentation,  there  the 
landscape  gardeners  were  busy,  and  fresh  grass  swards  and  beds 
of  flowers  afforded  new  delights  to  the  lovers  of  the  beautiful. 
The  fine  old  trees  of  the  Park  added  greatly  to  the  beauty  as 
well  as  to  the  comfort  of  the  scene. 

The  grounds  were  traversed  by  five  main  avenues,  and  by 
many  miles  of  walks.  The  first  of  the  main  thoroughfares  was 
the  Avenue  of  the  Republic,  which  commenced  at  the  eastern 
end  of  the  grounds  and  ran  north  of  the  Main  Building  and 
Machinery  Hall  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Fountain.  It  was  100 
feet  in  width.  Belmont  avenue  extended  from  the  main 
entrance  on  Elm  avenue,  between  the  Main  and  Machinery 
Halls,  to  Belmont,  crossing  the  grounds  obliquely.  Fountain 
avenue  extended  from  the  Roman  Catholic  or  Temperance 
Fountain  to  Horticultural  Hall.  Agricultural  avenue  extended 
from  the  Avenue  of  the  Republic,  near  the  western  end  of  the 
Main  Building,  to  Agricultural  Building.  State  avenue  skirted 
the  base  of  George’s  Hill.  All  the  avenues  and  walks  were 
paved  with  asphalt-uni. 

To  furnish  direct  communication  between  the  various  parts 
of  the  grounds  at  their  eastern  end  a  fine  bridge  was  thrown 
over  the  Lansdowne  ravine,  just  north  of  Memorial  Hall. 
The  bridge  consisted  of  twelve  spans,  and  had  a  total  length  of 
515  feet.  The  roadway  was  CO  feet  wide,  and  the  footwalks  10 
feet  wide  each,  making  the  total  width  of  the  bridge  80  feet. 
The  foundations  were  masonry  throughout,  trestles  of  timbers 
being  erected  on  the  piers.  The  trestles  were  formed  with 
combination  posts,  the  pieces  firmly  bolted  and  mortised  together, 
forming  a  stiff,  rigid  system.  The  fence  which  enclosed  the 
Exhibition  grounds  passed  along  the  centre  of  the  bridge,  thus 
reserving  one  part  of  it  to  the  Exhibition  and  devoting  the  other 
to  the  public  drive  through  the  Park.  Another  bridge  was 
built  higher  up,  over  the  Lansdowne  valley,  and  Belmont  valley 
was  also  bridged  in  several  places. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


333 


The  Esplanade,  at  the  main  entrance  between  the  Main  and 
Machinery  Halls,  was  handsomely  laid  off*  with  grass  plots  and 
beds  of  flowers.  In  the  centre  was  a  large  bronze  fountain, 
with  statues  of  Light  and  Water,  “  the  twin  goddesses  of  cities/1 
by  Bartholdi. 

At  the  west  end  of  Machinery  Hall  the  Centennial  Fountain 
was  erected  by  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America. 
It  is  constructed  entirely  of  marble  and  granite,  and  is  one  of 


TIIE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CENTENNIAL  FOUNTAIN. 


the  finest  works  of  art  in  America.  The  design  is  by  Herman 
Kirn,  a  young  sculptor  of  Philadelphia,  a  pupil  of  the  celebrated 
sculptor  Steinhauser,  of  Carlsruhe.  It  consists  of  a  granite 
platform  ;n  the  form  of  a  Maltese  cross,  and  approached  by 
steps  which  extend  entirely  around  it.  In  the  centre  is  a  large 
circular  basin,  forty  feet  in  diameter,  from  the  centre  of  which 
rises  a  mass  of  rock  work,  on  the  summit  of  which  a  colossal 
statue  of  Moses  is  placed.  He  stands  with  one  end  of  his  rod 
resting  on  the  rock  which  he  has  just  struck,  and  from  which 


334 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  water  gushes  in  streams  about  his  feet  and  flows  down  into 
the  basin  below.  At  each  of  the  four  points  of  the  cross  is  a 
handsome  pedestal  of  white  marble,  near  the  base  of  which  is  a 
drinking-fountain.  Each  pedestal  is  surmounted  by  a  marble 
statue  nine  feet  high.  The  persons  represented  by  these  statues 
are  Charles  Carrol],  of  Carrollton,  Father  Matthew,  Archbishop 
Carroll,  and  Commodore  John  Barry,  a  distinguished  naval 
officer  of  the  Revolution.  The  fountain  is  one  of  the  hand¬ 
somest  ornaments  of  the  grounds,  and  is  to  remain  after  the 
Exhibition  buildings  have  been  removed;  the  cost  of  the  foun¬ 
tain  was  $50,000. 

The  demand  for  water  for  various  purposes  being  so  great 
within  the  Exhibition  grounds,  a  separate  system  of  water-works 
was  provided,  and  the  main  supply  of  Philadelphia  was  thus 
relieved  of  what  would  have  been  a  heavy  drain  upon  it.  A 
large  pump-house  of  brick  was  built  on  the  shore  of  the  Schuyl¬ 
kill,  immediately  south  of  Columbia  bridge,  and  was  supplied 
with  powerful  pumping  engines  of  the  most  approved  pattern. 
The  water  was  pumped  from  the  river  at  this  point  and  forced 
up  the  hill  to  the  top  of  the  tall  Stand  Pipe  which  rose  back  of 
Machinery  Hall.  The  fall  from  the  summit  of  this  pipe  gave 
it  a  force  sufficient  for  all  the  purposes  of  the  Exhibition.  The 
works  could  supply  7,000,000  gallons  of  water  daily  to  the 
buildings  and  grounds. 

To  the  north  of  the  temperance  fountain,  and  between  Foun¬ 
tain  and  State  avenues,  were  a  series  of  relief  plans  in  miniature 
of  Jerusalem  and  Paris,  constructed  by  Colonel  Lienard,  a  dis¬ 
tinguished  French  artist.  These  plans  were  exact  representa¬ 
tions  in  miniature  of  the  places  named,  each  building  being  cut 
out  and  set  up  to  appear  as  it  does  in  the  cities  represented. 

A  few  feet  west  of  the  intersection  of  Fountain  and  Belmont 
avenues  was  the  statue  of  Christopher  Columbus,  erected  by  the 
Italian  residents  of  the  United  States.  The  statue  is  of  Ravaz- 
zioni  marble,  and  was  executed  in  Italy  by  an  Italian  artist.  It 
is  of  heroic  size,  and  represents  Columbus  at  the  moment  of  the 
discovery  of  the  New  World. 

On  the  western  side  of  the  lake  stood  a  bronze  statue  of 
Elias  Howe,  the  inventor  of  the  sewing  machine. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


335  . 


A  number  of  soda  water  fountains  were  scattered  through  the 
grounds  at  convenient  points.  They  were  the  property  of 
Charles  Lippincott  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  and  James  W. 
Tufts,  of  Boston,  who  had  the  exclusive  privilege  of  selling 
soda  water  in  the  buildings  and  grounds. 

Six  cigar  pavilions,  owned  and  conducted  by  W.  A.  Fleming 
&  Co.,  were  located  in  various  parts  of  the  grounds.  They 
were  one  story  in  height,  with  observatories. 

In  the  Belmont  ravine,  south  of  Agricultural  Hall,  was  The 
Hunters1  Camp,  erected  by  the  “  Forest  and  Stream  Publishing 
Company  of  New  York.”  It  was  what  is  known  as  a  permanent 
camp,  and  consisted  of  a  number  of  huts  constructed  of  logs  and 
bark.  It  was  provided  with  all  the  appurtenances  of  a  hunting 
and  fishing  camp,  such  as  portable  boats,  sporting  fire-arms, 
rods  and  lines,  a  kennel  of  sporting  dogs,  and  specimens  of 
game  birds.  At  the  margin  of  the  camp,  the  stream  which 
flowed  through  the  ravine  was  converted  into  a  small  lake,  and 
this  was  stocked  with  game  fish.  The  camp  was  in  charge  of 
a  number  of  experienced  hunters,  and  was  meant  to  illustrate 
the  various  phases  of  a  sportsman’s  life  in  the  backwoods. 

Near  the  southern  edge  of  the  grounds,  above  Machinery 
Hall,  was  a  queer-looking  locomotive  with  two  antiquated  rail¬ 
road  passenger  cars  attached  to  it.  This  was  the  “  John  Bull,” 
an  English  locomotive,  and  the  first  ever  used  on  the  New  Jer¬ 
sey  Railroad.  It  was  the  property  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company,  by  which  it  was  exhibited.  The  cars  were  the  old- 
style  coaches  familiar  to  all  whose  fate  it  was  to  travel  on  the 
Camden  &  Amboy  Railroad  twenty  years  ago.  The  locomotive 
shown  here  was  placed  on  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  in  1831.  A 
comparison  between  this  machine  and  the  splendid  locomotives 
on  exhibition  in  Machinery  Hall  showed  better  than  words  the 
advance  that  has  been  made  in  railroad  engine  building. 

On  the  north  of  the  Main  Building  stood  the  American 
Soldiers 1  Monument ,  a  colossal  granite  statue  twenty-one  feet  in 
height,  and  weighing  thirty  tons. 

At  the  intersection  of  Belmont  and  Fountajn  avenues  was  the 
Ice -Water  Fountain ,  erected  by  the  Grand  Division  of  Sons  of 


336 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


Temperance  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  It  was  enclosed  by 
a  wooden  pavilion  with  thirteen  sides,  representing  a  Greek 
temple,  twenty-five  feet  in  diameter  and  thirty-six  feet  high. 
The  fountain  was  eight  feet  in  diameter,  and  was  surrounded 
by  a  passage-way.  The  fountain  was  provided  with  twenty-six 
self-acting  spigots,  and  was  connected  with  a  reservoir  under¬ 
ground  which  was  fed  from  the  reservoir  on  George’s  Hill. 
The  reservoir  of  the  fountain  had  a  capacity  of  4000  to  3000 
gallons  of  water,  and  could  furnish  an  almost  unlimited  sup¬ 
ply  of  ice- water,  which  was  free  to  all. 

The  various  buildings  located  in  the  Exhibition  grounds  will 
be  described  in  their  proper  places. 


TEA-POT,  PRESENTED  BY  REED  &  BARTON  TO  THE  EMPEROR  OP  JAPAN. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


Description  of  the  Main  Building — A  Monster  Edifice — The  Interior — A  Mag¬ 
nificent  Hall — Decorations — The  Galleries — A  Beautiful  and  Imposing 
Scent — Water-Closets — Restaurants — Fountains — Letter  Boxes — Telegraph 
System — The  Elevator— Classification  of  the  Display  in  the  Building — The 
American  Department — The  Great  Organ — The  Massachusetts  Educational 
Exhibit — The  Roosevelt  Organ — The  Paper  Makers — The  Book  Pavilion — 
The  Model  Post-Office — The  Cotton  and  Woollen  Goods — The  Carpet  Rooms 
— American  Pottery — Among  the  Iron  Workers — The  Fire-Arms  Exhibit — 
Rich  Costumes — The  Telegraphic  Display — The  Gas  Fixture  Department — 
A  Brilliant  Display — The  Jewellers  and  Silversmiths — The  Moorish  Pavilion 
— A  Gorgeous  Exhibit  of  Rare  and  Costly  Objects — The  Century  Vase — The 
Cologne  Fountains — The  Furniture  Display — Model  Houses  Completely 
Furnished — The  Pianos  and  Organs — Beautiful  Instruments — Concerts — 
'Great  Britain  and  Ireland — Magnificent  Display  of  Silver  and  Plated  Ware — 
Splendid  Furniture  and  Church  Ornaments — Beautiful  Porcelains — Superb 
Pottery — Statuary — Process  of  Making  Pottery — The  Tile  Exhibit — Rich 
Iron  Work — Rare  Furnituie— A  Royal  Pavilion — Grand  Display  of  Cotton 
and  Woollen  Goods  and  Linens — Jewelry — Splendid  Carpets— The  Book 
Display — The  Graphic’s  Art  Collection — Rich  Stained  Glass — A  Gorgeous 
Show  from  India — The  Canadian  Exhibit — The  Manufactures  and  Natural 
Products  of  the  Dominion — The  Educational  Exhibit  of  Ontario — The  Aus¬ 
tralian  Exhibits — The  Wonders  and  Resources  of  the  Pacific  Continent — 
Pyramids  of  Gold — Superb  Photographs  of  Australian  Scenes — Dust  from 
the  Gold  Coast — Native  Diamonds — The  West  Indian  Display — France — 
The  French  Court — Rare  Bronzes — Exquisite  Porcelains — The  Textile 
Fabrics  of  Fratice — The  Silk  Court — Beautiful  Laces — Statuary — Religious 
Groups — The  Book  Trade  Exhibit — Fine  Engravings — Fine  Cutlery — Arti¬ 
cles  de  Paris — Scientific  and  Philosophical  Apparatus. 


IIE  principal  Exhibition  buildings  were  five  in  number. 
Of*  these  the  largest  was  the  Main  Building.  It  was  lo¬ 
cated  immediately  east  of  the  intersection  of  Belmont  and 
Elm  avenues,  and  extended  in  a  line  from  east  to  west, 
parallel  with  Elm  avenue.  It  stood  one  hundred  and 
seventy  feet  back  from  the  north  side  of  Elm  avenue,  at  the 
north  side  of  which  the  fence  enclosing  the  Exhibition  grounds 
22  337 


I 


G? 


338 


TIIE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


was  placed.  A  broad,  open  space  was  thus  left  between  the 
fence  and  the  building.  The  building  was  in  the  form  of  a 
parallelogram,  and  had  a  length,  from  east  to  west,  of  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty  feet,  and  a  width,  from  north  to  south,  of 
four  hundred  and  sixty-four  feet. 

The  larger  portion  of  the  building  was  one  story  in  height,, 
and  showed  the  main  cornice  upon  the  outside  at  forty-five  feet 
from  the  ground,  the  interior  height  being  seventy  feet.  At  the 
centre  of  the  longer  sides  were  projections  four  hundred  and  six¬ 
teen  feet  in  length,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  shorter  sides  or  ends 
of  the  building  were  projections  two  hundred  and  sixteen  feet  in 
length.  In  these  projections,  in  the  centre  of  the  four  sides, 
were  located  the  main  entrances,  which  were  provided  with 
arcades  on  the  ground  floor,  and  central  arcades  extending  to 
the  height  of  ninety  feet. 

The  main  entrances  were  arranged  as  follows:  The  northern 
entrance  communicated  directly  with  Memorial  Hall,  which 
faced  this  portal.  The  east  entrance  was  the  principal  approach 
for  carriages,  which  could  be  driven  up  to  the  arcades,  at  which 
visitors  alighted.  The  doors  at  this  end  opened,  upon  the  Park,, 
the  fence  line  extending  from  the  northern  and  southern  sides 
of  the  building.  The  southern  entrance  was  the  principal  ap¬ 
proach  from  the  street  cars,  which  had  their  terminus  on  Elm 
avenue  immediatelv  before  this  door.  rJ  he  western  doors  opened 
upon  the  esplanade  at  the  main  entrance  to  the  grounds,  and 
communicated  with  the  Machinery  and  Agricultural  Halls. 

A  tower,  seventv-five  feet  high,  rose  from  each  of  the  four 
corners  of  the  building,  and  between  these  towers  and  the  cen¬ 
tral  projections  or  entrances  there  was  a  low  roof  introduced, 
showing  a  cornice  at  twenty-four  feet  above  the  ground. 

At  the  central  part  of  the  building  the  roof,  for  one  hundred 
and  eightv-four  feet  square,  was  raised  above  the  surrounding 
portion.  From  the  four  corners  of  this  elevated  roof  four 
towers,  each  forty-eight  feet  ‘square,  rose  to  a  height  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet. 

The  building  was  the  largest  in  the  world.  It  covered  an 
area  of  936,008  square  feet,  or  21.47  acres,  as  follows: 


18i0  feet  in  length  and  464  feet  in  width. 


340 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Ground  floor . 872,320  square  feet.  . .  .20.02  acres. 

Upper  floors  in  projections .  37,344  “  85  “ 

Upper  floors  in  towers .  26,344  “  60  “ 

Total . 936,008  “  ....21.47  “ 

The  ground-plan  showed  a  central  avenue  or  nave  one  hun¬ 
dred  and  twenty  feet  in  width,  and  extending  eighteen  hundred 
and  thirty-two  feet  in  length.  This  was  the  longest  avenue  of 
that  width  ever  introduced  into  any  building.  On  either  side 
of  the  nave  there  was  an  avenue  one  hundred  feet  in  width  by 
eighteen  hundred  and  thirty-two  feet  in  length.  Between  the 
nave  and  the  side  avenues  were  aisles  forty-eight-feet  in  width, 
and  on  the  other  sides  of  the  building  smaller  aisles  twenty-four 
feet  in  width. 

In  order  to  relieve  the  monotony  which  would  have  resulted 
from  the  continuation  of  the  roof  in  an  unbroken  line,  three 
cross  avenues  or  transepts  were  introduced  of  the  same  widths 
and  in  the  same  relative  positions  to  each  other  as  the  nave 
and  avenues  running  lengthwise,  viz. :  a  central  transept  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  width  by  four  hundred  and  six¬ 
teen  feet  in  length,  with  one  on  either  side  of  one  hundred  feet 
by  four  hundred  and  sixteen  feet,  and  aisles  between  of  forty- 
eight  feet. 

The  intersections  of  these  avenues  and  transepts  in  the  cen¬ 
tral  portion  of  the  building  resulted  in  dividing  the  ground 
floor  into  nine  open  spaces  free  from  supporting  columns,  and 
covering  in  the  aggregate  an  area  of  four  hundred  and  sixteen 
feet  square.  Four  of  these  spaces  were  one  hundred  feet  square; 
four  one  hundred  feet  by  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  and  the 
central  space  or  pavilion  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  square. 
The  intersections  of  the  forty-eight  feet  aisles  produced'  tour 
interior  courts  forty-eight  feet  square,  one  at  each  corner  of  the 
central  space. 

The  main  promenades  through  the  nave  and  central  tran¬ 
sept  were  each  thirty  feet  in  width,  and  those  through  the 
centre  of  the  side  avenues  and  transepts  fifteen  feet  each. 
All  other  walks  were  ten  feet  wide,  and  lead  at  either  end  to 
exit  doors. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


341 


The  foundations  of  the  building  consisted  of  piers  of  masonry 
set  solidly  in  the  earth,  and  more  than  equal  to  the  task  of  sus¬ 
taining  the  immense  weight  which  rested  upon  them.  The 
superstructure  was  composed  of  wrought-iron  columns,  which 
supported  wrought-iron  roof  trusses.  ‘‘These  columns  were 
composed  of  rolled  channel  bars  with  plates  riveted  to  the 
flanges.  Lengthwise  of  the  building  the  columns  were  placed 
at  the  uniform  distance  apart  of  twenty-four  feet.  In  the  entire 
structure  there  were  six  hundred  and  seventy-two  columns,  the 
shortest  being  twenty-three  feet  and  the  longest  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  feet  in  length.  The  aggregate  weight  was 
2,200,000  pounds. 

“  The  roof  trusses  were  similar  in  form  to  those  in  general 
use  for  depots  and  warehouses,  and  consisted  of  straight  rafters 
with  struts  and  tie  bars.  The  aggregate  weight  of  iron  in  the 
roof  trusses  and  girders  was  5,000,000  pounds. 

“This  building  being  a  temporary  construction,  the  columns 
and  trusses  were  so  designed  that  they  could  be  easily  taken 
down  and  erected  again  at  another  site. 

“The  sides  of  the  building  for  the  height  of  seven  feet  from 
the  ground  were  finished  with  brickwork  in  panels  between  the 
columns  ;  above  the  seven  feet,  with  glazed  sash.  Portions  of 
the  sash  were  movable  for  ventilation.  The  roof  covering  was 
of  tin  upon  sheathing  boards.  The  ground  flooring  was  of 
plank  upon  sills  resting  upon  the  ground,  with  no  open  space 
underneath. 

“All  the  corners  and  angles  of  the  building  upon  the  exterior 
were  accentuated  by  galvanized  iron  octagonal  turrets,  which 
extended  the  full  height  of  the  building  from  the  ground  level 
to  above  the  roof.  These  turrets  at  the  corners  of  the  towers 
were  surmounted  with  flag-staffs,  at  other  places  with  the 
national  eagle. 

“The  national  standard,  with  appropriate  emblems,  was 
placed  over  the  centre  of  each  of'  the  four  main  entrances. 
Over  each  of  the  side  entrances  was  placed  a  trophy  showing 
the  national  colors  of  the  country  occupying  that  part  of  the 
building;. 


342 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


“At  the  vestibules  forming  part  of  the  four  main  entrances 
variegated  brick  and  tile  were  introduced. 

“The  building  stood  nearly  due  east  and  w~est,  and  was 
lighted  almost  entirely  by  side  light  from  the  north  and  south 
sides.  Louvre  ventilators  were  introduced  over  the  central 
nave  and  each  of  the  avenues.  Skylights  were  introduced  over 
the  central  aisles.” 

The  edifice  was  erected  by  Mr.  R.  J.  Dobbins,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  builders  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  the  constructor 
of  the  Public  Ledger  Building,  and  his  two  great  works  in  the 
Exhibition  grounds,  the  Main  Building  and  Memorial  Hall,  are 
enviable  monuments  of  his  skill  and  energy.  In  the  construc¬ 
tion  of  the  Main  Building  7,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  and  nearly 
8,000,000  pounds  of  iron  were  used,  and  the  services  of  three 
thousand  men  were  employed.  Underneath,  and  extending 
through  the  edifice,  were  four  miles  of  water  and  drainage 
pipes,  the  service  in  this  respect  being  perfect.  Gas  pipes  were 
introduced  through  the  building,  which  was  lighted  at  night 
by  “  reflectors  ”  suspended  from  the  roof,  and  placed  beyond 
the  possibility  of  communicating  fire  to  the  structure  or  its 
contents.  Hydrants  were  placed  at  numerous  points  in  the 
hall,  and  were  so  arranged  that  the  water  could  be  turned 
directly  upon  a  fire,  which  could  be  extinguished  before  it  had 
gained  any  advantage. 

The  light  in  the  building  was  excellent,  and  all  exhibitors 
were  placed  on  an  equality  for  showing  their  goods  by  the 
admirable  arrangement  of  the  hall  in  this  respect. 

The  cost  of  the  Main  Building  was  $1,580,000.  The  engin¬ 
eers  and  architects  were  Henry  Pettit  and  Joseph  M.  Wilson. 
The  wrought  and  cast-iron  work  was  manufactured  by  William 
Sellers  &  Co.,  of  the  Moor  Iron  Works;  the  wrought-iron  was 
furnished  by  A.  &  P.  Roberts,  of  the  Pencoyd  Rolling  Mills; 
the  cast-iron  was  furnished  by  Morris,  Tasker  &  Co.,  of  the 
Pascal  Iron  Works;  and  the  iron  work  was  erected  by  the 
Watson  Manufacturing  Co.  The  foundations  of  the  building 
were  begun  in  the  autumn  of  1874.  On  the  8th  of  May,  1875, 
the  erection  of  the  iron  work  was  begun,  and  was  completed  on 


OF  TIIE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


343 


the  2tl  of  December,  1875.  The  other  work  was  carried  on 
with  rapidity,  and  the  building  was  completed  early  in  Feb¬ 
ruary,  1876,  and  on  the  14th  of  that  month  was  delivered  by 
the  contractor  to  the  Board  of  Finance. 

The  Main  Building  was  in  all  respects  the  most  imposing 
structure  of  the  Exhibition.  It  was  not  as  beautiful  as  Memorial 
Flail,  but  was  superb  in  its  massiveness  and  in  the  perfection  of 
its  details.  In  spite  of  its  immense  size,  it  was  light  and  grace¬ 
ful  in  appearance,  and  seen  from  any  commanding  point,  with 
its  thousands  of  flags  and  streamers  fluttering  in  the  air,  its 
beautiful  proportions  rising  grandly  and  clearly  against  the  sky, 
it  constituted  an, object  which  long  held  the  gazer’s  eye  and 
elicited  his  warmest  praise.  The  exterior  was  painted  in  light- 
brown  colors,  with  tasteful  ornamental  lines  in  red  and  other 
harmonizing  hues. 

The  interior  was  decorated  handsomely.  The  prevailing 
colors  were  the  lightest  shade  of  blue  and  cream-color,  and  the 
decorations  were  in  bright,  cheerful  tints  which  blended  well 
with  these  hues.  There  was  nothing  sombre  or  gloomy  about 
the  edifice,  and  the  taste  displayed  in  the  selection  and  arrange¬ 
ment  of  colors  is  highly  to  be  commended. 

Around  the  inner  cornice  small  circular  panes  of  stained  glass 
were  set,  decorated  with  the  arms  of  the  United  States,  the 
•various  States  and  Territories  of  the  Union,  and  the  different 
nations  of  the  world,  and  with  subjects  relating  to  the  arcs  and 
sciences. 

The  four  sides  of  the  central  transept  were  ornamented  with 
elaborate  pieces  representing  America,  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa. 
Each  of  these  paintings  was  forty  feet  in  width  and  fifty  feet  in 
height,  and  embodied  a  group  emblematic  of  one  of  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe.  At  the  east  end  of  the  transept  was  the 
American  group.  America  was  represented  by  Columbia  hold¬ 
ing  in  her  hand  the  staff  surmounted  by  the  Liberty  Cap,  while 
beneath  was  the  word  America  and  the  numerals  MDCCLXXVI. 
On  the  right  was  the  bust  of  Washington,  on  the  left  that  of 
Franklin.  As  a  background  the  national  colors  were  most 
prominent,  and  on  either  side  were  the  flags  of  the  old  original 


344 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


thirteen  States.  The  whole  formed  a  very  pretty  picture,  and 
attracted  great  attention. 

Immediately  opposite,  on  the  west  side  of  the  transept,  was 
the  European  group.  Europe  was  represented  by  a  female 
figure  at  the  top,  while  beneath,  on  the  right,  was  the  bust  of 
Shakspeare,  and  on  the  left  that  of  Charlemagne.  A  horse- 
and  lion  were  conspicuous  objects,  and  back  of  all  were  the  flags 
of  the  Great  Powers. 

At  the  south  end  of  the  transept  was  the  Asiatic  group.. 
Asia  was  represented  by  a  female  figure,  seated  between  the* 
busts  of  Confucius  and  Mahomet.  Chinese  and  Japanese  em¬ 
blems  were  conspicuous,  and  the  flags  of  the  Asiatic  nations 
were  tastefully  grouped. 

At  the  north  end  of  the  transept  was  the  African  group.. 
Africa  was  represented  by  an  Egyptian  female,  and  beside  her 
were  the  busts  of  Raineses  and  Sesostris.  Characteristic  orien¬ 
tal  scenes  and  the  flags  of  the  African  states  made  up  the  back¬ 
ground. 

In  each  of  the  groups  the  products  of  the  respective  great 
divisions  of  the  world  were  conspicuously  displayed.  The  effect 
of  the  pictures  was  very  fine,  and  they  harmonized  well  with  the 
grand  assemblage  of  beautiful  objects  in  this  portion  of  the^ 
building. 

At  each  end  of  the  building  and  at  convenient  points  on  the 
sides  galleries  were  provided  from  which  the  visitor  might  sur¬ 
vey  the  brilliant  scene  below.  From  the  gallery  on  the  south, 
side,  or  from  the  towers  at  the  centre  of  the  building,  one  could 
enjoy  at  leisure  the  magnificent  view  which  the  hall  and  its 
contents  afforded.  Before  him  and  on  either  hand  was  the 
vast  interior  of  the  hall  stretching  away  for  hundreds  of  feet,, 
brilliant  and  imposing  with  its  rich  decorations,  and  astounding 
and  delighting  the  gazer  with  its  vastness  and  its  perfect  adap¬ 
tation  to  the  purposes  of  the  Exhibition.  At  the  north  and  east 
ends  the  magnificent  organs  which  occupied  the  main  galleries 
constituted  two  of  the  most  beautiful  ornaments  of  the  hall. 
The  scene  on  the  floor  below  was  enchanting.  The  long  lines 
of  magnificent  show-cases,  the  sumptuous  pavilions  of  the  various 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


345 


foreign  nations,  the  gorgeous  display  of  objects  of  use  and 
beauty,  the  infinite  variety  of  forms  and  colors,  all  tended  to 
make  up  a  picture  to  be  remembered  for  a  lifetime.  At  various 
points  fountains  sent  their  clear  jets  of  water  into  the  air,  the 
strains  of  music  came  floating  up  to  you  from  below,  or  the 
deep  tones  of  the  great  organs  lulled  your  senses  into  a  delicious 
repose,  and  the  perfumes  of  the  cologne-fountains  filled  the  air 
with  a  luxurious  languor.  You  heard  the  sharp  click  of  the 
telegraph  telling  of  the  restless,  busy  energy  that  produced  all 
this  luxury,  and  were  reminded  by  it  that  you  were  not  yet  in 


Fairyland.  The  aisles  and  pas-ageways  were  thronged  with 
sightseers,  and  as  you  leaned  over  from  your  lofty  perch  you 
might  see  the  costumes  of  many  nations  mingled  in  the  crowd. 
The  stalwart  Indian  stalked  through  the  hall  as  emotionless  as 
a  stone,  and  concealing  his  wonder  at  all  this  magnificence  be¬ 
neath  a  stolidity  which  you  might  admire  but  not  equal.  The 
small  but  alert  Japanese,  with  his  loose  dress  caught  up  as  if  it 
werean  obstacle  rather  than  a  convenience,  the  “  Heathen  Chinee.” 
with  his  almond-eves  and  long  pig-tails,  his  comical  dress,  and 
his  “  ways  that  are  dark  and  tricks  that  are  vain,”  the  turbaned 


346 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Turk,  in  his  gay  costume,  the  Egyptian,  with  his  red  tar  bush, 
and  the  brilliantly  uniformed  attaches  of  the  European  Com¬ 
missions,  all  jostled  each  other  in  the  throng  below  you.  From 
your  elevated  stand  you  looked  down  upon  the  wealth  of  the 
world.  All  the  nations  had  sent  their  rarest  and  choicest  ob¬ 
jects  here,  and  in  this  vast  collection  you  could  study  the  civil¬ 
ization  and  customs,  and  read  the  history  of  the  dominant  part 
of  the  human  race. 

The  building  was  provided  with  every  possible  comfort  for 
visitors.  Seats  were  scattered  through  the  aisles,  and  in  many 
of  the  pavilions  and  enclosures,  chairs  and  cushioned  settees 
were  furnished  by  the  exhibitors.  At  each  end  of  the  main 
aisle  and  tit  the  ends  of  the  central  transept  were  water-closets 
and  wash-rooms  for  visitors.  These  were  in  charge  of  atten¬ 
dants  and  were  kept  scrupulously  clean.  They  were  free  to  all. 
Cloak-rooms  and  umbrella-stands,  provided  by  the  Department 
of  Public  Comfort,  were  located  under  the  arcades  at  the  four 
main  entrances  to  the  building.  Umbrellas,  water-proofs,  or 
parcels  of  any  kind  were  received  at  these  stands,  and  taken 
care  of  for  a  small  sum.  The  owner  was  given  a  metal  check 
for  his  property,  and  this  had  to  be  presented  when  the  article 
was  claimed. 

Restaurants  were  located  at  the  north  and  south  ends  of  the 
central  transept.  They  were  provided  with  lunch  counters  as 
well  as  with  tables,  and  those  who  desired  merely  a  light  lunch 
were  accommodated  at  moderate  prices. 

Several  fountains  were  located  in  the  main  aisle.  One  of 
these  was  a  tall,  ugly  series  of  iron  basins  from  which  the  water 
flowed  down  into  the  pool  below.  It  was  the  largest  fountain 
in  the  building,  and  did  not  reflect  much  credit  upon  the  taste 
that  provided  it. 

Soda-water  stands  were  established  at  several  prominent 
points  in  the  main  aisle  and  the  central  transept.  The  foun¬ 
tains,  as  a  rule,  were  very  handsome,  being  constructed  of  white 
or  colored  marble  with  silver  mountings.  Soda  was  sold  at  the 
national  price  of  ten  cents  a  glass,  and  the  fountains  all  ap¬ 
peared  to  do  a  good  business. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


347 


Wheel-chair  stations  were  located  at  each  end,  and  near  the 
-centre  of  the  main  aisle.  In  the  main  aisle,  also,  were  stands 
for  the  sale  of  official  catalogues  and  guide  books. 

Telegraph  offices  were  established  at  one  or  two  points  in  the 
main  aisle,  from  which  messages  were  sent  to  any  part  of  the 
world.  The  American  District  Telegraph  Company  had  the 
.sole  privilege  of  operating  these  offices,  and  introduced  their 
admirable  messenger  service  system  into  the  grounds. 

Scattered  through  the  building  were  a  number  of  iron  letter 
boxes,  established  by  the  United  States  Post-Office  Department, 
from  which  collections  were  made  at  stated  times.  These  boxes 
were  to  be  found  in  all  the  main  buildings  and  at  prominent 
points  in  the  grounds.  A  separate  mail  service  was  provided 
for  the  Exhibition,  which  had  its  own  postmaster  and  officials, 
and  letters  were  received  and  despatched  by  the  Centennial 
Post-Office,  which  was  located  in  the  Government  Building, 
with  the  greatest  promptness. 

In  the  centre  of  the  building  a  large  music-stand  was  erected. 
Concerts  were  given  here  daily  by  the  finest  bands  in  the 
-country.  Concerts  were  also  given  by  the  proprietors  of  the 
great  organs  at  stated  times  during  the  day,  and  these,  with  the 
performances  of  the  eminent  musicians  engaged  by  the  various 
manufacturers  of  pianos  to  show  the  merits  of  their  respective 
instruments,  furnished  a  rich  treat  to  the  lover  of  music. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  main  aisle,  about  half-way  between 
the  eastern  entrance  and  the  transept,  was  the  establishment  of 
the  Centennial  Safe  Deposit  Company.  It  was  enclosed  with  a 
stout  iron  cage,  and  contained  a  number  of  large  safes  and  desks 
and  tables.  The  company  received  on  deposit  valuables  and 
papers,  and  guaranteed  their  safe  return  upon  demand.  A 
charge  was  made  for  the  keeping  of  each  article  according  to  a 
fixed  tariff.  The  safes  of  the  company  were  fire-proof. 

In  one  of  the  central  towers  a  steam  elevator  conveyed  vis¬ 
itors  to  the  roof  or  to  the  galleries  of  the  tower.  Stairways 
were  provided  for  those  who  did  not  wish  to  use  the  elevator. 
The  elevator  was  of  the  most  approved  construction,  and  was 
exhibited  as  one  of  the  most  perfect  specimens  of  its  kind. 


348 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  greatest  care  and  forethought  were  exercised  to  render 
the  Exhibition  buildings  perfect  in  the  conveniences  they 
offered  to  visitors.  Advantage  was  taken  in  this  respect  of  the 
experience  of  all  the  other  great  World’s  Fairs,  and  it  may  be 
safely  asserted  that  our  own  presented  improvements  upon  each 
and  all. 

In  a  work  like  this  it  is  simply  impossible  to  describe  each 
feature  of  the  Exhibition  in  detail.  We  can  only  refer  to  it  in 
general  terms,  dwelling  merely  upon  the  objects  which  consti¬ 
tuted  its  principal  attractions. 

The  Centennial  Commission  at  an  early  day  divided  the 
objects  to  be  exhibited  into  seven  departments,  as  follows: 


1.  Mining  and  Metallurgy. 

2.  Manufactures. 

3.  Education  and  Science. 

4.  Art. 


5.  Machinery. 
G.  Agriculture. 
7.  Horticulture. 


These  were  assigned  to  the  five  principal  buildings,  the  first 
three  being  included  in  the  Main  Building.  The  classification 
and  grouping  of  these  is  as  follows: 

I. — Mining  and  Metallurgy. 

Classes  Groups. 

100 — 109.  .  .  .Minerals,  Ores,  Stones,  Mining  Products. 

110 — 119.  .  .  .Metallurgical  Products. 

120 — 129.  .  .  .Mining  Engineering. 

IT. — Manufactures. 

200 — 205. . .  .Chemical  Manufactures. 

206 — 216. . .  .Ceramics,  Pottery,  Porcelain,  Glass,  etc. 

217 — 227.  .  .  .Furniture,  etc. 

228 — 234.  .  .  .Yarns  and  Woven  Goods  of  Vegetable  or  Mineral  Materials.. 
235 — 241 .  .  .  -  Woven  and  Felted  Goods  of  Wool,  etc. 

242—249.  . .  .Silk  and  Silk  Fabrics. 

250 — 257.  .  .  .Clothing,  .Jewelry,  etc. 

258 — 264.  .  .  .Paper,  Blank-Books,  Stationery. 

265 — 271 .  .  .  .Weapons,  etc. 

272 — 279.  .  .  .Medicine,  Surgery,  Prothesis. 

280 — 284.  .  .  .Hardware,  Edge  Tools,  Cutlery  and  Metallic  Products. 

285 — 291. .  .  .Fabrics  of  Vegetable,  Animal,  or  Mineral  Materials. 

292 — 296.  . .  .Carriages,  Vehicles  and  Accessories. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


349 


III. — Education  and  Science. 

300 — 309.  •  •  .Educational  Systems,  Methods,  and  Libraries. 

310 — 319.  .  .  .Institutions  and  Organizations. 

320 — 329. .  .  .Scientific  and  Philosophical  Instruments  and  Methods. 

330 — 339.  .  .  .Engineering,  Architecture,  Maps.  etc. 

340 — 349.  .  .Physical,  Social,  and  Moral  Condition  of  Man. 

At  least  one-tliird  of  the  twenty-one  and  a  half  acres  of  the 
floor-space  of  the  Main  Building  was  occupied  by  the  United 
States.  These  seven  acres  were  filled  with  a  rich  and  beautiful 
display,  and  the  national  pride  of  the  native  visitor  was  sure  to 
find  satisfaction  in  the  imposing  and  splendid  appearance  made 
by  his  country.  In  one  department  especially,  the  show-cases 
in  which  the  articles  on  exhibition  were  displayed,  the  United 
States  led  the  world.  “  Wandering  through  the  long  avenues, 
lined  by  eases  of  strikingly  novel  designs  and  elaborate  work¬ 
manship,  one  might  be  wearied  by  the  endless  variety,  and  might 
find  the  simple  uniformity  of  the  French  section  a  relief;  but 
he  could  not  fail  to  be  impressed  by  the  fertility  of  resource,  the 
•original  genius  for  decorative  effects,  and  the  evident  liberality 
of  expenditure  displayed  ;  and  he  remarked  a  certain  unstudied 
harmony  in  dissimilarity  produced  bythe  kaleidoscopic  mingling 
of  diverse  colors  and  forms,  and  found  in  it  a  faithful  reflex  of 
our  composite  American  life.” 

The  United  States. 

We  begin  our  inspection  of  the  contents  of  the  Main  Building 
in  our  own  country,  and  in  doing  so  glance  first  at  the  great 
gallery  which  crossed  the  eastern  end  over  the  entrance  doors. 
Stairs  ascended  to  this  gallery  from  either  side  of  the  entrance. 
A  sign  over  the  doorway  at  the  foot  of  the  stairs  informed  us 
that  the  gallery  was  occupied  mainly  by  the  Educational  De¬ 
partment  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts.  This  display  occupied 
the  northern  and  southern  sections  of  the  gallery,  the  central 
portion  being  given  to  the  well-known  Boston  organ-builders, 
Hook  &  Hastings,  who  displayed  here  one  of  their  grand  organs 
and  a  number  of  smaller  instruments. 

The  great  organ  was  one  of  the  “features”  of  the  Exhibition, 
and,  as  seen  from  the  floor  below,  formed  a  beautiful  ornament 


350 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


of  the  great  hall.  It  was  erected  at  an  expense  of  $15,000,  and 
was  intended  as  an  exposition  of  the  art  of  organ  building  as 


THE  GREAT  ORGAN  EXHIBITED  BY  HOOK  &  HASTINGS  IN  THE  MAIN 

BUILDING. 


practised  by  its  makers,  who  stand  confessedly  in  the  front  rank 
of  their  class.  It  embodied  the  latest  improvements  and  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


351 


highest  excellence  of  an  instrument  of  this  style,  and  comprised 
four  manuals,  each  of  58  notes,  47  speaking-stops,  12  mechani¬ 
cal  registers,  including  couplers ;  10  pedal  movements  for  com¬ 
binations,  etc.,  including  a  crescendo  pedal  controlling  the  full 
power  of  the  organ.  The  total  number  of  pipes  used  in  it  was 
2704.  There  were  three  bellows.  The  two  main  ones  had 
vertical  feeders,  and  could  supply  3600  cubic  feet  of  compressed 
air  per  minute.  The  bellows  were  blown  by  a  hydraulic  engine 
located  on  the  main  floor  beneath  the  organ.  Frequent  concerts 
were  given  by  the  organist  in  charge,  and  these  performances 
never  failed  to  draw  crowds  of  enthusiastic  and  .appreciative 
listeners.  The  organ  was  40  feet  high,  32  feet  wide  and  21  feet 
deep.  Passages  traversed  it  in  every  direction  at  different  alti¬ 
tudes,  and  were  connected  by  stairways  giving  ready  access  to 
every  part  for  inspection  and  adjustment. 

In  the  two  rooms  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  great  organ,  the 
Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  displayed  her  public  school 
system,  and  did  so  by  exhibiting  models  and  specimens  of  the 
furniture,  apparatus,  and  text-books  used  in  her  schools  of  all 
grades,  and  by  showing  the  actual  work  of  the  pupils  of  the 
various  schools  as  set  forth  in  their  examination  papers.  These 
papers  were  bound  in  handsome  volumes,  each  of  which  was 
prefaced  by  a  sketch  of  the  system  used  in  the  various  classes, 
and  the  questions  propounded  to  the  pupils  at  the  examinations. 
The  result  was  highly  creditable  to  t he  State.  A  good  display 
of  drawings  from  the  Boston  High  and  Evening  School^  was  to 
be  seen  here.  Plans  and  models  of  the  principal  schools  of  the 
State  were  also  exhibited,  and  the  working  of  the  industrial 
schools  was  shown  in  the  apparatus  used,  and  some  of  the  achieve¬ 
ments  of  the  pupils.  Harvard  contributed  a  volume  of  fine 
photographic  views  of  the  various  departments  of  the  university, 
and  several  of  the  leading  colleges  of  the  State  were  shown  in  the 
same  wav.  The  public  libraries  of  the  State  were  also  to  be 
seen  here  in  photography,  and  with  pardonable  pride  the  Bay 
State  offered  for  inspection  a  series  of  finely  executed  photo¬ 
graphic  views  of  its  principal  cities.  A  handsome  case  was 
filled  with  volumes  of  reports,  showing  the  present  condition 
of  the  various  public  institutions  of  the  State. 


352 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  gallery  at  the  south  end  of  the  central  transept  contained 
the  educational  departments  of  a  number  of  the  States.  These 
were  Maryland,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Maine,  New 
Jersey,  New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  Iowa,  Wisconsin, 
Tennessee  and  Connecticut.  The  system  adopted  for  showing 
the  workings  of  their  school  systems  was  similar  to  that  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts.  Nearly  all  the  States  mentioned  showed  models, 
plans,  or  photographic  views  of  their  public  schools  of  various 
grades.  Samples  of  school  furniture  were  also  shown,  and  some 
of  the  States  exhibited  models  of  their  educational  buildings  so 
constructed  as  to  display  the  interior  as  well  as  the  exterior 
arrangement. 

At  the  eastern  end  of  the  gallery  the  colored  schools  of  the 
South  made  a  creditable  showing  of  their  progress.  Their 
examination  papers  evinced  a  success  in  the  work  of  imparting 
education  to  the  negro  race  which  was  gratifying  in  the  highest 
degree,  and  a  presage  of  greater  triumphs  in  the  future.  In  this 
department  was  a  large  oil-painting  of  the  jubilee  singers  of 
Fiske  University,  Nashville,  whose  concerts  have  made  them 
familiar  to  the  people  of  this  country  and  Great  Britain,  and 
have  earned  for  their  school  a  sound  basis  of  financial  success. 

The  gallery  at  the  north  end  of  the  transept  was  occupied  by 
the  second  of  the  great  organs  of  the  Exhibition.  This  was  the 
Roosevelt  Organ,  and  was  built  by  Hilborne  L.  Roosevelt,  of 
New  York,  whose  magnificent  instruments  have  made  him 
famous  throughout  the  country.  The  organ  in  the  Chiekering 
Music  Hall,  in  New  York,  is  of  his  make,  and  is  acknowledged 
by  lovers  and  professors  of  music  to  be  one  of  the  most  perfect 
and  delicious  instruments  in  existence.  The  organ  exhibited 
here  had  fifty-six  stops  and  pedals,  and  had  three  manuals  and 
a  pedal  bass.  It  embodied  a  number  of  improvements  peculiar 
to  the  organs  of  this  maker,  notable  among  which  was  the 
mechanism  placed  directly  over  the  key-box  by  which  the 
organist  could  readily  change  the  combination  on  any  of  the 
pedals.  Bv  this  novel  arrangement,  from  one  stop  to  the  full 
organ  could  be  s^t  on  any  pedal.  The  organ  was  threefold  in 
its  construction,  and  consisted  of  the  Main  Organ  in  the  north 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


353 


gallery,  the  Electric  Echo  Organ,  and  the  Electric  Suspended 
Organ,  all  played  from  one  key-board.  The  Electric  Echo 
Organ  was  placed  in  the  English  Tower,  and  was  connected  by 
about  200  feet  of  wire  cable  to  the  keys  of  the  great  organ ;  its 
bellows  being  blown  by  an  electric  engine.  The  Electric  Sus¬ 
pended  Organ  was  suspended  from  the  roof  about  twenty  feet 
in  front  of  the  organ  gallery.  This  was  connected  also  by  a 


THE  BOOK  TRADE  EXHIBIT  IN  THF  MAIN  BUILDING. 


cable  of  insulated  wires  to  the  keys  of  the  great  organ ;  and  its 
bellows  were  blown  by  an  electric  engine.  The  main  bellows 
were  blown  by  two  of  Jaques’  Improved  Brass  Hydraulic 
Engines,  situated  directly  under  the  organ  gallery. 

This  instrument  was  exhibited  as  a  specimen  of  the  American 
school  of  organ-building,  and  was  intended  to  illustrate  the  ad¬ 
vancement  made  in  the  art  in  this  country.  Though  founded 
on  the  best  schools  of  modern  European  organ-building,  still 
the  improvements  introduced  were  for  the  most  part  entirely 
new  and  American  in  their  origin.  Though  there  were  several 
23 


354 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


larger  instruments  here  and  in  Europe,  still  it  was  claimed  that 
none  so  complete,  musically,  and  in  the  application  of  pneu¬ 
matic,  tubular  and  electric  action,  had  been  constructed  hitherto. 
In  the  matter  of  voicing,  the  builder’s  school  was  carried  out  as 


BLANK  BOOKS,  EXHIBITED  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


heretofore,  and  with  equal  success.  It  aims  at  individuality  in 
the  different  stops,  and  at  the  same  time  a  perfect  blending. 

The  effect  of  the  celebrated  Vox  Humana  in  the  Chickering 
Hall  Organ  (by  same  builder),  New  York,  was  here  reproduced 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


355 


in  the  Electric  Echo  Organ,  which  was  placed  in  the  English 
Tower,  as  hitherto  described.  The  wonderful  imitation  this 
made  of  a  chorus  of  voices  singing  in  the  distance  was  perfect. 
The  cost  of  the  organ  was  $20,000. 

The  gallery  over  the  western  entrance  was  occupied  by  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  who  made  a  fine  display 
of  engineering,  drawings,  photographs  and  models,  the  object  of 
the  display  being  to  show  the  progress  and  triumphs  of  the 
science  of  engineering  in  this  country. 

Having  finished  our  glance  at  the  galleries,  we  now  descend 
to  the  floor  and  begin  our  inspection  at  the  eastern  end  of  the 
American  department,  which  was  also  the  eastern  end  of  the 
building. 

Near  the  eastern  doors  the  manufacturers  of  paper  displayed 
their  wares.  The  exhibit  was  very  good,  and  the  articles  were 
arranged  in  the  most  tasteful  and  attractive  manner.  The 
show-cases  used  were  beautiful  specimens  of  skill  in  cabinet¬ 
making.  The  Philadelphia  and  New  York  stationers  also 
exhibited  fine  specimens  of  book-binding ;  the  display  of  W. 
F.  Murphy’s  Sons,  of  Philadelphia,  being  conspicuous  for  ex¬ 
cellence  and  good  taste.  Close  by,  Lange  &  Little,  of  New 
York,  exhibited  some  beautiful  specimens  of  fine  printing. 

Immediately  under  the  gallery  the  State  of  Maine  displayed 
her  cotton  goods,  and  here  a  register  was  kept  in  which  visitors 
from  the  Pine  Tree  State  might  inscribe  their  names  and  ad¬ 
dresses  as  a  means  of  enabling  their  friends  to  find  them. 

At  the  southeast  end  of  the  hall  was  a  large  two-storv 
pavilion,  towering  high  above  the  line  of  show-cases.  It  was 
one  of  the  handsomest  pieces  of  work  in  the  building,  and  was 
a  model  of  neat  and  systematic  arrangement.  It  was  divided 
into  sections,  each  of  which  was  fitted  up  with  convenient  cases, 
in  which  the  various  leading  publishing  houses  of  the  United 
States  displayed  their  wares.  All  the  great  houses,  such  as  the 
Harpers,  Appletons,  Scribner,  Osgood  and  Houghton,  were 
represented,  and  a  number  of  minor  firms  helped  to  swell  the 
representation.  The  Harpers  and  others  displayed  handsomely 
bound  sets  of  their  standard  works,  and  the  Appletons  made  an 


356 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


imposing  display  of  their  magnificent  illustrated  publications. 
The  bindings  shown  by  this  house  were  sumptuous,  and  ex¬ 
hibited  this  branch  of  American  industry  in  its  highest  form. 
Lippincott,  of  Philadelphia,  had  a  superb  case  of  black  walnut, 
with  cushioned  seats  around  it,  just  without  the  pavilion,  and 
displayed  many  fine  samples  of  printing  and  binding. 

Near  the  western  end  of  the  pavilion  the  American  Bible 
Society  erected  a  beautiful  case  of  polished  oak,  in  which  they 
exhibited  copies  of  the  Scriptures  printed  in  every  language. 
The  work  was  done  at  the  Bible  House  in  New  York,  from 
which  millions  of  copies  of  the  Word  of  God  have  been  scattered 
over  the  world.  Versions  in  twenty-nine  different  languages 
were  shown.  Some  rare  and  valuable  copies  of  old  Bibles  were 
also  displayed,  among  which  were  the  Bibles  owned  by  the 
great  poet  John  Milton  and  the  martyr  John  Rogers.  A  copy 
of  the  first  Bible  printed  in  the  English  language  in  America 
was  also  shown.  It  was  printed  by  Robert  Aitken,  in  Phila¬ 
delphia,  in  1781.  Prior  to  the  Revolution  all  English  Bibles 
used  in  the  colonies  were  brought  from  England.  During  the 
war  they  became  very  scarce.  In  1778  Robert  Aitken  under¬ 
took  the  production  of  an  American  edition  of  the  Scriptures. 
In  March,  1782,  the  Pennsylvania  Assembly  loaned  Mr. 
Aitken  £150  to  assist  in  carrying  out  the  enterprise.  Septem¬ 
ber  10th,  1782,  Congress  recommended  this  edition  of  the 
Bible  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  “as  subservient  to 
the  interest  of  religion  and  progress  of  arts  in  this  country/’ 
The  paper  was  made  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Bibles  were 
printed  and  bound  in  Philadelphia. 

Merriam  &  Co.,  of  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  had  a  case  in 
the  second  story  of  the  book  pavilion  containing  an  interesting 
collection  of  the  works  of  Noah  Webster,  with  copies  of  the 
various  editions  of  the  great  dictionary.  Close  by  the  proprie¬ 
tors  of  the  famous  Riverside  Press,  of  Cambridge,  Massachu¬ 
setts,  exhibited  specimens  of  their  fine  printing,  including  an 
exquisite  portrait  of  Longfellow. 

Descending  to  the  floor  again  we  came  opposite  the  Yale 
Lock  Manufacturing  Company.  Here  were  to  be  seen  beau- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


357 


tiful  specimens  of  this  famous  lock,  including  a  superb  chro¬ 
nometer  bank-safe  lock.  The  company  also  erected  a  large  and 
complete  model  of  a  post-office,  provided  with  several  hundred 
of  their  patent  lock-boxes,  such  as  are  used  by  the  government 
in  the  post-offices  of  our  principal  cities.  The  office  on  exhi¬ 
bition  here  was  complete  in  every  respect,  and  could  have  been 
put  into  operation  at  any  moment. 

Immediately  opposite  is  a  large  case  in  which  James  W. 
Scott  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  displayed  a  classified  collection  of 
all  the  postage  stamps  of  the  world. 

Returning  eastward,  but  still  keeping  south  of  the  main  aisle, 
we  noticed  a  beautiful  assortment  of  floor  cloths  exhibited  by 
the  American  Linoleum  Company,  of  New  York.  The  designs 
of  these  goods  were  very  beautiful.  The  fabric  is  manufactured 
by  a  peculiar  process  out  of  cork  and  linseed  oil.  It  is  softer 
and  more  durable  than  oil-cloth,  and  the  foot  falls  as  noise¬ 
lessly  upon  it  as  upon  a  carpet.  It  is  as  yet  a  new  industry, 
but  bids  fair  to  become  an  important  one. 

We  now  reached  the  main  aisle,  near  the  eastern  doors. 
Here  was  collected  the  display  of  cotton,  woollen  and  silk  goods 
of  American  manufacture.  In  all  three  departments  the  exhibit 
was  very  fine.  Nearly  all  the  great  New  England  factories 
were  represented — in  some  cases  by  separate  exhibits,  and  in 
others  by  collective  exhibits  of  the  products  of  all  the  mills  in 
a  single  town.  Great  praise  is  due  the  exhibitors  for  the  hand¬ 
some  and  liberal  manner  in  which  they  displayed  their  goods. 
The  show-cases  in  this  section  were  among  the  finest  in  the 
building,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  goods  was  tasteful  and 
striking.  The  group  was  the  largest  in  the  building,  and,  with 
the  exception  of  a  few  from  Philadelphia,  the  exhibitors  were 
mainly  from  New  England.  The  cotton  and  woollen  mills  of 
the  West  and  South  were  but  poorly  represented,  and  this  is  all 
the  more  to  be  regretted,  as  they  have  made  such  marked  pro¬ 
gress  of  late  years  as  to  render  them  formidable  rivals  of  the 
Eastern  mills.  A  contrast  between  the  articles  displayed  here 
and  those  exhibited  in  similar  sections  by  the  foreign  countries 
could  not  fail  to  be  gratifying  to  the  American  visitor. 


358 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


To  the  north  of  this  section  the  carpet-makers  of  New  Eng¬ 
land,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  erected  a  triple  row  of 
pavilions,  open  on  one  side,  in  which  an  extensive  and  beautiful 
collection  of  American-made  carpets  was  shown.  Except  in 
the  most  costly  styles,  woven  in  a  single  piece,  this  young 
American  industry  compared  more  than  favorably  with  its 
older  competitors  from  Europe.  The  designs  were  handsome 
and  tasteful,  the  workmanship  good. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  main  aisle,  above  the  department  of 
textile  fabrics,  the  hardware  and  cutlery  firms  of  the  country 
made  their  display.  The  collection  of  cutlery  compared  well 
with  that  of  the  great  English  manufacturers,  and  few  visitors 
failed  to  notice  the  immense  Centennial  knife  and  fork  exhibited 
by  the  Beaver  Falls  Cutlery  Company,  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
exhibit  of  tools  and  hardware  of  all  kinds  was  complete  and 
attractive,  and  merited  a  careful  study. 

Alongside  of  the  hardware  men  Mr.  Charles  W.  Spurr,  of 
Boston,  erected  a  small  but  handsome  pavilion,  lighted  by  a 
crystal  chandelier.  The  inner  walls  were  decorated  with  polished 
woods  prepared  by  a  patent  process.  The  wood  is  sawed  to  the 
thinness  of  soft  paper  and  is  then  glued  to  harder  paper,  which 
is  pasted  on  the  walls  in  the  usual  manner,  after  which  the  wood 
surface  is  subjected  to  a  high  polish.  This  system  of  house 
decoration  is  very  beautiful,  and  is  rapidly  becoming  popular  in 
this  country. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  hall,  near  the  eastern  end,  was  the 
display  of  American  pottery  and  porcelain.  It  was  creditable 
on  the  whole,  but  did  not  compare  with  the  display  made  by 
either  of  the  leading  European  nations,  or  by  China  or  Japan. 
The  exhibits  in  this  line  were,  therefore,  modestly  placed  in  a 
corner.  They  included  excellent  white  stoneware  from  Trenton, 
New  Jersey,  and  some  excellent  terra-cotta  specimens  from  the 
same  State,  and  an  abundance  of  rich  brownware  from  Liver¬ 
pool,  Ohio.  The  collection  also  contained  some  fine  animal 
specimens  from  Phoenixville,  Pennsylvania.  The  Greenwood 
Pottery  Company,  of  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  showed  a  small 
model  of  a  brick  pottery,  and  specimens  of  the  clay  in  the 
various  stages  of  manufacture. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


359 


Below  the  pottery  collection  were  a  number  of  tall  marble  and 
granite  shafts  and  monuments,  and  beyond  these  were  the  care¬ 
fully-executed  maps  and  charts  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
New  Jersey,  with  a  number  of  specimens  of  the  geological  for¬ 
mations  of  the  State. 

Close  by,  the  Stephens  Institute  of  Technology,  of  Hoboken, 
New  Jersey,  displayed  an  interesting  collection  of  scientific 
apparatus. 

The  iron,  steel,  and  slate  men  of  the  country  made  an  impos¬ 
ing  display  of  ores  and  manufactured  metals.  The  Cambria 
Iron  Works  of  Pennsylvania  had  a  stately  Masonic  arch  con¬ 
structed  of  solid  T-rails ;  and  close  by  the  famous  Lucy  Fur¬ 
nace,  of  Pittsburgh,  was  shown  in  a  small  but  complete  model. 
The  display  of  ores,  pig-metals,  manufactured  articles,  nails, 
bars  and  other  products  was  extensive  and  interesting. 

The  Keystone  Bridge  Company,  of  Pittsburgh,  exhibited 
alongside  of  the  irons  a  fine  model  of  the  famous  draw-bridge 
constructed  by  them  over  Raritan  Bay,  for  the  Central  Railroad 
of  New  Jersey. 

Crossing  toward  the  main  aisle  again  we  noticed  a  handsome 
case  in  which  the  American  Watch  Company,  of  Waltham, 
Massachusetts,  displayed  an  extensive  assortment  of  handsome 
watches  in  gold  and  silver  cases.  A  few  feet  north  of  this  case 
the  Elgin  Watch  Company,  of  Elgin,  Illinois,  exhibited  their 
watches  and  a  number  of  samples  of  the  wheels  and  other  move¬ 
ments  used  in  them.  In  Machinery  Hall  one  could  see  the 
process  by  which  these  watches  are  made  by  machinery.  Our 
country  is  rapidly  taking  rank  with  the  older  nations  for  the 
excellence  and  beauty  of  its  watches,  and  the  accuracy  and 
rapidity  with  which  they  are  made  by  machinery  has  challenged 
the  admiration  of  the  civilized  world.  The  two  companies 
mentioned  above  are  the  most  prominent  parties  engaged  in 
this  branch  of  our  industry,  and  were  the  best  prepared  to  show 
it  to  the  thousands  who  gazed  in  wondering  admiration  at  the 
process  as  shown  in  Machinery  Hall,  and  at  the  results  as 
exhibited  there. 

Crossing  the  main  aisle  we  noticed  along  its  northern  side  a 


“EXHIBITION  VASE,”  EXHIBITED  BY  GALLOWAY  &  GRAFF, 
IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


360 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


361 


formidable  row  of  Gatling, 
Parrott  and  breech-loading 
guns.  The  cannon  were  all 
fine  specimens  of  the  classes 
to  which  they  belong,  and 
attracted  much  attention. 
The  display  of  small  arms 
was  also  very  fine,  and 
showed  some  interesting  im- 
provements  in  sporting 
weapons. 

North  of  the  arms  col¬ 
lection  were  the  burglar  and 
fire-proof  safes.  All  the 
principal  safe  makers  were 
represented,  and  the  dis¬ 
play  was  exceptionally  good 
and  interesting. 

Close  by  the  safes,  Ives, 
Blakeman  &  Co.,  of  Bridge¬ 
port,  Connecticut,  had  a 
large  stand  with  an  exten¬ 
sive  collection  of  mechanical 
toys.  Several  persons  were 
kept  busy  displaying  the 
operations  of  these  ingenious 
contrivances,  and  a  crowd 
of  delighted  little  folks  was 
always  gathered  about  the 
stand. 

To  the  west  of  this  stand 
was  a  large  case  contain¬ 
ing  a  handsome  display  of 
military  uniforms  and  orna¬ 
ments,  exhibited  by  Schuy¬ 
ler,  Hartley  &  Graham,  of 
New  York.  The  most  con- 


BRITISH  MUSEUM  VASE  EXHIBITED  BY 
GALLOWAY  &  GRAFF. 


362 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


spicuous  object  of  this  collection  was  a  figure  of  the  Emperor 
William,  of  Germany,  in  a  superb  uniform. 

We  now  enter  a  region  of  ready-made  clothing  and  ladies’ 
costumes.  The  principal  display  here  was  made  by  the  well- 
known  houses  of  John  Wanamaker  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia, 
Devlin  &  Co.,  and  Madame  Demorest,  of  New  York,  and 
Homer,  Colladay  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia.  The  last-named 
house  exhibited  a  number  of  wax  figures  dressed  in  the  most 
beautiful  and  costly  costumes.  Here,  also,  was  a  fine  display  of 
furs,  from  the  rough  skins  to  the  daintiest  articles  of  clothing. 
Conspicuous  in  this  department  was  the  exhibit  of  F.  Booss  & 
Bro.,  of  New  York,  which  was  greatly  admired. 

Continuing  on  the  north  side  we  noticed  a  handsome  display 
of  terra-cotta  ware.  Galloway  &  Graff,  of  Philadelphia,  exhib¬ 
ited  some  beautiful  statues,  vases,  tezzas,  pedestals  and  foun¬ 
tains.  The  collection  of  articles  for  homelier  uses  was  also 
very  good. 

Along  the  western  end  of  the  American  department  on  the 
north  side  was  a  capital  exhibit  of  ropes  and  cordage,  from  the 
most  delicate  pack-thread  to  the  stoutest  cables.  We  here 
reached  the  extreme  limit  of  the  American  department  on 
the  north  side,  and  returning  to  the  main  aisle  crossed  to 
the  south  side  at  the  soda  fountain  which  stood  opposite 
the  Mexican  court.  In  the  front  line  on  the  south  side  of  the 
main  aisle  were  the  vaults  of  the  Centennial  Safe  Deposit  Com¬ 
pany,  looking  the  very  picture  of  strength  and  security,  and 
next  above  this  the  Seth  Thomas  Company,  of  Thomaston,  Con¬ 
necticut,  displayed  a  large  collection  of  American  clocks.  The 
clocks  of  this  company  are  admitted  to  be  fully  equal  to  the 
best  French  timepieces,  and  the  writer  can  testify  to  their 
excellence  from  many  years’  use  of  them.  The  designs  are 
tasteful  and  handsome,  and  the  clocks  being  made  by  machinery, 
are  sold  at  about  half  the  cost  of  a  first-class  foreign  clock. 

Immediately  above  the  clocks  was  the  Telegraph  Depart¬ 
ment,  fronting  also  on  the  main  aisle.  Here  were  telegraphic 
and  electrical  instruments  of  every  description.  The  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company  had  here  a  handsome  case  of 


DRUGGISTS’  GLASSWARE  IN  MAIN  BUILDING,  BY  H.  C.  FOX  &  SONS,  PHILADELPHIA. 

363 


364 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


French  walnut,  showing  the  workings  of  a  “ telegraphic 
switch,”  for  shifting  the  magnetic  current  from  wire  to  wire. 
A  complete  collection  of  telegraphic  apparatus  was  to  be  seen 


here,  and  a  thorough  illustration  was  given  of  the  system  by 
which  the  extensive  lines  of  this  company  are  operated. 

On  the  main  aisle,  just  west  of  this  section,  were  handsome 
models  in  silver  of  the  palace  cars  of  the  Pullman  and  Wood¬ 
ruff  Companies. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


365 


The  display  of  glassware  along  the  main  aisle  was  very  beau¬ 
tiful  and  quite  extensive.  The  finest  specimens  of  cut  and 
ground  glass  were  to  be  seen  here.  This  department  extended 


AMERICAN  BRONZES,  EXHIBITED  BY  N.  MULLER’S  SONS. 

southward  from  the  main  aisle,  and  embraced  also  a  large  col¬ 
lection  of  plainer  and  more  substantial  articles  of  glass.  Wheel¬ 
ing,  West  Virginia,  and  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  the  two 
principal  seats  of  American  glass  manufacture,  were  well  repre- 


366 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


sented,  and  New  Jersey  and  Massachusetts  also  made  superb 
displays.  Messrs.  H.  C.  Fox  &  Sons,  of  Philadelphia,  made  a 
fine  display  of  druggists’  glassware,  the  glass  used  being  made 
without  lead. 

Just  beyond  the  glassware,  on  the  main  aisle,  was  a  magnifi¬ 
cent  display  of  fine  gas  fixtures  by  the  leading  manufacturers 

of  New  York  and  Phila¬ 
delphia.  This  was  one  of 
the  most  notable  features 
of  the  American  depart¬ 
ment,  and  many  of  the  ar¬ 
ticles  exhibited  were  ex¬ 
ceedingly  beautiful.  The 
collection  took  up  a  great 
deal  of  room,  and  showed 
to  what  a  surprising  ex¬ 
tent  the  taste  of  our  people 
for  luxury  and  variety  has 
gone  in  the  single  direc¬ 
tion  of  apparatus  for  light. 
No  foreign  country  had 
anything  to  compare  with 
us  in  the  extent  of  the  dis¬ 
play  in  this  line. 

Close  by,  Nicholas  Mul¬ 
ler’s  Sons,  of  New  York, 
made  a  beautiful  display 
of  American  bronzes,  which 

exhibited  by  the  gorham  co.  attracted  much  attention 

from  visitors,  and  showed 
the  great  progress  made  by  this  country  in  this  art. 

The  next  department  was  that  of  silver  and  plated  ware. 
The  firms  represented  here  were  principally  from  the  Eastern 
States,  and  the  display  of  the  finest  grades  of  plated  ware  was 
large  and  magnificent.  The  various  manufacturing  firms  repre¬ 
sented  appeared  to  have  exhausted  their  ingenuity  in  the  pro¬ 
duction  of  rare  and  beautiful  articles  for  display  at  the  great 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


367 


Exhibition.  The 
cases  were  rich  and 
massive,  and  were 
in  strict  accordance 
with  the  beautiful 
objects  they  con¬ 
tained.  The  Meri¬ 
den  Britannia  Com¬ 
pany  and  Reed  & 
Barton  had  excep¬ 
tionally  fine  dis¬ 
plays,  many  exqui¬ 
site  bronzes  being 
among  that  of  the 
former  firm.  The 
show-cases  of  these 
firms  were  the  most 
elegant  in  the  whole 
American  section. 

The  jewellers 
made  a  fine  exhibit 
of  their  wares,  Bai¬ 
ley  &  Co.,  of  Phila¬ 
delphia,  being  the 
first  whose  display 
attracted  the  visitor. 
They  had  a  hand¬ 
some  pavilion,  in 
which  was  a  large 
and  beautiful  collec¬ 
tion  of  jewelry  and 
precious  stones. 

At  the  intersec¬ 
tion  of  the  main 
aisle  with  the  cen¬ 
tral  transept  was  a 
crescent-shaped 


peacock's  feather,  containing  the  famous 

BRUNSWICK  DIAMOND  AND  OVER  SIX  HUNDRED 
SMALL  DIAMONDS,  EXHIBITED  BY  TIFFANY. 


368 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


Moorish  pavilion  of  beautiful  design,  and  ornamented  in  warm, 
rich  colors.  It  was  in  all  respects  the  most  beautiful  structure 
in  the  Exhibition,  and  was  occupied  by  Messrs.  Tiffany  &  Co., 
and  Starr  &  Marcus,  of  New  York,  Caldwell  &  Co.,  of  Phila¬ 
delphia,  and  the  Gorham  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Provi¬ 
dence,  P.  I.  These 
houses  displayed  the 
richest  and  most  costly 
articles  to  be  seen  in 
the  Exhibition.  The 
finest  jewels  were  to 
be  seen  here  in  pro¬ 
fusion.  The  cameos 
exhibited  by  Starr  & 
Marcus  were  among 
the  most  exquisite  in 
the  world,  and  were 
selected  with  skill  and 
taste.  Tiffany  &  Co. 
exhibited  a  superb  col¬ 
lection  of  precious 
stones  in  the  most 
b  e  a  u  t  i  f  u  1  settings. 
Among  these  were  a 
diamond  necklace,  con¬ 
taining  twenty-seven 
pure  white  stones  of 
rare  perfection  and 
beauty ;  a  pair  of  soli¬ 
taire  diamond  ear-rings 
of  the  purest  water  and  of  great  beauty  ;  a  peacock’s  feather, 
containing  the  celebrated  “ Brunswick”  straw-colored  diamond, 
and  over  six  hundred  fine  white  diamonds  of  smaller  size;  a 
pendant  containing  two  precious  opals  of  unusual  beauty, 
in  which  the  play  of  red  and  green  colors  was  matchless; 
a  brooch  and  ear-rings  of  cat’s-eyes.  The  cat’s-eye  is  highly  val¬ 
ued  in  India  and  the  East,  and  lately  has  been  much  sought 


370 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


after  in  England  and  this  country.  These  specimens  are  the 
finest  known ;  a  pearl  necklace,  brooch  and  ear-rings,  the  two 
latter  containing  four  pear-shaped  pearls,  perfect  in  shape  and 
orient.  Brooch  in  the  form  of  three  leaves  covered  with  dia¬ 
monds.  On  the  leaves  are  the  three  principal  varieties  of  pearls 
— pink,  black,  and  white;  unset  specimens  of  the  diamond, 
ruby  and  sapphire,  of  perfect  form  and  color ;  and  a  silver 
centre  piece,  in  the  form  of  a  swan,  enriched  by  the  repouss6 
process,  with  oriental  ornamentation. 

The  same  house  also  exhibited  a  superb  collection  of  articles 
in  silver,  richly  chased  and  decorated  in  various  artistic  styles. 
The  most  conspicuous  of  these  was  the  Bryant  Vase,  a  superb 
piece  of  work,  presented  to  William  Cullen  Bryant,  the  poet,  by 
his  admirers  in  this  country,  on  his  eightieth  birthday.  It  was 
made  by  Tiffany  &  Co.,  and  is  valued  at  $5000,  the  materials 
of  which  it  is  composed  being  silver  and  gold.  It  was  justly 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  works  in  the  Exhibition, 
and  received,  as  it  deserved,  the  warm  admiration  and  praise  of 
thousands.  It  was  executed  by  the  repouss6  process,  and  its  de¬ 
signs  are  intended  to  symbolize  the  various  eras  in  the  poet’s  life 
and  character  through  the  medium  of  a  classic  form,  covered 
with  ornaments  drawn  from  nature  and  suggested  by  his  works. 

Caldwell  &  Co.  displayed  a  line  of  beautiful  jewelry  and 
silver  ware  which  were  the  envy  of  many  a  fair  gazer  upon 
them.  The  Gorham  Manufacturing  Company,  famous  as  the 
first  manufacturers  of  silver  and  fine  plated  ware  in  America, 
fully  sustained  their  well-earned  reputation  by  their  display 
here.  The  principal  object  of  their  exhibit  was  the  magnificent 
“  Century  Vase,”  which  stood  at  the  entrance  to  their  section. 
It  was  of  solid  silver,  and  was  four  feet  two  inches  in  height. 
The  length  of  the  vase  was  five  feet  four  inches.  The  vase  rose 
from  the  centre  of  the  base,  which  rested  upon  a  slab  of  polished 
granite,  and  both  the  vase  and  base  were  ornamented  with  a 
number  of  groups,  the  figures  of  which  stood  out  boldly  and 
beautifully.  Each  of  these  groups  was  emblematical.  The 
following  is  the  description  of  this  splendid  work  of  art  given 
by  its  proprietors : 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


371 


“The  pioneer  and  Indian  represent  the  first  phase  of  civiliza¬ 
tion.  Groups  of  fruit,  flowers,  and  cereals,  the  natural  products 
of  the  soil.  The  slab  of  polished  granite  signifies  the  unity  and 
solidity  of  the  government  on  which  rest  the  thirty-eight 
States.  The  band  of  stars,  thirty-eight  encircling  the  piece, 
thirteen  in  front,  represent  the  present  and  original  number  of 


H  THE  CENTURY  VASE,”  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  GORHAM  COMPANY,  IN  THE 
MAIN  BUIEDING. 


States  in  the  Union.  The  group  on  the  left  is  the  genius  of 
war,  with  the  torch  in  her  right  hand,  while  the  left  grasps  the 
chain  holding  the  ‘dogs  of  war*  in  check.  A  shell  has  shat¬ 
tered  the  tree,  and  a  broken  caisson  wheel  is  half  buried  in  the 
debris  on  the  battle  ground.  The  group  on  the  right  is  the 
lion  led  by  little  children,  musical  instruments  and  flowers 


372 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


strewn  on  the  ground,  all  denoting  perfect  peace  and  security. 
The  medallion  in  front  is  the  angel  of  fame,  holding  in  one 
hand  the  palm  branch  and  laurel  wreath,  and  in  the  other  a 
wreath  of  immortelles  and  a  portrait  of  Washington.  The 
medallion  on  the  opposite  side  is  the  genius  of  philosophy  and 
diplomacy,  with  one  hand  resting  on  the  printing  press,  and 


COMMUNION  SERVICE,  “GORHAM  PLATE,”  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  GORHAM! 
COMPANY,  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


with  the  other  holding  a  portrait  of  Franklin.  On  either  side 
of  the  plinth  is  a  head  of  the  bison,  the  king  of  the  prairie. 
Having  now  passed  the  Revolution,  and  witnessed  the  restora¬ 
tion  of  peace,  the  nation  commences  its  growth,  and  hence  from 
the  plinth  the  vase  rises.  The  front  panel  of  the  vase  represents 
genius,  ready  to  inscribe  on  the  tablet  the  progress  made  in 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


373 


literature,  science,  music,  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 
On  the  reverse  panel,  genius  is  ready  to  record  the  advancement 
in  commerce,  mining,  and  manufactures.  The  cover  of  the  vase 
bears  the  group  in  which  the  story  culminates.  The  figures 
denote  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  while  the  central  figure, 
America,  is  inviting  and  welcoming  all  nations  to  unite  with 
her  in  celebrating  the  triumph  of  her  Centennial  year.  The 
cost  of  the  vase  was  $7000. 

We  give  among  our  illustrations  a  number  of  engravings  of 
articles  exhibited  by  the  Gorham  Company.  Many  of  these 
were  of  the  material  known  as  the  “  Gorham  Plate,”  a  superior 
article  of  triple  plate  upon  nickel-silver.  These  articles  were 
equal  in  beauty  and  finish  to  solid  silver  ware,  and  their  dura¬ 
bility  the  writer  can  vouch  for  from  personal  use  of  them. 

Not  far  distant  Aikin,  Lambert  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  exhib¬ 
ited  a  beautiful  case  of  gold  pens,  which  made  one  of  the  most 
attractive  displays  in  the  building. 

Passing  to  the  southward  one  saw  near  the  central  transept  an 
extensive  display  of  chemicals  and  paints.  These  were  grouped 
tastefully,  and  with  their  brilliant  hues  constituted  one  of  the 
most  attractive  features  of  the  American  department.  Conspic¬ 
uous  in  this  collection  was  the  exhibit  of  John  Lucas  &  Co.,  of 
Philadelphia,  one  of  the  largest  and  best  known  houses  in  the 
Union,  whose  extensive  works  are  located  at  Gibsboro’,  New 
Jersey.  The  display  of  this  house  embraced  a  fine  exhibit  of 
white  leads  and  zincs,  colors,  paints,  varnishes,  and  window- 
glass,  both  white  and  colored.  Some  magnificent  specimens  of 
zinc  ore  were  displayed,  and  the  processes  of  manufacturing  white 
lead  and  white  zinc  were  shown  in  the  simplest  and  clearest 
manner.  The  high  reputation  enjoyed  by  this  house,  and  the 
completeness  of  the  display  made  by  it,  rendered  its  exhibit  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  “ features”  of  the  Exhibition.  To 
visitors  interested  in  or  familiar  with  this  branch  of  American 
industry  it  is  unnecessary  to  add  that  this  is  the  representative 
house  of  the  Union  in  this  line.  Close  by  was  the  handsome 
exhibit  of  printing  inks  made  by  Charles  Enu  Johnson  &  Co., 
Philadelphia,  the  largest  and  best  known  manufacturers  of 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


375 


these  articles  in  America.  The  goods  were  displayed  tastefully, 
and  a  crowd  of  the  members  of  the  “fourth  estate”  could  always 
be  seen  gathered  around  the  stand,  inspecting  the  wares  which 
experience  has  taught  them  are  unexcelled  by  any  of  their 
class  in  the  world. 

Close  by  these  exhibits  was  the  large  and  handsome  stand  of 
Messrs.  Warner  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  containing  an  extensive 
and  beautifully  arranged  display  of  sugar-coated  pills  and  other 
pharmaceutical  preparations  manufactured  by  this  house,  which 
was  the  first  to  introduce  into  the  United  States  this  method  of 
preparing  medicines.  While  examining  this  beautiful  display 
one  almost  forgot  his  dislike  for  “  doctor’s  stuff,”  the  contents 
of  the  case  looked  so  inviting. 

Going  eastward  again  we  noticed  the  handsome  display  of  the 
cologne  and  perfume  makers  of  this  country.  The  firms  repre¬ 
sented  were  from  New  York  and  Philadelphia  chiefly.  Burnett 
had  a  pretty  black  marble  fountain  which  sent  up  a  constant 
jet  of  cologne  water,  and  where  the  tired  visitor  could  enjoy  the 
delightful  privilege  of  bathing  his  forehead  with  the  refreshing 
liquid.  Wenck,  of  New  York,  had  a  handsome  bamboo  pavilion, 
from  which  perfumed  sprays  were  thrown,  filling  the  air  with 
their  delicious  fragrance.  Lundborg,  of  New  York,  had  a  tall, 
gayly  decorated  Moorish  pavilion,  in  which  he  made  an  exten¬ 
sive  and  attractive  show  of  his  perfumes. 

Close  by  the  perfumes  Thaddeus  Davids  &  Co.,  of  New  York, 
made  a  fine  display  of  their  ’world-renowned  writing  inks. 

Going  eastward  still  we  entered  the  furniture  department,  and 
it  required  but  a  glance  to  see  that  the  West  here  offered  a  sharp 
competition  to  the  East  in  this,  its  specialty.  There  were  some 
fine  specimens  of  furniture  from  the  West,  the  State  of  Michigan 
being  especially  well  represented  in  this  respect.  The  display 
of  furniture  was  very  large,  and  some  of  the  finest  specimens 
were  from  Columbus,  Ohio.  The  makers  of  the  finest  grades 
of  furniture  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  went  to  great  ex¬ 
pense  in  setting  up  their  exhibits.  Many  of  them  constructed 
rooms  of  the  usual  size,  which  were  handsomely  carpeted,  pro¬ 
vided  with  curtains,  doors,  frescoed  ceilings  and  walls,  and 


PERFORATED  VENEER  SEATS. 


376 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


377 


superb  gas  fixtures  and  mantel-pieces.  The  rooms  were  open 
on  one  side.  With  the  homelike  surroundings  thus  provided 
the  furniture  showed  to  the  best  possible  advantage.  It  was  of 
the  most  elaborate  description,  and  was  richly  upholstered. 
Smith  &  Campion,  of  Philadelphia,  exhibited  a  suite  of  four 
rooms,  consisting  of  a  parlor,  library,  dining-room  and  chamber, 
fitted  up  magnificently  and  furnished  with  the  most  costly 
articles.  Some  rich  specimens  of  interior  decoration  were  also 
shown  by  the  firms 
represented  here, 
prominent  among 
these  being  the  dec¬ 
orations  furnished 
by  Marcotte  &  Co., 
of  New  York. 

George  J.  Henkels, 
of  Philadelphia,  had 
a  fine  chamber  suit 
of  maple,  made 
from  the  wood  of 
an  old  maple  tree 
that  grew  in  Inde¬ 
pendence  Square. 

It  was  over  200 
years  old  when  it 
was  cut  down. 

The  gem  of  the 
whole  furniture  dis¬ 
play,  however,  was 
an  exquisitely 
carved  bedstead  of 
Amaranth  wood  inlaid  with  black  walnut. 

It  was  not  only  a  superb  piece  of  furniture,  but  was  a 
beautiful  work  of  art.  It  formed  a  part  of  the  exhibit  of  Pot- 
tier  &  Stymus,  of  New  York,  which  was  one  of  the  most  striking 
features  of  the  furniture  department. 

North  of  the  furniture  collection  was  the  display  of  philo- 


PATENT  FOLDING  BED,  EXHIBITED  IN  THE  MAIN 
BUILDING. 


378 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


379 


sophical  and  surgical  instruments.  It  was  quite  large,  and  the 
articles  compared  well  with  those  in  the  English,  French  and 
Swiss  departments.  Among  the  most  conspicuous  objects  of 
this  collection  was  a  fine  equatorial  transit  instrument  exhibited 
by  Messrs.  Fauth  &  Co.,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

From  the  scientific  department  we  passed  on  and  found  our¬ 
selves  in  the  piano-forte  collection.  All  the  principal  firms  were 
represented.  Stein  way,  Chickering,  Weber,  Knabe,  and  a  score 
of  well-known  names  greeted  us  at  every  turn.  Each  maker 
sent  his  best  instruments,  and  the  highest  skill  was  exercised 
in  the  construction  of  the  beautiful  frames  in  which  these  were 
placed.  All  the  spaces  occupied  by  the  piano  makers  were  en¬ 
closed,  and  many  of  them  were  covered  with  elegant  pavilions, 
richly  carpeted,  and  provided  with  seats  for  visitors.  Several 
of  the  leading  firms  engaged  distinguished  performers  to  show 
off  their  instruments,  and  one  was  sure  of  always  hearing  some 
brilliant  pianist  while  lingering  in  this  department.  The  col¬ 
lection  covered  a  large  area  and  was  very  complete.  In  the 
collection  of  Win.  Knabe  &  Co.,  of  Baltimore,  there  was  a 
harpsichord  made  for  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrollton,  a  century 
ago. 

Alongside  of  the  pianos  was  the  display  of  cabinet  organs, 
which,  though  smaller,  was  quite  as  handsome  as  that  of  the 
stringed  instruments.  George  Wood  &  Co.  and  Mason  & 
Hamlin  exhibited  some  fine  instruments,  which  attracted  much 
attention  by  their  beautiful  designs  and  rich  workmanship. 

Conspicuous  in  this  department  was  the  display  of  J.  Estey 
&  Co.,  of  Brattleboro’,  Vermont,  whose  cottage  and  parlor 
organs  are  famous  the  world  over  as  the  best  American  instru¬ 
ments  made.  They  stood  confessedly  without  a  peer  in  the 
multitude  of  instruments  by  which  they  were  surrounded  at 
the  Exhibition,  and,  apart  from  the  beauty  of  their  designs,  for 
strength,  purity,  sweetness,  and  richness  of  tone,  these  organs 
have  no  equals.  The  writer  has  long  numbered  an  “  Estey  ” 
among  the  choicest  treasures  of  his  home,  and  can  testify,  of  his 
personal  experience,  tt>  its  immeasurable  superiority  over  any 
and  every  cabinet  organ  made. 


CABINET  ORGAN,  EXHIBITED  BY  ESTEY  &  CO. 


380 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


381 


Two  pipe  organs  were  on  exhibition  close  by,  and  not  far 
distant  was  a  handsome  case  of  violins  exhibited  by  C.  F. 
Albert,  of  Philadelphia. 

We  have  now  completed  our  survey  of  the  American  depart¬ 
ment  of  the  main  hall,  and  must  turn  our  attention  to  the 
display  made  by  foreign  countries. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

First  among  these  nations  was  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  the  mother  land  of  our  young  republic.  The 
space  occupied  by  the  British  section  lay  north  of  the  main  aisle 
and  west  of  the  central  transept,  and  was  not  enclosed  by  a 
pavilion  or  any  other  structure.  Each  exhibitor  was  obliged 
to  provide  and  set  up  his  own  show-case,  and  these,  while  al¬ 
ways  executed  in  a  thorough  and  workmanlike  manner,  were 
as  simple  and  unadorned  as  possible.  They  were  painted  black, 
with  gilt  mouldings.  Professor  Archer,  of  the  British  Com¬ 
mission,  states,  as  a  reason  for  this,  that  his  country  has  learned 
from  its  great  experience  in  international  exhibitions,  that  too 
great  a  display  in  the  furniture  detracts  from  the  appearance 
of  the  exhibits  proper.  A  banner  of  red,  with  the  words  “  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland, ”  was  suspended  from  the  roof  over  the 
entrance  to  the  British  court. 

At  the  entrance,  opposite  the  music  stand  in  the  central  tran¬ 
sept,  was  a  rich  display  of  silver  and  plated  ware  by  Elkington 
&  Co.,  silversmiths,  of  Birmingham.  The  collection  embraced 
many  articles  of  great  value  and  beauty,  and  was  the  gem  of 
the  British  exhibit.  Some  splendid  bronzes  were  included  in 
it,  and  one  could  pass  hours  in  inspecting  the  objects  displayed 
by  this  enterprising  firm,  whose  exhibit  was  valued  by  the 
London  Times  at  $500,000.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  articles 
to  be  seen  here  was  the  “  Helicon  vase,”  in  repouss6  and  richly 
enamelled,  which  was  valued  at  $30,000.  The  reproductions 
in  electro-deposit  of  ancient  works  of  art  from  the  South  Ken¬ 
sington  and  British  Museums  were  especially  interesting. 

Adjoining  this  splendid  display  was  the  space  occupied  by 
Messrs.  Cox  &  Co.,  of  London,  who  exhibited  a  large  and 


EXHIBIT  OF  VIOLINS  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


383 


handsome  collection  of  church  plate,  wrought-iron  and  brass 
work,  church  furniture  of  various  kinds,  and  some  fine  ebon- 
ized  and  carved  oak  furniture. 

Going  north,  along  the  eastern  end  of  the  British  section,  we 
reached  the  display  of  porcelain,  pottery  and  majolica  ware.  In 
her  porcelain  England  fairly  rivals  France,  the  first  nation  in 
Europe  in  the  extent  and  beauty  of  this  manufacture,  and  in 
pottery  and  majol¬ 
icas  leads  the  world. 

The  display  of  por¬ 
celains  made  by  A. 

B.  Daniell  &  Son,  of 
London,  was  exten¬ 
sive  and  very  beau¬ 
tiful,  including  or- 
namental  vases, 
candelabra,  splen¬ 
did  dinner,  dessert, 
andteasets.  Brown, 

Westhead,  T.  C. 

Moore  &  Co.,  of 
Staffordshire,  also 
made  an  elegant 
display. 

In  pottery  Eng¬ 
land  excelled  all 
the  nations  in  her 
display.  The  col¬ 
lection  included 
vessels  of  all  kinds 
for  household,  sci¬ 
entific  and  commercial  uses,  drainage  and  objects  of  ornament, 
statuary,  etc.  Some  of  the  statues  and  busts  were  remarkably 
fine,  and  the  display,  on  the  whole,  was  beautiful  and  creditable 
in  the  highest  degree.  Messrs.  Doulton  &  Co.  exhibited  a 
handsome  temple  of  terra-cotta,  filled  with  a  choice  display  of 
their  productions  in  the  same  material.  One  of  the  most  com- 


TERRA-COTTA  TEMPLE,  EXHIBITED  BY  DOULTON 
&  CO.,  ENGLAND. 


384 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


plete  and  conspicuous  displays  was  that  of  Bates,  Walker  & 
Co.,  of  Burslem,  in  Staffordshire,  from  whose  circular  we  take 
the  following  account  of  the  process  of  the  manufacture  of  the 
articles  displayed  here,  which  is  identical  with  that  followed  in 
all  pottery  establishments: 

“The  raw  materials  of  the  manufacture  are  commonplace 
enough — certain  clays  from  Devon  and  Cornwall,  China  stone 
and  flint  being  the  principal.  The  latter  is  calcined,  broken  up, 
and  ground  with  water  in  a  large  cylindrical  tub,  lined  at  the 
bottom  with  hard  siliceous  stones.  From  the  central  vertical 
shaft  working  in  this  tub  project  arms  between  which  large 
loose  stones  are  placed,  and,  the  mill  being  set  going,  these 
move  round  on  the  bed-stone,  grinding  the  flint  until  it  forms 
with  the  water  a  creamy  fluid. 

“  The  China  stone  is  treated  separately,  but  in  a  similar  man¬ 
ner,  and  the  clay  is  mixed  up  with  water  and  then  made  to 
pass  through  silk  sieves  of  exceeding  fineness,  having  a  recipro¬ 
cating  movement,  and  which  arrest  impurities  in  the  clay,  as 
also  the  coarser  particles.  Next  the  ingredients,  in  their  semi¬ 
fluid  state,  are  mixed  by  measure  in  large  underground  tanks, 
from  whence  the  ‘slip/  as  the  mixture  is  now  called,  is  pumped 
into  long  bags  of  a  coarse  cotton  fabric.  A  number  of  these 
bags  being  filled,  they  are  placed  side  by  side  in  a  press  actuated 
by  powerful  screws,  and  thus  subjected  to  powerful  compression 
the  water  filters  through  the  bags  in  a  perfectly  pure  and  limpid 
state,  the  solid  clayey  compound  being  left  behind.  The  dough- 
like  masses  removed  from  the  bags  are  thrown  into  a  pug  mill 
with  an  internal  spiral  arrangement  of  knives,  which  cut  up  the 
clay,  and  it  is  gradually  forced  through  an  opening  in  the  mill 
in  a  perfectly  homogeneous  and  workable  condition.  Having 
now  seen  how  the  fine  plastic  material  which  is  to  form  the 
body  of  the  ware  is  prepared,  the  next  thing  is  to  follow  it  into 
the  potters’  domain  pure  and  simple.  There  are  two  methods 
by  which  the  clay  is  made  to  assume  the  required  shapes,  viz., 
by  throwing  and  moulding.  The  former  operation  requires  con¬ 
siderable  manual  dexterity,  and  is  accomplished  by  the  aid  of 
the  potter’s  wheel,  the  essential  part  of  which  is  simply  a  hori- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


385 


zontal  revolving  disc.  The  potter  places  on  it  a  lump  of  clay, 
and  while  it  revolves,  fashions  it  with  his  fingers  into  any  shape 
that  may  be  desired.  Articles  thus  formed  in  the  rough  are, 
when  partially  dried,  finished  by  turning  them  in  a  lathe. 

“A  less  expensive  method  of  fashioning  the  clay  is  that  which 
involves  the  use  of  plaster  of  Paris  moulds.  Such  things  as 
teacups,  which  require  to  be  of  a  uniform  thinness,  are  made  by 
pressing  thin  sheets  of  clay  into  the  moulds,  which  absorb  the 
superficial  moisture  of  the  paste,  and  allow  the  articles  to  be 


removed  without  injury.  Ewers,  jugs,  teapots,  and  articles  of 
somewhat  intricate  shape  are  formed  in  moulds  which  are  in 
several  parts.  Spouts,  handles,  etc.,  are  moulded,  and  after¬ 
wards  joined  to  the  body  of  the  vessel  by  liquid  ‘slip.’  Com¬ 
ing  now  to  that  part  of  the  factory  where  plate  making  is  going 
on,  we  notice  that  the  plan  adopted  combines  both  the  processes 
of  throwing  and  moulding.  A  mould  turned  to  the  shape  of 
the  upper  surface  of  the  plate  is  placed  on  the  revolving  disc 
of  the  potter  s  wheel,  and  a  thin  sheet  of  paste  is  pressed  on  to 
it;  then,  while  in  movement,  the  potter  places  in  position  a  tool 
representing  a  section  of  the  plate,  and  this  pares  down  and 
shapes  the  clay  to  its  own  outline.  Their  edges  having  been 
finished  off,  the  plates,  still  on  the  moulds,  are  placed  in  a  hot 
closet  on  shelves  which  slowly  revolve,  and  by  this  ingenious 
airangement  the  drying  of  the  goods  to  the  desired  degree  is 
well  accomplished.  Being  formed,  the  articles,  of  whatever 
kind,  must  be  1  fired,’  and  they  are  accordingly  packed  in  coarse 
earthenware  vessels  called  saggers,  and  these  are  piled  one  on 
the  other  in  the  oven  until  it  is  quite  full. 

“  The  furnaces  are  now  lighted,  and  an  intense  heat  kept  up 
for  about  forty  hours ;  the  oven  is  then  allowed  to  cool,  and 
when  the  saggers  are  withdrawn  they  contain  the  ware  in  the 
state  known  as  ‘  biscuit,’  At  this  stage  we  are  introduced  to 
the  decorative  processes  of  the  manufacture.  The  patterns  are 
printed  on  peculiarly  soft  and  thin  tissue-paper  from  copper¬ 
plates,  and  are  transferred  to  the  ware  by  applying  the  printed 
tissue-paper  to  its  surface  and  rubbing  it  on.  The  biscuit  being 

of  a  highly  absorbent  nature,  readily  receives  the  pattern,  and 
25 


386 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  paper  is  got  rid  of  by  the  application  of  water.  Gilt  dec¬ 
oration  is  largely  used,  and  the  patterns  are  printed  on  the  ware 
in  a  kind  of  size,  the  gold  alloy  being  afterwards  dusted  on. 
Before  heating  the  gold  is  quite  dark ;  during  that  process  it 
changes  to  a  dirty  yellow,  and  is  only  brought  out  in  all  its 
resplendency  by  the  operation  of  burnishing  with  agate.  The 
more  elaborate  patterns  are  hand-painted  on  the  ware,  and  there 
is  scope  here  for  the  display  of  the  most  artistic  execution. 
Each  color  has  to  be  separately  applied,  and  the  many  heatings 
the  ware  has  to  undergo  to  bring  out  the  tints  expose  it  to  such 
risk  of  injury  that  other  manufacturers  are  disinclined,  in  con¬ 
sequence,  to  apply  this  variety  of  decoration  to  their  goods. 
After  the  biscuit  has  received  its  ornamentation,  it  is  dipped  in 
a  glaze,  and  the  final  heating  it  undergoes  vitrifies  the  latter, 
and  calls  up  the  natural  vividness  of  the  colors  forming  the 
patterns.” 

The  tile  makers  had  a  fine  collection.  Several  of  the  struc¬ 
tures  enclosing  the  spaces  of  the  exhibitors  were  constructed 
entirely  of  tiles  bearing  handsome  paintings,  and  finished  in  the 
most  perfect  style  of  the  art.  The  famous  house  of  Minton  & 
Co.,  of  Stoke-upon-Trent,  had  perhaps  the  most  perfect  col¬ 
lection  in  the  group.  The  designs  were  fine,  and  the  workman¬ 
ship  of  the  highest  class.  Maw  &  Co.,  and  Craven,  Dunnill 
&  Co.,  of  Shropshire,  also  made  a  fine  show  of  geometrical 
mosaic,  encaustic,  and  majolica  tiles,  among  which  were  a  num¬ 
ber  of  fine  reproductions  of  ancient  works,  as  well  as  modern 
designs. 

The  collection  of  tiles  was  chiefly  near  the  north  side  of  the 
British  section,  at  its  eastern  end.  Returning  from  this  to  the 
front  line,  we  noticed,  near  the  collection  of  Elkington  &  Co.,  the 
exhibit  of  ornamental  iron-work,  made  by  Barnard,  Bishop  & 
Barnard,  of  Norwich.  The  most  prominent  object  of  this  col¬ 
lection  was  the  fine  pavilion  of  iron-work  filled  with  the  wares 
of  the  firm.  The  South  Kensington  Museum  has  purchased 
duplicate  portions  of  this  building  as  specimens  of  the  finest 
styles  of  ornamental  iron-work  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
Just  above  this  collection  a  superb  crystal  chandelier,  sus- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


387 


pended  over  a  fine  display  of  cut  glassware,  attracted  our  atten¬ 
tion.  It  was  the  handsomest  in  the  building. 

Passing  northward,  we  reached  the  collection  of  furniture. 
A  special  feature  of  this  department  consisted  of  the  handsome 
and  comfortable-looking  brass  bedsteads,  of  which  quite  a  num¬ 
ber  were  displayed. 

Messrs.  James  Schoolbred  &  Co.,  of  London,  had  one  of  the 
handsomest  pavilions  in  the  Exhibition.  It  was  divided  into  a 
number  of  chambers  furnished  with  exquisite  taste  in  the  Anglo- 
Indian  style.  These  cozy  apartments  were  exceedingly  attrac¬ 
tive,  and  visitors  were  loud  in  their  praise  of  their  arrangement. 
This  house  also  exhibited  some  fine  furniture  of  the  Jacobean 
and  Queen  Anne  styles.  A  fine  display  of  decorative  furniture 
was  also  made  by  W.  Scott  Morton,  of  Edinburgh.  The  furni¬ 
ture  exhibited  included  many  beautiful  specimens  of  interior 
decoration  and  adornment,  and  was  a  fair  representation  of  a 
school  from  which  our  own  decorators  might  learn  much. 

The  collection  of  ornamental  mantels,  fire-places,  and  heating 
apparatus  stood  in  the  rear  of  the  furniture.  It  was  handsome, 
but  in  point  of  convenience  and  completeness  was  inferior  to  that 
displayed  by  our  own  country  in  the  annex  to  the  Main 
Building. 

A  conspicuous  feature  of  the  British  collection  was  the  mag¬ 
nificent  tent,  or  booth,  constructed  of  purple  velvet  hangings, 
and  ornamented  with  a  superb  collection  of  specimens  of  em¬ 
broidery  and  needlework.  An  exquisitely  worked  scroll  over 
the  entrance  told  us  that  this  was  the  pavilion  of  the  “  Royal 
School  of  Art  and  Needlework.”  This  school  is  under  the 
especial  patronage  of  Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  embroideries  displayed  were  the  work  of  the 
royal  family  or  of  ladies  of  noble  birth.  A  screen  worked  by 
the  Princess  Christian  attracted  much  attention  from  visitors. 
The  hearty  interest  displayed  by  the  Queen  of  England  in  our 
Exhibition,  and  the  generous  manner  in  which  she  has  person¬ 
ally  taken  part  in  it,  merit  and  should  receive  the  cordial  ac¬ 
knowledgment  of  our  people. 

Against  the  northern  wall  of  the  building  were  suspended  two 


JAMES  SMITH  &  SON’S  EXHIBIT  OF  NEEDLES,  MAIN  BUILDING 

388 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


389 


seamless  pieces  of  oil-cloth,  each  about  twenty-five  by  forty-five 
feet  in  size.  They  were  from  Kirkaldy,  in  Scotland. 

Returning  once  more  to  the  main  aisle,  we  entered  the  depart¬ 
ment  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods.  The  exhibit  in  these  lines 
was  immense  and  extremely  varied.  The  articles  were  of  the 
best  quality,  and  were  displayed  in  the  most  artistic  manner. 
Linens  also  abounded  here,  and  excited,  as  they  well  deserved, 
the  praise  of  all  visitors.  A  case  of  magnificent  Irish  poplins 
was  exhibited  by  Pirn  Brothers,  of  Dublin,  They  were  among 
the  most  beautiful  fabrics  on  exhibition  in  the  main  hall,  and 
a  crowd  of  visitors  was  always  collected  around  them.  The 
famous  Balbriggan  Hose  Manufacturers  made  an  interesting  and 
complete  exhibit  near  by.  The  display  of  laces,  silks,  ribbons 
and  silk  fabrics  was  also  very  fine.  The  department  of  textile 
fabrics  included  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  fully  sus¬ 
tained  the  claims  of  the  British  kingdom  with  regard  to  this 
branch  of  her  manufactures.  A  conspicuous  portion  of  this  ex¬ 
hibit  was  the  handsome  display  of  satteens  and  cloths  for 
tailors’  use,  made  by  Ferguson  Brothers,  of  the  Holme  Head 
Works,  near  Carlisle.  These  goods  were  of  the  most  superior 
class,  and  were  considered  unequalled  in  the  Exhibition.  The 
well-known  house  of  William  F.  Read,  of  Philadelphia,  is  the 
American  representative  of  this  firm.  Hitchcock,  Williams  & 
Co.,  of  London,  displayed  a  case  of  handsome  and  complete 
toilettes  for  ladies,  elegantly  set  off  on  wax  figures. 

Farther  north  was  the  collection  of  jewelry.  This  was  hand¬ 
some  in  many  respects,  but  was  not  such  a  display  as  was  hoped 
for  from  Great  Britain.  One  or  two  cases  were  especially  notice¬ 
able.  James  Aitchison,  of  Edinburgh,  had  a  pretty  exhibit  of 
Scottish  jewelry  in  gold  and  silver,  Highland  ornaments,  and 
precious  stones  found  in  Scotland;  and  William  Gibson,  of 
Belfast,  had  a  fine  display  of  Irish  bog-oak  jewelry. 

The  exhibit  of  cutlery,  tools,  and  hardware  was  large,  and 
included  London,  Sheffield,  and  Birmingham.  The  articles 
offered  were  of  the  finest  quality,  and  were  tastefully  arranged. 
In  this  department  the  Telegraph  Construction  and  Maintain- 
auce  Company  exhibited  a  collection  of  specimens  of  the  differ- 


390 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ent  submarine  cables  laid  by  them  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 
Messrs.  James  Smith  &  Sons,  of  Redditch,  England,  here 
exhibited  a  handsome  case  of  needles;  a  display  which  fully 
sustained  the  high  reputation  their  wares  have  acquired  in  the 
commercial  world. 

The  display  of  scientific  and  philosophical  instruments  was 
extensive  and  unusually  good.  All  the  leading  makers  were 
represented,  and  the  specimens  on  exhibition  were  among  the 
very  best  in  the  building.  Some  fine  watches  and  chronome¬ 
ters  and  a  number  of  musical  instruments  were  to  be  seen 
near  by. 

In  the  alcoves  along  the  northern  w7all  of  the  building  the 
carpet  makers  displayed  their  finest  products.  Here  were  to  be 
seen  the  most  beautiful  Axminster,  Wilton,  and  Indian  carpets 
and  rugs  that  Great  Britain  ever  sent  to  this  country.  The 
larger  ones,  woven  in  a  seamless  piece,  were  suspended  against 
the  wall,  and  could  be  examined  readily  by  the  lovers  of  these 
beautiful  fabrics. 

A  fine  collection  of  fire-arms  was  to  be  seen  near  by,  together 
with  apparatus  for  hunting  and  fishing,  a  collection  deeply  in¬ 
teresting  to  sportsmen. 

At  the  western  end  of  her  section  Great  Britain  grouped  the 
exhibits  of  her  publishers,  and  her  educational  display.  The 
latter  was  not  large,  and  did  not  do  justice  to  the  country 
which  has  done  so  much  for  the  cause  of  knowledge.  Her 
great  universities  were  not  represented  at  all,  and  her  excellent 
school  system  was  scarcely  shown,  a  circumstance  much  to  be 
regretted. 

The  book-men  had  but  a  slight  representation.  Cassell, 
Petter  &  Gal  pin,  of  London,  showed  a  good  collection  of  their 
illustrated  works,  and  Messrs.  Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co.,  of 
London,  the  proprietors  of  Punch  and  the  British  Encyclopaedia, 
had  a  handsome  pavilion,  at  the  entrance  to  which  Mr.  Punch 
stood,  bowing  a  welcome  to  his  visitors.  The  publications  of 
this  house  were  well  displayed,  and  the  lover  of  books  did  not 
fail  to  notice  with  especial  pleasure  the  rich  and  exquisite 
editions  of  Shakspeare  to  be  seen  here. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


391 


Immediately  opposite,  the  London  Illustrated  News  and  the 
London  Graphic  united  in  an  enclosure,  along  the  sides  of  which 
were  displayed  specimens  of  their  illustrations  and  fine  cut¬ 
printing.  The  Graphic  exhibited  a  number  of  original  sketches 
and  complete  drawings  of  scenes  and  incidents  in  the  late 
Franco-German  war,  and  a  series  of  blocks  showing  the  dif- 
fent  stages  of  the  process  of  wood  engraving.  A  small  printing 
press  worked  by  a  gas-engine  was  used  to  strike  off  the  illumin¬ 
ated  circulars  of  this  firm. 

The  display  of  stained  glass  windows  was  more  complete  and 
beautiful  than  has  ever  been  made  by  England  at  any  Interna¬ 
tional  Exhibition.  These  exhibits  were  to  be  found  chiefly  in 
the  windows  of  the  gallery  at  the  south  end  of  the  transept, 
where  they  showed  to  the  best  advantage. 

One-fifth  of  the  entire  space  of  the  Main  Building  was  taken 
up  by  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  Of  this,  Great  Britain 
and  India  occupied  one-half. 


India. 

The  exhibit  made  by  British  India  was  under  the  control  of 
the  British  Commissioners,  and  was  chiefly  from  the  India 
Museum  in  London.  It  was  neither  as  extensive  nor  as  fine  as 
the  exhibit  made  at  Vienna.  Specimens  were  exhibited,  show¬ 
ing  everything  the  natives  eat,  wear  or  use.  The  grains  of 
India,  the  cotton,  and  other  products  were  arranged  in  cases 
according  to  a  regular  classification,  and  were  deserving  of  a 
careful  study.  Native  dyes  were  also  shown,  together  with  a 
quantity  of  silks,  raw,  floss,  spun,  and  woven,  and  the  cocoon 
from  which  the  silk  is  obtained.  Some  of  the  silks  were  beau¬ 
tifully  embroidered,  and  some  fine  specimens  of  gold  and  silver 
cloth  were  to  be  seen  here.  The  collection  of  laces  and  shawls 
was  very  attractive.  A  set  of  magnificently  carved  black  fur¬ 
niture  was  included  in  the  collection,  and  attracted  much  atten¬ 
tion.  Jewelled  weapons  and  native  arms  were  among  the 
showiest  features  of  the  display.  A  collection  of  native  pottery 
and  metal  work,  lacquered  ware,  boxes  made  of  porcupine 
quills  and  sandal  wood,  some  magnificent  native  fans  inlaid 


392 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


with  ivory  and  precious  stones,  some  singular  drawings  in  mica, 
and  a  number  of  Hindoo  antiquities  were  also  to  be  found  in 
this  department.  Some  fine  India  carpets  were  displayed. 
Delhi  sent  some  handsome  embroidered  work,  and  Bombay  a 
rich  collection  of  jewels.  Along  the  sides  of  the  space  were 
photographs  of  scenes  in  India,  and  of  the  native  races  of  that 
country.  From  the  display  made  here  one  could  gather  a  fair 
idea  of  the  people  of  India  and  their  habits,  and  contrast  them 
with  those  of  other  lands.  This,  indeed,  was  supposed  to  be 


CARVED  EAST  INDIAN  FURNITURE,  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


the  main  object  of  the  intelligent  visitor,  and  the  various  com¬ 
missions  arranged  their  exhibits  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating 
this  study. 

The  Dominion  of  Canada. 

Canada  occupied  almost  as  much  space  as  the  mother  country. 
The  exhibit  was  made  under  the  direction  of  three  Commis¬ 
sioners  from  the  Dominion  and  one  from  each  of  the  Provinces. 
The  collection  was  made  up  of  articles  from  the  Provinces  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


393 


Quebec,  Ontario,  Manitoba,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and 
British  Columbia.  The  Dominion  contributed  the  sum  of 
$100,000  to  the  expenses  of  the  Exhibition,  and  the  Provinces 
an  equal  sum.  The  goods  were  displayed  in  neat  uniform 
walnut  cases,  but  little  expense  having  been  gone  to  on  this 
account. 

The  extent  and  variety  of  the  exhibition  of  Canadian  manu¬ 
factures  surprised  even  those  who  supposed  themselves  well 
versed  in  these  matters.  Cotton  and  woollen  goods,  hosiery, 
boots  and  shoes,  drugs  and  chemicals,  sewing  machines,  hard¬ 
ware,  saws,  pianos,  and  wearing  apparel  of  all  kinds,  were  dis¬ 
played  in  profusion  and  of  admirable  qualities.  The  leading 
ship-builders  on  the  coast  sent  models  of  the  vessels  they  have 
constructed,  and  Quebec  and  Toronto  sent  fine  specimens  of 
furniture.  The  Canadian  potters  sent  handsome  specimens  of 
stoneware,  which  they  claim  is  equal  to  the  best  Staffordshire 
ware;  and  from  Montreal  there  were  finely  wrought  marble 
mantels,  which  the  exhibitors  asserted  were  equal  in  quality  and 
workmanship  to  anything  produced  in  Italy.  A  large  display 
of  furs  was  made,  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  taking  the  lead 
in  this  respect. 

A  specialty  was  the  exhibit  of  the  geological  department,  in 
which  the  ores  and  petroleum  of  the  Dominion  were  most 
prominent.  A  lump  of  plumbago,  six  feet  by  four  in  size,  was 
exhibited.  It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  ever  mined.  New 
Brunswick  contributed  some  fine  specimens  of  red  granite.  A 
case  of  clothing  of  skins  ornamented  with  bead-work,  and 
articles  of  adornment  of  bead- work,  made  by  the  Indians  of 
Canada,  attracted  much  attention. 

The  Province  of  Ontario  displayed  with  great  pride  and 
minuteness  her  educational  system.  The  plan  adopted  was 
similar  to  that  of  the  States  of  the  American  Union,  and  no 
pains  were  spared  to  make  the  showing  complete.  Models  and 
drawings  of  the  principal  educational  establishments  were  ex¬ 
hibited,  together  with  the  text-books  used,  and  specimens  of  the 
pupils’  work.  A  handsome  collection  of  philosophical  ap¬ 
paratus  and  maps  was  embraced  in  the  exhibit. 


394 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Altogether  Canada  had  good  cause  to  be  satisfied  with  her 
display,  and  the  careful  observer  could  learn  much  that  was 
new  to  him  of  the  progress  of  our  northern  neighbor. 

The  British  Colonies. 

Of  the  space  allotted  to  the  dependencies  of  Great  Britain, 
Canada  had  three-sixths,  the  Australian  colonies  two-sixths, 
and  the  remainder  was  divided  among  the  African  and  American 
colonies. 

New  South  Wales. 

The  Australian  colonies  exhibited  many  interesting  objects. 
New  South  Wales,  which  lies  in  the  southeastern  portion  of 
that  continent,  endeavored  to  show  by  her  display  the  extent 
and  variety  of  her  resources.  Fine  photographs  of  Sidney,  the 
capital,  said  to  be  the  largest  ever  taken,  constituted  a  promi¬ 
nent  part  of  the  exhibit,  and  showed  to  the  visitor  what  a 
stately  city  has  grown  up  in  the  far-off  country  which  but  a 
generation  back  was  almost  unknown. 

The  exhibit  of  wool  was  very  large,  and  fairly  represented 
the  extent  and  importance  of  this  branch  of  Australian  industry. 
An  extensive  collection  of  mineral  specimens,  including  copper, 
antimony,  iron,  gold  and  kaolin,  was  shown,  among  which  was 
a  pyramid  formed  of  blocks  of  coal  and  samples  of  all  the  car¬ 
boniferous  specimens  discovered  in  the  country.  A  number  of 
lumps  of  tin  ore,  and  blocks  of  refined  tin,  showed  what  New 
Zealand  can  do  in  the  mining  of  this  metal,  and  a  lofty  obelisk 
of  gilt  showed  the  amount  of  gold  that  was  taken  from  the 
country  from  1851  to  1874,  which  was  8,205,232,598  ounces, 
valued  at  $167,949,355. 

Samples  of  silk  and  silk  cocoons,  and  a  number  of  specimens 
of  the  work  of  the  natives  of  the  country,  were  shown.  The 
fine  timber  which  forms  so  prominent  a  part  of  the  exports  of 
the  colony  was  shown  in  a  number  of  excellent  specimens  of 
sections  of  trees.  A  large  block  of  kerosene  shale  was  to  be 
seen,  from  which  the  kerosene  oil  used  in  the  colony  is  manu¬ 
factured. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


395 


The  whole  exhibit  was  deeply  interesting  and  instructive. 
It  was  arranged  with  great  care  and  judgment,  and  was  a  fair 
showing  of  the  resources  and  progress  of  the  country  it  repre¬ 
sented. 

Queensland. 

The  exhibit  from  Queensland  was  contained  in  an  enclosed 
apartment,  on  the  north  side  of  the  British  space,  immediately 
opposite  the  New  South  Wales  section.  It  was  in  charge  of 
Mr.  Angus  Mackay,  of  the  Queenslander  (the  leading  journal 
of  the  colony),  a  gentleman  who  has  identified  himself  closely 
with  the  progress  of  this  far-off  country.  It  was  in  all  respects 
one  of  the  most  interesting  in  the  building,  and  was  so  admirably 
arranged  that  it  could  not  fail  to  attract  throngs  of  inquiring 
and  appreciative  visitors.  Queensland  occupies  the  northwestern 
part  of  Australia,  and  is  a  rapidly-growing  and  thriving  colony. 
It  originally  formed  a  part  of  the  colony  of  New  South  Wales, 
but  was  separated  from  it  and  given  an  independent  administra¬ 
tion  some  years  ago. 

The  visitor’s  attention  was  at  once  drawn  to  a  tall  obelisk 
covered  with  gilt,  which  showed  the  amount  of  gold  exported 
from  Queensland  between  1868  and  1875.  It  was  sixty-five 
tons  forty-one  pounds  and  six  ounces,  and  was  valued  at  $35,- 
000,000.  A  fine  collection  of  gold-bearing  quartz  was  arranged 
around  this  obelisk.  The  collection  of  minerals  was  very  com¬ 
plete,  and  embraced  all  that  are  found  in  the  colony.  There 
were  specimens  of  tin,  copper,  arrowroot,  woods,  oils,  silk, 
timber  and  antimony.  The  production  of  tin  is  increasing  every 
year,  and  now  exceeds  that  of  gold.  Indeed,  the  principal  sup¬ 
ply  of  the  tin  used  by  the  civilized  world  is  now  drawn  from 
Queensland.  Several  lumps  of  copper  ore  were  exhibited, 
weighing  five  tons  in  the  aggregate,  and  twenty-two  different 
kinds  of  wood  were  shown.  The  botanical  collection  was  very 
rich.  Some  fine  native  sugars  were  exhibited,  and  the  display 
of  wool  was  large  and  of  an  excellent  quality.  A  case  of  native 
implements  and  clothing,  exhibiting  the  dress  and  habits  of  the 
native  Australian,  formed  an  interesting  part  of  the  collection. 
Black  wall  tablets  were  suspended  around  the  enclosure  showing 


396 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


the  mining,  grazing,  agricultural  and  geological  statistics  of  the 
colony,  and  below  these  was  an  extensive  array  of  paintings  and 
photographs  illustrative  of  the  country  and  its  inhabitants.  The 
whole  exhibit  was  so  arranged  that  the  colony  and  its  resources 
could  be  understood  almost  at  a  glance. 

Victoria. 

The  colony  of  Victoria  occupies  the  southeastern  corner  of 
Australia,  and  covers  an  area  of  about  88,198  square  miles.  It 
has  a  population  of  about  820,000.  The  capital  is  Melbourne, 
one  of  the  largest  cities  in  Australia.  It  is  better  provided  with 
railways  than  any  of  the  Australian  colonies,  and  its  people  are 
well  educated,  education  being  free,  secular,  and  compulsory. 

The  exhibit  of  this  colony  embraced  a  display  of  her  mineral 
resources,  including  fac-si miles  of  enormous  nuggets  of  gold 
found  in  her  rich  gold-fields;  a  classified  collection  of  rocks, 
minerals  and  fossils,  illustrative  of  the  geology,  mineralogy  and 
mining  resources  of  Victoria;  and  a  collection  of  gems  and 
precious  stones,  consisting  of  diamonds,  blue  sapphires,  oriental 
emeralds,  rubies,  aqua  marines,  topazes,  spinels,  beryls,  opals, 
garnets,  tourmalines,  etc.  A  number  of  specimens  of  chemical 
preparations  from  Australian  products  were  shown  in  this 
section,  and  the  display  of  home-made  pottery  is  excellent. 
Specimens  also  were  shown  of  the  manufactures  of  the  colony 
in  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  and  silk  threads  and  raw  silk  pro¬ 
duced  in  Victoria.  Samples  of  paper  made  from  different  barks 
were  shown,  also  a  collection  of  fine  photographs.  The  Austra¬ 
lian  climate  is  the  most  favorable  in  the  world  to  photography, 
and  all  the  specimens  from  that  continent  were  very  fine.  The 
grains  and  other  agricultural  products,  the  wools,  coffee  and 
native  wines,  were  also  well  displayed.  A  small  exhibit  was 
made  of  the  educational  system  of  the  colony,  and  also  of  the 
work  of  the  penal  institutions.  Around  the  walls  of  the  en¬ 
closure  were  hung  a  number  of  photographs  and  paintings  of 
places  and  scenery  in  Victoria. 


AQUARIUM,  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  RACINE  HARDWARE 


398 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


South  Australia. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Australian  colonies,  and 
lies  south  of  Queensland  and  west  of  New  South  Wales.  It 
comprises  an  area  of  914,730  square  miles,  about  one-third  the 
size  of  the  United  States,  and  has  a  population  of  210,699.  It 
is  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and  wealth.  Its  principal 
exports  are  wool,  wheat  and  copper.  The  exhibit  of  the  colony 
included  specimens  of  gold  quartz,  copper  ores,  iron  ores,  bis¬ 
muth  and  malachite,  olive  oil,  native  wines,  the  native  woods, 
barks,  grains,  and  other  vegetable  products,  wools  and  raw  silks. 
Articles  made  by  the  native  Australians  were  also  exhibited. 
Fine  photographs  of  Adelaide,  the  capital,  and  various  places 
in  South  Australia,  were  hung  around  the  enclosure. 

New  Zealand. 

The  colony  of  New  Zealand  consists  of  the  three  islands, 
known  as  the  North,  South,  and  Stewart  Islands,  and  the  several 
neighboring  small  islands,  all  of  which  lie  in  the  Pacific  ocean, 
to  the  southeast  of  Australia.  The  total  area  is  about  100,000 
square  miles  ;  the  population  about  299,514.  The  exhibit  of 
the  colony  was  not  very  large,  but  included  specimens  of  the 
ores — such  as  copper,  lead,  zinc,  manganese,  iron  and  coal — 
found  in  the  islands.  The  principal  feature  of  the  exhibit, 
however,  was  the  display  of  paintings  and  drawings  represent¬ 
ing  the  country  and  its  inhabitants;  the  models  of  its  public 
works  and  the  large  photographs  of  scenery  and  places  in  the 
colony.  There  was  also  an  interesting  collection  of  Maori 
weapons  and  implements. 

The  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

The  colony  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  comprises  an  area  of 
about  201,000  square  miles,  and  has  a  population  of  776,158, 
of  which  187,439  arc  whites.  The  arrangements  of  the  exhibit 
of  the  colony  were  exceptionally  good.  The  display  included 
some  rich  specimens  of  copper  ore,  black  oxide  of  manganese, 
diamonds,  saltpetre  and  coal ;  native  articles  of  dress ;  native 


400 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


jewelry  and  weapons;  specimens  of  the  wines  and  brandies 
made  in  the  colony ;  leather,  wool,  mohair,  agricultural  pro¬ 
ducts,  ivory,  skins,  and  specimens  of  the  birds  and  animals  of 
the  Cape.  Here  also  were  photographs  and  paintings  of  the 
scenery  of  the  country. 

The  Gold  Coast. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Gold  Coast  colony  was  small,  but  well 
arranged.  It  embraced  some  fine  specimens  of  gold  dust  and 
native  ornaments  of  gold;  skins  of  the  wild  animals  of  the 
African  coast ;  native  idols,  clothing,  weapons  and  other  articles. 

Jamaica. 

The  island  of  Jamaica  fitted  up  a  small  pavilion,  in  which 
it  displayed  its  favorite  rums  and  sugars,  its  coffee,  cotton, 
medicinal  barks,  hemp  and  native  woods. 

The  Bermudas. 

In  the  small  pavilion  appropriated  to  the  Bermuda  islands  a 
handsome  collection  was  gathered,  consisting  of  shells,  corals  of 
the  most  exquisite  forms,  palm-leaf  baskets,  mats  and  fans,  and 
native  woods. 

The  Bahamas. 

The  Bahama  islands  displayed  some  beautiful  specimens  of 
shell  work,  large  shells,  native  woods,  tobacco,  cotton  beeswax, 
and  tough  fibres  of  the  native  trees  of  the  islands. 

Trinidad. 

Trinidad’s  display  was  small,  and  consisted  mainly  of  speci¬ 
mens  of  the  agricultural  and  mineral  products  of  the  colony, 
and  a  number  of  samples  of  the  native  manufactures. 

British  Guiana. 

The  exhibit  of  this  colony  consisted  principally  of  sugars, 
rums  and  specimens  of  the  reptiles  found  in  the  colony. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


401 


Tasmania . 

The  collection  of  Tasmania  was  small,  but  interesting,  and 
represented  the  native  products,  the  mineral  and  the  agricultural 
resources  of  the  colony,  with  photographs  and  paintings  of 
scenes  and  places  in  the  island. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  the  British  display  was  larger  and  better 
than  that  at  Vienna,  and  the  colonies  made  an  exhibit  which 
was  gratifying  and  instructive  in  the  highest  degree. 


SfrlfTH.  FhIL  A  ■ 


THE  “  WARWICK  VASE,”  EXHIBITED  BY  GALLOWAY  &  GRAFF, 

IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 

France. 

The  space  occupied  by  France  lay  on  the  north  side  of  the 
building,  immediately  east  of  the  central  transept,  extending 
from  the  main  aisle  to  the  north  wall.  It  was  about  one-half  as 
large  as  the  space  assigned  to  Great  Britain.  The  section  was 
unenclosed,  and  the  cases  were  simple  but  perfectly  constructed. 
I  hey  were  invariably  painted  black,  with  ornamental  lines  of 
gilt,  and  with  the  names  of  the  exhibitors  above  in  gilt  letters. 
This  uniformity  and  simplicity  were  prescribed  by  M.  de 
26 


402 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


403 


Somerard,  the  Director-General  of  France,  for  all  International 
Exhibitions.  He  established  this  regulation  at  the  Paris  Ex¬ 
position  in  1867,  and  has  enforced  it  ever  since.  It  had  the 
good  result  of  preventing  persons  from  losing  sight  of  the 
beauty  and  excellence  of  the  goods  displayed  in  their  admira¬ 
tion  of  the  cases.  The  elegant  simplicity  of  the  French  Depart¬ 
ment  was  very  pleasing. 

The  principal  entrance  to  the  French  section  was  at  the  inter¬ 
section  of  the  main  aisle  with  the  central  transept,  opposite  the 
music  stand.  Here,  in  a  semi-circular  space,  was  a  collection  of 
exquisite  bronzes  and  articles  in  gilt  and  verd  antique,  exhibited 
by  Marchand  &  Co.,  of  Paris.  The  gem  of  the  whole  collec¬ 
tion  was  a  mantel-piece  of  black  marble  fifteen  feet  high, 
ornamented  with  statues  and  high  reliefs  in  gilt  and  verd  an¬ 
tique  bronze.  It  had  no  rival  in  the  Exhibition.  Back  of  the 
front  line  one  found  a  rich  and  beautiful  display  of  antique 
furniture,  cabinets,  etc.,  all  of  which  were  very  attractive,  and 
many  of  which  were  of  great  value  as  works  of  art. 

Close  by  was  the  display  of  porcelain  and  pottery.  This  was 
the  largest  portion  of  the  French  exhibit,  and  by  far  the  most 
attractive.  There  were  four  collections  of  porcelain  proper,  and 
six  of  faience  and  majolica.  The  porcelains  were  arranged 
along  the  central  transept,  and  faced  the  English  display  in 
friendly  defiance,  being  separated  from  it  only  by  the  broad 
walk.  In  this  department  France  is  absolutely  peerless  among 
the  nations  of  Europe,  and  the  rare  beauty  and  extent  of  her 
display  delighted  all  lovers  of  beautiful  objects.  The  famous 
house  of  Barbizet  &  Son,  of  Paris,  exhibited  a  number  of  their 
matchless  reproductions  of  Palissy  ware,  each  article  being 
worthy  of  careful  study.  Another  house  exhibited  only  works 
in  imitation  of  old  faience.  Jules  Houry  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  dis¬ 
played  a  collection  of  exquisite  china  and  faience,  and  some 
artistic  furniture.  Paul  Blot,  another  well-known  dealer,  had 
an  exhibit  of  the  most  delicate  and  beautiful  glassware  for  use 
and  ornament.  Pelletier  &  Son,  of  St.  Just  on  the  Loire,  showed 
some  rich  stained  glasses  for  windows ;  and  P.  J.  Broeard,  of 
Paris,  had  a  large  and  handsome  display  of  chandeliers  and 
mirrors,  arranged  wfith  exceptional  good  taste. 


404 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  front  line  along  the  main  aisle  was  taken  up  principally 
with  a  display  of  cloths,  cotton  goods,  silks,  velvets,  gloves, 
laces  and  wearing  apparel.  The  goods  displayed  in  this  depart¬ 
ment  were  exceedingly  beautiful,  and  the  exhibit  was  very 
large.  The  silks  and  velvets  were  displayed  in  cases  enclosing 
a  court,  in  which  the  exhibitors  provided  cushioned  seats,  that 
the  lady  visitors  might  examine  the  beautiful  fabrics  at  their 
ease.  The  variety  of  the  display  was  astonishing.  All 
the  great  manufacturers  of  Lyons  and  Paris  were  repre¬ 
sented,  and  each  exhausted  his  ingenuity  to  make  his  ex¬ 
hibit  as  beautiful  and  as  varied  as  possible.  Here  were  silks, 
velvets  and  satins,  ribbons  and  silk  threads  of  every  conceivable 
hue  and  texture.  The  eye  was  dazzled  by  the  brilliancy  of  the 
collection,  and  at  the  same  time  one  was  charmed  with  the  per¬ 
fect  good  taste  of  the  arrangement. 

The  clothing  department  was  also  extensive  and  included 
wearing  apparel  of  every  description.  Some  of  the  costumes 
for  ladies  were  superb,  and  were  not  excelled  by  any  in  the 
Exhibition.  They  were  displayed  upon  wax  figures,  and  were 
thus  seen  to  the  best  advantage.  Among  these  were  several 
magnificent  court  dresses,  which  were  the  delight  of  lady 
visitors.  The  display  of  laces  and  lace  fabrics  was  very  fine, 
and  was  also  quite  extensive.  The  collective  display  of  the 
lacemakers  of  the  department  of  Calvados  was  one  of  the  most 
complete  in  the  French  section,  and  in  it  were  a  number  of 
superb  lace  shawls  which  received,  as  they  deserved,  general 
admiration. 

Going  back  from  the  front  line,  near  the  western  end  of  the 
French  court,  we  found  a  handsome  display  of  Aubusson  tapes¬ 
tries,  worked  by  hand,  in  which  the  weaver  had  introduced  as 
many  as  three  thousand  shades  of  wool.  These  were  hung  prin¬ 
cipally  around  the  outer  walls  of  the  pavilion  of  the  French 
booksellers,  and  constituted  a  series  of  rich  and  beautiful 
ornaments.  They  were  woven  into  fine  pictures,  which  at  a  dis¬ 
tance  resembled  paintings,  and  the  shadings  were  as  delicate  and 
as  perfectly  laid  on  as  if  the  work  had  been  done  with  a  brush. 

Faffl  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  made  a  showy  display  of  statues  for 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  405 

churches,  of  painted  plaster.  The  centre  piece  was  a  group 
representing  the  Adoration  of  the  Infant  Saviour  by  the  Shep¬ 
herds  and  the  Wise  Men.  There  was  a  stable  of  boards,  with 
real  straw.  The  Holy  Child  lay  in  the  manger  and  at  either 
side  knelt  Mary  and  Joseph,  while  grouped  around  were  the 
shepherds  and  the  four  kings.  The  figures  were  about  two- 
thirds  life-size,  and  were  brilliantly  painted.  A  crowd  was 
always  gathered  about  the  space,  and  the  group  received  as  much 
notice,  perhaps,  as  anything  in  the  French  collection. 

Goupil  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  had  a  separate  enclosure  in  which 
were  displayed  their  famous  art  publications.  Many  of  these 
engravings  are  familiar  to  the  people  of  this  country,  having 
been  extensively  sold  by  the  agents  of  the  publishers  in  the 
United  States.  The  collection  was  very  fine,  and  showed  the 
art  of  steel  engraving  in  its  most  perfect  form. 

Opposite  this  enclosure  was  the  pavilion  of  the  Paris  book 
publishers.  Several  of  the  great  houses  were  represented. 
Hachette  &  Co.  showed  a  number  of  fine  illustrated  works,  in¬ 
cluding  Bida’s  beautiful  etchings  of  the  Four  Gospels.  An 
interesting  exhibit  was  also  made  of  educational  and  scientific 
works.  Ducher  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  exhibited  a  fine  collection  of 
works  on  architecture,  and  at  the  centre  of  the  pavilion  was  a 
superb  reproduction  of  an  oil  painting  in  colored  lithography. 

To  the  north  of  the  booksellers’  pavilion  were  a  number  of 
handsome  carriages,  made  principally  in  Paris.  They  were 
elegant  and  costly  vehicles,  and  were  fitted  up  in  the  most 
sumptuous  style.  Among  them  were  a  steam  velocipede  and 
two  velocipedes  worked  by  dog-power.  The  latter  were  sin¬ 
gular-looking  vehicles,  provided  with  three  immense  wheels,  one 
in  front  and  two  behind.  Between  the  hind  wheels  was  a  com¬ 
fortable  buggy  seat  for  the  convenience  of  the  rider.  The  two 
hind  wheels  were  made  of  light  iron  spokes,  extending  in  a 
double  row  from  the  hub  to  rim.  Between  these  rows  was  an 
inner  wheel  or  cage  of  stout  wire-work,  in  which  the  dog  was 
placed.  The  animal  thus  worked  a  sort  of  tread-mill,  which 
turned  the  larger  wheels  and  propelled  the  machine.  This 
singular  vehicle  is  known  as  the  Cynofere,  and  is  said  to  run 


f? 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


407 


well  on  smooth  surfaces.  In  the  carriage  department  was  also 
to  be  seen  a  handsome  array  of  trunks,  saddles  and  harness. 

Just  beyond  the  carriages  was  the  exhibit  of  cutlery.  This 
was  very  fine,  and  the  articles  were  beautifully  displayed,  but 
the  exhibit  was  not  equal  to  that  of  Great  Britain.  The  chem¬ 
ists  also  made  an  attractive  display,  and  beside  them  were  the 
glassmakers,  whose  collection  extended  up  to  the  central  tran¬ 
sept  and  for  some  distance  northward.  Conspicuous  among  the 
articles  exhibited  were  several  immense  sheets  of  plate  glass, 
which  towered  towards  the  roof.  They  were  said  to  be  the 
largest  specimens  of  plate  glass  in  the  world,  and  their  trans¬ 
portation  from  the  steamer  to  the  Exhibition  grounds  was 
effected  with  extreme  difficulty. 

Near  the  western  end  the  perfumers  made  a  capital  display 
of  their  wares,  but  did  not  dispense  them  to  the  public  as 
lavishly  as  did  the  exhibitors  in  the  same  line  in  the  American 
department. 

The  display  of  that  large  class  of  objects  known  on  the  con¬ 
tinent  of  Europe  as  Articles  de  Paris  was  extensive,  and  occupied 
a  very  considerable  part  of  the  French  space.  It  covered  a  wide 
range  of  articles,  and  may  be  said  to  have  included  every  object 
that  can  be  used  in  the  adornment  of  the  person  or  of  the  house. 
The  jewelry  was  a  notable  feature,  and  several  rich  exhibits 
were  made,  and  were  characterized  by  the  peculiar  loveliness 
and  originality  which  belongs  to  the  metropolis  of  European 
civilization.  The  list  embraced  bronzes,  clocks  of  original  and 
beautiful  design,  precious  stones,  fans  that  were  the  envy  of  all 
the  fair  visitors  who  looked  upon  them,  articles  in  ivory,  ebony, 
tortoise  shell,  crystal,  and  steel,  mantel  ornaments  and  a  thou¬ 
sand  other  beautiful  things  which  could  be  seen  and  enjoyed  in 
this  splendid  collection,  but  which  it  would  take  a  volume  to 
describe. 

The  department  of  engineering  and  architecture  included  a 
series  of  finely-executed  maps  and  plans  of  the  Suez  Canal,  a 
fine  model  of  the  steamship  “  Pereire,”  plying  between  New 
York  and  Havre,  and  a  number  of  maps  and  plans  and  finely- 
illustrated  works  and  reports  upon  subjects  belonging  to  this 
department. 


408 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  collection  of  scientific  and  philosophical  instruments  was 
excellent,  and  represented  the  best  work  of  the  best  makers. 
The  musical  instruments  were  chiefly  horns,  flutes,  violins  and 
music-boxes,  though  a  few  pianos  and  parlor  organs  were  in¬ 
cluded  in  the  collection. 

The  offices  of  the  French  Commission  were  in  the  gallery  to 
the  east  of  the  Roosevelt  organ. 


AQUARIUM,  EXHIBITED  BY  RACINE  HARDWARE  COMPANY. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


THE  MAIN  BUILDING — CONCLUDED. 

Germany — Location  of  the  German  Section — A  Superb  Display  of  Porcelain — 
Beautiful  Vases — Plate  Glass — Bronzes — The  Silks — Display  of  the  Elber- 
feld  Manufacturers — The  Ivory  Pavilion — The  Chemical  Display — The 
Velvet  Pagoda — The  Hospital  Department — Fine  Church  Decorations — 
Models  of  an  Ocean  Steamer — The  Book  Pavilion — The  Austrian  Court — 
Magnificent  Bohemian  Glass — The  Meerschaum  Pipes — Exquisite  Carvings 
— Vienna  Leather  Work — The  Italian  Court — Artistic  Wood  Carvings — 
Beautiful  Jewelry — Glassware  from  Venice — Belgium — Magnificent  Dis¬ 
play  of  Textile  Fabrics — Carved  Furniture — Fire-arms — A  Belgian  School 
and  Gymnasium — The  Lace  Court — Beautiful  Iron  Work — Pictures  in 
Tapestry — The  Netherlands — A  Grand  Display  of  the  Public  Works  of 
Holland — The  Woollen  Goods — Model  Farms — A  Dutch  Eating-house — 
Rare  and  Beautiful  Art  Works — Educational  .  Exhibit — The  Artisans’ 
School — Switzerland  in  Miniature — The  Watchmakers — Scientific  Instru¬ 
ments — The  Swiss  School  System — Rich  Laces — The  Wood  Carvers — 
Sweden — The  Peasant  Groups — Scenes  in  the  Home  Life  of  the  Swedes — 
A  Beautiful  Exhibit — Fine  Porcelains — The  Bessemer  Steelmakers — Dis¬ 
play  of  the  Swedish  Army — Norway — Peasant  Groups — The  Laplanders — 
A  Fine  Collection — The  Danish  Court — Etruscan  Imitations — Esquimaux 
Houses  and  Boats — The  Spanish  Pavilion — A  Beautiful  Structure — Rich 
Display  of  the  Resources  and  Wealth  of  Spain — Evidences  of  Spanish  In¬ 
dustry — The  Egyptian  Court — A  Rare  and  Beautiful  Display  from  the  Land 
of  the  Nile — The  Past  and  the  Present — A  Page  from  the  Arabian  Nights 
— Rich  Robes — Articles  from  Central  Africa — Egypt’s  Agricultural  Re¬ 
sources — The  Japanese  Court — A  Wonderful  Display — Superb  Bronzes — 
The  Lacquered  Ware — What  the  Island  Empire  Exhibits — The  Chinese 
Court — A  Beautiful  and  Curious  Display — Exhibit  of  the  Orange  Free 
State — Another  Sample  of  Dutch  Energy — The  Tunisian  Court — Eastern 
Magnificence — Display  of  the  Native  Products  and  Manufactures  of  Mexico 
— The  Brazilian  Pavilion — A  Superb  Edifice — The  Empire  of  Brazil  Illus¬ 
trated — Exhibit  of  the  other  South  American  States — Display  from  the 
Sandwich  Islands — The  Russian  Exhibit — Rich  and  Beautiful  Objects  from 
St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow — The  Portuguese  Court — A  Handsome  Collec¬ 
tion — Special  Portuguese  Features — The  Turkish  Court — The  Wonders  of 
the  Land  of  the  Sultan — The  Mineral  Annex — The  Carriage  Annex. 

409 


410 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Germany. 

IKE  her  neighbors,  England  and  France,  Germany  left 
'\A  her  space  unenclosed.  It  lay  on  the  west  side  of  the 
central  transept,  and  extended  from  the  main  aisle  to 
the  south  wall  of  the  building,  covering  a  little  more 
than  one-half  the  space  occupied  by  France.  The  dis- 


COFFEE  URN,  PRESENTED  BY  REED  &  BARTON  TO  THE  EMPEROR  OF  JAPAN. 


play  was  very  fine,  and  the  cases  in  which  it  was  contained 
were  more  varied  than  those  of  the  other  European  nations. 

The  principal  display,  and  the  most  beautiful  single  exhibit 
in  the  building,  was  made  by  the  Koyal  Prussian  Factory,  of 
Berlin.  It  stood  at  the  intersection  of  the  main  aisle  with  the 
central  transept,  and  faced  the  splendid  collection  of  Elkington 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


411 


&  Co.,  in  the  English  section,  the  rich  bronzes  and  porcelain 
of  the  French  section,  and  the  pavilion  of  the  jewellers  and 
silversmiths  in  the  American  department.  The  collection  of 
these  beautiful  objects  at  this  central  point  of  the  building 
rendered  it  by  far  the  most  attractive  portion  of  the  entire  hall. 
The  space  of  the  Royal  Prussian  Factory  was  occupied  by  a 
large  crescent-shaped  case,  covered  with  black  velvet  and  orna¬ 
mented  with  gilt  lines  and  bands.  At  each  end  of  the  case  was 
a  tall  column  of  ebony  and  gold,  surmounted  by  a  Prussian 
eagle  in  gilt.  On  the  shelves  of  the  case,  which  rose  one  above 
the  other,  was  collected  a  rare  and  beautiful  display  of  por¬ 
celain.  Vases,  cups  and  saucers,  plates,  statuettes,  busts,  and 
other  articles  of  the  most  exquisite  shapes,  ornamented  with  the 
most  delicate  and  carefully  executed  paintings,  were  gathered 
here.  Here  were  also  framed  paintings  on  flat  plates  of  por¬ 
celain,  each  of  which  was  worthy  of  the  most  careful  study. 
At  the  front  line  of  the  collection  stood  three  massive  vases,  its 
masterpieces,  which  were  not  equalled  in  the  Exhibition  for 
richness  of  decoration  or  the  artistic  merit  of  the  paintings  upon 
them.  The  largest  of  these  was  the  Germania  vase,  one  side 
of  which  was  decorated  with  a  painting  of  “  Germania  Culti¬ 
vating  the  Arts  and  Sciences,”  the  other  with  a  painting  of 
“Borussia,  the  Shield  and  Protectress  of  the  Empire.”  The 
price  of  this  vase  was  $5000.  Near  by  was  the  Aurora  vase, 
decorated  with  a  fine  copy  of  Guido’s  Aurora,  and  valued  at 
$4500.  The  third  was  the  Otho  vase,  of  dead  olive  green, 
with  a  painting  of  “Otho  in  the  Tomb  of  Charlemagne.”  It 
was  valued  at  $900.  A  handsome  centre  table  of  carved  oak, 
with  a  porcelain  top,  on  which  was  painted  a  copy  of  Raphael’s 
“Poetry,”  was  valued  at  $2200.  One  had  to  linger  long 
here  to  enjoy  and  appreciate  this  beautiful  display,  each  article 
of  which  was  a  study  in  itself.  The  Royal  Factory  was  the 
only  exhibitor  of  fine  porcelains.  The  German  exhibit  was 
not,  as  a  rule,  made  up  of  objects  of  beauty  simply;  it  was 
a  collection  of  all  the  important  industries  of  the  Fatherland, 
and  included  articles  in  daily  use  by  the  lower  as  well  as  the 
upper  classes. 


412 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Immediately  west  of  the  porcelain  exhibit,  along  the  front 
line,  was  a  fine  display  of  plate-glass,  and  beyond  this  was  the 
collective  exhibit  of  the  German  jewellers.  It  was  contained 
in  a  handsome  case,  and  included  many  objects  of  great  value 
and  beauty.  It  did  not  compete  with  the  exhibit  of  either  the 
United  States,  France,  or  England,  but  was  well  worthy  of 
examination.  The  cameos  and  enamels  were  very  good,  and 
the  oxidized  silver  caskets  were  very  pretty. 

Going  west  still,  along  the  front  line,  we  noticed  a  consider¬ 
able  collection  of  bronzes,  the  principal  object  of  which  was  a 
copy  of  the  monument  of  Frederick  the  Great  in  Unter  den 
Linden  at  Berlin.  Here  were  shields  and  swords  such  as 
might  have  been  used  by  some  of  the  stout  old  German  war¬ 
riors  centuries  ago,  and  a  number  of  kindred  pieces.  This 
collection  did  not  represent  the  best  school  of  German  art  at 
the  present  day. 

Still  going  west,  along  the  front  line,  we  came  to  the  collec¬ 
tive  display  of  the  toy-makers  of  Nuremberg.  They  were  of 
tin  and  wood,  and  were  contained  in  a  large  and  handsome 
case,  but  did  not  fairly  represent  the  extent  or  variety  of  the 
industry  which  employs  so  many  thousands  of  German  hands. 
Magdeburg  had  also  a  case  of  toys  exhibited  through  a  Phila¬ 
delphia  importer,  who  is  singularly  enough  named  Doll. 

Beyond  the  toys,  Gebbard  &  Co.,  of  Elberfeld,  made  a  fine 
display  of  rich  silks  and  satins  of  all  hues,  and  in  the  next  line 
of  cases  Saxony  displayed  her  hosiery,  her  yarns,  and  her  gloves 
in  thread,  wool  and  kid. 

Still  farther  west,  on  the  front  line,  was  the  collective  exhibit 
of  cloths  made  by  the  manufacturers  of  the  Rhine  land,  and 
beyond  this  Elberfeld  made  a  collective  exhibit  of  Italian  cloth 
and  tailors’  trimmings.  The  Elberfeld  manufacturers  con¬ 
tributed  a  considerable  part  of  the  display  of  textile  fabrics,  and 
their  goods  were  arranged  in  tall  and  large  cases,  well  filled  and 
tastefully  arranged.  A  prominent  feature  of  the  Elberfeld  col¬ 
lection  was  a  case  of  handsome  prints  illustrative  of  a  new  pro¬ 
cess  of  dyeing  goods. 

Nuremberg  had  a  space  on  the  front  line,  just  beyond  Elber- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


413 


feld,  in  which  she  showed  a  collection  of  fine  linens  and  dam¬ 
asks.  Close  by,  Saxony  had  a  sim¬ 
ilar  collection,  and  that  country 
brought  up  the  rear  of  the  German 
line  upon  the  main  aisle  with  an  at¬ 
tractive  exhibit  of  laces  and  em¬ 
broidery,  together  with  a  number  of 
illustrations  of  the  process  of  lace 
making. 

We  passed  now  from  the  front 
line  to  the  aisle  immediately  south  of 
it,  and  beginning  at  its  western  end, 
worked  our  way  eastward  again. 

We  first  noticed  some  specimens  of 
woven  wire  goods  from  Dresden, 
close  by  which  was  a  handsome  dis¬ 
play  of  woollen  articles  from  Berlin. 

The  next  prominent  object  was  a 
tall  and  elaborate  ebony  show-case 
ornamented  with  ivory — one  of  the 
most  unique  and  attractive  structures 
in  the  building.  It  contained  a 
beautiful  exhibit  of  ivory  articles 
by  Heinrich  Meyer,  of  Hamburg, 
showing  the  different  uses  to  which 
that  substance  is  put.  To  the  east 
of  this  was  a  handsome  case  contain¬ 
ing  the  collective  display  of  the 
Bavarian  makers  of  metal  leaf  and 
bronze  colors.  Gold  and  silver  leaf 
were  shown  here  in  great  variety, 
and  the  powders  of  these  metals ,, 

.  “  PSYCHE.  FIGURE  IN  TERRA- 

were  contained  in  a  number  of  glass  cotta,  exhibited  by  gallo- 

CUpS.  WAY  &  GRAFF,  IN  THE  MAIN 

A  pyramid  of  printing  inks  stood  BUILDING- 
at  the  eastern  end  of  the  aisle,  and  above  and  below  it  two  of 
the  Farinas,  both  hailing  from  the  bad-smelling  city  of 
Cologne,  exhibited  their  perfumes. 


414 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Turning  southward  we  found  a  number  of  cases  along  the 
central  transept  devoted  to  the  collective  exhibit  of  the  German 
manufacturing  chemists.  The  preparations  displayed  were  ex¬ 
ceedingly  interesting,  and  were  among  the  best  of  their  class  in 
the  Exhibition.  The  display  was  very  large,  and  prominent  in 
it  was  the  case  of  fine  Aniline  dyes  exhibited  by  a  Berlin  house. 
A  large  case  of  ultramarine  from  Nuremberg  stood  at  the 
western  end  of  the  chemical  exhibit,  and  attracted  much  at¬ 
tention. 

Going  west  from  the  chemicals,  we  noticed  a  fine  collection  of 
lamps  and  lanterns  from  Leipzig,  among  which  a  number  of 
Chinese  lanterns  made  a  good  show.  Beyond  this  was  a  tall 
pagoda  constructed  of  velvet,  gilt,  and  glass,  containing  a 
beautifully  arranged  display  of  brilliant-hued  fabrics  of  cotton- 
velvet  from  Linden,  in  Hanover.  At  the  lower  part  of  the 
pagoda  were  a  number  of  small  drawers  containing  samples  of 
the  goods  displayed  above,  which  could  be  opened  for  the  ex¬ 
amination  of  the  samples.  Opposite  this  pagoda  was  a  beautiful 
collection  of  Berlin  worsteds  and  wools  of  the  most  exquisite 
shades  arranged  in  an  attractive  and  artistic  manner. 

We  now  reached  the  western  end  of  the  German  exhibit  once 
more,  and  turning  southward  entered  the  department  of  musical 
instruments.  The  display  of  brass,  reed,  and  stringed  instru¬ 
ments  was  quite  large.  Adjoining  it  on  the  east  was  a  con¬ 
siderable  exhibit  of  German  pianos.  They  were  mostly  in  cases 
of  ebony,  some  of  which  were  richly  carved.  A  number  of  the 
leading  piano-makers  of  Germany  were  represented,  but  scarcely 
any  effort  was  made  to  compete  with  America  in  this  line.  The 
square  form  of  piano  was  conspicuously  absent.  It  is  not  used 
now  in  Europe,  and  the  cases  in  this  collection  were  either 
upright  or  of  the  “  grand  ”  form.  Two  makers  exhibited  cabinet 
organs,  and  one  a  large  pipe  organ.  Several  orchestrions  were 
also  included  in  the  collection. 

Close  by  were  the  scientific  and  philosophical  instruments, 
the  leading  makers  of  Germany  being  represented.  In  the  rear 
of  this,  against  the  southern  wall,  was  the  collection  of  appli¬ 
ances  illustrating  the  hospital  system  of  the  German  army.  It 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


415 


included  litters,  ambulances,  camp-beds,  models  of  hospitals  and 
of  railway  hospital  trains,  and  a  figure  showing  the  dress  and 
equipment  of  the  brethren  of  the  Geneva  convention.  There 
were  all  sorts  of  surgical  appliances,  and  books  of  instruction 
and  photographs  of  various  surgical  operations.  The  whole 
system  of  German  military  surgery  and  hospital  management 
was  well  shown  in  this  little  corner  which  stood  by  itself. 

Beyond  the  hospital  department  was  a  tower  clock  exhibited 
by  a  firm  from  Hoyerswerda,  in  Upper  Lansitz.  The  bell  was 
so  arranged  that  it  could  be  rung  in  the  usual  style,  and  was 
handsomely  chased. 

Adjoining  this  was  the  collective  display  of  the  clock-makers 
of  the  Black  Forest.  It  was  large  and  attractive,  aud  included 
musical  clocks,  and  the  small 
time-pieces  which  are  a  spe¬ 
cialty  of  this  part  of  Germany. 

Some  of  the  clock  cases  were 
finely  carved  and  very  beautiful. 

To  the  east  of  the  piano  de¬ 
partment,  a  Munich  house  ex¬ 
hibited  a  large  collection  of 
church  ornaments  and  figures 
of  the  Madonna  and  the  saints. 

The  collection  included  a 
“  Christ  on  the  Cross/’  “aChrist B0WL  presented  by  reed  &  barton 
in  the  Sepulchre,”  and  a  con-  T°  THE  EMPER0R  0F  JAPAN* 
siderable  number  of' “Virgins”  and  saints.  Each  figure  was  gayly 
painted,  and  each  was  ticketed  with  its  price  in  true  business 
style.  The  Madonnas  were  rather  better  than  is  usually  found 
in  work  of  this  class,  and  their  expression  was  singularly  sweet 
and  winning.  The  collection  also  included  a  large  altar  in  oak, 
with  numerous  niches  containing  figures  and  painted  panels. 
It  was  a  brilliant  work,  and  was  valued  at  $3000  gold. 

Immediately  south  of  this  collection,  and  near  the  entrance 
to  the  “  Ladies’  room,”  the  Hamburgh  Steamship  Company 
exhibited  two  models  of  the  “  Frisia,”  one  of  their  largest  and 
best  steamers.  One  of  these  showed  the  vessel  complete  in  every 


416 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


detail ;  the  other  is  a  longitudinal  section  and  showed  the  interior 
construction  of  the  vessel  from  keel  to  deck.  The  two  models 
were  admirably  executed,  and  showed  perfectly  the  construction 
and  equipment  of  a  first-class  ocean  steamer. 

Opposite  these  models  was  a  handsome  case  containing  a 
fine  display  of  lead  pencils,  crayons,  and  colors  by  the  well- 
known  manufacturer,  A.  W.  Faber,  of  Nuremberg.  The  next 
case  was  that  of  his  great  rival,  Schwanhausser,  of  Nuremberg, 
who  also  made  an  elaborate  display. 

We  came  now  to  the  handsome  pavilion  containing  the  collec¬ 
tive  exhibit  of  the  German  booksellers.  It  stood  at  the  south 
side  of  the  German  section,  in  front  of  the  CafiS  Leland,  and  was 
black,  with  ornamental  gilt  lines  and  mouldings.  The  cases 
were  arranged  around  the  outer  walls,  and  upon  entering  through 
either  of  the  four  portals  the  visitor  found  himself  in  the  midst 
of  a  display  of  books  to  which  the  array  on  the  outer  side  was 
but  an  introduction.  The  exhibit  was  very  extensive  and  very 
complete,  and  was  the  only  thing  in  the  building  that  could 
rival  the  display  of  the  American  book  trade.  All  the  leading 
German  publishers  were  represented,  Leipzig  and  Berlin  con¬ 
tributing  the  greater  part  of  the  collection.  The  collection  was 
miscellaneous  in  its  character.  Some  superb  illustrated  works 
were  to  be  seen  here,  and  a  number  of  costly  and  valuable 
atlases.  The  collection  was  open  to  the  inspection  of  visitors 
upon  application  to  the  official  in  charge. 

The  display  of  leather  goods  was  large  and  excellent.  Leip¬ 
zig  sent  some  elegant  furs ;  Stuttgart  many  specimens  of  inlaid 
wood  work,  and  some  fine  furniture  in  ebony  and  oak;  and 
Dresden  some  handsome  furniture  from  the  establishment  of 
the  Royal  Saxon  Cabinet-maker. 

Austria-Hungary. 

The  Austrian  section  lay  along  the  main  aisle,  and  adjoined 
that  of  the  German  empire  on  the  west.  Like  the  German 
section  it  was  unenclosed.  It  was  handsome  in  many  respects, 
and  much  resembled  the  display  from  Germany,  but  could  not, 
on  the  whole,  be  considered  a  fair  showing  of  the  great  indus- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


417 


tries  of  the  Austrian  empire.  Hungary  was  scarcely  repre¬ 
sented  at  all.  The  Hungarians  were  anxious  at  first  to  send  a 
complete  national  representation  of  their  country  to  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion,  but  their  enthusiasm  was  suddenly  destroyed  by  the  deci¬ 
sion  of  the  government  at  Pesth  not  to  make  a  separate  national 
exhibit. 

Commencing  at  the  west  end  of  the  front  line  we  noticed  a 
fine  display  of  cut  and  stained  glass.  There  were  other  cases  of 
fine  glassware  at  other  points  along  the  front  line,  and  these,  as 
was  proper,  were  arranged  as  conspicuously  as  possible.  The 
glassware  was  mostly  from  Bohemia,  and  constituted  one  of  the 
largest  portions  of  the  Austrian  exhibit.  It  was  arranged  on 
broad  counters  with  mirror  tops,  and  made  a  brilliant  and 
attractive  show.  It  was  of  the  finest  and  most  delicate  quality, 
and  was  beautifully  ornamented.  The  colors  were  of  the  rarest 
hues,  and  were  superior  to  anything  of  the  kind  to  be  seen  in 
the  building.  A  rich  ruby  tint  overlaid  with  golden  vines  was 
one  of  the  favorite  and  most  beautiful  colors ;  another  was  a 
clear  heavenly  blue  through  which  a  ruddy  light  resembling 
the  glow  of  the  setting  sun  seemed  to  shine  steadily.  The  con¬ 
trast  between  these  rich  hues  and  the  clear  crystalline  glass 
which  gleamed  like  a  mass  of  diamonds  was  very  striking. 

The  next  display  along  the  front  line  was  of  work  in  amber 
and  meerschaum.  Austria  has  no  rival  in  this  class  of  work. 
The  amber  specimens  were  principally  mouth-pieces  for  pipe- 
stems,  and  the  meerschaum  work  consisted  chiefly  of  ornamental 
pipes,  which  were  often  very  artistic  and  of  great  variety. 
They  represented  heads  of  famous  personages,  types  of  the 
various  races  and  nationalities  of  Europe,  and  animals,  birds 
and  fishes  in  the  simpler  styles,  while  the  more  elaborate  had 
bowls  richly  carved  with  hunting  or  historical  scenes  or  comic 
representations  of  episodes  in  domestic  life. 

Each  of  the  pipes  was  a  handsome  collection  of  porcelain. 
It  was  attractive,  but  could  not  compare  with  the  neighboring 
exhibits  in  this  line.  Continuing  on  our  way  we  noticed  some 
handsome  laces  which  attracted  considerable  attention. 

This  brought  us  to  the  German  section,,  and  we  turned  off  to 
27 


418 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  southward  and  noticed  the  extensive  display  of  gloves  of 
kid  and  leather  which  came  principally  from  Prague.  Close 
by  were  the  displays  of  the  Vienna  manufactures  of  articles 
in  Russia  leather.  They  consisted  of  albums,  portemonnaies, 
mirror-frames,  caskets,  diaries,  and  other  articles  for  household 
adornment  or  personal  use.  This,  as  all  travellers  know,  is  a 
great  Viennese  industry.  It  was  largely  represented  here,  and 
the  articles  attracted  general  attention  by  their  richness  and 
beauty.  Another  specialty  of  Viennese  industry  is  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  dress  buttons,  and  these  were  extensively  and  hand¬ 
somely  shown  here.  The  display  of  cloths  was  principally 
from  Moravia,  and  was  well  worth  examination,  but  did  not 
fairly  represent  the  great  Moravian  industry.  The  si lk- weavers 
of  Vienna  had  a  large  and  handsome  exhibit  tastefully  arranged 
in  rich  cases  of  ebony  and  gold.  The  exhibit  of  jewelry  was 
small,  but  contained  some  beautiful  ornaments  and  some  fine 
precious  stones.  A  Vienna  house  showed  some  pretty  orna¬ 
ments  of  mother-of-pearl,  and  one  from  Prague  some  splendid 
garnets.  In  the  furniture  department  there  were  a  number  of 
iron  and  bent  wood  sets  worthy  of  notice.  The  display  of 
musical  instruments  was  large  and  showy;  and  the  scientific 
and  philosophical  instrument  makers  made  a  creditable  exhibit. 
The  carpets  shown  did  not  compare  with  either  England, 
France,  or  the  United  States,  but  were  very  good. 

A  considerable  section  was  devoted  to  a  display  of  books, 
paper,  lithographs,  and  photographs.  The  principal  feature  of 
this  was  the  collective  exhibit  of  engineering  and  architectural 
photographs,  models,  designs,  and  reports. 

Italy. 

The  Italian  section  occupied  the  west  end  of  the  Main  Build¬ 
ing,  and  lay  north  of  the  main  aisle.  The  space  was  enclosed 
with  a  light  frame-work,  with  three  tasteful  arches  fronting  on 
the  main  aisle.  Over  the  central  arch  rose  a  shield  bearing  the 
white  cross  of  Savoy  surmounted  by  a  trophy  of  national  flags, 
and  above  each  of  the  other  arches  was  a  shield  with  the  arms 
of  the  kingdom  and  a  trophy  of  flags.  A  tall  flag-stalf  rose 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


419 


from  each  end  of  the  entrance  bearing  a  banner.  The  banner 
at  the  eastern  end  was  inscribed  with  the  proud  legend,  “  Italy 
United  Forever;”  that  on  the  west  bore  the  inscription,  “To 
the  Great  Italian  Navigator,  Christopher  Columbus.” 

Entering  the  enclosure  we  noticed  first  a  collection  of  fine 
bronzes,  some  of  which  were  half  life-size,  and  were  reproduc¬ 
tions  of  ancient  works  of  art.  Beside  them  was  a  considerable 
display  of  furniture.  Some  of  the  pieces  were  heavy  and  elabo¬ 
rately  carved.  A  prominent  object  was  an  Episcopal  chair  and 
desk  carved  in  a  masterly  manner  with  the  heads  of  cherubs, 
and  scenes  from  the  Scriptures.  An  elaborately  carved  bed,  a 
bookcase,  and  mantel  were  also  worthy  of  careful  examination. 
Venice  had  a  case  of  cherubs  carved  in  wood,  which  were  very 
pretty.  Milan  had  a  number  of  inlaid  tables,  ornamented  with 
exquisite  pictures  in  papier-mache.  One  of  these  represented 
the  Milan  Cathedral,  and  another  St.  Mark’s,  at  Venice. 

The  display  of  wood  carvings  was  very  fine.  The  gem  of 
this  collection  was  a  mirror-frame,  in  dark,  rich  wood,  with  a 
troop  of  chubby  children  dancing  around  it. 

The  exhibit  of  jewelry  was  not  large,  but  contained  many 
handsome  and  valuable  objects.  Olivieri,  of  Venice,  sent  some 
fine  corals,  and  Salvo  &  Sons,  of  Genoa,  displayed  a  collection 
of  ornaments  in  filigree  and  gold.  Francatti  &  Santamaria,  of 
Rome,  exhibited  a  case  of  rare  and  beautiful  cameos  and  Floren¬ 
tine  mosaics.  Pio  Siotto,  of  Rome,  exhibited  a  case  of  cameos, 
showing  the  various  stages  of  cameo-cutting,  from  the  shell  to 
the  completed  gem.  In  this  collection  were  some  of  the  finest 
cameos  in  the  Italian  exhibit. 

Venice  sent  a  number  of  exquisite  specimens  of  her  glass¬ 
ware,  and  also  some  beautiful  mosaics  and  corals.  A  promi¬ 
nent  feature  of  this  collection  consisted  of  the  handsome  mirrors 
of  all  sizes,  which  were  in  the  best  style  of  Venetian  workman¬ 
ship.  There  was  a  pretty  exhibit  of  pottery  and  majolica  ware. 
It  was  not  very  large,  but  was  very  attractive.  Alongside  of 
it  were  a  number  of  statues,  statuettes  and  busts  in  terra-cotta 
and  baked  clay. 

Milan,  Modena,  Turin,  Rome,  Palermo  and  Lucca,  sent  a 


420 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


fine  collection  of  raw  and  spun  silks  and  silk  goods,  and  Tuscany 
sent  a  creditable  display  of  her  world-renowned  straw  goods. 

A  conspicuous  object  near  the  centre  of  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Italian  section  was  a  large  bell  made  in  Venice  and  delicately 
chased.  It  has  been  exhibited  at  all  the  recent  International 
Exhibitions,  and  has  always  taken  a  medal.  A  good  showing 
was  made  of  musical  instruments.  Italy  also  sent  a  fair  con¬ 
tribution  of  the  plainer  and  more  necessary  articles  of  household 
use,  showing  that  her  genius  is  being  directed  towards  the  more 
prosaic  as  well  as  to  the  fine  arts. 

Along  the  northern  end  the  photographers  made  their  dis¬ 
play,  exhibiting,  among  other  pictures,  a  number  of  rich  “  moon¬ 
light  effects.”  Here  was  a  large  map  showing  Garibaldi’s  plan 
for  improving  the  navigation  of  the  Tiber  and  draining  the 
marshes  of  the  Campagna,  and  fronting  this  was  a  statue  in 
plaster  of  the  “  Liberator  of  Italy.” 

Belgium. 

The  busiest  country  in  Europe  was  well  represented  in  the 
Exhibition.  The  Belgian  section  lay  immediately  west  of  the 
Brazilian  court,  and  north  of  the  main  aisle.  It  was  unenclosed, 
but  was  conspicuous  from  the  elegance  of  the  cases  with  which 
it  was  lined  and  the  beauty  and  systematic  arrangement  of  the 
goods  displayed.  Along  the  front  line  the  glass-makers  had  the 
post  of  honor.  A  number  of  cases  were  filled  with  handsome 
specimens  of  plate  and  colored  glass,  and  several  immense  oval 
and  rectangular  mirrors  stood  towering  to  the  ceiling  at  the  very 
front  of  the  section.  The  glass  exhibit  was  very  fine,  and  was 
richly  worth  examination. 

At  the  western  end  of  the  front  line  stood  a  large  wooden 
pulpit  elaborately  and  beautifully  carved  with  scenes  in  the 
life  of  our  Saviour  and  figures  of  the  saints.  It  was  sur¬ 
mounted  by  a  canopy,  ornamented  with  angels  sounding  their 
trumpets.  It  was  admirable  for  the  art  as  well  as  the  workman¬ 
ship  displayed. 

Back  of  the  front  line  we  entered  a  region  devoted  to  cloths 
and  woollen  fabrics,  of  which  a  large  and  excellent  exhibit 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


421 


was  made.  Verviers  sent  her  best  products,  and  offered  a 
sharp  competition  to  both  France  and  England  in  this  depart¬ 
ment  The  manufacturers  of  this  place  made  a  collective 
exhibit.  Close  by  were  the  ebony  and  gilt  cases  filled  with 
snowy  linens  from  Brussels.  The  skill  and  artistic  taste  of 


the  Belgian  wood-carvers  was 
shown  in  a  collection  of 
carved  furniture  and  a  massive 
mantelpiece,  and  in  some  excel¬ 
lent  statues  of  this  material. 

Although  the  most  peaceful 
country  of  Europe,  Belgium  is 
largely  engaged  in  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  fire-arms,  and  con¬ 
sequently  her  display  was  ex¬ 
tensive  and  valuable,  and  those 
interested  in  military  matters 
found  ample  opportunity  for 
the  gratification  of  their  curi¬ 
osity.  Not  far  from  the  arms 
exhibit,  the  city  of  Ghent  made 
a  curious  display,  consisting  of 
rags  and  waste  papers  assorted 
in  rows  of  glass  boxes,  with  this 
motto  on  the  case:  Colligite 
fragmenta  nepereant  (“Gather 
up  the  fragments,  that  nothing 
may  be  lost”). 

Near  the  centre  of  her  section 
Belgium  displayed  a  model  of 
one  of  her  public  schools.  The 
building  was  about  twenty  feet 


TERRA-COTTA  VASE,  EXHIBITED  BY 
GALLOWAY  &  GRAFF,  IN  THE  MAIN 
BUILDING. 


in  height,  was  constructed  of  native  pine,  and  was  divided  into 
several  apartments.  Entering  at  the  principal  door,  we  found 
ourselves  in  a  small  hall  provided  with  washing  apparatus, 
towels,  and  a  row  of  pegs  for  hats  and  coats.  A  door  at  the  end 


of  this  hall  admitted  us  to  the  school-room,  which  was  furnished 


422 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


with  rows  of  desks  and  seats  for  the  pupils,  a  platform  and  desk 
for  the  master,  a  tall  stove,  a  clock,  and  a  crucifix.  Blackboards 
and  all  the  apparatus  used  in  the  school  were  grouped  about  the 
room,  and  specimens  of  the  text-books  used  and  a  schedule  of 
the  course  pursued  were  exhibited.  At  the  front  end  of  the 
room  a  door  led  into  the  gymnasium,  in  which  was  a  small 
model  of  this  department.  The  school  was  admirably  arranged, 
and  gave  one  a  clear  and  comprehensive  understanding  of  the 
system  of  primary  education  in  Belgium. 

Close  by  the  school-house  were  some  marble  mantels  of  beau¬ 
tiful  workmanship.  They  were  in  both  white  and  colored  marble. 
We  noticed  here,  also,  a  number  of  marble  slabs,  on  which  some 
curious  landscapes  and  figures  were  etched  with  aqua-fortis. 

There  was  a  handsome  pavilion  devoted  to  the  purpose  of 
advertising  the  waters  of  the  Spa.  A  fine  display  was  made  of 
articles  of  embossed  leather,  a  number  of  paintings  upon  wood, 
jewelry,  priests’  vestments  of  cloth  of  gold  embroidered  with 
silk,  and  fancy  articles. 

A  small  court  was  formed  of  the  cases  containing  the  laces  of 
Brussels  and  Mechlin.  The  display  was  large  and  magnificent, 
and  excelled  anything  of  the  kind  in  the  building.  The  fabrics 
were  of  an  infinite  variety  in  form  and  texture,  and  ranged  from 
the  most  delicate  laces  to  curtains  heavy  with  embroideries. 
Look  where  you  would  the  eye  rested  upon  some  beautiful  object 
in  this  court,  and  you  could  but  wonder  at  the  patience  with 
which  so  many  women  had  worked  their  lives  into  these  fabrics. 

An  excellent  display  of  books  and  scientific  and  philosophical 
apparatus  was  made,  and  musical  instruments  formed  a  small 
part  of  the  exhibit  of  the  “republican  kingdom.” 

The  iron  and  steel  exhibit  was  not  entirely  satisfactory.  It 
consisted  of  a  few  car  wheels,  a  small  display  of  bar-iron,  and 
principally  of  small  sections  of  rail  bars,  steel  ingots,  and  iron 
girders  for  bridges.  It  did  not  fairly  represent  the  magnitude 
or  variety  of  this  great  branch  of  Belgian  industry,  and  gave 
us  no  idea  of  the  great  works  produced  by  the  Belgian  manu¬ 
facturers.  We  noticed,  however,  two  doors  of  iron  wrought  in 
vines  and  flowers,  which  were  worthy  to  have  been  the  work  of 
the  Florentine  iron-workers  of  the  middle  ages. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


423 


An  exhibit  was  made,  close  by  the  iron,  of  liquors  and  cor¬ 
dials  manufactured  in  the  kingdom. 

At  the  upper  end  of  the  section  were  a  number  of  beautiful 
tapestries  from  Malines,  equal  in  beauty  and  workmanship  to 
those  we  have  noticed  in  our  account  of  the  French  exhibit. 
One  of  them  was  a  portrait  of  Rubens ;  another  a  portrait  of 
Cousin  in  Arabian  costume;  and  a  third  a  full-length  painting 
in  the  style  of  Louis  XVI.  Eight  panels,  grouped  together, 
represented  the  eight  gods  of  Olympus,  with  all  their  attributes. 

The  Netherlands. 

The  Dutch  section  lay  on  the  north  side  of  the  main  aisle, 
between  the  Brazilian  and  Mexican  courts.  It  was  one  of  the 
most  ornamental  in  the  building,  and  was  enclosed  with  a  light 
arched  frame-work,  painted  in  cream-color  and  gold,  and  hung 
with  heavily  draped  curtains  of  maroon-colored  velvet.  There 
were  three  entrances  in  the  front  line  and  several  at  the  sides. 
Over  the  central  entrance  was  a  trophy  of  the  national  colors 
and  the  arms  of  the  kingdom  in  gold.  The  entrance  on  the  east 
side  of  the  central  arch  led  to  the  exhibit  of  the  colonies  of 
Holland,  and  that  on  the  west  of  the  central  arch  to  the  depart¬ 
ment  of  public  works.  Holland  made  a  larger  and  better  ar¬ 
ranged  display  here  than  she  did  at  Vienna,  and  her  various 
industries  and  the  energy  and  skill  of  her  people  were  shown  in 
the  most  favorable  light. 

One  naturally  turned  first  to  the  department  of  public 
works,  not  only  because  of  the  imposing  display  which  it  made, 
but  because  it  is  to  the  patient  and  skilful  labor  of  her  people 
in  this  department  that  Holland  owes  her  existence  among  the 
nations  of  the  earth.  In  this  section  a  number  of  finely  exe¬ 
cuted  plans,  models  and  photographs  were  shown,  from  which 
one  could  learn  how  the  work  of  reclaiming  land  from  the 
ocean  is  carried  on,  and  can  gain  a  clear  knowledge  of  the 
system  by  which  the  little  kingdom  is  protected  from  the  in¬ 
roads  of  the  sea,  a  work  which  requires  ceaseless  vigilance  and 
the  most  intelligent  labor.  Models  were  exhibited  which 
showed  at  a  glance  the  change  that  has  been  made  in  the  surface 


424 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


of  the  kingdom,  and  from  the  study  of  these  we  could  well  un¬ 
derstand  how  it  was  possible  for  the  desolate  marshes  of  the 
North  Sea  to  become  one  of  the  busiest,  richest  and  most  intel¬ 
ligent  countries  of  Europe.  The  energy  and  intelligence  that 
could  conquer  the  elements  and  make  a  home  in  the  face  of  such 
obstacles  is  capable  of  anything.  The  docks,  railroads,  bridges 
and  other  public  works  of  the  kingdom  were  shown  by  a  series 
of  photographs,  drawings  and  models.  Indeed  so  complete  was 
the  display  of  these  illustrations  that  a  few  hours  spent  in 
examination  of  them  could  not  fail  to  make  the  visitor  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  and  give  him  a  profound  respect  for  the  little 
kingdom  and  its  sturdy  people.  Holland  justly  devoted  con¬ 
siderable  space  to  this  department,  for  in  no  other  way  could 
she  so  thoroughly  show  her  triumphs  in  the  work  of  civili¬ 
zation. 

Passing  out  of  the  department  of  public  works  into  the 
general  exhibit  of  the  kingdom,  we  noticed  near  the  entrance 
some  beautiful  specimens  of  inlaid  furniture.  One  of  these  was 
a  screen  decorated  with  scenes  from  Faust,  in  papier-mache. 
Close  by  was  a  display  of  lacquered  ware,  as  handsome  and  as 
well  executed  as  anything  in  the  Japanese  exhibit. 

Delft  sent  a  fine  collection  of  carpets  woven  each  in  a  single 
piece,  in  imitation  of  the  Smyrna  carpets,  and  softer,  thicker 
and  richer  in  color  than  those  famous  fabrics.  Alongside  of 
these  was  a  collection  of  fine  blankets,  some  of  which  were 
nearly  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  all  as  soft  and  delicate  as  down. 
With  them  were  displayed  coverlets,  thickly  wadded  and  deli¬ 
cately  quilted,  which  were  the  housewife’s  delight.  The  display 
of  woollen  and  cotton  cloths,  of  mattings  and  nettings,  was 
also  exceptionally  good.  Jute  goods  formed  a  specialty  of  this 
collection. 

Just  back  of  this  display  was  a  queer  hand  fire-engine,  set  on 
little  wheels  and  requiring  sixteen  men  to  work  it.  One  could 
but  smile  at  the  contrast  between  this  old-fashioned  machine 
and  the  splendid  “  steamers  ”  on  exhibition  in  our  own  depart¬ 
ment  in  Machinery  Hall. 

The  Dutch  army  exhibited  samples  of  the  fire-arms  used  by 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


425 


it ;  and  to  make  the  display  truly  national  a  manufacturer  sent 
a  case  of  the  long-stemmed  pipe  which  is  the  inseparable  com¬ 
panion  of  the  Dutchman.  Close  by  was  a  fine  display  of  chem¬ 
icals;  and  near  this  we  noticed  a  number  of  excellent  specimens 
of  wood-graining.  A  collection  of  tiles  and  oil-cloths  was  also 
shown,  in  which  the  different  marbles  and  woods  were  perfectly 
imitated.  The  collections  of  glassware  and  of  iron  and  tinware 
were  good,  and  near  them  were  several  of  the  immense  covered 
wicker  bathing-chairs  familiar  to  those  who  have  visited  the 
seashore  resorts  of  Holland. 

The  agricultural  system  of  the  kingdom  was  displayed  by  the 
exhibition  of  a  model  farm  in  miniature.  It  was  no  doubt  well 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  country,  but  showed  few  details  that 
our  own  farmers  will  care  to  copy.  A  number  of  plaster  casts 
of  disjecta  membra  of  cattle  afflicted  by  the  plague  were  also 
shown.  A  number  of  models  of  Dutch  houses  were  exhibited, 
among  which  was  the  model  of  an  eating-house,  showing  the 
whole  interior  arrangement.  Another  model  showed  the  sys¬ 
tem  of  thatched  roofs  in  use  in  the  Dutch  colonies. 

A  special  pavilion  was  used  for  the  exhibit  of  the  Dutch  pub¬ 
lishers.  Here  were  to  be  seen  a  number  of  fine  illustrated  works, 
and  the  lovers  of  rare  etchings  found  a  treat  for  them  in  the 
collection  displayed  by  the  book  trade  of  Amsterdam.  Con¬ 
spicuous  among  the  art  works  was  the  beautiful  Memorial 
volume,  published  in  commemoration  of  the  war  of  Inde¬ 
pendence,  in  which  the  Dutch,  with  pen  and  pencil,  do  homage 
to  the  heroes  who  saved  them  from  the  destruction  prepared 
for  them  by  Spain. 

The  exhibit  of  school  apparatus,  text-books,  desks,  maps,  etc., 
was  admirable,  and  showed  what  good  work  Holland  is  doing 
in  the  cause  of  knowledge.  The  Artisan  School,  of  Rotterdam, 
established  in  1869,  made  an  interesting  showing  of  its  work. 
It  is  designed  to  give  theoretical  and  practical  instruction  in 
the  useful  arts,  and  turns  out  each  year  a  class  of  skilled 
and  educated  workmen.  It  is  doing  its  work  quietly  but 
thoroughly. 

The  colonial  department  was  exceedingly  interesting  and 


426 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


very  complete.  All  the  colonies  were  represented,  and  the  pro¬ 
ducts  of  each  were  shown.  The  collection  included  grains, 
woods,  barks,  fruits,  oils,  metals  and  other  minerals  in  great 
abundance.  The  weapons  and  clothing  of  the  native  tribes 
were  also  shown,  and  included  curious  filigrees  and  some  rich 
silks  and  embroideries  and  silver  cloths.  The  principal  display 
was  from  Java,  and  the  cinchona  trade  of  that  colony  was  illus¬ 
trated  profusely  by  means  of  photographs,  specimens  of  bark, 
leaves,  etc.  Coffee  formed  a  large  part  of  the  exhibit. 

Against  the  northern  wall  of  the  building  was  a  handsome 
pavilion  of  ash — one  of  the  prettiest  structures  in  the  hall — con¬ 
taining  the  offices  of  the  Royal  Commission,  the  members  of 
which  had  abundant  reason  to  be  satisfied  with  the  appearance 
their  country  made  in  this  grand  assembly  of  the  nations  of  the 
world. 


Switzerland. 

The  Swiss  section  lay  on  the  north  side  of  the  main  aisle, 
between  France  and  Belgium.  It  was  unenclosed,  and  was  one 
of  the  plainest  in  the  building  in  ornamentation.  It  was  not 
the  less  interesting  for  this  absence  of  decoration,  and  received 
a  fair  share  of  the  attention  of  visitors. 

On  the  front  line  was  arranged  a  large  collection  of  watches, 
the  most  important  article  of  the  Swiss  export  trade.  Nearly 
all  the  leading  makers  were  represented,  and  back  of  these  cases 
were  displayed  the  tools  by  which  the  watches  were  made.  A 
number  of  clocks,  including  a  large  electrical  clock,  formed  a 
part  of  this  exhibit.  Musical  boxes  and  mathematical,  scientific 
and  philosophical  instruments  came  next,  and  the  display  of 
these  was  excellent  and  extensive.  They  were  of  the  finest  quality, 
the  Swiss  being  as  proficient  in  the  manufacture  of  them  as  they 
are  in  the  making  of  watches. 

Back  of  this  line  was  a  large  pavilion,  the  entrance  to  which 
was  through  an  archway  in  the  front.  On  one  side  of  the  arch 
was  a  splendid  map  of  the  geological  survey  of  Switzerland, 
and  on  the  other  a  fine  geographical  map,  each  richly  worthy  of 
study.  The  arch  itself  was  composed  of  panels  ornamented 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


427 


with  the  arms  of  the  various  cantons,  and  above  it  stood  the 
white  cross  of  the  republic.  The  pavilion  was  devoted  to  an 
exhibition  of  the  educational  system  of  Switzerland,  which  con¬ 
sisted  of  charts,  models  and  apparatus  used  in  the  system  of 
object-teaching.  Drawings,  text-books  and  specimens  of  the 
pupils’  work  in  the  common  schools  were  also  shown.  The 
Swiss  publishers  made  their  exhibit  here,  and  in  this  pavilion 
were  displayed  fine  photographs  of  scenery  and  of  the  cities  and 
public  works  of  Switzerland.  These  views,  together  with  the 
maps  at  the  entrance,  gave  the  visitor  a  fair  idea  of  the  topogra¬ 
phy  and  scenery  of  the  country. 

One  of  the  most  notable  features  of  the  Swiss  exhibit  was  the 
display  of  embroidered  lace  curtains  from  the  canton  of  St.  Gall. 
These  curtains  are  made  by  hand ;  the  patterns  are  rich  and 
artistic,  the  workmanship  of  the  finest  quality,  and  the  com¬ 
pleted  fabric  constitutes  a  genuine  work  of  art. 

A  large  exhibit  was  made  of  coarse  woollen  goods  for  peasant 
wear,  and  some  good  silks  and  fine  straw  work  were  shown. 

The  wood-carvers,  who  are  so  numerous  in  Switzerland  and 
so  famous  for  their  skill,  made  a  large  and  attractive  display. 
Their  wares  exhibited  a  wonderful  degree  of  patience  as  well  as 
skill,  and  were  as  various  as  they  were  excellent,  consisting  of 
miniature  chalets,  churches,  birds  and  beasts  of  many  kinds, 
cuckoo  clocks,  tables,  brackets,  etc. 

The  office  of  the  Swiss  Commissioners  was  a  pretty  chalet, 
and  stood  against  the  northern  wall  of  the  building.  Switzer¬ 
land  did  not  make  as  large  or  as  comprehensive  a  display  here 
as  she  did  at  Vienna  in  1873,  but  her  exhibit  was  still  deeply 
interesting. 

Sweden. 

The  Swedish  court  was  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  main 
aisle,  to  the  west  of  the  space  occupied  by  the  British  colonies. 
It  was  enclosed  along  the  sides,  but  the  front  was  open  and  was 
marked  merely  by  a  series  of  tall,  ornamental  flag-staffs,  bear¬ 
ing  banners  of  blue  with  the  Swedish  cross  in  yellow.  Fes¬ 
toons  of  blue  and  yellow  streamers  were  suspended  between 


428 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  flag-staffs,  and  gave  to  the  entrance  a  light  and  graceful 
appearance. 

Six  groups  of  figures  were  placed  at  the  sides  of  the  entrances 
to  the  court,  illustrating  some  of  the  habits  and  the  dress  of  the 
peasantry.  There  was  one  at  each  side  of  the  front  entrance  on 
the  main  aisle.  The  group  on  the  east  consisted  of  four  figures, 
and  represented  a  young  man  coming  to  ask  for  a  wife.  The 
young  man,  a  tall,  fine-looking  fellow,  stood  opposite  the  father, 
who  was  seated  at  a  table  mending  a  clock,  and  awaited  his 
answer.  The  old  man  looked  down  in  doubt  and  smoked,  and 


EASTERN  ENTRANCE  TO  THE  SWEDISH  COURT. 


the  mother,  who  was  evidently  favorable  to  the  suit,  stood  with 
her  hand  on  the  father’s  shoulder,  as  if  trying  to  persuade  him 
to  consent.  The  girl  meanwhile  stood  between  the  mother  and 
the  lover,  with  an  expression  which  seemed  to  say  that  she  had 
made  up  her  mind,  and  the  old  man  “may  as  well  give  in.” 
At  the  west  side  was  a  group  representing  a  hunting  scene.  A 
large  elk  had  just  been  brought  down  by  the  rifle  of  a  hunter 
and  lay  bleeding  on  the  ground,  while  the  members  of  the 
hunter’s  family  were  standing  by  enjoying  his  triumph  and 
watching  the  death-struggle  of  the  animal. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


429 


At  the  entrance  on  the  east  side  of  the  court  were  two  groups. 
The  one  on  the  south  side  of  the  doorway  represented  the 
christening  of  a  child.  The  baby  was  swaddled  in  the  most 
uncomfortable  manner,  and  was  ready  for  the  solemn  act. 
Three  women,  one  of  whom  was  the  mother,  were  grouped 
about  it,  and  the  father  sat  across  a  chair,  with  his  pipe  in 
hand,  looking  at  the  child  with  paternal  pride.  At  the  north 
side  of  the  door  was  a  sadder  group.  The  little  one  was 
dead,  and  lay  white  and  still  in  its  little  cradle,  with  the  tiny 
black  coffin  which  was  to  receive  it  in  readiness  on  the  floor. 


“the  DEATH  OF  THE  elk” — SWEDISH  GROUP  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 

The  mother  bent  over  it  in  grief,  and  the  father,  clad  in  a 
sheepskin  coat,  stood  looking  on  sorrowfully.  At  the  opposite 
side  of  the  room  the  good  pastor,  who  had  been  endeavoring  to 
comfort  the  afflicted  parents,  sat  with  his  Bible  in  one  hand  and 
his  arm  around  the  remaining  child  of  the  family. 

At  the  entrance  on  the  west  side  of  the  court  there  were  two 
additional  groups.  The  one  on  the  north  side  represented  a 
Laplander,  with  his  sledge  drawn  by  a  reindeer.  He  was  just 
starting  out  from  home,  and  his  wife  stood  by  the  sledge  re¬ 
ceiving  his  orders.  Both  figures  were  dressed  in  skins,  and  the 


430 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


sledge  was  a  genuine  article  from  “the  frozen  North.”  At  the 
south  side  of  the  door  the  group  consisted  of  two  figures — a 
husband  and  wife  seated  at  opposite  sides  of  a  table.  The  man 
was  reading  from  the  Bible,  and  the  woman  was  listening  rev¬ 
erently.  The  figures  in  all  the  groups  were  life-size,  and  were 
clad  in  the  national  dress  of  the  classes  they  represented.  The 
faces  preserved  the  characteristics  of  each  class. 


- _Z _ _  -T^=: - '  PORCELAIN  STOVE, 

SWEDISH  PORCELAIN  VASES.  FROM  SWEDEN. 


The  Swedish  exhibit  was  one  of  the  most  complete  and  taste¬ 
fully  arranged  in  the  Exhibition.  The  show-cases  were  hand¬ 
somer  than  was  the  rule  with  the  European  nations,  and  the 
articles  were  displayed  to  the  best  advantage. 

At  the  entrance  stood  a  rich  display  of  beautiful  porcelain. 
The  articles  were  delicate  and  the  tints  exquisite.  Floral  deco- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


431 


rations  were  much  used  in  these,  and  with  more  than  ordinary 
taste.  The  exhibit  of  pottery  and  glassware  was  also  attrac¬ 
tive.  In  this  collection  were  several  models  in  Parian  marble 
of  the  fountains  in  the  principal  square  of  Stockholm,  which 
attracted  much  attention. 

Furs  and  leather  goods  formed  a  considerable  and  interesting 
part  of  the  display. 

One  of  the  most  prom¬ 
inent  features  of  the  Swe¬ 
dish  collection  was  the 
exhibit  of  Bessemer  steel, 
in  which  the  principal 
part  was  taken  by  the 
Sandvik  &  Fagaster 
works.  The  articles  ex¬ 
hibited  covered  a  wide 
range.  The  largest  was 
a  piston-rod  fifteen  feet 
in  length,  for  a  five-ton 
steam  hammer,  and  the 
smallest  a  delicately-pol¬ 
ished  hand-mirror  for  a 
lady’s  toilette-table.  Steel 
files,  saws,  tools  of  every 
description,  and  locomo¬ 
tive  tires  made  up  the 
collection.  The  work¬ 
manship  in  all  these  ar¬ 
ticles  was  masterly.  Scis¬ 
sors,  knives,  swords, 
skates,  and  steel  articles 

of  the  finer  class  were  also  shown  in  profusion.  The  remark¬ 
able  bending  power  of  the  Bessemer  steel  under  a  great  strain 
was  shown  by  a  railway  axle  five  inches  in  diameter,  double 
cold,  which  was  bent  under  a  fifteen  ton  hammer. 

Match-making  is  a  prominent  industry  in  Sweden,  and  was 
represented  by  an  extensive  display  of  safety  matches  from 


SWEDISH  PORCELAIN  VASES. 


432 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Johnkoping.  These  matches  would  not  ignite  except  when 
struck  upon  a  peculiarly  prepared  surface. 

The  educational  exhibit  was  well  arranged,  and  a  number  of 
illustrated  works  were  shown  as  specimens  of  Swedish  printing. 
A  fine  map  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  kingdom  and  a  large 
topographical  map  were  included  in  this  display. 

The  woollen  manufactures  of  the  kingdom  made  a  fair  ex¬ 
hibit,  and  the  show  of  silks  was  especially  good. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  main  aisle,  diagonally  opposite  her 
principal  exhibit,  Sweden  had  an  additional  space  between  the 
Japanese  and  Danish  sections  in  which  she  displayed  her  mil¬ 
itary  equipment.  Here  were  several  wax-figures  showing  the 
costume  of  her  men-at-arms  in  the  time  of  the  great  Gustavus, 
and  the  uniforms  of  the  officers  of  several  branches  of  her  ser¬ 
vice  at  the  present  time.  Here  were  exhibited  samples  of  the 
cannon  and  small  arms  used  in  the  Swedish  army,  and  the 
equipments  of  the  artillery  and  hospital  services.  In  the  rear 
of  the  military  exhibit  she  displayed  specimens  of  the  work  of 
the  pupils  of  her  technical  schools,  and  illustrated  in  a  happy 
manner  the  admirable  operations  of  these  establishments. 

Norway. 

The  Norwegian  court  was  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the 
main  aisle  between  the  Swedish  and  Italian  sections.  The 
space  was  enclosed  by  a  handsome  framework  of  native  pine 
ornamented  with  red  lines.  Over  the  entrance  from  the  main 
aisle  was  the  name  “  Norway,”  and  a  trophy  formed  of  the 
national  arms  and  colors.  The  cases  contained  in  this  enclos¬ 
ure  were  uniform,  and  were  constructed  of  light  woods  hand¬ 
somely  decorated. 

At  the  front,  immediately  within  the  enclosure,  were  three 
handsome  cases  containing  a  fine  display  of  jewelry  and  silver¬ 
ware.  Here  were  some  beautiful  specimens  of  filigree-work 
from  Christiana,  which  would  not  have  shamed  Venice  itself. 

Immediately  back  of  these  cases  were  two  groups  of  figures 
similar  to  those  in  the  Swedish  court.  On  the  east  side  was  a 
group  of  Laplanders  in  their  dresses  of  furs,  comprising  a  father 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


433 


and  mother  with  an  infant  and  young  child.  The  infant  was 
stowed  away  in  a  leather  case  or  cradle  which  was  suspended 
from  the  mother’s  neck,  and  the  older  child  was  clad  in  a  holi¬ 
day  suit  of  white  bearskin.  On  the  west  side  was  a  group  con¬ 
sisting  of  a  bride  and  groom  in  their  wedding  costumes. 

Back  of  these  figures  was  a  small  but  beautiful  collection  of 
glassware  from  Christiana.  Adjoining  it  Norway  exhibited 
several  home-made  pianos,  and  then  came  an  exhibit  of  cloths, 
both  cotton  and  woollen,  cordage,  threads  and  skins.  There 
was  also  a  case  of  fine  shoes,  another  of  silverware,  another  of 
ancient  coins  and  medals,  and  an  imposing  display  of  cod-liver 
oil.  Specimens  of  ancient  armor  and  weapons  formed  a  most 
interesting  exhibit,  and  contrasted  strikingly  with  the  hand¬ 
somely-carved  modern  furniture  which  stood  near  them.  The 
iron  manufacturers  made  a  large  and  interesting  exhibit,  show¬ 
ing  both  the  ores  and  the  manufactured  iron  in  various  forms. 
A  large  case  of  silver  ingots  stood  near  by,  and  opposite  were 
several  queer  little  Norwegian  carriages,  each  with  a  perch 
behind  in  which  the  postilion  sits,  and  sometimes  stands,  to  drive 
— the  postilion  being  often  a  rosy -cheeked  Norwegian  lass. 
Here  was  shown  a  sledge  made  in  the  mountain  districts  in 
1625,  and  still  in  excellent  condition. 

A  model  of  a  Norwegian  school  was  shown,  with  books  and 
apparatus  illustrating  the  mode  and  course  of  tuition,  and  a  map 
of  the  geological  survey  of  the  kingdom  was  close  by. 

Denmark. 

The  Danish  section  lay  on  the  south  side  of  the  main  aisle, 
immediately  west  of  the  Turkish  court,  and  was  enclosed  by  a 
triple  court.  The  entrance  to  the  first  court  consisted  of  a 
triumphal  arch  richly  decorated.  On  each  side  of  the  entrance 
was  the  word  “  Denmark,”  surmounted  by  a  golden  crown  and 
a  trophy  of  colors.  Over  the  arch  a  shield  with  the  national 
arms  was  set  in  the  midst  of  a  trophy  of  colors.  The  pavilions 
were  draped  with  warm  red  curtains,  which  gave  to  them  a  rich 
effect. 

The  front  or  northern  court  was  devoted  to  a  display  of 
28 


434 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Etruscan  imitations  in  terra-cotta  by  P.  Ipsen’s  widow,  of 
Copenhagen.  These  were  exquisite  works,  and  were  generally 
admired.  Here  also  was  a  fine  collection  of  silverware  by  a 
Copenhagen  silversmith.  The  principal  object  was  a  large  vase 
of  solid  silver  valued  at  $4290  gold  and  the  duty.  The  vase 
was  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  building.  In  the  centre  was 
a  statue  of  Fame,  at  the  feet  of  which  were  grouped  the  Arts. 
The  base  was  devoted  to  a  series  of  groups  representing  the 
triumph  of  Neptune. 

In  the  central  court  some  handsome  furniture  made  of  the 
wood  of  a  pear  tree  was  exhibited.  Here  was  shown  a  collection 
of  Esquimaux  clothing,  and  in  the  southern  court  was  a  model 
of  an  Esquimaux  house  and  an  Esquimaux  boat,  all  from 
Greenland.  The  exhibit  included  specimens  of  the  woollen 
manufactures  of  Denmark,  a  collection  of  furs  and  skins,  chem¬ 
icals,  geographical  charts,  and  native  Danish  woods. 

Spain. 

The  Spanish  section  extended  from  the  main  aisle  to  the  south 
wall  of  the  building,  and  adjoined  the  Egyptian  court  on  the 
east.  It  was  enclosed  by  an  elaborately  ornamented  wall  fin¬ 
ished  in  imitation  of  granite,  with  two  tall  archways  on  each 
side.  In  this  wall  were  set  lines  of  show-cases,  in  which  were 
displayed  an  extensive  collection  of  the  minerals  of  the  kingdom. 
The  fa§ade  which  stood  upon  the  main  aisle  was  one  of  the  most 
imposing  structures  in  the  building.  A  triple  arch  painted  in 
imitation  of  porphyry  supported  a  heavy  entablature  which  was 
decorated  with  shields  emblazoned  with  the  arms  of  all  the 
Spanish  provinces,  with  the  arms  of  the  kingdom  over  the  cen¬ 
tral  arch.  Above  the  royal  arms  was  a  painting  representing 
Spain  drawing  back  a  curtain  and  displaying  the  rising  sun  of 
the  New  World.  Standards  and  trophies  of  the  national  colors 
completed  the  ornamentation  of  the  top  of  the  structure.  The 
arches  were  hung  with  rich  curtains  of  velvet.  At  each  side  of 
the  central  portal  was  a  show-case,  and  over  each  was  a  portrait. 
That  on  the  east  side  was  Isabella  the  Catholic,  whose  generosity 
enabled  Columbus  to  make  his  voyage  of  discovery ;  and  that 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


435 


on  the  opposite  was  Columbus  himself.  The  word  u  Espana  ” 
was  blazoned  across  the  entablature  in  gilt  capitals.  The  sides 
of  the  fagade  were  also  decorated  with  portraits.  On  the  inner 
or  southern  side  were  portraits  of  Cortez  and  Ponce  de  Leon,  at 
the  east  end  was  a  portrait  of  De  Soto,  and  at  the  west  end  one 
of  Pizarro. 

In  the  show-cases  at  the  sides  of  the  central  portal  were  rich 
L  specimens  of  silver  and  gold  work,  and  ornamental  work  in 


ENTRANCE  TO  THE  SPANISH  COURT. 

iron  and  steel,  with  fragments  of  armor  and  photographs  of  the 
government  museums  of  ancient  armor.  In  the  show-cases 
built  in  the  walls  of  the  court  were  specimens  of  the  mineral  ores 
of  the  kingdom,  silver,  lead,  copper,  iron  and  coal,  and  samples 
of  Spanish  marbles,  all  admirably  arranged. 

The  exhibit  within  the  court  was  not  a  commercial  one.  There 
was  scarcely  an  article  shown  that  has  a  ready  market  in  this 
country.  The  Spanish  kingdom  took  a  deep  interest  in  the 
Centennial  Exhibition,  and  made  an  unusual  effort  to  show  its 
resources  and  wealth  in  the  most  pleasing  and  varied  forms. 


436 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


One  could  hardly  believe,  in  looking  at  the  long  lines  of  well- 
filled  cases  of  all  kinds  of  manufactures,  that  the  Spanish  people 
deserve  their  traditional  reputation  for  indolence.  It  would 
seem  that  they  must  be,  after  all,  a  very  busy  and  ingenious 
nation  to  produce  so  many  and  such  attractive  objects. 

The  woollen,  cotton  and  silk  fabrics  displayed  here  were  at¬ 
tractive  as  a  rule,  and  many  of  them  very  elegant.  A  sump¬ 
tuous  exhibit  was  made  of  tapestries,  velvets,  brocades,  laces, 
shawls,  scarfs  and  light  dress  goods.  They  were  distinct  from 
those  of  either  France  or  Belgium,  and  the  elegance  and  beauty 
which  characterized  them  were  peculiarly  their  own.  A  con¬ 
siderable  display  was  made  of  glassware  and  pottery  of  excellent 
qualities,  and  the  painted  porcelain  tiles  in  this  group  were  no¬ 
ticeably  well  executed.  Chemicals  were  also  exhibited  in  great 
abundance  and  variety  ;  and  marbles,  building  stones,  and  large 
blocks  of  coal  showed  that  this  branch  of  the  wealth  of  the 
kingdom  is' still  vigorous  after  so  many  centuries  have  dawned 
upon  it.  There  were  a  number  of  specimens  of  arms,  works  in 
metal  and  inlaid  work,  the  principal  display  being  made  by  the 
province  of  Catalonia,  the  people  of  which  are  the  most  enter¬ 
prising  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  peninsula.  Hats,  shoes,  fine 
woollen  blankets,  articles  of  wearing  apparel  and  carpets  were 
also  shown.  The  entire  exhibit  was  interesting  in  the  highest 
degree,  and,  after  examining  it,  the  best-read  visitor  had  to 
amend  his  conceptions  of  “  sunny  Spain,”  and  accord  to  her  a 
more  prominent  place  than  he  had  hitherto  assigned  her  among 
the  industrial  nations  of  the  world. 

Egypt. 

The  Egyptian  court  stood  south  of  the  main  aisle  and  to  the 
east  of  the  Danish  section.  It  was  enclosed  by  a  high  wooden 
structure  resembling  an  ancient  temple  of  the  land  of  the  Nile, 
and  the  facade  was  massive  and  attractive.  It  was  painted  in 
imitation  of  stone,  and  resembled  the  portal  of  a  temple.  Two 
massive  pillars  supported  the  entrance,  and  their  capitals  were 
imitations  of  the  lotus  flower.  Over  the  entrance  was  the  globe 
with  the  encircling  wings,  the  ancient  Egyptian  symbol  of  eter- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


437 


nity,  and  on  either  side  of  the  entrance  crouched  a  solemn-eyed 
sphynx.  The  coloring  was  subdued,  but  fine.  Upon  the  sides 
of  the  entrance  were  inscribed  the  words  :  “  Egypt — Soodan — 
the  oldest  people  of  the  world  sends  its  morning  greeting  to  the 
youngest  nation.” 

Entering  the  court  you  seemed  to  have  left  the  outside  world 
behind  you,  and  to  have  entered  a  region  of  romance.  Old 
memories  of  your  boyish  dreams  of  the  Arabian  Nights  came 


ENTRANCE  TO  THE  EGYPTIAN  COURT. 


over  you,  and  you  were  tempted  to  look  around  to  see  if  the 
good  Caliph  Haroun  Alraschid  was  not  watching  in  disguise 
the  movements  of  the  people  who  thronged  his  realm,  which  had 
strangely  strayed  across  the  seas.  For  the  time  you  could  leave 
the  great  Exhibition  out  of  your  thoughts.  You  were  in  the 
East — in  the  land  of  Isis  and  Osiris,  and  you  could  revel  in  the 
treasures  spread  out  before  you. 

As  you  entered,  your  noticed  on  your  right  a  small  model  of  the 
great  Pyramid  of  Gizeh,  and  opposite  this  was  a  plaster  head  of 
Rameses  II.,  who  is  declared  by  all  the  great  masters  of  Egyp- 


438 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


tian  science  and  history  to  be  the  Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus,  the 
new  king  which  knew  not  Joseph.  Around  the  walls  of  the 
court  were  hung  plain  and  colored  photographs  and  drawings 
of  places  and  scenery  in  Egypt. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  court  was  a  case  containing  magnifi¬ 
cent  saddles  and  furniture  for  horses.  These  were  formerly 
used  by  the  pashas  of  Egypt,  and  are  now  the  property  of  the 
Khedive.  They  are  used  only  upon  occasions  of  the  greatest 
ceremony.  Their  hangings  were  of  crimson  velvet,  covered 
with  heavy  embroideries  of  gold.  The  harness  and  trappings 
were  pure  bullion,  and  were  heavy  and  costly.  Borne  of  the 
saddle  blankets  were  woven  of  silk.  The  display  was  gorgeous, 
and  gave  one  a  fair  idea  of  the  magnificence  of  an  Eastern 
ruler. 

A  fine  exhibit  was  made  of  oriental  and  drawing-room  furni¬ 
ture,  a  prominent  object  of  which  was  a  cabinet  of  ebony  beauti¬ 
fully  inlaid  with  ivory  and  mother-of-pearl,  the  designs  being 
in  imitation  of  those  in  the  ancient  mosques.  It  was  valued  at 
$5500,  and  was  for  sale.  The  display  of  ornaments  for  the 
household  and  person  was  very  rich,  and  included  a  large  quan¬ 
tity  of  jewelry,  precious  stones,  work  in  iron  and  copper,  both 
ancient  and  modern ;  fancy  articles,  dress  adornments,  fans, 
walking-canes,  sun  shades,  and  pipes  of  every  description,  many 
of  which  were  ornamented  with  jewels. 

Two  large  cases  contained  a  collection  of  stuffs  woven  of  silk 
and  gold  and  silver  thread.  These  were  of  the  most  gorgeous 
and  brilliant  character,  and  it  is  impossible  to  convey  in  words 
an  accurate  idea  of  them.  Some  of  the  smaller  articles  were 
worth  as  much  as  $2000  each,  and  one  rich  robe  was  a  master¬ 
piece  both  in  workmanship  and  design.  In  the  same  case  were 
suspended  two  hanging  lamps  of  glass,  beautifully  decorated 
with  colors  worked  into  the  glass.  They  are  hundreds  of  years 
old,  and  the  art  of  making  them  has  been  forgotten  for  centu¬ 
ries.  They  were  valued  at  $5000,  and  constituted  a  rare  and 
beautiful  feature  of  the  exhibit. 

Between  these  cases  lay  stretched  at  full  length  a  large  croco¬ 
dile  of  the  Nile. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  439 

s 

Close  by  were  a  number  of  dromedary  saddles ;  and  near 
these  a  number  of  specimens  of  red  pottery  ware.  There  were 
cases  of  beautiful  and  curious  Arabic  books  and  manuscripts, 
some  of  them  bound  in  covers  of  velvet,  embroidered  with  gold 
thread.  Articles  of  ivory,  horn,  and  metal  for  household  use, 
were  shown,  and  a  number  of  native  musical  instruments.  One 
of  the  rear  courts  contained  a  fine  exhibit  of  Egypt’s  chemical 
products.  A  good  display  of  porcelain  and  table  ware  of  solid 
gold  was  made. 

We  next  noticed  an  exhibit  of  silk  and  silken  fabrics,  an  in¬ 
dustry  which  is  carried  on  upon  a  large  scale  in  Egypt.  A 
prominent  feature  was  a  display  of  cocoons,  arranged  in  neat 
patterns  according  to  tints.  They  were  attached  to  an  upright 
branch,  and  in  the  centre  was  a  large  bunch  of  mulberry  leaves 
hung  with  clusters  of  grapes  formed  of  the  small  glassy 
cocoons. 

The  rugs  and  carpets  of  Egyptian  manufacture  formed  an 
interesting  part  of  the  exhibit,  and  compared  well  with  those  of 
Turkey. 

The  Khedive  made  a  collective  exhibit  of  over  two  thousand 
samples  of  native  cotton,  representing  the  crops  of  eight  years. 
Egypt  has  since  1860  become  largely  engaged  in  the  culture  of 
cotton,  and  the  samples  thus  displayed  were  of  the  highest  im¬ 
portance  to  us,  as  they  were  the  announcement  that  we  have  a 
determined  rival  in  this  branch  of  our  own  industry.  Each 
sample  was  ticketed  with  the  name  of  the  buyer,  the  place  of 
sale,  and  the  price  in  Egypt  and  in  England. 

A  collection  of  photographs  exhibited  the  Egyptian  system 
of  public  works,  bridges,  railroads,  etc.,  and  was  of  great  interest 
and  value. 

The  sugar,  leather,  gums,  barks,  nuts,  wheat  and  other  grains 
and  the  grasses  of  Egypt  were  shown  by  numerous  well-ar¬ 
ranged  samples. 

A  large  collection  was  shown  of  the  rude  arms  and  armor,  the 
rough  wooden  sandals,  the  hats  woven  of  reeds,  the  noisy  tom¬ 
toms,  and  a  barbaric  canopy  for  the  chief  or  monarch  of  the 
tribes  of  Soudan  in  Central  Africa. 


440 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


441 


The  educational  system  pursued  in  the  schools  established  by 
the  Khedive  was  shown  by  a  collection  of  Arabic  text-books  and 
mechanical  instruments  executed  by  the  pupils  of  the  Poly¬ 
technic  School  at  Cairo. 

Altogether  the  Egyptian  display  was  a  bewildering  blending 
of  the  ancient  and  modern  civilizations  of  that  wonderful  land, 
taking  you  from  a  period  four  thousand  years  before  Christ  to 
‘the  present  day,  and  showing  you  side  by  side  a  bust  of  the 
Pharaoh  of  Moses  and  a  portrait  of  Ismail  Pacha. 


Japan. 

The  Japanese  section  was  on  the  south  side  of  the  main  aisle, 
east  of  the  Chinese  court,  and  immediately  opposite  the  Swedish 
section.  It  was  enclosed  with  a  light  bamboo  framework,  and 
was  ornamented  with  a  profuse  display  of  Japanese  flags.  It 
was  about  three  times  as  large  as  the  Egyptian  space,  and  was 
filled  in  every  part  with  a  rich  and  valuable  display,  the  variety 
and  beauty  of  which  were  one  of  the  great  surprises  of  the  Ex¬ 
hibition. 

Just  within  the  entrance  from  the  main  aisle  was  a  display  of 
superb  bronzes  and  of  porcelain  ware.  A  number  of  bronze 
vases  were  included  in  this  collection,  which  were  the  wonder 
and  admiration  of  all  visitors.  They  were  of  beautiful  shapes, 
and  were  ornamented  with  such  a  profusion  of  engraving  and 
chasing — the  conceptions  of  which  were  so  droll  and  intricate — 
that  a  photograph  would  be  necessary  to  give  an  accurate  idea 
of  them.  The  work  was  unique  and  cannot  be  reproduced  by  the 
most  skilful  artificer  in  either  Europe  or  America.  The  cheaper 
vases  are  cast,  but  the  more  elaborate  ones  are  worked  out  with 
the  hand.  One  of  the  largest  vases  was  valued  at  $2000,  and  is 
said  to  have  required  an  amount  of  work  in  its  manufacture 
equal  to  twenty-two  hundred  and  fifty  days  steady  labor  of  a 
single  man.  The  variety  of  shape  and  ornamentation  of  the 
vases  was  very  great  and  very  remarkable.  The  art  is  peculiar 
to  Japan,  and  has  flourished  there  for  several  centuries.  It  is 
carried  on  in  sixteen  different  places  in  the  empire. 

The  porcelains  of  the  Japanese  department  were  fully  equal 


442 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


to  the  bronzes.  This  is  an  old  art,  and  attained  perfection  in 
Japan  long  before  it  was  known  in  Europe.  The  Japanese 
designate  their  works  of  this  kind  by  the  names  of  the  cities  in 
which  they  were  manufactured,  or  by  the  peculiarities  of  manu¬ 
facture  or  decoration.  The  display  of  porcelains  in  this  single 

department  surpassed  in 
beauty  of  forms  and  orna¬ 
mentation  the  combined 
exhibit  of  every  other  na¬ 
tion  in  the  building.  One 
had  to  see  the  collection 
here  to  realize  this,  but 
few  will  doubt  the  state¬ 
ment,  having  once  made 
the  comparison  for  them¬ 
selves.  At  the  front  line 
was  a  pair  of  superb  vases 
about  ten  feet  high  and 
valued  at  $2500.  The 
ground  was  a  delicate 
blue  and  white,  and  the 
ornamentation  consisted 
of  golden  dragons  and 
the  daintiest  landscapes. 
There  were  a  number  of 
articles  in  green,  or  scar¬ 
let  and  gold,  of  the  class 
known  as  kaga  ware, 
which  is  as  brilliant  as 
Bohemian  glass.  The 
banko  ware  is  also  very 
beautiful,  its  peculiarity  being  that  the  colors  are  worked 
through  to  the  inner  surface.  It  would  be  impossible  to 
mention  all  the  varieties  of  porcelain  to  be  seen  here.  We 
can  only  speak  in  a  general  way  of  its  wonderful  beauty  and 
brilliancy.  A  case  of  porcelain  figures  from  Tokio  attracted 
much  attention.  They  were  caricatures  of  the  manners  of  the 


JAPANESE  BRONZE  VASE,  IN  THE  MAIN 
BUILDING. 


443 


444 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


various  classes  of  Japanese  society,  and  were  exceedingly  drollr 
and  at  the  same  time  thoroughly  artistic. 

The  display  of  lacquered  ware  was  immense,  and  one  of  the 
marvels  of  the  Exhibition.  The  manufacture  of  this  ware  is  a 
specialty  in  Japan  and  has  attained  perfection.  The  articles 
displayed  here  ranged  from  the  tiniest  trays,  which  could  be 
bought  for  about  fifty  cents,  to  large  and  costly  cabinets.  The 
gem  of  the  collection  was  a  cabinet  said  to  be  two  hundred  and 
fifty  years  old,  which  was  as  exquisitely  beautiful  and  as  free 
from  signs  of  wear  as  on  the  day  it  came  from  its  maker’s 
hands.  It  was  valued  at  $5000.  Contrasting  it  with  the  other 
beautiful  wares  by  which  it  was  surrounded,  one  could  see  that 
it  was  superior  to  them.  The  official  in  charge  of  the  exhibit 
stated  that  the  art  is  now  on  its  decline  in  his  country,  .and  that 
the  ancient  masterpieces  cannot  be  renewed.  There  were  some 
curious  vases  made  of  elephant’s  tusks  ornamented  with  lac¬ 
quered  work,  and  some  other  fine  work  in  ivory. 

The  inlaid  work  was  very  fine,  and  a  large  collection  of 
cabinets,  work-boxes,  and  European  furniture  ornamented  in 
this  manner  was  shown.  These  articles  were  not  as  expensive 
as  the  lacquered  wares,  but  equalled  them  in  beauty  and  delicacy 
of  finish.  The  Japanese  have  successfully  imitated,  and  some 
claim  that  they  have  surpassed,  the  papier-mache  of  the  French. 
A  considerable  display  was  made  of  richly  carved  furniture,, 
wood  carving  being  an  art  in  which  the  Japanese  excel. 

Going  southward  we  came  now  to  the  display  of  screens, 
which  was  large  and  interesting.  These  were  of  silk  on  light 
frames,  and  were  painted  and  embroidered  with  scenes  in  the 
daily  life  of  the  people.  The  outlines  of  the  figures  and  the 
landscapes  were  painted,  and  the  costumes,  faces,  animals,  and 
houses,  etc.,  were  worked  out  in  relief  with  embroidery.  One 
could  find  in  these  screens  abundant  means  for  a  study  of 
Japanese  life  and  manners.  The  Japanese  gentleman  takes 
great  pride  in  his  collection  of  screens,  which  embody  the  best 
pictorial  art  of  his  country,  and  regards  them  as  the  European 
or  American  does  his  gallery  of  paintings.  The  designs  of  the 
screens  were  often  quaint  and  amusing. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


445 


A  fine  collection  of  rich  silks  and  embroideries  was  shown, 
one  exhibit  from  Yokohama  being  superb.  Cotton  and  wool¬ 
len  goods  were  exhibited  of  an  admirable  quality.  Samples  of 


EMBROIDERED  SCREEN,  EXHIBITED  IN  THE  CHINESE  SECTION,  MAIN  BUILDING. 


,  matting,  which  is  largely  manufactured  in  Japan,  were  also  to  be 
seen.  Specimens  of  the  papers  made  in  the  empire,  the  leathers, 
the  inks,  and  the  coloring  materials  of  Japan,  were  shown,  as 


446 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


were  also  samples  of  the  woods,  grains,  and  grasses  of  the 
country.  The  mineral  products  were  also  shown  by  numerous 
specimens,  and  the  native  animals  and  birds  were  treated  in 
the  same  way. 

Near  the  south  wall  was  a  large  case  i  representing  a  bazaar 
containing  a  number  of  painted  plaster  images,  illustrating  the 
different  costumes  of  all  classes  of  the  population  of  the  em¬ 
pire.  It  was  one  of  the  most  instructive  portions  of  the  whole 
exhibit. 

Immediately  behind  it  was  an  enclosure  in  which  the  Imperial 
Government  exhibited  its  educational  system.  Here  were  models 
of  the  desks  and  school  apparatus  used,  the  work  of  the  pupils, 
the  text-books,  philosophical  instruments,  and  photographs  and 
colored  sketches  of  the  principal  schools.  Compositions  by  the 
pupils  in  English,  French,  German  and  Japanese  were  shown, 
and  one  was  made  fairly  acquainted  with  the  progress  made  by 
the  empire  in  its  effort  to  introduce  the  learning  and  civilization 
of  Europe. 

The  visitor  who  made  even  a  hasty  inspection  of  the  display, 
of  which  we  have  given  but  a  mere  outline,  could  but  amend 
his  ideas  of  Japan.  We  have  been  accustomed  to  regard  that 
country  as  uncivilized,  or  half-civilized  at  the  best,  but  we  found 
here  abundant  evidences  that  it  outshines  the  most  cultivated 
nations  of  Europe  in  arts  which  are  their  pride  and  glory,  and 
which  are  regarded  as  among  the  proudest  tokens  of  their  high 
civilization. 

China. 

The  Chinese  section  was  not  quite  half  as  large  as  that  of 
Japan,  and  lay  immediately  west  of  it  on  the  south  side  of  the 
main  aisle,  extending  back  to  the  south  wall  of  the  building. 
It  was  enclosed  by  a  pavilion,  the  entrance  to  which  was  a  copy 
of  the  portal  of  a  celestial  pagoda,  gaudily  painted  and  orna¬ 
mented  with  hideous  curled-up  dragons,  which,  though  ugly, 
were  well  carved.  Over  the  entrance  was  a  line  in  Chinese, 
said  to  mean  “The  Chinese  Empire.”  The  pavilion  was  con¬ 
structed  of  various  kinds  of  hard  wood  that  grow  in  China,  and 
was  in  itself  an  exhibit. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


447 


Every  part  of  the  enclosure  was  of  the  gaudiest  character,  and 
here  and  there  rose  tall  pagodas  and  towers  ornamented  with 
the  most  brilliant  colors.  All  the  show-cases  were  in  the  Chi¬ 
nese  style  of  architecture,  and  were  as  gay  and  odd-looking  as 
the  pavilion  itself.  The  display  gathered  within  the  enclosure 
was  rich,  valuable,  and  exceedingly  interesting.  At  the  front 
entrance  was  a  collection  of  fine  vases  of  exquisite  China  ware, 
and  opposite  these  a  row  of  screens  of  the  finest  silk,  covered 


ORNAMENTAL  ENTRANCE  TO  THE  CHINESE  SECTION,  MAIN  BUILDING* 

with  designs  in  embroidery,  and  having  richly-carved  frames. 
Close  by  these  began  the  display  of  inlaid  tables  and  stands  and 
other  articles  of  household  use,  which  ran  through  the  whole 
exhibit.  They  were  as  handsome  and  as  well  executed  as  any¬ 
thing  of  the  kind  in  the  Japanese  section,  which  is  saying  a 
great  deal. 

Just  within  the  enclosure  was  a  tall  show-case  in  the  form  of 
a  pagoda,  in  which  were  displayed  some  superb  silks,  gold  cloth 


448 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  embroideries.  The  silks  were  of  the  most  delicate  shades 
of  color,  and  of  the  finest  quality. 

There  was  a  large  exhibit  of  carved  furniture,  all  in  the  Chi¬ 
nese  style.  The  carvings  were  both  artistic  in  design  and  well 
executed.  Two  elaborate  bedsteads  were  exhibited,  which  were 
very  handsome,  and  showed  that  John  Chinaman  has  an  eye  to 
solid  comfort  in  the  midst  of  all  his  love  of  gaudy  colors  and 
gingerbread  ornaments. 

The  display  of  porcelain  and  pottery  was  large  and  handsome, 


CHINESE  PAGODA,  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


and  fully  sustained  the  reputation  of  the  celestials  for  skill  in 
this  branch  of  their  industry.  The  lacquered  wares  shown 
were  also  very  beautiful,  but  were  not  equal  to  those  in  the 
Japanese  collection.  There  was  a  case  of  exquisitely-carved 
articles  in  ivory,  many  of  which  have  been  purchased  by  the 
Pennsylvania  Museum  of  Industrial  Art.  The  bronzes,  many 
of  which  were  old  and  curious,  made  up  an  extensive  and  inter¬ 
esting  collection,  and  there  was  also  an  exhibit  of  rare  old  Chi¬ 
nese  coins. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


449 


A  tall  pagoda  or  joss-house,  in  imitation  of  such  buildings  in 
China,  formed  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  display.  Near  it  were 
some  fine  porcelain  tiles  ornamented  with  queer  Chinese  figures. 
Cotton  and  hemp  cloths,  and  cotton  prints,  stockings,  Chinese 
shoes,  hats,  articles  of  clothing,  fancy  leather  work,  trunks,  and 
toilet  boxes,  and  samples  of  native  paper,  musical  instruments, 
minerals,  specimens  of  native  woods,  wines,  grains,  flour,  honey, 
wax,  cotton,  hemp,  wool,  and  hair  made  up  a  large  and  inter¬ 
esting  exhibit. 

At  the  rear  of  the  enclosure  was  a  gaudy  little  structure  of 
carved  and  gilded  wood-work,  with  panels  of  scarlet  silk,  on 
which  were  painted  scenes  from  Chinese  life.  It  was  devoted 
to  the  offices  of  the  Chinese  Commission. 

A  number  of  almond-eyed,  pig-tailed  celestials,  in  their 
native  costumes,  were  scattered  through  the  enclosure,  and 
you  might  for  a  moment  imagine  that  yon  had  put  the  sea 
between  you  and  the  Exhibition  and  had  suddenly  landed  in 
some  large  Chinese  bazaar. 

The  Orange  Free  State. 

The  Orange  Free  State  is  a  Dutch  republic  situated  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Africa,  and  adjoins  the  English  colony  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  on  the  northeast.  It  covers  an  area  of 
over  70,000  square  miles,  and  is  a  thriving  and  energetic  little 
state.  Its  section  in  the  Exhibition  hall  lay  back  of  the  Peru¬ 
vian  court,  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  building.  It  was 
enclosed  by  a  handsome  pavilion  painted  in  imitation  of  black 
walnut,  and  decorated  with  the  national  colors  of  white  and 
yellow,  and  red,  white  and  blue  streamers. 

The  exhibit  was  entirely  governmental,  and  was  handsomely 
and  compactly  arranged,  rendering  the  little  court  one  of  the 
brightest  and  most  pleasing  nooks  of  the  “  great  show.”  The 
design  was  to  show  the  resources,  products  and  natural  wealth 
of  the  country.  Specimens  of  minerals,  grains,  leather  and 
skins,  and  samples  of  mohair,  native  woods,  specimens  of  coal, 
and  samples  of  wool  made  up  the  principal  part  of  the  exhibit. 
Cases  of  stuffed  birds  of  rare  and  beautiful  plumage,  and  col- 
29 


450 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


451 


lections  of  insects  were  placed  at  various  points  in  the  court, 
and  a  number  of  superb  ostrich  plumes  were  exhibited.  An 
interesting  feature  was  a  case  of  the  cream  tartar  fruit.  There 
were  also  to  be  seen  specimens  of  ivory,  including  two  enor¬ 
mous  elephant  tusks,  and  a  collection  of  pipes  and  other 
articles  of  native  manufacture. 

Tunis. 

The  Tunisian  court  stood  in  the  rear  of  the  Danish  and 
Turkish  sections,  on  the  south  side  of  the  building.  It  was 
small,  but  was  brilliantly  ornamented,  the  principal  structure 
being  a  large  show-case  at  the  rear  end  of  the  court  on  which 
the  goods  were  arranged.  The  exhibit  was  largely  the  prop¬ 
erty  of  the  Bey  of  Tunis.  His  Highness  exhibited  some  pretty 
gilt  furniture,  a  collection  of  fine  woollen  blankets  and  shawls, 
woven  silks,  jewelry,  national  costumes,  native  arms  richly 
ornamented,  some  superb  decorated  saddles,  resembling  those 
of  the  Egyptian  collection.  In  the  Exhibition  grounds  he 
also  exhibited  two  Arab  tents,  illustrating  the  domestic  life  and 
customs  of  the  Arab  sheiks  and  Bedawin.  The  Bey  also  sent 
a  number  of  antique  relics  dug  from  the  ruins  of  old  Carthage, 
which  is  situated  in  his  dominions. 

Mexico. 

The  space  assigned  to  the  Mexican  republic  lay  on  the  north 
side  of  the  main  aisle,  and  adjoined  that  of  the  United  States 
on  the  west.  It  was  enclosed  by  a  handsomely  ornamented 
pavilion  of  light  wood,  painted  in  a  soft  cream  color,  and  de¬ 
signed  in  the  Aztec  style  of  architecture.  The  main  entrance 
to  this  pavilion  was  opposite  the  easternmost  of  the  soda  foun¬ 
tains  in  the  main  aisle,  and  was  a  handsome  arch  draped  with 
the  arms  of  the  republic  in  gilt  set  in  the  midst  of  a  trophy 
formed  of  the  national  colors. 

The  Mexican  exhibit  was  not  as  large  as  had  been  hoped, 
and  scarcely  showed  the  extent  or  variety  of  the  natural  re¬ 
sources  and  manufactures  of  the  republic,  but  was  still  inter- 


SHOW-CASES  IN  THE  CHINESE  DEPARTMENT,  MAIN  BUILDING. 

452 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


453 


esting,  and  merited  a  careful  examination.  A  very  considerable 
part  of  the  display  consisted  of  Mexican  historical  remains  of 
the  most  interesting  character.  They  gave  us  a  partial  view 
of  the  civilization  of  the  Aztec  race,  that  curious  people  whose 
history  is  at  once  so  perplexing  and  so  sad. 

The  mineral  exhibit  was  very  large  and  very  good,  and 
showed  the  wealth  of  the  leading  mines  of  the  country.  A 
large  specimen,  weighing  1300  pounds,  and  composed  of  quartz 
and  bromide  of  silver,  was  a  prominent  object  in  this  collection, 
and  large  lumps  of  lead  ore,  iron  ore,  specimens  of  coal,  native 
marble,  a  sample  of  a  new  mineral  called  libinstone,  and  speci¬ 
mens  of  the  matter  thrown  up  by  the  volcano  of  Ceboruco 
during  a  recent  eruption,  and  specimens  of  native  woods  were 
tastefully  arranged,  and  constituted  an  instructive  display. 
Samples  of  buckskin  clothing  ornamented  with  gold  and  silver 
embroidery,  such  as  the  Mexican  cavaliers  wear,  were  shown, 
and  each  suit  was  valued  at  $1000.  There  was  a  considerable 
exhibit  of  ready-made  clothing,  dressed  and  undressed  leather, 
kid  gloves,  straw  hats,  woollen  and  cotton  cloths,  and  papers ; 
and  some  porcelain  was  shown  which  marked  the  beginning 
made  by  Mexico  in  this  beautiful  art.  There  were  also  some 
pretty  silks  in  the  collection.  A  full  display  was  made  of  the 
medicinal  plants  of  Mexico,  and  of  the  fibres  of  all  the  varieties 
of  the  aguave.  The  native  wines  and  cordials  were  also  well 
represented.  A  great  variety  of  ancient  and  modern  national 
costumes  was  shown,  including  those  of  the  Indians  and  mixed 
races.  A  number  of  educational  and  scientific  works  illustrated 
the  efforts  being  made  to  diffuse  knowledge  among  the  Mexican 
people. 

Brazil. 

The  Brazilian  court  was  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  main 
aisle,  between  the  Dutch  and  Belgian  sections.  It  was  enclosed 
by  one  of  the  most  brilliant  and  noticeable  structures  in  the 
building.  It  was  a  pavilion  built  in  the  Moorish  style,  and 
consisted  of  a  colonnade  of  wooden  pillars,  with  brightly  orna¬ 
mented  capitals  and  arches,  supporting  a  superstructure  of  wood 
painted  in  various  bright  colors.  This  colonnade  surrounded 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


456 


the  entire  Brazilian  section,  and  -on  three  sides  was  nineteen 
feet  high.  Between  the  pillars  were  wooden  screens  six  feet 
high  painted  in  panels,  the  effect  of  which  was  very  fine.  The 
facade  consisted  of  clusters  of  pillars  supporting  the  superstruc¬ 
ture,  as  on  the  sides,  but  the  columns  were  closer  together  and 
were  decorated  with  gay  colors  and  with  glass  tiles  of  a  novel 
and  attractive  kind.  These  tiles  had  various  rich  designs,  and 


ENTRANCE  TO  THE  BRAZILIAN  COURT. 


were  used  to  form  the  names  of  the  different  provinces  on  the 
frieze  extending  around  the  structure.  Over  the  principal  en¬ 
trance  the  word  “  Brazil  was  placed  in  colored  glass  tiles.  The 
central  arch  rose  to  a  height  of  nearly  forty  feet,  but  the  arches 
on  the  east  and  west  of  it  were  uniform  in  height  with  those 
along  the  sides  of  the  pavilion.  The  pavilion  was  painted  in  the 
gayest  colors,  the  principal  being  the  national  colors,  green  and 
yellow,  and  red  and  blue.  Brazilian  flags  and  streamers  were 
draped  along  the  front  and  streamed  from  the  prominent  points 
of  tlje  structure. 


466 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  show-cases  within  the  pavilion  were  of  plate-glass  orna¬ 
mented  with  ivory  and  gold,  and  were  very  handsome.  They 
were  lined  with  a  dark  maroon-colored  cloth,  which  added  to  the 
richness  of  their  appearance.  No  less  than  $30,000  was  ex¬ 
pended  by  Brazil  in  the  construction  of  her  pavilion. 

At  the  entrance  stood  a  very  large  show-case  placed  on  a 
square  space  paved  with  marble.  It  contained  a  beautiful  dis¬ 
play  of  artificial  flowers  made  of  the  gay  and  brilliant  plumage 
of  the  birds  of  Brazil,  and  near  it  was  a  collection  of  butterflies 
and  brilliant  insects. 

Around  the  court  were  displayed  photographs  showing  the 
geological  formation  and  the  scenery  of  the  empire,  and  a  series 
of  topographical  maps.  The  public  works  were  exhibited  in  a 
number  of  finely-executed  charts  and  plans. 

Several  cases  of  books  and  other  specimens  of  the  printer’s 
art  were  to  be  seen  here,  showing  what  Brazil  has  done  in  this 
department,  and  the  rise  of  her  national  literature  was  shown 
in  the  works  of  a  number  of  her  native  authors,  printed  and 
bound  in  Brazil. 

The  native  products  of  the  empire  were  largely  represented, 
and  among  them  coffee  held  the  chief  place,  being  the  great 
staple  of  the  country.  Bice,  cocoa,  mandioc,  ginger,  yams, 
sarsaparilla,  and  many  other  tropical  products  were  shown  in 
great  abundance.  The  native  woods,  in  which  Brazil  is  wealthy 
almost  beyond  computation,  were  also  largely  shown,  and  among 
them  we  found  the  castor  tree,  rosewood,  Brazil-wood,  caout¬ 
chouc,  cedars,  logwood  and  mahogany. 

An  excellent  display  of  furniture  was  also  made,  and  the 
specimens  were  both  wooden  and  wicker. 

The  rising  manufactures  of  the  empire  were  shown  in  the  fine 
exhibit  of  woollen  and  cotton  cloths,  dress  goods,  laces,  em¬ 
broideries,  silks,  and  straw  and  wool  hats.  A  considerable  dis¬ 
play  was  also  made  of  chemical  manufactures.  The  display 
of  porcelain  and  glassware  was  small.  Leather,  boots  and 
shoes,  saddles,  and  skins,  formed  a  considerable  part  of  the 
collection. 

There  were  also  a  number  of  antiquities ;  and  the  Indian 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  457 

tribes  were  represented  by  hammocks  and  other  articles  peculiar 
to  themselves  and  their  ancestors  for  centuries. 

Altogether  the  Brazilian  exhibit  was  handsome  and  deeply 
interesting,  and  was  worthy  of  the  leading  nation  of  the  south¬ 
ern  half  of  the  American  continent. 

Argentine  Confederation. 

The  section  assigned  to  the  Argentine  Confederation  was  on 
the  south  side  of  the  main  aisle  and  next  to  its  western  end.  It 
was  enclosed,  and  at  the  front  stood  a  handsome  circular  pavil¬ 
ion.  The  exhibit  was  designed  to  represent  the  commercial, 
agricultural  and  mineral  wealth  of  the  republic.  The  articles 
were  tastefully  arranged,  and  were  attractive  and  worthy  of  a 
careful  study. 

The  mineral  exhibit  included  the  ores  of  gold,  silver,  lead? 
copper,  and  iron,  galena,  kaolin,  sulphate  of  lime,  quartz,  mar¬ 
bles,  coal,  building  stones,  gypsum,  clays  for  the  manufacture 
of  crockery,  tiles,  and  bricks,  graphite,  soapstones,  and  other 
varieties.  Specimens  of  the  principal  metals  were  also  shown. 
There  was  a  large  collection  of  chemical  manufactures,  and  a 
small  one  of  glassware,  porcelain  and  pottery.  The  department 
of  textile  fabrics  included  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  mats 
woven  by  state  prisoners,  fabrics  made  by  Indians  from  native 
plants,  clothing,  laces,  and  embroideries.  Silk  spun  in  cocoons 
was  also  exhibited  in  considerable  quantities.  Wool  hats,  and 
boots,  shoes  and  other  leather  goods,  and  samples  of  leather  and 
skins,  made  up  a  large  part  of  the  collection.  The  bows,  arrows, 
clubs  and  lances  of  the  various  Indian  tribes,  slings  used  by  the 
hunters  to  catch  cattle  and  alpaca  on  the  “  plains,”  and  lassos 
used  by  the  hunters  of  Buenos  Ayres  were  also  shown.  A  num¬ 
ber  of  figures  of  Argentine  peasants  formed  an  interesting  part 
of  the  exhibit. 

The  display  here  was  greater  than  any  made  by  the  Argen¬ 
tine  republic  at  any  previous  World’s  Fair,  and  was  in  the 
highest  degree  creditable  to  both  the  government  and  the  people 
of  that  country. 


455 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


Chili t 

The  Chilian  section  stood  at  the  western  end  of  the  Main 
Building,  on  the  south  side  of  the  main  aisle.  At  the  front, 
which  faced  the  main  aisle,  was  a  circular  pavilion,  gayly  painted, 
around  the  sides  of  which  were  arranged  show-cases  containing 
an  extensive  and  valuable  collection  of  the  minerals  of  the 
republic.  The  animals  of  the  country  were  represented  by  stuffed 
hides  of  the  cougar,  jaguar,  llama,  guanaco,  and  monkeys. 
There  was  also  an  exceedingly  valuable  and  interesting  display 
of  old  pottery  and  domestic  utensils,  agricultural  implements, 
and  weapons  of  war  used  by  the  Indian  tribes. 

Specimens  of  Chilian  silks,  raw  and  manufactured,  were 
shown,  and  also  some  fine  worsted  work.  A  classified  exhibit 
was  made  of  the  vegetable  products,  the  native  wines,  and  the 
leather  of  Chili. 

Peru. 

The  Peruvian  court  was  enclosed  by  a  neat  and  tasteful  pa¬ 
vilion  decorated  with  the  arms  of  the  republic  and  the  national 
colors,  and  stood  at  the  western  end  of  the  building,  immedi¬ 
ately  in  the  rear  of  the  Chilian  and  Argentine  sections.  The 
entrance  was  from  the  west. 

Around  the  sides  of  the  pavilion  the  mineral  wealth  of  the 
republic  was  faintly  shown  by  a  number  of  specimens.  Gold, 
silver  and  precious  stones  were  included  in  the  collection. 
Quicksilver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  sulphur,  saltpetre,  and  salt 
were  exhibited  in  a  variety  of  forms. 

The  principal  manufactures  shown  were  leather,  soap,  and 
sugar.  The  native  wines  and  liquors  were  also  extensively 
displayed.  Cotton,  cocoa,  coffee,  cinnamon,  pimento,  pepper, 
tobacco,  Peruvian  bark,  indigo,  sarsaparilla,  vanilla,  caout¬ 
chouc  and  a  variety  of  drugs  and  dye-stuffs  were  shown. 

There  was  a  large  display  of  ancient  pottery,  the  work  of  the 
aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Peru,  showing  that  they  were  far  ad¬ 
vanced  in  the  arts  and  customs  of  civilization ;  and  by  the 
side  of  these  was  an  exhibit  of  the  dresses  and  weapons  of  the 
Indian  tribe. 


459 


ORNAMENTAL  VASE,  EXHIBITED  BY  REED  &  BARTON,  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


460 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Hawaii. 

The  kingdom  of  Hawaii,  better  known  as  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  had  a  handsome  pavilion,  with  two  arched  entrances, 
situated  against  the  south  wall  of  the  building  immediately 
back  of  the  Tunisian  court. 

The  exhibit  included  several  specimens  of  native  sugar, 
coffee,  and  native  woods.  The  fibres  of  a  number  of  trees — 
strong  and  tough — were  also  shown,  and  a  considerable  quantity 
of  straw  work  made  up  the  display.  There  were  a  number  of 
specimens  of  lava  thrown  out  by  the  volcano  of  Kilauea,  the 
largest  now  in  action  in  the  world.  Manufactured  articles  from 
the  native  woods,  and  calabashes  used  by  the  natives  to  hold 
their  food,  were  among  the  articles  exhibited.  A  fine  collection 
of  specimens  of  lava,  mosses,  and  ferns  was  shown,  and  was 
made  by  Mr.  Hitchcock,  the  special  commissioner,  during  a 
residence  of  fourteen  years  in  the  islands.  There  were  cases  of 
beautiful  native  birds,  and  a  rich  display  of  pink  and  white 
corals,  shells,  and  seaweed.  Queen  Emma  exhibited  a  case  of 
fans  and  feather-work,  native  millinery,  and  historical  curiosi¬ 
ties.  Photographs  of  scenes  in  the  islands  were  displayed  about 
the  enclosure. 

Russia. 

The  Russian  space  was  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  main 
aisle,  between  the  Spanish  and  Austrian  sections,  and  extended 
back  to  the  south  wall  of  the  building.  It  was  unenclosed,  and 
but  little  effort  had  been  made  to  ornament  it.  A  handsome 
shield  emblazoned  with  the  imperial  arms,  and  set  in  the  midst 
of  a  trophy  of  Russian  and  American  colors,  was  affixed  to  the 
pillar  at  the  south  side  of  the  aisle.  Along  the  front  line  was  a 
row  of  lofty  octagonal  and  square  cases  of  dark  oak  and  plate- 
glass,  filled  with  rare  and  beautiful  articles. 

At  the  western  end  of  the  front  line,  Sazikoff,  of  Moscow, 
had  two  handsome  cases  containing  a  magnificent  display  of 
gold  and  silver  articles  for  table  service,  personal  use,  and 
household  ornament.  They  were  richly  carved,  and  some  of 
them  were  enamelled  in  a  masterly  manner.  There  were  a 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


461 


number  of  statuettes  of  solid  silver,  prominent  among  which 
was  one  of  Peter  the  Great.  The  gem  of  the  whole  collection 
was  a  superb  work  in  repousse ,  representing  the  “Adoration  of 
the  Magi.”  It  was  one  of  the  most  perfect  specimens  of  this 
school  of  art  in  the  Exhibition. 


MALACHITE  MANTEL  AND  ORNAMENTS,  EXHIBITED  IN  THE 
RUSSIAN  SECTION,  MAIN  BUILDING. 


Near  the  east  end  of  the  front  line,  P.  Ouchinnikoff,  of  Mos¬ 
cow  and  St.  Petersburg,  made  an  equally  handsome  display  of 
richly  chased  articles  in  gold  and  silver,  and  enamels  on  gold 
and  silver.  Prominent  in  the  collection  was  a  fine  altar-piece, 
representing  the  Saviour  with  the  Gospel  in  his  hand.  The 
work  was  done  upon  a  gold  surface,  and  the  portrait  of  the 
Saviour  was  in  enamel  of  various  colors.  The  effect  of  the 


462 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


whole  was  very  rich  and  beautiful.  A  superb  tankard  made 
of  a  single  piece  of  silver,  with  decorations  in  gilt,  was  shown. 
At  the  top  was  a  small  copy  of  the  statue  of  Peter  the  Great, 
and  around  the  sides  of  the  vessel  was  a  superb  representation 
in  high  relief  of  the  entry  of  Peter  into  Moscow  after  the 
battle  of  Pultawa.  The  tankard  was  valued  at  $3000.  A 
massive  salver  of  silver  with  ornamentations  in  gilt,  and  a 
centre-piece  carved  with  a  representation  of  the  Kremlin,  was 
valued  at  $2000. 

At  the  east  end  of  the  line,  Felix  Chopin,  of  St.  Petersburg, 
displayed  a  collection  of  fine  bronzes  in  the  best  style  of  the  art. 
They  represented  scenes  from  the  life  of  the  Russian  peasantry, 
and  were  much  admired.  A  conspicuous  object  of  this  collec¬ 
tion  was  an  immense  candelabra  of  gilt  and  porcelain,  fully  fif¬ 
teen  feet  high,  capable  of  holding  one  hundred  candles,  and  with 
vases  for  flowers  around  the  base.  Opposite  it  was  a  gilt  clock 
of  peculiar  design,  about  four  feet  high.  The  hours  encircled  a 
large  globe  of  silver  and  moved  around  it,  and  an  angel  in  the 
act  of  flying  pointed  to  the  hour  with  one  hand  and  towards 
heaven  with  the  other. 

Along  the  eastern  border  of  the  Russian  section,  Messrs. 
Hoessrich  &  Woerffel,  of  St.  Petersburg,  had  an  extensive 
and  valuable  display  of  articles  in  malachite  and  lapis  lazuli. 
These  were  of  an  infinite  variety,  consisting  of  cabinets,  mantels, 
tables,  statuettes,  clocks,  caskets,  candelabra,  and  some  beautiful 
jewelry  and  small  articles  for  personal  use.  One  fine  centre- 
table  in  gilt  and  malachite  was  valued  at  $2400,  and  a  large 
mass  of  malachite  in  the  rough  was  held  at  $4800. 

Just  back  of  the  front  line  was  a  rich  and  large  display  of 
silks  and  velvets  magnificently  embroidered  with  gold,  and  cloth 
of  gold  with  decorations  of  silver  worked  into  it.  These  fabrics 
were  superb,  and  were  equal  to  anything  in  the  Egyptian  or 
Turkish  exhibits. 

Back  of  these  was  a  large  exhibit  of  furs,  equal  in  quality  and 
beauty  to  anything  in  the  building ;  and  stuffed  specimens  of 
fur-bearing  animals  were  shown  in  connection  with  this  display. 
There  was  a  good  exhibit  of  cotton  and  linen  goods,  and  of  hats 
and  military  caps. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


463 


In  the  centre  of  the  section  the  Russian-American  Rubber 
Company,  of  St.  Petersburg,  had  a  fine  octagonal  pavilion  of 
ebony  and  plate-glass,  containing  a  handsome  collection  of  their 
goods.  Opposite,  on  the  west  side  of  the  court,  a  tailoring  firm 
showed  a  case  of  uniforms  of  the  different  branches  of  the  Rus¬ 
sian  army. 

The  exhibit  of  mathematical  and  philosophical  instruments 
was  small  but  very  interesting,  and  was  located  near  the  south¬ 
west  corner  of  the  court.  Immediately  to  the  east  of  it  was  a 
case  of  ornamental  cast-iron  work.  The  collection  consisted  of 
a  number  of  statuettes,  busts,  vases,  etc.,  the  principal  object 
being  a  copy  of  the  statue  of  Peter  the  Great  at  St.  Petersburg. 
There  was  a  softness  about  the  work  which  was  very  pleasing, 
and  it  greatly  resembled  the  darkest  antique  bronze.  It  was 
much  lighter  in  weight  than  bronze,  and  much  less  expensive. 

The  paper  makers  had  a  small  exhibit,  and  close  by  was  an 
extensive  and  valuable  collection  of  the  minerals  of  the  Russian 
empire.  At  the  south  end  of  the  court  was  a  case  of  inlaid 
caskets,  boxes,  waiters,  etc.,  the  work  upon  which  is  exceedingly 
beautiful.  In  the  next  case  a  bookbinder  showed  specimens  of 
his  work.  The  books  were  merchants’  account-books,  and 
showed  the  Russian  system  of  bookkeeping.  At  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  court  was  a  fine  carved  oaken  billiard  table,  one 
of  the  handsomest  in  the  Exhibition.  There  was  an  excellent 
though  small  exhibit  of  cutlery,  and  several  excellent  pianos 
formed  a  part  of  the  Russian  exhibit.  A  number  of  carved 
oaken  cabinets  stood  along  the  eastern  line,  where  also  might  be 
seen  a  case  of  rich  embroideries,  worked  on  colored  cloths  with 
gold  and  silver  threads. 

There  was  a  small  exhibit  of  perfumes  and  soaps,  and  a  few 
pieces  of  porcelain  and  majolica-ware  completed  the  display. 

Russia  was  one  of  the  last  of  the  European  powers  to  take 
part  in  the  Exhibition,  and  her  space  was  not  in  complete  order 
until  near  the  last  of  June.  Her  display  was  at  once  unique 
and  beautiful,  and  received  much  praise  from  visitors. 


464 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Portugal. 

Like  the  Russian  the  Portuguese  exhibit  was  not  in  order 
until  the  latter  part  of  June.  The  section  assigned  to  Portugal 
was  on  the  south  side  of  the  hall,  and  immediately  in  the  rear 
of  the  Turkish  and  Egyptian  courts.  It  was  about  as  large  as 
the  Egyptian  section,  and  was  enclosed  with  a  line  of  handsome 
show-cases  of  wood,  stained  in  imitation  of  black  walnut,  with 
entrances  at  the  north,  east,  and  west  ends. 

Along  the  southern  wall  the  Portuguese  department  of  public 
works  exhibited  a  collection  of  topographical  and  geological 
maps  and  charts  of  the  kingdom,  with  drawings  of  the  principal 
harbors.  In  this  section  of  the  space  was  the  display  of  glass- 


PROGRESS  VASE,  EXHIBITED  BY  REED  &  BARTON. 


ware,  pottery,  and  porcelain,  which,  though  not  large,  was  very 
good.  Some  fine  dyes  and  specimens  of  woollen  fabrics  dyed 
in  them  were  also  shown. 

The  cases  which  formed  the  east  and  west  sides  of  the  enclos¬ 
ure  were  filled  with  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  generally  of  a 
coarse  texture.  The  blankets  shown  here  were  very  good. 

A  good  display  was  made  of  silk  fabrics  of  various  kinds,  and 
a  case  was  also  shown  of  cocoons  and  raw  silk.  Some  of  the 
silks  were  beautifully  embroidered.  A  number  of  excellent 
specimens  of  wood-carving  were  shown,  and  a  series  of  photo- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


465 


graphs  of  places  in  Portugal  showed  some  admirable  work  in 
this  line. 

A  case  containing  flowers,  baskets,  ships,  and  other  objects 
made  of  the  fibre  of  the  fig-tree,  from  the  island  of  St.  Michael, 
in  the  Azores,  attracted  great  attention.  The  material  was  ex¬ 
quisitely  beautiful  and  the  work  very  fine.  There  were  a  num¬ 
ber  of  statuettes  in  colored  plaster,  representing  different  types 
of  Portuguese  brigands  and  peasants.  At  the  northern  end  of 
the  section  was  a  collection  of  tinware,  showing  the  fine  quality 
of  the  native  tin  of  Portugal,  and  here  was  to  be  seen  the  finest 
porcelain  and  glassware  of  this  exhibit. 

Turkey. 

The  space  assigned  to  the  Turkish  empire  lay  on  the  south 
side  of  the  main  aisle,  and  was  immediately  west  of  the  Egyp¬ 
tian  court.  It  was  unenclosed,  and  no  effort  was  made  to  orna¬ 
ment  it.  The  show-cases  were  of  simple  black,  and,  in  conse¬ 
quence  of  this  and  of  the  quantities  of  carpets  and  rugs  suspended 
from  the  roof,  the  Turkish  court  had  rather  a  gloomy  appear¬ 
ance.  Owing  to  the  unfortunate  condition  of  the  finances  of  the 
Turkish  government  this  court  was  the  last  of  all  in  the  Main 
Building  to  be  gotten  in  order. 

The  display  made  was  small.  Carpets  and  rugs  of  an  excel¬ 
lent  quality  formed  the  principal  portion.  But  few  objects  of 
household  use  were  exhibited,  and  of  these  some  low  tables  in¬ 
laid  wiith  pearl,  and  some  exquisite  coffee-cups  of  porcelain, 
formed  the  principal  part.  The  wool  raised  in  the  mountainous 
provinces  of  the  empire  was  also  shown,  and  a  considerable  dis¬ 
play  of  sponges  was  made.  Jewelry,  personal  ornaments, 
articles  in  olive  wood  and  mother-of-pearl,  such  as  crosses  and 
rosaries,  from  Palestine,  pipes,  fire-arms,  swords  and  other  wea¬ 
pons  made  up  the  display.  It  was  generally  remarked  that  the 
preponderance  of  articles  from  the  Holy  Land  was  so  great  that 
the  visitor  might  well  think  Turkey  had  abandoned  Mohammed 
and  become  a  Christian  country.  Everything  in  the  court  was 
for  sale. 


30 


466 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


The  Mineral  Annex. 

The  space  in  the  main  hall  being  filled,  a  couple  of  long, 
narrow,  wooden  buildings  were  erected  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Main  Building.  In  these  structures  was  shown  a  large  and  in¬ 
teresting  collection  of  the  minerals  of  the  United  States,  promi¬ 
nent  in  which  were  a  number  of  immense  blocks  of  coal  taken 
from  the  mines  of  Pennsylvania  and  some  of  the  Western 
States. 

The  Chinese  section  being  over-crowded,  the  Commissioners 
of  that  country  obtained  additional  space  in  the  Mineral  Annex, 
and  in  this  building  exhibited  a  number  of  life-sized  figures, 
showing  the  costumes  of  the  various  classes  of  the  people  of 
China,  and  models  of  their  boats  and  junks,  and  their  vehicles 
for  land  travel.  A  very  curious  and  instructive  exhibit  was 
found  in  the  complete  collection  of  the  medicines  known  to  the 
Chinese  “  healing  art.”  Over  one  thousand  specimens  were 
exhibited,  the  majority  of  which  consisted  of  such  strange  ob¬ 
jects  as  Spanish  flies,  red  arsenic,  dried  centipedes,  roaches  and 
sea  horses,  powdered  pinch  bugs,  betel  nuts,  which  are  chewed 
like  tobacco,  dried  snakes  and  snake  skins,  desiccated  lizards, 
and  opium.  Some  of  the  pills  exhibited  were  coated  with  white 
wax,  and  had  a  diameter  of  over  one  inch.  Specimens  of  rice, 
embracing  over  thirty-five  varieties,  and  samples  of  different 
kinds  of  native  food,  were  also  shown. 

The  Carriage  Annex. 

The  annex  to  the  Main  Building,  devoted  to  the  display  of 
carriages  and  other  articles,  was  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Avenue  of  the  Republic,  just  north  of  Memorial  Hall.  It 
was  built  of  corrugated  iron  and  glass,  and  was  346  feet  long 
and  231  feet  deep.  The  greater  part  of  the  space  was  taken  up 
by  American  exhibitors. 

The  display  of  carriages  in  the  American  department  was 
very  fine,  and  included  vehicles  of  all  classes,  and  several  oid- 
fashioned  Concord  stages.  Wheels,  hubs,  spokes,  harness,  car¬ 
riage  hardware  and  fixtures,  springs,  etc.,  were  displayed  here, 


467 


THE  CARRIAGE  BUILDING. 


468 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  made  a  handsome  showing.  The  collection  of  carriages  for 
children  was  also  very  pretty. 

A  conspicuous  feature  of  this  exhibit  was  the  old-fashioned 
travelling  carriage  used  by  George  Washington.  It  was 
mounted  on  high,  clumsy  springs,  and  the  floor  of  the  carriage 
stood  fully  five  feet  from  the  ground.  It  had  a  high  seat  for 
the  coachman  and  the  usual  stand  for  the  footmen  behind. 
Four  fine  gray  horses  of  wood  were  harnessed  to  it,  and  it  was 
by  common  consent  regarded  as  one  of  the  sights  of  the  Ex¬ 
hibition. 

A  number  of  railroad  cars  were  exhibited  in  this  building. 
The  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company  showed  one  of  their  hand¬ 
somest  parlor  cars,  and  a  superb  hotel  car,  to  both  of  which 
visitors  were  admitted.  The  latter  showed  the  entire  arrange¬ 
ment  for  providing  passengers  with  meals  cooked  to  order  wThile 
the  train  is  in  motion.  A  boudoir  and  library  car,  built  for 
the  St.  Paul  and  Rio  Janeiro  Railway  of  Brazil,  was  a  model 
of  beautiful  workmanship  and  comfortable  arrangement.  It 
was  a  narrow  gauge  car,  and  smaller  than  the  Pullman  coaches 
by  which  it  stood.  Several  other  fine  cars  for  ordinary  use 
were  exhibited,  and  showed  what  the  various  railway  lines  of 
the  country  might  do  for  the  comfort  of  their  passengers. 
Several  magnificent  street  railway  cars  stood  by  the  side  of  the 
larger  coaches,  and  were  beautiful  specimens  of  workmanship. 

A  large  part  of  the  American  department  was  devoted  to  an 
exhibition  of  stoves  and  heating  apparatus  of  various  kinds,  tin 
and  ironware,  and  house-furnishing  goods.  These  made  up  a 
pretty  and  attractive  display,  and  drew  many  visitors. 

In  the  English  department  were  several  fine  drags  of  the 
most  elaborate  style,  and  a  number  of  broughams,  coupes  and  a 
species  of  one-horse  barouche.  The  English  vehicles  were  all 
substantially  made  and  were  elegant  and  tasteful.  Canada  ex¬ 
hibited  her  fine  sleighs,  which  were  much  admired. 

Italy  sent  two  specimens  of  a  curious  little  closed  carriage. 

The  display  was  very  fine,  and  the  carriage  annex  was  one  of 
the  most  interesting  halls  in  the  Exhibition. 

It  was  large  and  airy,  and  the  articles  exhibited  in  it  were  dis- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


469 


played  to  the  best  advantage.  The  beautiful  work  upon  the 
wooden  bodies  of  the  carriages  was  especially  noticeable  for  its 
beauty  and  its  skilful  joining. 

One  of  the  pleasantest  features  of  the  hall  was  the  view  from 
the  north  entrance.  You  looked  down  into  the  wooded  depths 
of  Lansdowne  valley,  beyond  which  were  the  towers  of  Ag¬ 
ricultural  Hall  and  the  pretty  buildings  on  its  slopes.  There 
was  generally  a  breeze  stirring  here,  and  you  could  seat  your¬ 
self  on  the  benches  which  the  thoughtfulness  of  the  Commission 
had  provided,  and  enjoy  as  rural  and  as  enchanting  a  view  as 
the  eye  ever  rested  upon. 


SILVER-PLATED  TEA  URN,  EXHIBITED  BY  REED  &  BARTON. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


MACHINERY  HALL. 


Description  of  the  Building — The  Interior — Conveniences  for  Visitors — Pre¬ 
cautions  Against  Fire — The  Corliss  Engine — Distribution  of  Power — The 
American  Display — Curious  and  Interesting  Machines — The  Steam-Engines 
— The  First  Steam-Engine  in  America — The  Blast  Furnace — The  Sewing 
Machines — A  Handsome  Display — The  Suspension  Bridge  Exhibit — A 
Monster  Cotton  Press — Weaving  Machines — Making  Watches  by  Machinery 
— Carpet  Weaving — The  Water  Motors — The  Locomotives — The  Railway 
Exhibit — The  Vacuum  Pan — The  Tobacco  Factory — Making  India  Rubber 
Shoes — Making  Candies  by  Machinery — The  Massachusetts  Marine — Among 
the  Printing  Machines — The  Old  Franklin  Press — Printing  the  New  York 
Herald — The  Ice  Yacht — American  Machine  Shops — Nail  and  Tack  Making 
— The  Hydraulic  Annex — The  Tank — The  Cascade — The  Hydraulic  and 
Blowing  Machines — The  British  Section — The  Road  Steamers — Iron  Armor 
Plate — Weaving  Machines — Railway  Models — The  Walter  Press — The 
Sugar  Mill — The  Canadian  Exhibit — The  German  Section — The  Krupp 
Guns  —  The  F rench  Section  —  Silk  W eaving  —  Lithographing  —  Belgian 
Machinery — The  Well-Borer — The  Swedish  Section  and  Exhibits — The 
Russian  Guns — The  Brazilian  Section — A  Handsome  and  Characteristic 
Display. 


||  ACHINERY  HALL  was  designed  for  the  exhibition 
of  machinery  in  motion,  and  was  the  second  of  the 
Exhibition  buildings  with  regard  to  size.  It  stood 
^  6  immediately  west  of  the  Main  Building,  at  a  distance 
of  five  hundred  and  forty-two  feet  from  it,  and  its 
southern  wall  was  two  hundred  and  seventy-four  feet  from  the 
north  side  of  Elm  avenue.  The  length  of  the  building  was 
from  east  to  west,  and  its  north  front  was  on  the  same  line  as 
that  of  the  Main  Exhibition  Building,  thus  presenting  a  frontage 
of  thirty-eight  hundred  and  twenty-four  feet  from  the  east  to 
the  west  ends  of  the  Exhibition  buildings  upon  the  principal 
avenue  within  the  grounds. 

470 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


471 


The  machinery  building  consisted  of  the  main  hall,  fourteen 
hundred  and  two  feet  long  by  three  hundred  and  sixty  feet 
wide,  and  an  annex  on  the  south  side  of  two  hundred  and  eight 
by  two  hundred  and  ten  feet.  The  entire  area  covered  by  the 
building  and  the  annex  was  558,440  square  feet,  or  about  12.82 
acres.  Including  the  upper  floors  the  exhibition  space  was 
about  fourteen  acres. 

The  principal  portion  of  the  building  was  one  story  in  height, 
with  the  main  cornice  upon  the  outside  about  forty  feet  from 
the  ground.  The  roof  was  seventy  feet  from  the  floor  of  the 
avenues,  and  forty  feet  from  the  floor  of  the  aisles.  The  main 
entrances  at  the  east  and  west  were  finished  with  handsome 
fa§ades,  consisting  of  a  square  tower  at  each  side  rising  to  a 
height  of  seventy-eight  feet,  with  a  tasteful  entrance  between 
them.  The  central  entrance  and  the  towers  were  each  provided 
with  light  ornamental  galleries,  and  over  the  central  gallery  a 
large  eagle  was  placed,  with  a  clock  immediately  beneath  it. 
A  similar  projection  with  a  similar  fagade  stood  at  the  ends  of 
the  transept  upon  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  building, 
giving  to  it  a  fine  and  picturesque  effect;  and  in  order  to  further 
relieve  the  monotony  which  would  have  resulted  from  the  long 
unbroken  lines  of  the  exterior,  other  projections  were  intro¬ 
duced  upon  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  building,  with 
tasteful  fagades.  A  chime  of  thirteen  bells,  representing  the 
thirteen  original  States,  was  hung  in  the  northeast  tower  of  the 
building.  They  weighed  twenty-one  thousand  pounds,  the 
largest  weighing  over  three  thousand  pounds,  and  the  smallest 
three  hundred  and  fifty  pounds.  They  cost  $12,000,  and  were 
cast  by  Henry  McShane  &  Brother,  of  Baltimore. 

The  building  was  painted  in  a  light  and  pleasing  blue,  with 
ornamentations  in  other  colors.  As  its  length  was  eighteen 
times  its  height  it  had  necessarily  a  low  and  “  squat 57  effect,  but 
the  general  appearance  was  pleasing,  and  the  structure  was  so 
admirably  adapted  to  the  purposes  it  was  designed  to  serve  that 
criticism  was  disarmed.  While  there  was  nothing  mean  or 
shabby  about  it,  it  was  plain  and  simple,  but  little  effort  having 
been  made  at  ornament.  The  building  was  in  perfect  good  taste 


472 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


throughout,  and  while  it  was  not  as  handsome  or  as  imposing 
as  its  gigantic  neighbor,  the  Main  Exhibition  Building,  it  was 
still  attractive  and  pleasing,  and  the  gazer  was  profoundly  im¬ 
pressed  with  its  expression  of  vastness. 

The  eastern  doors  opened  upon  the  grand  plaza  at  the  main 
entrance  to  the  grounds,  and  formed  the  principal  approach 
from  the  street  cars,  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Depot  and  the 
Main  Exhibition  Building.  The  western  doors  led  to  the  Total 
Abstinence  Fountain  and  to  George’s  Hill  and  the  buildings 
clustered  about  its  feet. 

The  arrangement  of  the  ground-plan  was  very  simple.  It 
showed  two  main  avenues,  each  ninety  feet  in  width  and  thirteen 
hundred  and  sixty  feet  long,  with  a  central  aisle  between  them 
and  an  aisle  on  either  side.  Each  aisle  was  the  length  of  the 
avenues,  and  was  sixty  feet  in  width,  thus  making  the  aggregate 
width  of  the  avenues  and  aisles  three  hundred  and  sixty  feet. 
At  the  centre  of  the  building  was  a  transept  ninety  feet  wide, 
which  at  the  south  side  was  prolonged  beyond  the  main  build¬ 
ing  to  the  southern  end  of  the  annex.  At  a  distance  of  thirty- 
six  feet  from  the  main  hall  a  series  of  aisles  extended  on  either 
side  of  the  transept  for  a  distance  of  two  hundred  and  eight  feet 
to  the  southward,  forming  with  it  the  annex  for  hydraulic  ma¬ 
chines.  These  aisles  were  sixty  feet  in  width.  The  promenades 
in  the  avenues  were  fifteen  feet  wide ;  those  in  the  transept 
twenty-five  feet  wide,  and  those  in  the  aisles  ten  feet  wide.  All 
other  walks  extending  across  the  building  were  ten  feet  wide, 
and  led  at  either  end  to  exit  doors. 

The  foundations  of  the  building  were  piers  of  solid  masonry. 
“  The  superstructure  consisted  of  solid  timber  columns  support¬ 
ing  roof  trusses,  constructed  with  straight  wooden  principals  and 
wrought-iron  ties  and  struts.  As  a  general  rule,  the  columns 
were  placed  lengthwise  of  the  building,  at  the  uniform  distance 
apart  of  sixteen  feet.  The  columns  were  forty  feet  high  to  the 
heel-block  of  the  ninety  feet  span  roof  trusses  over  the  avenues, 
and  they  supported  the  heel  of  the  sixty  feet  spans  over  the 
aisles  at  the  height  of  twenty  feet.  The  outer  walls  were  built 
of  masonry  to  a  height  of  five  feet,  and  above  that  were  com- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


473 


posed  of  glazed  sash  placed  between  the  columns.  Portions  of 
the  sash  were  movable  for  ventilation.  Louvre  ventilators  were 
introduced  in  continuous  lengths  over  both  the  avenues  and  the 
aisles.  The  building  was  lit  entirely  by  side  light,  and  stood 
lengthwise  nearly  east  and  west.” 

Machinery  Hall  was  the  first  completed  of  the  Exhibition 
structures.  The  contract  for  its  erection  was  made  on  the  27th 
of  January,  1875,  and  the  work  was  immediately  begun.  It 
was  completed  on  the  1st  of  October,  1875,  and  was  turned  over 
to  the  Board  of  Finance  about  the  close  of  the  year.  The  cost 
of  the  building  was  $542,300.  The  engineers  and  architects 
were  Henry  Pettit  and  Joseph  M.  Wilson,  of  Philadelphia,  and 
the  contractor,  Philip  Quigley,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware.  The 
wrought  and  cast-iron  work  used  in  the  building  was  furnished 
by  Pusey,  Jones  &  Co.,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

The  building  was  fitted  up  with  especial  care  for  the  comfort 
and  convenience  of  visitors.  Water-closets  were  placed  at  the 
east  and  west  ends,  with  attendants.  Polling-chair  stations 
were  located  at  the  main  entrances,  and  telegraph  offices  were 
established  at  prominent  points.  Stands  for  the  sale  •  of  the 
official  catalogue  were  placed  in  the  central  aisle,  and  letter¬ 
boxes  were  scattered  throughout  the  building.  The  fire  service 
was  perfect,  alarm  stations  being  placed  at  regular  intervals,  each 
with  its  proper  number,  and  Babcock  extinguishers  were  scat¬ 
tered  over  the  building  ready  for  instant  use.  At  the  north  end 
of  the  transept  was  a  restaurant,  which  furnished  a  good  dinner 
for  the  moderate  sum  of  fifty  cents.  Adjoining  the  restaurant 
was  a  confectionery,  and  by  the  side  of  this  the  pop-corn  man 
had  a  tasteful  stand,  from  which  he  did  a  thriving  business  in 
this  peculiarly  American  eatable.  Soda  fountains  were  placed 
at  several  points  in  the  building,  and  were  under  the  same  man¬ 
agement  as  those  in  the  other  halls. 

The  interior  decorations  were  simple,  the  roof  and  pillars 
being  painted  in  fight  colors,  the  object  being  to  render  the  in¬ 
terior  as  light  as  possible. 

From  the  gallery  one  looked  down  upon  a  busy  scene.  The 
great  engine  in  the  centre  drove  several  miles  of  shafting  and 


MACHINERY  HALL — INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBITION, 
1402  feet  in  length  and  360  feet  in  width. 


474 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


475 


belting,  and  the  hall  resounded  with  the  hum  and  click  of  the 
machinery  in  motion. 

No  fires  or  furnaces  were  allowed  in  the  hall.  The  boilers 
of  the  great  Corliss  engine  were  placed  in  a  separate  building  on 
the  south  side  of  the  hall,  and  steam  was  introduced  into  the 
hall  by  a  service  of  pipes. 

The  motive  power  for  all  the  machinery  in  motion  in  this 
vast  hall  was  a  double-acting  duplex  vertical  engine,  erected  by 
Mr.  George  H.  Corliss,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  its  in¬ 
ventor.  It  stood  in  the  centre  of  the  hall,  and  was  built  upon 
a  platform  fifty-six  feet  in  diameter,  and  three  and  one-half  feet 
above  the  floor  of  the  hall.  The  engine  rose  to  a  height  of  forty 
feet  above  the  platform,  and  was  the  most  conspicuous  object  in 
the  hall.  “  It  had  cylinders  of  forty-four  inches  in  diameter  and 
ten  feet  stroke,  the  peculiar  variable  cut-off  arrangement  being 
actuated  by  the  governor,  as  common  in  the  Corliss  engines. 
Between  the  vertical  engines  was  a  fly-wheel  of  fifty-six  tons 
weight,  thirty  feet  in  diameter  and  twenty-four  inch  face  ;  it 
made  thirty-six  revolutions  per  minute,  the  rate  being  kept 
equal  by  means  of  the  governor  cut-off,  which  immediately  re¬ 
sponded  to  any  change  in  duty,  owing  to  the  throwing  off  or 
on  of  machines  either  singly  or  embraced  in  a  whole  section  of 
the  building.  The  tubular  boilers  were  twenty  in  number,  in  a 
separate  building,  and  each  represented  a  nominal  power  of 
seventy  horses,  the  work  of  the  engine  at  sixty  pounds  pressure 
being  about  fourteen  hundred  horse-power.  The  fly-wheel  had 
cogs  on  its  periphery,  which  matched  with  cogs  on  a  pinion 
which  rotated  a  line  of  underground  shafting,  and  this  by  means 
of  mitre-gearing  rotated  other  underground  shafts,  so  that  mo¬ 
tion  was  communicated  to  eight  points  in  the  ground-plan  at 
the  transept,  at  which  were  pulleys  from  which  belts  rose 
through  the  floor  and  thence  passed  around  primary  pulleys  on  the 
eight  principal  lines  of  shafting,  which  reached  from  the  transept 
to  the  extremities  of  the  east  and  west  ends  of  the  building. 
The  sunk  shafting,  its  mitre-gears,  pillow-blocks  and  pulleys, 
weighed  two  hundred  tons.”  The  work  on  the  engine  was 
completed  on  the  10th  of  April,  the  day  promised  by  its  inven- 


476 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


tor,  and  the  entire  cost  of  its  construction — $200,000 — was  borne 
by  Mr.  George  H.  Corliss. 

Eight  main  lines  of  shafting  were  provided  for  the  machinery 
in  the  avenues  and  aisles,  the  larger  portion  being  speeded  to 
one  hundred  and  twenty  revolutions  per  minute,  and  one  line 
to  two  hundred  and  forty  revolutions  per  minute,  principally 


THE  CORLISS  ENGINE,  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


for  the  wood-working  machines,  which  occupied  the  larger  part 
of  the  west  end  of  the  southern  aisle.  With  the  subsidiary 
lines,  the  length  of  shafting  was  estimated  at  10,400  feet,  each 
main  line  of  650  feet  transmitting  180  horse-power  to  the 
various  machines  connected  with  it. 

The  exhibit  displayed  in  Machinery  Hall  was  classified  by  the 
Centennial  Commission  as  follows : 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


477 


Department  V. — Machinery. 

500 — 509. . .  .Machines,  Tools,  etc.,  of  Mining,  Chemistry,  etc. 

510 — 519. .  .  .Machines  and  Tools  for  working  Metal,  Wood  and  Stone. 

520 — 529. . .  .Machines  and  Implements  of  Spinning,  Weaving,  etc. 

530 — 539 ....  Machines,  etc.,  used  in  Sewing,  making  Clothing,  etc. 

540 — 549. . .  .Machines  for  Printing,  making  Books,  Paper  Working,  etc. 

550 — 559. . .  .Motors,  Power  Generators,  etc. 

560 — 569. . .  .Hydraulic  and  Pneumatic  Apparatus. 

570 — 579. . .  .Railway  Plant,  Rolling  Stock,  etc. 

580 — 589. . .  .Machinery  used  in  preparing  Agricultural  Products. 

590 — 599. . .  .Aerial,  Pneumatic  and  Water  Transportation. 

Machinery  and  Apparatus  especially  adapted  to  the  require¬ 
ments  of  the  Exhibition. 

The  United  States. 

The  space  occupied  by  the  United  States  covered  about  three- 
fourths  of  the  area  of  Machinery  Hall,  and  extended  from  the  west¬ 
ern  end  entirely  across  the  hall  to  a  point  nearly  half  way  between 
the  transept  and  the  eastern  doors.  Being  at  home,  the  American 
exhibitors  were  naturally  the  first  to  have  their  machinery  in 
readiness.  The  machinery  displayed  covered  a  wide  range,  ex¬ 
tending  from  the  most  delicate  machines  for  the  manufacture  of 
watches  to  the  most  powerful  trip-hammers  and  rolling-mills. 

We  began  our  inspection  at  the  west  end  of  the  building,  and 
starting  from  the  western  end  of  the  south  aisle,  pursued  our 
way  eastward  along  this  aisle. 

On  the  south  side  we  noticed  an  extensive  collection  of  gas 
meters  and  kindred  machines.  These  were  very  handsome  and 
complete  in  every  detail,  and  the  visitor  could  but  wonder  that 
such  pretty  and  attractive  things  should  be  such  an  unending 
source  of  trouble  to  every  householder.  The  whole  system  of 
registering  the  consumption  of  gas  was  shown,  but  we  were  not 
treated  to  an  exhibit  of  the  method  of  making  a  meter  register 
more  gas  than  is  burned.  That  is  a  secret  which  the  gas  com¬ 
panies  do  not  care  to  make  public. 

A  large  collection  of  machines  for  making  illuminating  gas 
from  naphtha  was  shown  beyond  the  gas  meters,  the  largest 
exhibit  being  made  by  the  Springfield  Gas  Machine  Company, 
of  Massachusetts,  whose  machines  are  admitted  to  be  the  best 
^md  safest  in  use. 


478 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Beyond  the  gas  machines  the  Hagner  Drug  Milling  Com¬ 
pany,  of  Philadelphia,  exhibited  a  pair  of  double-run  flaxseed 
chasing  mills,  which  attracted  considerable  attention  by  their 
size  and  excellent  workmanship.  To  the  east  of  this  was  a 
large  frame  model  of  an  anthracite  coal-breaker,  showing  the 
process  of  crushing  coal  and  separating  the  different  sizes  for 
the  market. 

A  fine  display  of  steam-drills  came  next,  and  below  these 


COMBINATION  WOOD- WORKER,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALE. 

was  a  blast-furnace,  with  plans  showing  its  operation.  A  capi¬ 
tal  display  was  made  of  steam-engines,  stationary  and  portable. 
The  Atlantic  Mills,  of  Philadelphia,  showed  some  powerful 
machinery,  and  below  these  the  scroll-saw  men  were  at  work 
with  their  machines  cutting  out  scroll  work  in  wood.  Some 
of  these  saws  were  driven  by  steam,  and  some  by  foot-power. 
A  handsome  specimen  of  their  work  was  a  u  Centennial  clock,” 
the  frame  of  which  was  made  of  wood  sawed  in  this  way. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


479 


We  now  reached  the  transept,  and  turned  back  to  examine 
the  display  along  the  north  side  of  the  aisle.  We  were  attracted 
at  once  by  the  exhibit  of  barrel,  hoop  and  stave-making  ma¬ 
chinery  in  operation.  These  machines  cut  out  the  staves  and 


WEIMER’S  SUSPENDED  HOT-BLAST  STOVE,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL 


hoops  and  set  up  the  barrels  and  headed  them  in  an  exceedingly 
short  space  of  time. 

Close  by  was  an  automatic  shingle-maker,  which  could  turn 
out  25,000  shingles  in  a  day;  and  next  to  it  was  a  “Dovetail- 


480 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ing,  Carving,  Moulding  and  Panelling  Machine,”  exhibited 
by  the  Battle  Creek  Machinery  Company,  which  was  one  of  the 
curiosities  of  the  Exhibition.  Beyond  these  machines  William 
Cramp  &  Son,  of  Philadelphia,  exhibited  two  fine  marine 
engines.  In  the  next  space  J.  W.  Griffiths,  of  New  York, 
exhibited  a  machine  for  bending  wood,  and  showed  by  its  oper¬ 
ation  the  process  of  bending  stout  wooden  beams  for  ships’ 
frames,  or  for  arches. 

We  were  at  the  west  end  once  more,  and  passed  into  the 
south  avenue.  As  we  moved  down  this  avenue  we  confined 
our  inspection  to  its  south  side,  and  noticed  first  a  large  road 
steam-engine  of  American  make.  It  was  the  invention  of 
George  W.  Fitts,  of  Philadelphia,  and  compared  favorably  with 
the  English  steamers  at  the  other  end  of  the  hall.  Adjoining 
this  space  was  one  occupied  by  William  Andrews,  of  Williams¬ 
port,  Pennsylvania,  who  exhibited  a  number  of  circular  and 
straight  saws  of  the  best  workmanship.  Here  was  to  be  seen 
the  first  saw-maker’s  anvil  ever  brought  to  the  United  States. 
It  was  brought  from  London  in  1819,  by  an  uncle  of  its  present 
owner,  who  had  used  it  in  the  old  country,  and  has  been  in 
steady  use  for  over  seventy  years  in  this  family.  It  looks  as 
if  it  was  good  for  seventy  years  more  of  work. 

We  now  reached  an  extensive  collection  of  saws,  moulding- 
machines  and  steam-engines,  noticeable  among  the  latter  being 
the  splendid  automatic  cut-off  and  throttling  steam-engines  of 
the  Buckeye  Company,  of  Salem,  Ohio.  In  the  midst  of  this 
group  Cornell  University  displayed  some  of  the  results  of  her 
department  of  mechanical  engineering  in  the  work  of  her 
students  and  in  a  fine  collection  of  machinery.  Here  were  a 
foot-lathe,  magneto-electrical  machine,  measuring  machine  and 
steam-engine,  all  of  which  were  handsome  pieces  of  work¬ 
manship. 

Having  reached  the  end  of  the  avenue,  which  was  here 
closed  in  by  the  space  assigned  to  an  exhibitor,  we  noticed  on 
the  north  side  a  section  of  the  first  steam-engine  ever  introduced 
into  the  United  States.  This  venerable  relic  was  exhibited  by 
Messrs.  D.  M.  Meeker  &  Son,  of  Newark,  New  Jersey.  Its 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


481 


history  is  so  interesting  that  we  give  it  here  as  related  by  Mr. 
Justice  Bradley,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States, 
in  a  letter  to  Mr.  D.  M.  Meeker : 

“  Washington,  September)'  20 th,  1875. 

“  David  M.  Meeker,  Esq.  : 

“  Dear  Sir :  The  steam-engine  of  which  you  possess  a  relic 
was,  as  you  suppose,  the  first  ever  erected  on  this  continent.  It 
was  imported  from  England  in  the  year  1753  by  Colonel  John 
Schuyler,  for  the  purpose  of  pumping  water  from  his  copper 


THE  RUNQUIST  OSCILLATING  GOVERNOR,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


mine  opposite  Belleville,  near  Newark,  New  Jersey.  The  mine 
was  rich  in  ore,  but  had  been  worked  as  deep  as  hand  and 
horse-power  could  clear  it  of  water.  Colonel  Schuyler,  having 
heard  of  the  success  with  which  steam-engines  (then  called  fire- 
engines)  were  used  in  the  mines  of  Cornwall,  determined  to  have 
one  in  his  mine.  He  accordingly  requested  his  London  corre¬ 
spondents  to  procure  an  engine,  and  to  send  out  with  it  an  engi¬ 
neer  capable  of  putting  it  up  and  in  operation.  This  was  done 
in  the  year  named,  and  Josiah  Horn  blower,  a  young  man, 
31 


482 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


then  in  his  twenty-fifth  year,  was  sent  out  to  superintend  it. 
The  voyage  was  a  loug  and  perilous  one.  Mr.  Horn  blower 
expected  to  return  as  soon  as  the  engine  was  in  successful  opera¬ 
tion.  But  the  proprietor  induced  him  to  remain,  and  in  the 
course  of  a  couple  of  years  he  married  Miss  Kingsland,  whose 
father  owned  a  large  plantation  adjoining  that  of  Colonel 
Schuyler.  The  late  Chief- Justice  Hornblower  was  the  youngest 
of  a  large  family  of  children  which  resulted  from  this  marriage. 
Mr.  Hornblower’s  father,  whose  name  was  Joseph,  had  been 


FURNACE  CHARGER,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 

engaged  in  the  business  of  constructing  engines  in  Cornwall 
from  their  first  introduction  in  the  mines  there,  about  1740; 
and  had  been  an  engineer  and  engine-builder  from  the  first  use 
of  steam-engines  in  the  arts,  about  1720.  The  engines  con¬ 
structed  by  him  and  his  sons  were  the  kind  known  as  New¬ 
comen’s  engines,  or  Cornish  engines.  That  brought  to  America 
by  Josiah  was  of  this  description.  Watt  had  not  then  invented 
his  separate  condenser,  nor  the  use  of  high  pressure.  But  it  is 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  483 

generally  conceded  that,  for  pumping  purposes,  the  Cornish 
engine  has  still  no  superior. 

“After  1760  the  Schuyler  mine  was  worked  for  several  years 
by  Mr.  Hornblower  himself.  The  approach  of  the  war,  in 
1775,  caused  the  operations  to  cease.  Work  was  resumed, 
however,  in  1792,  and  was  carried  on  for  several  years  by 
successive  parties.  It  finally  ceased  altogether  early  in  this 
century,  and  the  old  engine  was  broken  up  and  the  materials 
disposed  of.  The  boiler,  a  large  copper  cylinder,  standing 
upright,  eight  or  ten  feet  high,  and  as  much  in  diameter,  with 
a  flat  bottom  and  a  dome-shaped  top,  was  carried  to  Phila¬ 
delphia.  The  relic  in  your  possession  was  a  portion  of  the 
cylinder,  and  was  purchased  by  some  person  in  Newark. 

“In  1864  I  met  an  old  man  named  John  Van  Emburgh, 
then  a  hundred  years  old,  who  had  worked  on  the  engine  when 
it  was  in  operation  in  1792.  He  described  it  very  minutely 
and,  I  doubt  not,  accurately.  It  is  from  his  description  that  I 
happened  to  know  the  kind  of  engine  it  was ;  although,  from 
the  date  of  its  construction  and  the  use  to  which  it  was  put, 
there  could  have  been  but  little  doubt  on  the  subject. 

“  What  changes  have  been  wrought  in  one  hundred  and 
twenty-two  years !  What  mighty  power  has  been  created  on 
this  continent,  in  that  time,  by  the  multiplication  and  improve¬ 
ment  of  the  steam-engine!  We  may  well  look  upon  this  relic 
with  a  sort  of  superstitious  veneration,  and,  looking  forward  as 
well  as  backward,  wonder  what  another  century  will  bring 
forth  !  Respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

“  Joseph  P.  Bradley.” 

Leaving  the  south  avenue  at  its  western  end,  we  passed 
around  into  the  central  aisle  and  continued  our  inspection  on 
the  south  side  of  that  aisle.  We  passed  a  number  of  vertical 
and  other  steam-engines,  and  paused  to  examine  the  immense 
high  speed  blowing  engine  erected  by  the  Weimer  Machine 
Works,  of  Lebanon,  Pennsylvania.  This  fine  engine  had  a 
capacity  of  5000  cubic  feet  per  minute  at  ten  pounds  pressure. 
The  same  company  also  exhibited  a  section  of  an  apparatus 
for  charging  a  blast  furnace. 


484 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Below  this  was  a  display  of  fire-engines,  three  of  which  were 
handsome  steamers,  and  a  case  of  firemen’s  hats,  overhauls,  etc. 
Beyond  the  engines  a  fine  hook  and  ladder  carriage  was  placed. 
Several  old-fashioned  hand-engines  were  included  in  the  display, 
and  looked  odd,  indeed,  beside  the  glittering  steamers.  Passing 
on  we  came  to  the  display  of  chemical  fire-extinguishers,  the 
largest  and  handsomest  exhibit  being  made  by  the  Babcock 
Fire-Extinguisher  Company,  whose  machines  were  used  in  the 
Exhibition  buildings. 

Farther  on,  I.  P.  Morris  &  Co.,  of  the  Port  Richmond  Iron 
Works,  Philadelphia,  exhibited  a  large  and  complete  blast  fur¬ 
nace  which  towered  to  the  roof,  high  above  all  the  surrounding 
objects.  Near  the  intersection  of  the  aisle  with  the  transept, 
E.  M.  Boynton,  of  New  York,  had  a  handsome  pavilion  of 
black  walnut,  velvet  and  gilt,  ornamented  with  specimens  of 
his  saws.  It  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  in  the 
hall,  and  was  admirably  suited  to  the  display  of  the  articles  it 
contained. 

Turning  westward  again,  and  crossing  to  the  north  side  of 
the  aisle,  we  noticed  a  handsome  display  of  paintings  and 
models  of  the  steamers  of  the  American  Line,  from  Philadel¬ 
phia  to  Liverpool,  made  by  the  steamship  company. 

The  north  side  of  the  central  aisle,  from  the  transept  west¬ 
ward,  was  taken  up  almost  entirely  by  the  exhibit  of  the  sew¬ 
ing  machine  manufacturers.  All  the  sewing  machines  of  the 
country  were  represented  here,  and  the  display  made  by  them 
was  one  of  the  most  attractive  features  of  the  Exhibition.  The 
spaces  occupied  by  the  various  manufacturers  stood  side  by 
side,  and  were  fitted  up  in  the  handsomest  style.  Rich  native 
woods  and  costly  hangings  were  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
enclosures  and  pavilions  of  the  various  manufacturers,  and 
neither  expense  nor  taste  was  spared  to  render  these  as  brilliant 
and  imposing  as  possible.  Each  firm  exhibited  its  best  ma¬ 
chines,  finished  in  the  handsomest  style,  and  displayed  con¬ 
spicuously  samples  of  fine  needlework  done  by  its  operators. 
The  machines  were  operated  by  a  number  of  young  ladies,  and 
were  shown  to  all  who  were  disposed  to  examine  them.  The 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


485 


handsomest  displays  were  made  by  the  Wilson,  Weed,  Wilcox 
&  Gibbs,  Howe,  Domestic  and  Home  Companies.  The  Howe 
pavilion  contained  a  portrait  of  Elias  Howe,  the  inventor  of  the 
sewing  machine,  and  the  pavilion  of  the  Home  Machine  was 
the  richest  and  most  beautiful  structure  in  Machinery  Hall. 

To  the  west  of  the  sewing  machines  were  the  knitting  ma¬ 
chines,  the  workings  of  which  attracted  much  attention ;  and 
beyond  these  was  a  handsome  model  of  a  steam  tug,  with  an 
exhibit  of  improved  screw  propellers  for  steam  vessels,  and  we 
entered  once  more  the  space  devoted  to  steam-engines.  Among 


THE  SEWING  MACHINE  SECTION,  MACHINERY  HALE. 


these  we  noticed  a  machine  for  ditching  and  draining,  exhibited 
by  Randolph  Brothers,  of  New  Jersey.  Several  sizes  of  this 
machine  for  horse  and  steam  power  are  made.  The  largest  size 
will  dig  eight  cubic  yards  per  minute  in  clay  soil,  or  as  much 
as  a  single  man  can  dig  in  a  day.  A  two-horse  machine, 
weighing  1600  pounds,  will  do  the  work  of  forty  men.  The 
next  space  was  occupied  by  Pnsey,  Jones  &  Co.,  of  Wilming¬ 
ton,  Delaware,  with  a  large  display  of  machinery  of  various 


486 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


kinds ;  and  just  beyond  N.  W.  Twiss  &  Co.,  of  New  Haven, 
exhibited  a  number  of  beautiful  vertical  engines.  The  yacht 
engine  exhibited  here  was  one  of  the  prettiest  and  most  com¬ 
plete  machines  in  the  building. 

We  were  now  at  the  west  end  of  the  aisle,  and  passed  around 
to  the  north  avenue,  at  the  western  end  of  which,  on  the  south 
side,  Messrs.  Poole  &  Hunt,  of  Baltimore,  had  a  large  display 
of  machines  of  various  kinds.  Eastward  of  this  exhibit,  on  the 
same  side  of  the  avenue,  the  steam-engines  stretched  away  for  a 
considerable  distance.  Beyond  these  the  American  Iron  Works, 
of  Pittsburgh,  made  an  extensive  display  of  wheels,  shafting, 
pulleys,  bar,  sheet,  plate  iron  and  T  rails. 

Immediately  to  the  south  of  this  exhibit  a  loom  was  at  work 
weaving  suspenders  for  the  National  Suspender  Company,  of 
New  York.  You  could  have  a  pair  woven  with  your  name 
while  you  waited  for  them. 

Below  the  American  Iron  Works  was  one  of  the  handsomest 
displays  in  the  hall.  It  was  the  exhibit  of  the  John  A.  Roeb- 
ling’s  Sons  Company,  of  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  manufacturers 
of  wire  rope  and  suspension  bridge  cables.  Here  were  shown 
sections  of  the  cables  of  the  suspension  bridges  over  the  Niagara 
at  Niagara  Falls,  and  those  over  the  Ohio  at  Pittsburgh  and 
Cincinnati,  which  were  made  by  this  firm.  Handsome  draw¬ 
ings  of  these  bridges  were  displayed.  A  splendid  plan  of  the 
suspension  bridge  now  in  course  of  construction  over  the  East 
river,  at  New  York,  formed  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects 
of  the  collection,  and  beneath  it  was  a  section  of  the  cable  for 
this  bridge,  now  being  made  by  this  firm.  It  was  composed  of 
six  thousand,  No.  7,  galvanized  steel  wires.  The  ultimate 
strength  of  this  cable  is  22,300,000  pounds.  A  model  of  a 
large  merchant  ship,  rigged  with  wire  rope,  was  exhibited,  and 
samples  of  the  wire  ropes  and  other  articles  made  by  the  com¬ 
pany  were  to  be  seen  also. 

Beyond  this  space  was  an  enormous  direct-acting  steam  and 
hydraulic  cotton  press,  from  the  Taylor  Iron  Works,  of  Charles¬ 
ton,  S.  C.  It  was  constructed  entirely  without  pumps,  and  had 
but  a  single  valve.  It  is  the  most  powerful  cotton  press  in  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


487 


world,  and  among  its  other  feats  is  said  to  have  recompressed  a 
bale  of  cotton  into  two-thirds  of  its  original  size. 

We  now  entered  a  region  of  looms  and  cotton  machinery,  and 
paused  to  notice  the  process  of  making  and  winding  spool  cotton 
as  shown  by  the  Willimantic  and  Hopedale  Companies,  of  Con¬ 
necticut  and  Rhode  Island.  Beyond  these  machines  a  large 
power-loom  was  weaving  corsets  for  the  United  States  Corset 
Company.  A  lady  operated  the  machine,  and  a  number  of  her 
sex  were  generally  interested  lookers-on.  Next  door  a  larger- 


VIEW  OF  THE  LOOMS,  MACHINERY  HALL. 


sized  loom  was  weaving  jute  cloth.  Both  of  these  machines 
were  the  Lyall  Positive  Motion  Loom,  the  accuracy  and  rapidity 
of  the  work  of  which  are  wonderful. 

In  the  next  stand  on  the  east  the  Pyramid  Pin  Company,  of 
New  Haven,  Connecticut,  had  a  machine,  in  charge  of  a  little 
girl,  at  work  sticking  pins  in  papers.  This  machine  was  capa¬ 
ble  of  sticking  180,000  pins  per  day  in  this  way. 

Next  below  was  one  of  the  most  interesting  exhibits  in  the 
hall.  The  American  Watch  Company,  of  Waltham,  Massachu¬ 
setts,  had  a  work-shop,  in  which  a  number  of  their  most  ex- 


488 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


perienced  and  skilful  workers  were  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  watches  by  machinery.  Every  part  of  the  process  was  illus¬ 
trated  by  the  work  done  here.  The  machines  used  were  of  the 
most  delicate  and  perfect  character,  and  the  operations  were 
marked  by  an  accuracy  and  skill  which  elicited  the  warm  praise 
lof  the  interested  spectators  who  surrounded  the  workshop.  The 
maltham  watches  have  long  been  regarded  as  the  best  of  Amer¬ 
ican  manufacture,  and  the  universal  testimony  of  all  who  have 
used  them  is  that  they  are  unexcelled  by  any  in  the  world. 

Adjoining  the  shop  of  the  Waltham  Company  was  a  curious 
machine  for  engraving  patterns  for  embroidery  and  laces. 

The  transept  was  here  reached,  and  we  turned  back  west¬ 
ward  again.  On  the  right,  opposite  the  Waltham  shop,  the 
Nonotuck  Silk  Company,  of  Florence,  Massachusetts,  showed 
the  process  of  labelling  spools,  and  winding  machine  twist  and 
sewing  silk  for  the  market.  In  the  next  space  beyond  William 
Wood  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  had  a  loom  at  work  weaving 
cotton  cloths ;  and  above  this  the  Monitor  Carpet  Mills,  of 
Philadelphia,  had  a  power-loom  at  work  weaving  carpets  with¬ 
out  the  use  of  a  shuttle.  Two  power-looms  were  engaged 
beyond  this  one  weaving  Brussels  carpets.  The  Falls  of  Schuyl¬ 
kill  Carpet  Mills  operated  one  of  these  looms,  and  thus  illus¬ 
trated  the  process  by  which  the  beautiful  carpets  displayed  by 
them  in  the  Main  Building  were  woven.  Going  westward  we 
passed  several  looms  engaged  in  weaving  cloth,  and  a  number 
of  wool-carding  machines,  and  noticed  a  fine  Murkland  power- 
loom  at  work  weaving  ingrain  carpets  for  Messrs.  John  Bromley 
&  Sons,  Philadelphia.  The  rapidity  with  which  this  loom  does 
its  work  is  surprising.  With  a  competent  operator  it  will  run 
off  thirty-five  yards  of  carpeting  in  a  working  day.  Beyond 
this  was  the  Garnett  machine,  which  takes  the  waste  of  woollen 
factories  and  works  it  up  into  fibre  again,  washing  it  clean  at 
the  same  time. 

An  interesting  display  was  made  of  meters  for  registering  the 
consumption  of  water;  and  the  exhibit  of  steam-gauges  was 
both  large  and  handsomely  arranged.  Here  was  seen  a  little 
registering  apparatus  which  recorded  every  revolution  of  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


489 


Corliss  engine  at  the  distant  centre  of  the  hall.  Near  the  door 
was  a  hydraulic  ram  of  novel  construction,  exhibited  by  the 
Dexter  Spring  Company  of  Pennsylvania.  It  furnishes  its  own 
power  and  is  a  perfect  automatic  pump. 

From  the  western  end  of  the  avenue  we  had  been  traversing 
we  passed  into  a  small  aisle  to  the  north  of  it.  The  first  notable 
exhibit  was  that  of  the  Stillwell  &  Bierce  Manufacturing  Com¬ 
pany,  of  Dayton,  Ohio.  They  exhibited  a  boiler  for  use  in  lime¬ 
stone  countries,  which  removes  the  deposit  of  lime  from  the 
water  and  prevents  it  from  encrusting  the  interior  surface  of  the 
boiler.  Beyond  this  space  was  the  Backus  Water  Motor,  which 


THE  BALDWIN  NARROW  GAUGE  LOCOMOTIVE  USED  BY  THE  WEST  END 
RAILWAY  IN  THE  EXHIBITION  GROUNDS. 


would  seem  to  be  the  long-desired  motive  power  for  running 
sewing  machines.  Beyond  this  was  a  most  interesting  exhibit 
of  asbestos,  a  mineral  which  has  the  peculiar  property  of  being 
a  non-conductor  of  heat.  Farther  on  the  Westinghouse  Air¬ 
brake,  and  Henderson’s  Hydraulic  Brake  for  railroad  cars  made 
large  and  interesting  displays  of  the  merits  of  their  respective 
machines.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  aisle,  on  the  south  side,  was 
a  tall  machine  for  drying  paper-collar  stock,  and  below  this 
machines  for  drying  cotton  and  worsted  dyed  goods. 

We  now  reached  the  transept  once  more,  and  entered  upon 
the  section  devoted  to  the  display  of  locomotives,  which  was 


490 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


one  of  the  most  prominent  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  attractive 
features  of  the  exhibition.  About  ten  locomotives  built  by  the 
Baldwin  Works,  the  Pennsylvania  and  Beading  Bailroad  Com¬ 
panies,  and  other  well-known  manufacturers,  made  up  the 
collection,  in  which  the  latest  improvements  and  the  highest 
skill  in  this  branch  of  the  mechanic  arts  were  shown.  A  nar¬ 
row  gauge  locomotive  and  one  for  mining  purposes  were 
included  in  the  collection.  The  finishing  of  these  splendid 
machines  was  handsome  but  substantial.  They  were  no  finer  in 


AIR  COOLER  AND  PURIFIER,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


appearance  than  is  usual,  and  represented  faithfully  the  superior 
appearance  as  well  as  construction  of  the  American  locomotive. 

Leaving  the  locomotives  behind,  we  passed  to  the  north  aisle, 
where  we  noticed  a  large  display  of  machinery  for  mills  by 
J.  T.  Noye  and  Son,  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  beyond  which  was 
an  immense  hoisting  engine  for  mines,  and  a  display  of  mining 
machinery,  including  a  powerful  Cornish  pumping  engine  made 
by  the  Dickinson  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Scranton,  Penn¬ 
sylvania. 

Both  sides  of  the  aisle  were  now  occupied  by  the  display  of 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  WHEELER  &  WILSON  SEWING  MACHINE  CO.;  IN  MACHINERY  HALL, 


492 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  scale  makers.  All  the  principal  manufacturers  were  repre¬ 
sented,  and  this  department  was  one  of  the  largest  and  hand¬ 
somest  in  the  hall.  The  various  styles  of  scales  were  shown — 
platform  scales,  those  for  counters,  letter  scales,  and  balances. 
Every  article  was  finished  in  the  handsomest  and  showiest  man¬ 
ner,  and  with  a  generous  disregard  of  expense.  A  number  of 
the  makers  showed  platform  scales  adjusted  to  the  standards  of 
the  principal  nations  of  Europe. 

Then  followed,  on  both  sides  of  the  aisle,  a  collection  of  car- 
wheels,  trucks,  springs,  railroad  iron  and  rails,  switches,  seats 
for  cars,  and  other  railroad  material,  in  the  midst  of  which 
the  Wharton  Patent  Switch  made  an  interesting  showing  of  its 
workings.  It  is  claimed  for  this  switch  that  it  is  automatic  in 
its  movements,  and  that  where  it  is  used  accidents  are 
impossible. 

On  the  left  hand  side,  above  the  Wharton  Switch,  the  Baxter 
Steam  Engine  Company  made  a  handsome  exhibit  of  their 
famous  engines;  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  aisle  was  a 
handsome  arch  made  of  lap-welded  wrought-iron  tubes,  orna¬ 
mented  with  the  names  of  the  States,  and  exhibited  by  the 
National  Tube  Company  as  specimens  of  their  workmanship. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  aisle,  at  the  western  end  of  the 
building,  was  a  huge  vacuum  pan  for  clarifying  sugar,  exhibited 
by  the  Colwell  Iron  Works,  of  New  York.  It  towered  to  a 
height  of  thirty-five  feet  above  the  floor  of  the  hall,  and  the 
vacuum  pan  had  a  diameter  of  ten  feet.  There  were  two  plat¬ 
forms  or  stories  one  above  the  other.  On  the  ground-floor  was 
a  powerful  horizontal  engine  working  an  air-pump  to  make  the 
vacuum  in  the  pan.  The  air-pipe  connecting  with  the  top  was 
some  eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  of  iron,  and  had  several 
drums.  Underneath  the  pan  was  a  large  circular  valve  to  run 
off  the  product  of  evaporation.  There  were  also  connected  with 
this  drying  pan,  sugar  boxes  to  receive  the  sugar  and  moulds 
for  moulding  the  sugar  loafs.  The  whole  apparatus  was  of  the 
most  complete  description,  and  was  a  fair  sample  of  the  vacuum 
pans  used  in  the  largest  sugar  refineries  in  Cuba  or  Louisiana. 

We  passed  around  into  the  north  aisle  and  started  eastward 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


493 


again,  noticing  first,  on  the  right,  or  south  side  of  the  aisle,  a 
large  collection  of  washing,  wringing,  and  mangling  machines  of 
every  kind  and  description,  to  run  by  hand  or  by  steam-power. 
On  the  opposite  side  of  the  aisle  a  large  machine  for  printing 
wall  paper  was  shown  by  Messrs.  Howell  &  Brothers,  of  Phila¬ 
delphia,  the  largest  manufacturers  of  wall  paper  in  the  United 
States.  Diagonally  opposite  this  machine  a  number  of  glass- 
blowers  were  at  work  making  fancy  articles  of  glass  by  means 
of  the  blow-pipe.  The  left  hand  side  of  the  aisle  was  taken  up 
for  a  considerable  distance  by  machinery  for  making  paper  in 
operation,  and  on  the  other  side  a  cracker-making  machine  was 
at  work.  Below  the  last  were  several  machines  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  fine  candy  bon-bons ,  and  beyond  these,  on  both 
sides  of  the  aisle,  we  noticed  machines  for  butchers,  bakers,  and 
flour  mills. 

Opposite  these,  on  the  north  side  of  the  aisle,  was  a  small 
model  of  an  old  Virginia  tobacco  factory.  All  the  operations 
of  manufacturing  chewing  tobacco  were  shown  here,  with  the 
exception  of  the  flavoring  process.  Four  negro  men  were  at 
work  twisting  the  rolls  from  the  leaves,  and  these  rolls  were 
pressed  into  the  plugs  of  commerce  while  the  visitors  looked  on. 
The  negroes,  as  they  worked,  sang  the  songs  and  hymns  which 
are  familiar  to  those  who  have  visited  the  tobacco  factories  of 
the  South.  The  establishment  was  the  exhibit  of  Messrs. 
Archer  &  Brownell,  of  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Below  the  tobacco  factory  was  a  pretty  display  of  small  mills 
for  grinding  coffee  and  spices,  below  which  the  butchering 
machinery  greeted  us  again;  and  still  farther  east,  on  the  north 
side,  the  process  of  making  India  rubber  shoes  was  illustrated 
by  machinery  at  work.  The  various  stages  of  the  process  of 
working  up  the  soft  mass  of  rubber  and  moulding  it  into  shoes 
is  exceedingly  interesting,  and  the  visitor  could  order  a  pair  of 
shoes  here  and  have  them  made  under  his  own  observation 
while  he  waited  for  them. 

The  south  side  of  the  aisle,  opposite  the  tobacco  and  India 
rubber  works,  was  occupied  by  an  exhibit  of  French  burr  mill¬ 
stones  and  wheat-cleaning  machines.  Below  these  was  a  large 


494 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


centrifugal  sugar  draining  and  drying  machine  in  operation, 
exhibited  by  H.  W.  &  R.  Lafferty,  of  Gloucester,  New  Jersey. 

Diagonally  opposite,  on  the  north  side  of  the  aisle,  below  the 
rubber  works,  Messrs.  Whitman  &  Son,  the  well-known  Phila¬ 
delphia  confectioners,  made  a  practical  exhibit  of  their  process 
of  preparing  their  bon-bons  and  fine  candies.  These  were  made 
and  sold  here  daily. 

At  the  intersection  of  the  aisle  with  the  transept  was  a  restau¬ 
rant,  which  appeared  to  be  doing  a  thriving  business,  and  which 
offered  good  hot  dinners  for  fifty  cents.  Immediately  in  front 
of  the  locomotives,  and  before  the  door  of  the  restaurant,  was 
the  stand  of  the  pop-corn  man,  already  referred  to  in  another 
part  of  this  chapter. 

We  crossed  the  transept,  and  continued  on  our  way  down  the 
north  aisle.  On  the  east  side  of  the  transept  and  extending 
eastward  along  the  north  aisle  for  some  distance  was  the  ex¬ 
hibit  of  the  Massachusetts  Marine,  prepared  by  the  Commis¬ 
sioners  of  that  State.  It  occupied  a  large  stand  handsomely 
draped  with  flags  and  streamers,  and  consisted  of  models  of  all 
the  various  kinds  of  sailing  and  steam  vessels,  both  old  and 
new  style,  owned  in  the  ports  of  Massachusetts.  Here  was  a 
fishing  schooner,  with  her  crew  holding  the  lines  which  were 
thrown  overboard,  a  graceful  yacht,  a  clipper  ship,  man-of-war, 
and  whaler,  each  one  complete  in  its  way.  The  collection 
included  models  of  keels,  fixtures  of  various  kinds  for  vessels, 
steering  gear,  diving  armor,  and  life-saving  apparatus.  The 
articles  were  arranged  with  great  taste,  and  the  collection  con¬ 
stituted  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  displays  in  Machinery  Hall. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  aisle  the  type-writer,  an  ingenious 
machine  for  printing  letters  or  manuscripts  instead  of  writing 
them  with  the  pen,  was  at  work,  and  beyond  it  the  system  of 
setting  up  music  type  was  shown. 

Passing  on  we  entered  the  department  of  printing  machinery. 
Plere  were  presses  of  all  kinds  and  of  every  make,  from  the 
little  hand  press  designed  for  amateurs,  to  the  great  Bullock 
machines  which  strike  off  20,000  copies  of  the  New  York 
j Het'ctld  in  an  hour.  The  presses  stood  on  both  sides  of  the 
aisle,  and  extended  over  to  the  north  avenue. 


.35 


496 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


In  a  prominent  space  near  the  northern  wall  we  noticed  a 
splendid  six  roller  stop  cylinder  press,  a  roller-drum  press,  and 
a  perfecting  press  for  illustrating  cut  work,  all  made  and  ex¬ 
hibited  by  Messrs.  Cottrell  &  Babcock,  of  New  York.  These 
presses  attracted  great  attention,  and  were  pronounced  by  com¬ 
petent  judges  the  best  of  their  kind  in  the  world.  The  perfect 
distribution  of  the  ink,  the  registering  apparatus,  which  does 
its  work  with  a  mathematical  exactness,  and  the  uniformity  and 
beauty  of  its  impressions,  constitute  it  the  most  perfect  printing 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PRINTING  MACHINERY,  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


machine  for  fine  book  work  ever  made.  The  publishers  of  this 
book  have  long  used  it  in  the  printing  of  their  finest  illustrated 
works,  and  have  found  it  superior  to  any  press  they  have  ever 
used.  The  drum  cylinder  press  was  provided  with  Charles 
Eneu  Johnson’s  automatic  paper  feeding  machine,  which  dis¬ 
penses  with  the  services  of  a  feeder  for  the  press. 

We  were  now  at  the  end  of  the  American  department,  and 
passed  into  the  north  avenue  to  complete  our  examination  of  the 
printing  machinery.  We  noticed  two  large  presses  at  the 
eastern  end  of  that  avenue  made  by  the  Bullock  Printing  Press 


OP  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


497 


Company.  They  were  in  daily  operation,  and  every  afternoon 
a  number  of  copies  of  the  New  York  Het'ald  were  struck  off 
from  stereotype  plates  sent  over  from  New  York  in  the  morning. 
The  papers  were  distributed  among  the  visitors.  These  presses 
have  a  capacity  of  20,000  impressions  per  hour. 

Paper  cutting  machines  stood  on  the  north  side  of  the  avenue, 
and  in  this  department  were  book  binders’  machinery,  presses 
for  steel  and  copper  plate  and  lithographic  printing,  and  ma¬ 
chinery  for  stereotyping  and  electrotyping  and  for  type  founding. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  aisle 
Messrs.  It.  Hoe  &  Co.,  of  New 
York,  showed  several  of  their 
improved  presses,  one  of  which 
was  engaged  in  printing  the  fine 
illustrations  contained  in  “  Pic¬ 
turesque  America/’  thus  giving 
a  practical  demonstration  of  its 
excellence ;  and  at  the  western  end 
of  their  space  was  the  venerable 
hand  press  at  which  Benjamin 
Franklin  worked  as  a  journey- 

.  X  .  .  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  S  PRINTING 

man  printer  during  his  first  visit  press. 

to  London.  The  Web  Perfect¬ 
ing  Printing  Machine,  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Hoe  &  Co.,  is 
one  of  the  most  perfect  presses  in  use.  It  was  daily  engaged 
in  printing  and  folding  an  edition  of  the  Philadelphia  Times . 

On  the  south  side  of  the  avenue  opposite  these  presses  was  a 
fine  ice  yacht,  a  peculiarly  American  institution,  and  above  it 
an  American  double  life-boat  with  its  equipments,  beyond 
which  was  a  collection  of  boats  and  shells,  and  a  half-size  model 
of  the  famous  Monitor  life-raft,  which,  it  will  be  remembered, 
made  a  successful  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  a  few  years  ago, 
and  has  since  been  adopted  by  the  navy  of  the  United  States. 
Beyond  this  was  a  full-sized  steam  yacht,  exhibited  by  Baird 
&  Huston,  of  Philadelphia,  showing  an  improvement  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  propeller.  Opposite  the  New  York  Safety 
Engine  Company  exhibited  a  fine  upright  engine. 

32 


hoe’s  improved  web  perfecting  printing  machine,  exhibited  in  machinery  hall. 


498 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


499 


At  the  head  of  the  north  avenue,  and  along  the  transept, 
John  Roach  &  Sons,  the  famous  shipbuilders  of  New  York 
and  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  exhibited  a  handsome  collection  of 
models  of  the  noted  iron  steamships  they  have  built  for  the 
Pacific  Mail  Company  and  other  shippers,  and  models  of  the 
ironclads  "Puritan”  and  “ Miantonomoh,”  built  by  them  for 
the  United  States.  They  exhibited  also  a  sample  of  armor 
plating,  and  other  work  for  iron  vessels. 


THE  ICE-YACHT,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALE. 


Passing  along  the  transept  into  the  central  aisle,  we  noticed 
a  number  of  models  of  vessels,  life-saving  apparatus,  rafts,  etc., 
and  turning  into  the  central  aisle  paused  to  notice  the  glass- 
cutters  and  engravers  at  work  at  the  head  of  the  aisle,  orna¬ 
menting  glassware  by  engraving  designs  upon  it  by  means  of 
small  grindstones  worked  by  the  foot. 

To  the  eastward  of  this  stand  we  entered  a  region  of  machin¬ 
ery  of  various  kinds  for  weaving  cotton,  woollen  and  silk 
cloths.  On  the  left  hand  side  of  the  aisle  the  Phoenix  Manu¬ 
facturing  Company,  of  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  had  a  Jacquard 


500 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


loom  at  work  weaving  Centennial  badges  in  silk,  with  the 
arms  of  the  United  States  and  a  portrait  of  Washington  woven 
on  the  face.  These  were  beautiful  pieces  of  work,  and  large 
numbers  of  them  were  purchased  by  visitors  as  souvenirs  of 
the  Exhibition. 

Opposite  the  loom  A.  F.  Prentice  &  Co.,  of  Worcester,  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  exhibited  a  fine  collection  of  machinists’  tools,  with 
a  number  of  presses,  dies,  and  other  machines  for  working  in 
metal.  On  the  left  hand  side  of  the  aisle  the  Danforth  Machine 
Company,  of  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  exhibited  three  fine  ma¬ 
chines  for  spinning  silk  thread.  All  the  stages  of  the  manu- 


ARCHIMEDEAN  BRICK  MACHINE,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALE. 


facture  of  this  article,  from  the  raw  silk  to  the  complete  thread, 
were  shown  here. 

Below  this  W.  E.  &  E.  D.  Lockwood,  of  Philadelphia,  made 
an  interesting  exhibit  of  a  self-feeding  machine  for  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  paper  envelopes.  The  machine  is  almost  entirely 
automatic,  and  cuts,  folds,  gums  and  counts  120  envelopes  per 
minute.  By  the  side  of  this  machine  was  another  for  printing 
envelopes,  which  prints  60,000  per  day.  A  third  machine  was 
engaged  in  making  paper  collars. 

On  the  next  space  below,  the  process  of  making  paper  boxes 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


501 


by  machinery  was  shown,  and  farther  on  was  a  brick-making 
machine,  which  works  the  clay,  moulds  the  bricks  and  turns 
them  out  ready  for  baking.  The  machine  takes  the  clay  direct 
from  the  bank,  tempers  it  in  water,  moulds  it  into  bricks  of 
uniform  size,  with  sharp  angles  and  smooth  surfaces,  the  bricks 
being  stiff  enough  to  wheel  and  stack  in  the  sheds  immediately 
without  sun-drying.  The  largest  size  of  this  machine  is  capable 
of  producing  from  25,000  to  40,000  full-sized  bricks  in  ten 
hours.  The  machine  was  exhibited  by  Chambers,  Bro.  &  Co., 
of  Philadelphia,  and  always  drew  a  crowd  about  it  to  witness 
its  operations. 

At  the  end  of  the  aisle  William  Sellers  &  Co.,  of  Philadel¬ 


phia,  made  an  extensive  exhibit  of  powerful  machinery  for 
certain  lines  of  work.  They  had  a  complete  machine  shop, 
which  could  at  any  moment  be  started  upon  the  most  difficult 
and  the  heaviest  work.  Among  the  articles  included  in  their 
collection  was  the  largest  machine  tool  in  the  hall.  It  was  a 
planing  machine  of  eighty-one  tons  weight,  having  a  bed 
weighing  fifteen  tons  and  a  traverse  of  forty-four  feet. 

In  the  next  space  Pratt  &  Whitney,  of  Hartford,  Connecti¬ 
cut,  exhibited  a  number  of  machinists’  tools,  somewhat  similar 
to,  but  of  a  smaller  class  than,  those  of  Sellers  &  Co.  Some 
of  these  tools  were  remarkable  adaptations  to  certain  classes  of 
work,  and  exhibited  the  highest  skill  in  their  designs  and  con- 


502 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


struction.  Messrs.  Ferris  &  Miles,  of  Philadelphia,  also  made 
an  extensive  and  interesting  exhibit  of  machines  and  machine 
tools,  of  which  we  give  a  number  of  illustrations. 

We  were  now  at  the  end  of  the  American  department,  and 
passed  over  to  the  south  avenue,  and  worked  our  way  westward 
along  it.  On  the  right  was  the  machine  shop  of  Sellers  &  Co., 
and  on  the  left  an  extensive  exhibit  of  valves  and  steam  pipe 
connections,  steam  fittings  of  various  kinds,  and  nuts,  bolts  and 
screws. 

Immediately  on  the  west  of  the  Sellers  machinery,  the  Mid¬ 
vale  Steel  Works,  of  (Nicetown)  Philadelphia,  made  a  splendid 
display  of  specimens  of  steel,  including  large  axles  and  shafts 
of  finely  forged  metal,  and  twisted  and  cold  chilled  bars.  An 
axle  was  shown  which  was  tested  at  the  United  States  navy 
yard  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  which  required  a  strain  of 
122,300  pounds  to  the  square  inch  to  snap  it. 

Diagonally  opposite,  on  the  south  side  of  the  avenue,  the 
Pittsburgh  foundry  showed  some  fine  rollers  of  chilled  iron  for 
rolling  brass,  with  a  broken  section  of  a  roller,  showing  the 
depth  of  crystallization. 

Above  this,  on  the  south  side  of  the  avenue,  was  a  tall  Tuscan 
column,  built  of  thirty-eight  different  kinds  of  grindstones  used 
in  the  mechanic  arts,  surmounted  by  a  bronze  eagle.  It  was 
the  exhibit  of  J.  E.  Mitchell,  of  Philadelphia. 

Diagonally  opposite  a  wood-turner  was  at  work  with  a  lathe, 
turning  out  handsome  ornamental  wooden  boxes,  and  in  the 
next  space  on  the  west,  Hoopes  &  Townsend,  of  Philadelphia, 
had  a  handsome  and  unique  pavilion  ornamented  with  a  large 
display  of  bolts,  screws,  and  nuts.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
aisle  was  another  stand  with  glassblowers  at  work  making  fancy 
articles  for  sale,  and  next  above  this  a  soda  fountain.  Oppo¬ 
site  the  soda  fountain  was  a  striking  display  of  files  of  various 
kinds  and  sizes  in  a  handsome  show-case,  and  immediately 
opposite  this  exhibit  was  one  of  Otis  &  Co.’s  finest  elevators 
with  the  lifting  machinery. 

Having  reached  the  transept  again  we  turned  into  the  south 
aisle,  and  noticed  on  the  right,  within  a  few  feet  of  the  transept, 


503 


EXHIBIT  OF  STEEL  FILES,  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


504 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


a  corkmaking  machine  at  work,  cutting  out  corks  of  various 
sizes  from  the  bark.  Here  was  a  section  of  the  bark  of  a  cork 
tree,  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  aisle  Steinway  &  Sons,  of  New 

York,  showed  metal 
frames  for  pianos,  the 
mechanism  of  that  in¬ 
strument,  and  specimens 
of  the  machinery  used 
in  its  manufacture. 

Both  sides  of  the  aisle 
were  now  taken  up  with 
a  collection  of  machinery 
of  various  kinds.  On 
the  north  side  of  the  aisle 
the  Pennsylvania  Tack 
Works,  of  Norristown, 
had  six  of  their  ma¬ 
chines  at  work  cutting 
tacks  out  of  thin  strips 
of  metal.  The  machines 
used  were  “Weaver’s 
patent,”  which  make  400 
tacks  per  minute,  and 
over  2500  different  kinds 
and  sizes.  In  the  next 
space  below,  the  Duncan- 
non  Iron  Company,  of 
Philadelphia,  showed  the 
process  of  making  nails 
by  a  machine  operated  by 
a  nail  cutter.  Immedi¬ 
ately  back  of  this  was  an 
automatic  nail  cutter, 
which  does  not  require 
the  services  of  a  man  to  turn  the  metal  plate  as  in  the  ordinary 
machine.  The  remainder  of  the  aisle  was  taken  up  with  ma- 


UPRIGHT  DRILLING  MACHINE,  EXHIBITED  IN 
MACHINERY  HALL. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


505 


chinery  for  charging  soda  fountains,  and  a  handsome  display  of 
soda  fountains,  mainly  by  Charles  Lippincott  &  Co.,  of  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

Having  now  finished  our  inspection  of  the  American  depart¬ 
ment  in  the  main  hall,  we  went  back  to  the  Corliss  engine,  and 
examined 


The  Hydraulic  Annex, 

which  was  a  prolongation  of  the  south  transept,  as  we  have 
stated  elsewhere. 

Immediately  south  of 
the  Corliss  engine  was  a 
collection  of  brass  and 
nickel  plate  stop-cocks, 
and  another  of  machin¬ 
ists’  vises  and  tools.  On 
the  west  side  of  the  main 
aisle  of  the  annex  was  an 
exhibit  of  files  in  a 
handsome  case.  The 
principal  object  of  this 
collection  was  a  large 
file-blade  of  polished 
steel  suspended  in  the 
case.  It  was  orna¬ 
mented  with  a  series  of 
fine  etchings,  represent¬ 
ing  the  workshops  of 
McCaffrey  &  Bro.,  of 
Philadelphia,  by  whom 
the  exhibit  was  made. 

On  the  other  side  of  the 
file  was  etched  a  fine 
view  of  Philadelphia. 

The  etchings  were  by  C.  F.  Pluemacher. 

On  the  right  hand  of  the  aisle,  just  beyond  the  files,  the 
Silsby  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Seneca  Falls,  New  York, 
displayed  several  handsome  steam  fire-engines,  and  horse  and 


AQUOMETER  PUMP,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHIN¬ 
ERY  HALL. 


506 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


hand  hose-carriages,  and  close  by  the  same  company  had  one  of 
their  famous  rotary  steam-pumps. 

The  central  portion  of  the  annex  was  occupied  by  a  sunken 
tank,  106  feet  long  by  60  feet  wide,  which  was  filled  with  water 
to  a  depth  of  about  ten  feet.  At  the  south  end  of  this  tank  was 
a  smaller  tank  raised  about  forty  feet  from  the  floor  of  the  hall, 
from  which  a  steady  sheet  of  water  poured  in  a  cascade  down 
into  the  pool  below.  The  water  was  raised  by  two  rotary 
pumps,  driven  by  a  steam-engine  of  150  horse-power,  which 
raised  30,000  gallons  of  water  per  minute  to  the  upper  tank. 
The  pumps  and  engine  were  made  by  Robert  Wetherill  &  Co., 
of  Chester,  Pennsylvania.  The  fall  had  a  weir  depth  of  about 
four  inches  and  a  width  of  thirty-six  feet.  The  effect  was  very 
fine,  and  the  cascade  formed  one  of  the  principal  attractions  of 
the  hall. 

The  pumps  and  hydraulic  machines  were  grouped  around 
the  lower  tank,  and  discharged  steady  streams  of  water  into  it. 
Here  were  hydraulic  rams,  presses,  steam  and  hand  pumps, 
pumps  for  mines,  sugar  refineries,  and  other  special  uses,  tur¬ 
bine  water-wheels  and  blowing  machines  and  ventilating  appa¬ 
ratus.  Great  Britain  and  several  foreign  nations  participated  in 
the  exhibit,  their  machines  being  located  on  the  east  side  of  the 
annex. 

With  the  Hydraulic  Annex,  we  concluded  our  inspection  of 
the  American  department,  and  turned  our  attention  next  to  the 
exhibits  of  the  foreign  nations. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

The  space  assigned  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  covered 
about  one-third  of  the  area  occupied  by  the  foreign  exhibits. 
Banners  of  red  with  letters  of  white  suspended  from  the  roof 
marked  the  British  section.  We  began  our  tour  through  it  in 
the  southern  aisle,  at  its  eastern  end,  just  above  the  German 
section. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  aisle  were  two  of  the  famous  traction 
engines  made  by  Aveling  &  Porter,  of  Rochester,  England. 
They  attracted  much  attention,  and  have  no  superiors  in  the 


EXHIBIT  OF  PUMPS  IX  MACHINERY  HALE,  BY  W.  &  B.  DOUGLAS. 

507 


508 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


world.  Across  the  aisle  Messrs.  Howard  &  Bullough  exhibited 
some  fine  cotton  machinery,  including  a  large  carding  machine. 


alcott’s  turbine  wheel,  exhibited  in  machinery  hall. 


In  the  next  space  was  a  display  of  submarine  armor  and  diving 
apparatus,  made  by  Siebe  &  “Gorman,  of  London. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


509 


We  crossed  now  to  the  south  avenue,  on  the  south  side  of 
which  several  steam-hammers  were  displayed  by  B.  &  S.  Mas¬ 
sey,  of  Manchester.  This  firm  exhibited  also  steam-stamps,  and 
circular-saws  for  cutting  hot  iron  and  steel.  A  section  of  nine- 
inch  iron  armor  plate  was  also  exhibited,  in  which  were  several 
deeply-indented  shot  holes,  which  showed  the  severity  of  the 
test  to  which  it  was  subjected.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
avenue  was  another  section  of  iron  plate,  21  §  inches  in  thick¬ 
ness,  which  was  polished  on  one  face.  The  outer  edge  showed 
the  manner  of  building  up  plate  upon  plate  to  gain  the  required 
thickness.  Armor  of  this  kind  is  doubtless  designed  for  land 
batteries  and  forts  rather  than  for  vessels.  We  have  no  rolling- 
mill  plants  in  this  country  capable  of  making  such  heavy 
plating,  and  this  was  therefore  without  a  rival. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  avenue  we  passed  a  group  of 
machinery  for  weaving  cotton  cloths,  and  came  upon  two  im¬ 
mense  steam-cranes  made  by  Appleby  Brothers,  London. 
These  did  good  service  after  their  arrival  at  the  hall,  their  ex¬ 
hibitor  having  generously  allowed  them  to  be  used  in  lifting 
and  placing  heavy  articles  in  position. 

Opposite  the  cranes,  Thomas  Gadd,  of  Manchester,  had  a  fine 
machine  for  printing  calicoes,  which  prints  eight  colors  at  once, 
and  an  engine  for  running  it ;  and  below  this,  Clarke,  Stanfield 
&  Co.,  of  London,  showed  a  pretty  model  of  a  floating  dry- 
dock,  with  a  steamship  drawn  up  on  one,  to  illustrate  its 
workings. 

We  were  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  British  section  once  more, 
and  passed  northward  into  the  central  aisle,  and  turned  westward 
again.  On  the  north  side  of  the  aisle  Messrs.  Newton  &  Wil¬ 
son,  of  London,  made  a  large  display  of  their  sewing  machines, 
many  of  which  were  operated  by  the  hand  instead  of  the  foot,  a 
style  very  popular  in  England.  The  machines  were  handsome, 
and  were  displayed  in  an  attractive  manner.  On  the  opposite 
side  of  the  aisle,  a  Jacquard  loom  was  weaving  badges  of  silk, 
and  above  the  loom  was  another  exhibit  of  sewing  machines, 
these  being  the  <(  Kimball  &  Morton  machine.”  They  were 
made  in  Glasgow,  and  are  famous  in  the  united  kingdom  as  the 


510 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


machine  that  broke  up  the  combination  monopoly,  and  compelled 
the  trade  to  lower  the  price  of  sewing  machines.  Immediately 
on  the  west  of  these  machines,  the  well-known  cotton  spinners, 
J.  &  P.  Coats,  of  Paisley,  Scotland,  had  machines  at  work  wind¬ 
ing  and  spooling  cotton  thread,  which  found  a  ready  sale  to 
visitors  to  the  hall. 

At  the  west  end  of  the  British  section  in  this  aisle  we  noticed 
a  large  table  on  which  Messrs.  Brierly  Sons  &  Reynolds,  of 
London,  had  a  beautiful  model  of  a  railway  junction,  by  means 
of  which  they  illustrated  the  English  system  of  managing  rail- 


STEAM-PUMP,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 

way  switches  and  signalling  the  movements  of  trains.  A  simi¬ 
lar  exhibit  was  made  immediately  north  of  this  one  by  Messrs. 
Saxby  &■  Farmer,  of  London,  who  also  showed  photographs 
and  drawings  of  the  workings  of  the  switch  system  of  the  great 
depots  of  London.  These  two  exhibits  were  among  the  most 
interesting  objects  in  Machinery  Hall.  They  showed  the  prac¬ 
tical  workings  of  the  “  block  system”  of  running  trains,  which 
has  been  adopted  by  a  number  of  our  leading  railroad  lines, 
and  embodied  some  valuable  features  which  our  roads  generally 
might  adopt  with  advantage  to  the  public. 


SODA  FOUNTAIN,  EXHIBITED  BY  C.  LIPPINCOTT  &  CO.,  MACHINERY  HALE. 


512 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Adjoining  Saxby  &  Farmer’s  model,  the  Inman  Steamship 
Company  exhibited  a  full-rigged  model  of  their  fine  steamer, 
the  City  of  Berlin.  To  the  east  of  the  railway  model,  Mr. 
John  Walter,  of  the  London  Times ,  exhibited  the  printing  press 
which  bears  his  name.  It  was  a  fine  machine  and  a  worthy 
rival  of  the  great  American  presses.  It  printed  a  daily  edition 
of  the  New  York  Times ,  and  attracted  much  attention  from 
visitors. 

On  the  east  of  the  Walter  Press,  Messrs.  Mirlees,  Tait  & 
Watson,  of  Glasgow,  made  an  extensive  display  of  machinery 
in  motion,  consisting  of  a  sugar  mill,  and  a  valveless  engine, 
working  an  air-pump  for  a  vacuum  pan,  and  driving  centrifugal 
machines.  This  was  one  of  the  largest  exhibits  in  the  hall,  and 
the  machinery  was  all  of  the  largest  class. 

Though  the  English  display  of  machinery  did  not  fairly 
represent  the  capacity  of  Great  Britain  for  dealing  successfully 
with  the  heaviest  as  well  as  the  most  delicate  branches  of  the 
mechanic  arts,  it  was  still  deeply  interesting,  and  was  in  many 
particulars  unequalled  by  anything  in  the  hall. 

Canada. 

Canada,  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  made  a  collective 
exhibit  under  one  general  title,  as  above.  They  had  planing 
and  moulding  machines,  two  kinds  of  turbine  wheels,  horizontal 
and  radial  boring  mills  from  Dundas,  stationary,  vertical,  hori¬ 
zontal,  and  portable  steam-engines,  and  seamless  lead  trap 
machines  from  Montreal ;  car-wheels,  soda-water  apparatus, 
and  marbles,  from  Toronto ;  and  railway  signals  from  Belle¬ 
ville,  in  Canada.  Nova  Scotia  sent  quartz-crushers  from 
Halifax ;  and  New  Brunswick,  vertical  steam-engines  and  cir¬ 
cular  saws  from  St.  John’s.  Lathes,  drills,  brick-making 
machinery,  a  steam  fire-engine,  sewing  machines,  from  Canada, 
canoes,  and  boats  of  various  kinds,  made  up  the  remainder  of 
the  exhibit,  which  was  very  interesting,  and  fully  sustained  the 
views  we  have  expressed  with  reference  to  the  enterprise  and 
skilfulness  of  our  northern  neighbors,  in  our  account  of  the 
Canadian  display  in  the  Main  Building. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


513 


The  Canadian  section  was  at  the  eastern  end  of  Machinery 
Hall,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  building. 

Germany. 

The  German  section  occupied  the  southeast  corner  of 
Machinery  Hall,  and  was  about  one-half  as  large  as  that  as¬ 
signed  to  Great  Britain.  The  German  display  was  neither  very 
large  nor  very  varied,  and  did  not  give  the  visitor  a  fair  idea 
of  the  resources  of  Germany,  or  the  progress  made  by  her  in 
mechanics.  » 

Upon  entering  the  southeastern  doors  of  Machinery  Hall, 
the  visitor’s  attention  was  at  once  drawn  to  two  immense  breech¬ 
loading  siege  guns  that  were  mounted  on  carriages  of  a  peculiar 
construction.  These  were  the  famous  1200-pounder  breech¬ 
loading  Krupp  guns,  from  the  foundry  of  that  maker,  at  Eisen. 
These  guns  have  been  adopted  by  the  German  government  for 
the  fortifications  of  the  empire  and  for  siege  purposes.  They 
were  well  tested  during  the  Franco-German  war  a  few  years 
ago  in  the  sieges  of  Strasburgh,  Metz,  and  Paris,  and  are  con¬ 
sidered  among  the  most  formidable  and  effective  weapons  in  the 
world.  A  number  of  smaller  rifled  steel  guns  of  the  same 
maker,  for  field  uses,  were  grouped  about  the  base  of  the  mon¬ 
sters  which  frowned  down  from  their  lofty  position  upon  the 
peaceful  assemblage  about  them. 

On  the  north  of  the  Krupp  guns  was  a  tall  column  of  exhib¬ 
its  from  the  iron  mine  from  which  the  metal  for  these  guns  is 
drawn.'  The  base  of  the  column  was  of  crude  iron  ore,  and  the 
shaft  of  the  smelted  ore.  It  was  a  conspicuous  object  in  this 
part  of  the  hall.  To  the  north  of  it  was  a  fine  collection  of 
copper  and  iron  wire  piled  in  pyramidal  form. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  space  occupied  by  the  Krupp  guns  a 
large  machine  was  at  work  making  full-sized  bricks  of  a  fine 
quality.  It  was  exhibited  by  C.  Schlickeysen,  of  Berlin. 

Prussia  made  a  fine  exhibit  of  sulphur  and  copper  ores,  and 
on  the  south  of  this  were  a  number  of  railroad  car  wheels,  a 
railroad  switch,  and  machinery  for  railroad  cars.  Along  the 
south  aisle  several  gas-engines  of  a  peculiar  construction  were  in 
33 


514 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


operation,  showing  how  a  steady  motive  power  is  derived  from 
the  explosive  force  of  ordinary  burning  gas.  They  were  ex¬ 
hibited  by  the  Gas  Motor  Factory,  of  Deutz.  At  the  eastern 
end  of  the  German  section  a  collection  of  steam  gauges  from 
Hamburg  and  Magdeburg  was  shown.  The  German  sewing 
machine  manufacturers  made  a  collective  display,  and-Aix-la 
Chapelle  showed  her  needles  in  handsome  style.  There  were 
printing  presses  from  Leipzig,  steam-engines  from  Bremerhaven, 
and  machinery  of  various  kinds  from  Hamburg  and  Berlin  in 
the  remainder  of  the  collection. 

France. 

The  French  section  occupied  the  northeastern  corner  of 
Machinery  Hall,  and  was  equal  in  size  to  that  of  Germany. 

At  the  eastern  end  of  the  north  avenue  of  the  building,  A. 
Guinet  &  Co.,  of  Lyons,  had  a  loom,  for  the  illustration  of  the 
process  of  weaving  silk ;  and  beyond  the  loom  E.  Secretan,  of 
Paris,  had  an  exceptionally  elaborate  pavilion,  constructed  of 
brass  and  copper,  in  which  he  exhibited  specimens  of  his  work 
in  those  metals.  To  the  north  of  this  pavilion,  the  French 
chocolate  and  bon-bon  makers  were  at  work,  making  and  sell¬ 
ing  their  finest  confections ;  and  the  same  firm,  Beyer  Brothers, 
of  Paris,  had  a  set  of  machines  turning  out  their  fine  soaps, 
which  found  a  ready  market. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  aisle,  near  the  east  door,  F.  Arbey, 
of  Paris,  exhibited  a  collection  of  wood-working  machinery, 
and  to  the  west  of  this  Morane,  of  Paris,  exhibited  some  admir¬ 
able  machinery  for  making  stearine  candles. 

In  the  north  aisle,  near  the  western  end  of  the  French  sec¬ 
tion,  P.  Alauzet  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  had  a  series  of  lithographic 
printing  machines.  One  of  these  was  a  railway  printing  ma¬ 
chine,  the  bed  of  which  was  carried  on  wheels,  which  ran  on 
tracks.  Around  the  sides  of  their  space  were  displayed  speci¬ 
mens  of  their  lithographic  printing. 

The  remainder  of  the  French  exhibit  consisted  of  a  variety  of 
machines.  A  fine  apparatus  for  making  beet-root  sugar  was 
shown  by  Beyer  Brothers,  of  Paris.  A  Charleville  house  ex- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


515 


hibited  portable  forges ;  Sascole,  of  Paris,  had  an  interesting 
machine  for  making  illuminating  gas ;  D.  Segat,  of  Paris,  ex¬ 
hibited  a  machine  for  sewing  straw  hats  ;  E.  Comely,  of  Paris, 
a  machine  for  embroidering ;  E.  Carr6,  also  of  Paris,  a  machine 
for  making  ice ;  and  Leon  Edoux,  of  Paris,  a  special  system  for 
mountain  railways.  The  machines  of  the  French  exhibit  were 


FOUR-CYLINDER  SOAP-MAKING  MACHINE,  EXHIBITED  IN  THE  FRENCH 
SECTION,  MACHINERY  HALL. 

made  with  a  neatness  and  displayed  a  completeness  of  workman¬ 
ship  that  challenged  the  admiration  of  all  who  examined  them. 

Belgium. 

The  Belgian  exhibit  was  small,  but  very  complete,  and  occu¬ 
pied  a  space  about  one-third  as  large  as  that  of  Great  Britain. 
It  was  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  hall,  immediately  west 
of  the  French  section. 

One  of  the  largest  single  machines  in  the  hall  was  a  Belgian 
well-borer,  exhibited  by  Joseph  Chaudron,  of  Brussels.  It  was 


516 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


an  enormous  leg  of  iron,  with  a  foot  having  a  row  of  chisels  on 
the  side,  used  to  stamp  holes  into  the  ground.  “  It  weighs 
20,000  pounds,  and,  being  rotated  six  inches  after  each  stroke, 
makes  a  circular  hole  ten  feet  across.  Claws  and  valved 
buckets  lift  up  stones  and  mud  respectively,  for  the  creature 
delights  in  water  ;  and  when  a  hole  is  made  a  certain  depth 
another  still  larger  shaft,  with  a  foot  fifteen  inches  long,  and 
weighing  30,000  pounds  and  having  chisels  to  match,  is 
stamped  up  and  down  to  enlarge  the  hole,  which  is  then  cased 
with  cast-iron  pipe.” 

Louvain  sent  a  fine  exhibit  of  railway  car-wheels  and  axles; 
Mariemont,  railway  stock  of  various  kinds ;  Verviers,  wool¬ 
cleaning  and  carding  machines  and  looms ;  and  Brussels,  em¬ 
broidering  and  sewing  machines.  Auguste  De  Tomboy,  of 
Marcinelle,  near  Charleroi,  exhibited  the  model  of  a  trip¬ 
hammer  and  one  of  steam  shears,  and  close  by  was  a  collection 
of  machinery  for  making  bolts.  Emile  Van  Flaecht,  of  Haeren, 
near  Brussels,  showed  some  beautiful  models  of  fat-rendering 
works,  with  samples  of  stearine  and  oleine. 

One  of  the  finest  of  the  Belgian  exhibits  was  that  of  P.  Van 
der  Kerchove,  of  Ghent,  and  consisted  of  a  beautiful  horizontal 
Corliss  engine,  built  for  the  Belgian  mint,  at  Brussels,  and  a 
smaller  one  with  Rider  valves. 

Verviers  sent  beautiful  machines  for  working  in  wool ;  and 
Celestine  Martin,  of  the  same  city,  had  a  ring  and  traveller 
spinner.  Brussels,  Namur  and  La  Louviere  sent  multitubular 
filters,  rotary  pumps  and  punching  machines. 

From  the  above  description  it  will  be  seen  that  but  a  few  of 
the  great  Belgian  manufacturers  took  part  in  the  display  in 
Machinery  Hall,  a  circumstance  much  to  be  regretted,  as  there 
is  no  country  in  Europe  which  could  offer  such  a  varied,  in¬ 
teresting  and  valuable  mechanical  exhibition  as  the  “  Republi¬ 
can  kingdom.” 

Sweden. 

The  Swedish  space  was  less  than  a  third  as  large  as  that  of 
JBelgium,  and  lay  along  the  north  side  of  the  north  aisle,  im¬ 
mediately  opposite  the  Belgian  space.  The  tall  stoves  of  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


517 


country  formed  conspicuous  portions  of  the  exhibit.  The  ma- 
cnines  for  working  in  wood  and  metal  were  among  the  very  best 
in  the  hall;  and  there  were  quite  a  number  of  them.  Norway 
had  some  fine  machinery  for  the  same  purpose,  her  collection 
being  shown  with  that  of  Sweden.  There  were  several  trip¬ 
hammers  in  this  section,  and  machines  for  making  bricks  of 
peat;  also  two  stationary  horizontal,  and  one  vertical  steam- 
engine.  Sewing  machines,  a  fire-engine,  railway  axles  and 
springs,  and  fire-escaping  apparatus  were  exhibited.  A  small 
narrow  gauge  locomotive,  called  the  “Nyhammer,”  stood  at 
the  western  end  of  the  Swedish  space,  and  was  a  singular-look¬ 
ing  machine.  This  locomotive  was  afterwards  put  in  operation 
on  the  narrow  gauge  road  in  the  Exhibition  grounds,  and 
showed  its  powers  by  running  steadily  until  the  close  of  the 
Exhibition. 

Russia. 

Russia  did  not  make  much  of  a  display  in  Machinery  Hall. 
She  had  two  sections,  one  of  which  was  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  the  north  aisle,  on  the  west  of  the  Swedish  space,  where 
she  displayed  some  fine  brass  mortars  and  naval  guns ;  and 
another  between  the  central  aisle  and  northern  avenue,  and 
between  the  American  and  British  sections,  in  which  some 
interesting  machinery  was  shown. 

Brazil 

The  Brazilian  section  lay  between  the  north  avenue  and 
north  aisle,  to  the  west  of  the  Belgian  space.  It  contained  one 
of  the  most  complete  displays  made  by  any  of  the  foreign 
nations  in  this  hall.  One  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  of 
the  collection  was  a  stationary  engine ‘of  very  peculiar  construc¬ 
tion,  which  can  be  constructed  for  either  high  pressure  or  low 
pressure,  and  is  said  to  be  very  simple  and  easy  to  keep  in 
order.  There  were  also  several  models  of  marine  engines. 

“  There  were  three  models  of  men-of-war,  representing  dif¬ 
ferent  styles.  One  of  these  was  to  represent  a  ship  carrying  a 
square  battery  amidships,  being  almost  as  wide  as  the  vessel 
itself,  and  pierced  for  four  guns,  one  on  each  face.  The  second 


518 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


519 


carried  amidships  a  turret  that  was  flat  on  the  sides  and  cir¬ 
cular  on  the  ends,  at  one  of  which  was  the  porthole  for  the 
single  gun  it  carried.  The  third  model  was  for  a  gunboat  of 
ordinary  construction.  The  models  in  elevation  showing  the 
lines  of  the  vessels  were  some  fourteen  in  number,  and  were 
representations  of  vessels  of  various  sizes,  from  a  large  sloop- 
of-war  to  an  ordinary  sized  gunboat.  They  were  all  well  made 
and  would  bear  inspection. 

“  The  machine  shop  at  the  arsenal  of  Marinha,  at  Bahia,  was 
here  beautifully  represented  by  a  miniature  model,  in  which 
were  represented  the  engines  and  boilers  and  all  the  different 
pieces  of  machinery.  There  were  three  boilers  and  two  engines, 
and  a  complete  line  of  shafting,  with  couplings,  counter-shafting 
and  hangers,  all  complete.  Here  we  could  see,  all  arranged  in 
methodical  order,  planes,  upright  drills,  boring  machines  and 
several  lathes.  Small  as  these  latter  were,  and  all  were  made 
to  scale,  they  showed  every  part  as  perfect  as  in  the  larger 
machines.  Besides  the  engines  and  boilers  and  the  shafting, 
there  were  twenty-one  different  machines  represented,  and  also 
the  rail  tracks  with  the  two  turn-tables  and  two  trucks.  There 
were  also  two  models  of  stone  dry  docks,  being  made  to  scale 
from  those  at  Santa  Cruz  and  the  Imperial  dry  dock.  These 
were  also  complete,  and  gave  a  very  good  idea  of  those  im¬ 
portant  government  works.  A  very  handsome  model  of  a 
stone  casemate,  with  gun  and  carriage,  was  also  a  very  promi¬ 
nent  piece  in  this  section.  It  was  very  accurate  and  com¬ 
plete  to  the  most  minute  details,  every  part  of  the  carriage 
and  the  training  tackle  being  shown,  as  well  as  the  rifling  in 
the  guns. 

“A  pin-making  machine  was  shown,  completed,  and  a  series 
of  the  different  pieces  were  also  shown,  both  complete  and  in  sec¬ 
tion,  so  as  to  give  a  perfect  idea  of  the  entire  construction.  It 
was  worked  by  hand,  and  made  the  ordinary  solid-headed  pin, 
and  was  apparently  very  simple  and  effective  in  construction. 
It  was  not  a  large  machine,  being  not  over  two  feet  in  length 
and  a  foot  in  width,  and  so  constructed  as  to  be  placed 
upon  any  table.  A  couple  of  the  machines  used  in  the 


520 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Imperial  mint  were  also  shown,  one  of  which  was  for  stamping 
the  coin. 

“  The  army  and  navy  of  Brazil  were  represented  by  full 
suits  of  the  uniforms  of  the  several  grades  of  the  service,  and 
also  a  large  case  full  of  the  various  small  arms,  rifles,  carbines, 
swords  and  pistols.  One  of  the  latter  was  a  silver  and  gold- 
plated  revolver  of  very  handsome  make.  A  very  handsome 
model  of  a  brass  field-piece,  all  limbered  up  with  caisson  and 
everything  complete,  was  a  fine  piece  of  workmanship.  There 
were  here  also  three  bronze  mortars  of  the  sizes  used  in  the  ser¬ 
vice.  They  were  mounted  on  their  carriages,  or  beds,  all  ready 
for  service.  One  field-piece  of  bronze  was  mounted  and  in 
position.  It  was  about  the  size  of  one  of  our  twelve-pounders. 
There  was  a  larger  one  dismounted,  and  also  a  specimen  of  a 
howitzer.  These  pieces  were  very  highly  finished  in  every 
part.  A  couple  of  small  camp-chests  of  leather,  and  also  of 
ammunition-buckets  of  the  same  material,  were  shown. 

“  Quite  a  number  of  brass  pumps  were  here  on  exhibit,  as 
well  as  two  or  three  stationary  fire-engines.  The  specimens  of 
brass  cocks  were  some  of  them  rather  unique  in  shape  to  us, 
but  they  were  all  of  fine  workmanship.  We  found  also  some 
specimens  of  shafting  hangers  and  pulleys,  a  gear  wheel  and 
propeller,  and  also  some  specimens  of  carpenter  tools,  the  planes 
having  a  sort  of  horn  in  the  rear  of  the  handle.  A  case  of 
coins  showed  the  different  kinds  of  money  used  in  the  empire, 
and  gave  the  gold,  silver  and  copper  coins  of  the  several  denom¬ 
inations.” 

A  small  space  across  the  north  aisle  was  devoted  to  a  show¬ 
ing  of  the  silk  culture  of  Brazil,  which  is  as  yet  in  its  infancy. 
The  habits  of  the  silk  worm  were  exhibited  in  a  most  interesting 
manner,  and  a  loom  for  spinning  silk  thread  was  in  operation. 

On  the  south  side  of  Machinery  Hall,  and  west  of  the 
Hydraulic  Annex,  were  three  substantially  built  structures, 
smaller  than,  but  similar  in  outward  appearance  to,  the  prin¬ 
cipal  edifice.  These  were  the  Annexes  for  the  display  of  boilers 
and  quartz-crushing  machinery,  which  could  be  seen  in  opera¬ 
tion  here. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 

Description  of  the  Building — Interior  Arrangements — Classification  of  the 
Exhibit — The  American  Department — Agricultural  Machinery — The  Plows 
— Harvesting  Machines — Threshing  Machines — The  Cider  Mill — The 
Native  Wines  of  America — The  Starch  Makers — The  Windmill — The 
Natural  History  Collection — The  California  Buffet — The  Aquaria — The 
Tobacco  Exhibit — A  Fine  Display — Collective  Exhibits  of  the  Agricultural 
Products  of  the  States  of  the  Union — Daniel  Webster’s  Plow — The  Cape 
Ann  Fisheries — “  Old  Abe  ” — The  British  Court — A  Small  Display — Agri¬ 
cultural  Products  of  Canada — Canadian  Machinery — The  French  Exhibit — 
A  Fine  Display  of  French  Wines — Germany’s  Contribution — The  Wines  of 
the  Rhine  Land — Agricultural  Products  of  Austria  and  Hungary — Exhibit 
of  Russian  Products — Italian  Wines  and  Oils — Bologna  Sausages — The 
Spanish  Court — A  Complete  Exhibit  of  the  Products  of  Spain — The  Portu¬ 
guese  Collection — Holland’s  Exhibit — The  Norway  Fisheries — Swedish 
Exhibit — The  Japanese  Court — The  Tea  and  Silk  Culture — The  Brazilian 
Court — The  Cotton  Pavilion — A  Remarkable  Collection — The  Brazilian  Silk 
Culture — Exhibits  of  Venezuela  and  the  Argentine  Republic — The  Liberian 
Court — The  Pomological  Annex — The  Wagon  Annex. 

HE  Agricultural  Building  stood  on  the  third  of  the  spurs 
or  ridges  which  broke  the  Exhibition  enclosure,  and 
was  situated  to  the  north  of  the  Belmont  valley,  and  on 
the  eastern  side  of  Belmont  avenue.  It  was  the  third 
in  size  of  the  Exhibition  buildings,  and  was  constructed 
principally  of  wood  and  glass.  The  exterior  was  painted  a  dark 
brown,  and  the  roof  was  a  dark  green  broken  only  by  the  sky¬ 
lights  which  were  placed  at  numerous  points  in  it. 

The  building  consisted  of  a  nave  820  feet  in  length  and  100 
feet  in  width,  extending  from  north  to  south.  This  nave  was 
crossed  by  three  transepts  running  east  and  west,  each  540  feet 
long.  The  central  transept  was  100  feet  in  width,  the  side 
transepts  80  feet  in  width.  At  the  point  of  intersection  of  the 

521 


522 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


nave  and  central  transept  a  handsome  cupola  rose  from  the 
roof,  surmounted  by  a  weather  vane.  The  nave  and  transepts 
were  composed  of  Howe  truss-arches  of  a  Gothic  form.  The 
height  of  the  nave  and  central  transept  from  the  floor  to  the 
point  of  the  arch  was  seventy-five  feet ;  the  two  end  transepts 
were  seventy  feet  in  height  to  the  point  of  the  arch. 

The  four  courts  enclosed  between  the  nave  and  the  transepts, 
and  the  four  spaces  at  the  corners  of  the  building,  having  the 
nave  and  end  transepts  for  two  of  their  sides,  were  roofed  over 
and  constituted  integral  portions  of  the  hall  as  it  stood.  At 


AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


each  end  of  the  nave  and  of  the  transepts  were  placed  handsome 
ornamental  entrances,  at  each  side  of  which  rose  a  pointed 
turret.  These  turrets,  the  central  cupola,  and  the  pointed  roofs 
gave  a  picturesqueness  to  the  building,  which  was,  on  the  whole, 
a  happy  blending  of  architectural  skill  and  taste  with  adapta¬ 
bility  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  designed.  Seen  from 
the  spur  on  which  the  Horticultural  Hall  was  located,  the  effect 
was  very  fine  and  imposing. 

The  interior  of  the  hall  was  simply  decorated,  the  roof,  arches 
and  columns  being  covered  with  a  plain  coating  of  whitewash, 
which  color  added  much  to  the  air  of  spaciousness  which  was  a 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


523 


characteristic  of  the  hall.  The  view  was  broken  at  intervals  by 
the  bases  of  the  Howe  truss-arches  and  slender  columns  of 
wood.  Overhead  was  a  bewildering  network  of  trusses  and 
beams. 

The  ground-plan  of  the  building,  including  the  courts  and 
corner  spaces,  was  a  parallelogram  of  820  by  540  feet,  covering 
an  area  of  about  ten  acres. 

The  hall  was  lighted  with  gas,  reflectors  for  this  purpose 
being  suspended  from  the  roof,  and  was  supplied  with  water. 
Boilers  situated  in  a  frame  building  to  the  east  of  the  hall  sup¬ 
plied  steam  for  the  engines  which  turned  the  agricultural  ma¬ 
chinery.  Water-closets  were  located  at  the  east  and  west  ends 
of  the  building,  and  a  complete  fire-service  was  provided.  The 
building,  being  of  wood  and  more  inflammable  than  the  other 
great  structures,  an  ingenious  arrangement  was  effected  by 
which  a  fire  could  be  at  once  smothered  by  the  action  of  car¬ 
bonic  acid  gas.  The  contract  for  the  erection  of  the  building 
was  made  on  the  26th  of  July,  1875,  and  the  work  was  begun 
in  the  following  September,  and  finished  about  the  middle  of 
April,  1876.  The  cost  of  the  building  was  $260,000.  The 
architect  was  James  H.  Windrim,  of  Philadelphia ;  the  con¬ 
tractor,  Philip  Quigley,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware;  and  the 
builders,  Bell  Brothers,  of  Philadelphia. 

Stock-yards  for  the  exhibition  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  swine, 
poultry,  etc.,  were  provided  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Exhibition 
grounds. 

The  following  was  the  classification  of  the  exhibits  made  in 
this  building  by  the  Centennial  Commission : 

Department  VI. — Agriculture, 

600—609. . .  .Arboriculture  and  Forest  Products. 

610 — 619. . .  .Pomology. 

620 — 629. . .  .Agricultural  Products. 

630 — 639.  . .  .Land  Animals. 

640 — 649. . .  .Marine  Animals,  Fish  Culture,  and  Apparatus. 

650 — 662. . .  .Animal  and  Vegetable  Products. 

665 — 669. .  .  .Textile  Substances  of  Vegetable  or  Animal  Origin. 

670 — 679. . .  .Machines,  Implements,  and  Processes  of  Manufacture. 

680 — 689. . .  .Agricultural  Engineering  and  Administration. 

690 — 699.  . .  .Tillage  and  General  Management. 


524 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  display  collected  within  this  hall  was  the  largest  and 
most  complete  ever  attempted  at  any  of  the  World’s  Fairs,  and 
was  by  many  considered  the  most  striking  and  original  feature 
of  the  whole  Exhibition.  Other  International  Expositions  have 
made  great  displays  of  machinery,  manufactures,  and  art  col¬ 
lections,  but  none  have  ever  given  such  an  exhibition  of  the 
sources  from  which  the  world  draws  its  food.  To  the  visitor 
who  had  gone  through  the  other  great  buildings,  the  Agricul¬ 
tural  Hall  was  a  delightful  surprise,  and  he  could  walk  for 
hours  through  it,  finding  something  new  and  interesting  at  every 
turn. 

The  American  department  occupied  about  two-thirds  of  the 
entire  space  of  the  hall,  and  embraced  an  extensive  and  varied 
collection.  We  turn  our  attention  to  it  at  first. 


The  United  States. 

We  entered  the  building  at  the  north  door  of  the  nave,  and 
turning  to  the  left  made  our  first  inspection  in  the  northeastern 
quarter  of  the  hall,  which  was  devoted  exclusively  to  a  display 
of  agricultural  machinery  and  farming  implements. 

Near  the  north  door  Messrs.  Alexander  Speer  &  Sons,  of  the 
Pittsburgh  Plow  Works,  made  a  handsome  display  of  their 
famous  plows,  each  of  which  was  brought  to  the  highest  stage 
of  perfect  workmanship  and  artistic  finish.  In  the  midst  of 
this  collection  of  splendid  implements  was  a  worn,  faded-looking 
plow,  the  frame  and  share  of  which  were  wood,  the  latter  being 
shod  with  sheet-iron.  It  was  made  sixty  years  ago,  and  was 
the  result  of  a  contest  of  skill  between  three  manufacturers.  It 
was  made  at  a  small  shop  in  Pittsburgh,  which  has  since  grown 
into  the  well-known  Pittsburgh  Plow  Works.  The  exhibit  of 
the  Messrs.  Speer  thus  showed  at  a  glance  the  great  progress 
that  has  been  made  in  this  branch  of  our  industry  during  the 
present  century. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  court  Messrs.  B.  F.  Ames  &  Sons 
showed  some  handsome  plows  of  an  improved  pattern,  also 
some  fine  cultivators. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


525 


Passing  the  plows  we  entered  the  line  of  wheat-cleaning 
machinery,  fans,  etc.,  which  brought  us  to  the  eastern  end  of  the 
building.  Here  was  a  handsome  exhibit  of  spades,  shovels, 
rakes,  hoes,  etc.,  made  by  George  Griffiths  &  Sons,  of  Philadel¬ 
phia,  and  Oliver  Ames  &  Sons,  of  North  Easton,  Massachusetts. 
In  the  midst  of  the  collection  of  Messrs.  Griffiths  &  Sons  was  an 
old  rusty  and  half-eaten  spade,  dug  up  by  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 
Brainerd  from  the  line  of  the  intrench  men  ts  of  the  American 
army  at  Valley  Forge  during  the  Revolution.  This  mute 
instrument,  which  did  its  humble  part  in  the  work  of  establish¬ 
ing  the  freedom  of  the  republic,  not  inappropriately  came  now 
to  share  in  the  crowning  glory  of  the  era  which  it  helped  to 
inaugurate,  though  the  patriot  hands  which  wielded  it  have 
long  since  mouldered  to  forgotten  dust. 

We  turned  into  the  court  to  the  north  of  the  first  transept, 
and  returned  towards  the  nave.  We  passed  through  a  row  of 
drills,  horse-rakes  and  threshing  machines,  and  noticed  Foust’s 
fine  machine  for  taking  up  hay  and  loading  it  on  the  wagon  in 
the  harvest  field.  It  will  take  up  a  ton  of  hay  and  load  it  on 
the  wagon  in  five  minutes,  and  take  it  as  clean  as  by  the  hand 
fork.  It  was  exhibited  by  the  makers,  Messrs.  Stratton  &  Cub 
lorn,  of  Meadville,  Pennsylvania. 

In  the  midst  of  this  collection  the  Oliver  Chilled-Plow  Com¬ 
pany,  of  South  Bend,  Indiana,  made  a  beautiful  display  of  their 
plows.  One  of  these  was  the  handsomest  in  the  building.  The 
metal  parts  were  nickel-plated,  and  the  frame  was  of  rosewood, 
beautifully  carved  with  agricultural  symbols. 

We  were  now  at  the  nave  again,  and  turned  into  the  northeast 
transept  and  followed  it  eastward.  Here  the  Higganum  Plow 
Company,  of  Connecticut,  had  a  fine  display  of  plows,  in  the 
midst  of  which  was  a  venerable  plow  made  in  Connecticut  in 
the  year  1756.  The  contrast  between  this  and  the  splendid 
plows  exhibited  by  this  company  was  even  more  striking  than 
that  referred  to  in  our  account  of  the  exhibit  of  the  Pittsburgh 
Plow  Works. 

About  half  way  down  the  transept  was  a  handsome  soda  foun¬ 
tain.  On  the  north  side  of  this  fountain  Messrs.  Hurst  & 


526 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Bradley,  of  Chicago,  exhibited  a  number  of  fine  gang  plows, 
and  on  the  south  side  Messrs.  Collins  &  Co.,  of  New  York  and 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  made  a  similar  display.  The  plows  of 
these  firms  are  in  the  best  style  of  American  workmanship,  and 
were  among  the  finest  articles  exhibited  in  the  building. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  transept  we  noticed  a  collection  of 
threshing  machines  and  portable  steam-engines  for  operating 
them.  Opposite  these  the  Wayne  Agricultural  Company,  of 
Richmond,  Indiana,  exhibited  the  famous  Planet  Reaper. 


A  collection  of  butchers’  and  meat-packers’  machinery  occu¬ 
pied  the  eastern  end  of  the  transept,  and  passing  through  this 


MACHINERY  SECTION,  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


we  reached  the  eastern  door,  and  turned  off  to  the  right  into  the 
court  immediately  south  of  the 'northeast  transept. 

A  little  way  down,  on  the  left,  was  a  large  space  devoted  to 
the  display  of  the  Buckeye  Mower  and  Reaper  and  the  Sweep- 
stakes  Thresher.  These  machines  are  among  the  best  known 
in  the  Union,  and  those  exhibited  here  were  finished  in  elegant 
style.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  court  the  Halladay  Standard 
Windmill  made  a  fine  appearance;  and  in  a  space  immediately 
back  of  this  Westinghouse  &  Co.,  of  Schenectady,  New  York, 
exhibited  one  of  their  splendid  steam-threshers,  which  attracted 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


527 


much  attention.  Some  distance  farther  on,  on  the  right  of  the 
court,  was  a  beautiful  model  of  the  Union  Corn  Planter,  ex¬ 
hibited  by  Selby  &  Co.,  of  Peoria,  Illinois. 

We  were  at  the  nave  again,  and  turned  off  into  the  next 
court  on  the  south  and  went  eastward  again.  On  the  north 
side  of  the  court  was  one  of  the  most  interesting  machines  in 
the  Exhibition,  namely,  “Slosser's  Self-Loading  Excavator.” 
Under  the  management  of  a  single  man,  who  is  also  the  driver 
of  the  team,  this  machine  digs  up  the  ground,  takes  up  a  load 
of  earth  and  deposits  it  at  any  desired  place.  It  does  its  work 
with  a  rapidity  that  is  astonishing,  and  has  been  used  on  some 
of  the  most  important  public  works  in  the  country.  It  was  ex¬ 
hibited  by  Peter  J.  Stryker,  of  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey. 
A  short  distance  farther  on,  on  the  same  side  of  the  court,  the 
Johnston  Harvester  Company,  of  Brockport,  New  York,  had  a 
large  space  elegantly  fitted  up,  in  which  they  made  a  large  and 
handsome  display  of  reapers  and  mowers.  One  of  these  ma¬ 
chines  was  so  arranged  that  it  could  be  used  either  as  a  mower 
or  as  a  reaper  at  the  pleasure  of  the  operator.  A  little  farther 
on,  on  the  south  side  of  the  court,  the  famous  McCormick 
Heaping  and  Mowing  Machines  occupied  a  large  space  and 
made  a  handsome  display.  The  merits  of  this,  the  pioneer 
reaper  of  America,  are  so  well  known  that  they  need  no  de¬ 
scription  here.  A  most  ingenious  and  valuable  improvement 
to  this  machine  is  the  automatic  binder,  by  which  bundles  of 
grain  are  taken  up  from  the  cradle  of  the  machine,  bound,  and 
distributed  at  regular  distances.  The  remainder  of  the  court, 
on  both  sides,  was  taken  up  with  harvesting  machines  of  vari¬ 
ous  kinds,  prominent  among  which  was  the  Adams  &  French 
Harvester,  which  also  has  a  binding  and  dropping  attachment. 
By  a  carrier  attached  to  the  binder's  stand,  the  bundles  of  grain 
are  carried  on  the  machine  until  enough  of  them  are  gathered 
to  make  a  shock;  then  they  are  dumped  together.  This  saves 
the  labor  of  one  man.  The  machine  was  exhibited  by  the 
Adams  &  French  Harvester  Company,  of  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa. 
In  the  same  space  the  Sandwich  Manufacturing  Company,  of 
Illinois,  exhibited  a  number  of  the  famous  Adams  Power  Corn- 
Sheller,  one  of  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  Exhibition. 


528 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


We  were  now  at  the  east  door,  where  a  horizontal  engine  was 
at  work  supplying  power  to  the  line  of  shafting  which  turned 
the  agricultural  machinery  in  this  quarter  of  the  building.  We 
passed  by  it  and  entered  the  next  court  on  the  south.  This 
court,  like  the  preceding  one,  was  filled  with  harvesting  ma¬ 
chines  of  various  kinds.  In  the  midst  of  these  a  fine  display 
of  grain-drills  of  improved  construction  was  made  by  the  Far¬ 
mers’  Friend  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Dayton,  Ohio.  The 
Buckeye  Agricultural  Works,  of  Springfield,  Ohio,  also  made 
a  fine  exhibit  of  this  class  of  machines,  and  of  cultivators  and 
sulky  plows. 

Being  at  the  nave  again,  we  passed  to  the  central  transept 
and  went  east,  noticing  on  the  left  the  handsome  exhibit  of 
horse-rakes  made  by  J.  H.  Thomas  &  Sons,  of  Springfield, 
Ohio.  Passing  through  a  collection  of  reapers  and  rakes,  we 
came  to  a  handsome  pavilion  of  black  velvet,  ornamented  with 
pitchforks,  hoes,  rakes,  scythes,  cutting-knives,  etc.,  made  by 
the  Auburn  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Auburn,  New  York. 
It  was  one  of  the  handsomest  exhibits  in  the  building,  and  the 
articles  mentioned  were  displayed  in  a  very  original  and  taste- 
*  ful  manner. 

Opposite  this  pavilion,  on  the  north  side  of  the  transept, 
Whiteley,  Fassler  &  Kelly,  of  Springfield,  Ohio,  exhibited  a 
magnificent  specimen  of  their  Light  Champion  Mower  and 
Reaper.  The  metal  parts  of  the  machine  were  nickel-plated, 
and  the  frame  was  of  rosewood.  It  was  the  most  beautiful 
piece  of  work  of  this  kind  in  the  hall,  and  of  course  attracted 
much  attention. 

Harvesting  machinery  occupied  the  transept  to  the  eastern 
end,  where  the  Rochester  (New  York)  Agricultural  Works 
showed  a  large  Hubbard  Mower  harnessed  to  two  fine  wooden 
horses.  This  was  one  of  the  notable  displays  of  the  hall,  and 
deserved  the  praise  it  received. 

Immediately  south  of  this  machine  the  Walter  A.  Wood 
Mowing  and  Reaping  Machine  Company,  of  Hoosick  Falls, 
New  York,  exhibited  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  satisfac¬ 
tory  harvesting  machines  in  the  hall.  Attached  to  it  was 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


529 


Locke’s  Self-Binder.  This  binder  is  operated  by  the  driver  of 
the  machine,  and  does  its  work  with  a  wonderful  exactness  and 
rapidity.  It  can  be  easily  detached  and  a  binder’s  table  sub¬ 
stituted  for  it  in  case  of  accident  to  it.  It  is  a  genuine  triumph 
of  American  ingenuity. 

We  were  now  at  the  east  wall  again,  and  passed  into  the 
court  on  the  south  of  the  central  transept.  At  the  eastern  door 
of  this  court  was  a  vertical  engine  for  running  the  machines  in 
the  southeastern  section  of  the  building. 

On  the  south  side  of  this  court,  at  its  eastern  end,  Messrs. 
Boomer  &  Boschert,  of  Rochester,  New  York,  had  an  immense 
cider-mill  in  operation.  The  apples  were  ground  by  a  grating 
machine  which  had  a  capacity  of  five  hundred  bushels  an  hour. 
It  is  claimed  for  this  press,  which  is  the  most  powerful  of  its 
kind  in  the  world,  that  it  extracts  more  of  the  juice  of  the 
apples  than  any  other.  The  whole  process  of  cider-making  was 
shown  here.  Beyond  the  cider-mill,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
court,  was  a  display  of  portable  steam-engines,  and  farm  saws 
for  steam  or  horse-power ;  and  to  the  west  of  these  was  a  col¬ 
lection  of  meat-chopping  machinery.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  court  the  Howe  Manufacturing  Company  showed  a  collec¬ 
tion  of  scales  suitable  for  farm  uses.  On  the  south  side  of  the 
aisle,  opposite  the  scales,  was  an  exhibit  of  ice-cream  freezers, 
churns  and  wooden  ware;  and  fronting  these,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  aisle,  was  a  collection  of  lawn  mowers  of  various  patterns. 
These  made  up  a  pretty  display,  and  brought  us  to  the  nave 
once  more. 

We  turned  into  the  next  court  on  the  south  and  went  east 
again.  On  the  north  side  of  the  court  Robert  Wood  &  Co.,  of 
Philadelphia,  made  a  handsome  exhibit  of  a  model  stable  of 
three  stalls,  and  a  quantity  of  ornamental  iron-work  for  farm 
and  stable  use.  Above  the  stable  was  a  collection  of  machinery 
for  making  ice-cream  by  steam-power,  churns,  butter  tubs  and 
other  wooden  ware ;  and  on  the  south  side  of  the  court,  imme¬ 
diately  opposite,  was  a  display  of  threshing  machines. 

A  farm  saw-mill  was  shown  by  Harbert  &  Raymond,  of 
Philadelphia,  on  the  north  side  of  the  aisle;  and  above  this 
34 


530 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


P.  K.  Dedrick  &  Co.,  of  Albany,  New  York,  exhibited  their 
improved  press  for  baling  hay,  straw,  broom-corn,  hemp,  cotton, 
wool  and  hair.  It  could  be  operated  by  either  hand,  horse,  or 
steam-power. 

At  the  eastern  end  of  the  court  was  a  fine  iron  stable,  with  a 
patent  flooring,  exhibited  by  James  L.  Jackson,  of  New  York. 
It  was  complete  in  every  detail,  and  had  stalls  for  four  horses. 
Immediately  opposite,  on  the  south  side  of  the  court,  was  a  col¬ 
lection  of  the  largest  and  finest  power  threshing  machines  and 
horse-powers  in  the  hall.  They  were  exhibited  by  J.  I.  Case, 


MAMMOTH  CALIFORNIA  GRAPE  VINE,  IN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


of  Racine,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Pitts  Agricultural  Works,  of 
Buffalo,  New  York. 

Having  reached  the  east  wall  again,  wq  passed  into  the  next 
court  on  the  south.  On  the  south  side  of  this  court  were  the 
Canadian  and  Liberian  exhibits,  the  north  side  of  the  court 
being  the  limit  of  the  American  department  in  this  quarter  of 
the  building.  It  was  an  unbroken  line  of  threshing  machines 
for  steam  and  horse-power,  and  of  portable  engines.  Passing 
by  these,  we  found  ourselves  in  the  nave  once  more. 

We  turned  northward  now  and  passed  up  the  nave  towards 
the  north  door.  For  a  while  our  inspection  was  confined  to  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


531 


east  side,  as  the  opposite  side  was  taken  up  with  several  foreign 
departments.  We  entered  at  once  upon  the  exhibit  of  the 
native  wines  of  the  United  States.  These  were  handsomely 
displayed  in  bottles,  each  wine-grower  having  his  own  booth, 
or  stall,  some  of  which  were  finely  fitted  up.  Here  were  the 
wines  of  California,  Ohio,  Missouri  and  central  New  York,  con¬ 
sisting  of  champagne,  still  and  sparkling  wines,  port  and  claret. 
The  excellence  of  these  wines  is  generally  admitted,  and  they 
are  rapidly  acquiring  a  footing  equal  to  the  best  foreign  wines. 
The  making  of  wine  is  yet  in  its  infancy  in  this  country,  but 
from  what  has  been  already  achieved  there  seems  to  be  little 
doubt  that  it  will  before  many  years  rank  among  our  most 
important  and  extensive  industries.  The  exhibit  here  was  most 
encouraging. 

At  the  intersection  of  the  nave  and  the  central  transept  stood 
a  handsome  bronze  fountain,  which  threw  its  waters  almost  to 
the  roof.  The  design  was  attractive,  and  the  fountain  very  much 
superior  to  the  large  one  in  the  Main  Exhibition  Building. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  nave,  opposite  the  fountain,  the  Weikel 
&  Smith  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  showed  a  complete  model 
of  their  extensive  works,  in  Front  street,  Philadelphia,  and  a 
collection  of  mustards,  spices,  blacking,  etc.,  manufactured  by 
them.  This  was  one  of  the  handsomest  exhibits  in  the  hall, 
and  was  much  admired. 

North  of  the  fountain  the  American  department  extended 
along  both  sides  of  the  nave.  The  western  side  was  occupied 
by  the  exhibits  of  the  starch-makers.  The  Glen  Cove  Com¬ 
pany  had  a  beautiful  Moorish  pavilion  with  an  imitation  stained 
glass  roof  and  tile- work  at  the  base,  one  of  the  handsomest 
structures  in  the  building,  in  which  were  displayed  in  a  most 
attractive  manner  specimens  of  their  starch,  and  illustrations  of 
the  process  of  manufacture.  Above  this,  Andrew  Erkenbreeher, 
of  Cincinnati,  had  a  tall  and  handsome  case  of  black  walnut 
and  plate-glass.  He  exhibited  samples  of  his  perfumed  starch, 
the  only  preparation  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  A  fine  display 
was  made  by  T.  Kingsford  &  Son,  manufacturers  of  the  famous 
Oswego  (New  York)  starch.  Both  the  Glen  Cove  and  Oswego 


532 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Companies  exhibited  starch  for  the  laundry  and  corn-starch  for 
table-use. 

Above  the  starch-makers  was  a  display  of  extracts  of  hops 
and  malt,  and  a  line  of  canned  goods,  all  tastefully  shown.  On 
the  opposite  side  of  the  nave  was  an  exhibit  of  cologne  spirits 
and  whiskeys  in  glass  and  wood. 

A  handsome  soda  fountain  stood  in  the  middle  of  the  nave  at 
this  point.  On  the  west,  or  left-hand  side  of  it,  the  American 
Condensed  Milk  Company  made  a  tasteful  exhibit.  Adjoining 
this  C.  J.  Fell  &  Brother,  of  Philadelphia,  made  a  fine  exhibit 


ORNAMENTAL  PAVILION  IN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


of  spices,  gelatine  and  self-raising  flour.  The  show-cases  of 
this  firm  were  of  black  walnut  and  plate-glass,  and  were  among 
the  richest  in  the  hall.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  nave  was 
the  stand  of  the  Rumford  Chemical  Works,  of  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  where  the  baking  powders  of  the  company  were 
displayed,  and  hot  biscuit  prepared  with  them  were  daily  baked 
and  dispensed  to  the  visitors. 

Diagonally  opposite,  on  the  west  side  of  the  nave,  the  Port¬ 
land  (Maine)  Packing  Company  exhibited  an  extensive  assort¬ 
ment  of  their  famous  canned  meats,  fish,  shell-fish,  fowls  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


533 


soups.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  establishments  in  the  Union, 
and  conducts  twenty  factories  in  New  England  and  the  British 
provinces.  It  turns  out  about  two  and  a  half  million  cans 
annually,  and  its  goods  are  well  known  in  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

In  the  next  space  above,  Atmore  &  Son,  of  Philadelphia,  had 
a  handsomely  fitted  up  stand,  with  velvet  cushioned  seats,  in 
which  they  displayed  their  mince  meats  and  English  plum 
pudding.  The  stand  was  surmounted  by  a  large  stuffed  cow. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  nave  the  bakers  made  one  of  the 
handsomest  exhibits  in  the  hall.  Their  crackers,  cakes,  bread, 
biscuit  and  other  products  were  displayed  in  ornamental  cases, 
and  were  often  arranged  in  tasteful  and  sometimes  artistic 
designs.  Prominent  in  this  section  was  the  exhibit  of  crackers 
by  Adam  Exton  &  Co.,  of  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  which  was 
large  and  handsome. 

A  large  windmill  stood  in  the  nave  at  this  point.  It  was 
built  in  the  old  style,  was  about  thirty  feet  in  height,  and  its  sails 
reached  nearly  to  the  roof  of  the  hall.  It  bore  the  date  1776, 
and  was  complete  in  all  its  arrangements.  If  a  sufficient  force  of 
wind  could  have  been  obtained  in  the  hall,  it  could  have  been 
put  to  work  at  any  moment.  It  was  exhibited  by  George  V. 
Hecker  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  who  displayed  here  and  on  the 
west  side  of  the  nave,  immediately  opposite  the  mill,  samples  of 
their  self-raising  flour,  buckwheat,  farina  and  cracked  wheat. 

Along  the  eastern  side  of  the  nave  was  a  large  exhibit  of 
stuffed  animals  and  birds.  Some  of  these  were  American,  others 
were  natives  of  foreign  countries.  The  principal  display  was 
made  by  Professor  Henry  A.  Ward,  of  Rochester  University, 
one  of  the  best  known  and  most  skilful  scientists  in  the  Union. 
He  had  here  a  large  Bactrian  camel,  a  giraffe  thirteen  feet  high, 
and  a  number  of  casts  of  celebrated  fossils.  The  collection  was 
the  best  of  its  kind  in  the  Exhibition,  and  was  deeply  interest¬ 
ing  to  the  masses  as  well  as  to  the  student  in  natural  history. 

North  of  the  windmill,  on  the  east  side  of  the  nave,  the  con¬ 
fectioners  made  a  handsome  display  of  their  wares.  The  princi¬ 
pal  exhibits  were  by  Stephen  F.  Whitman  &  Son,  of  Philadelphia, 


534 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  Henry  Maillard,  of  New  York.  Schale  &  Co.,  of  NewYork, 
made  a  unique  display  of  a  tall  pyramid  of  candy,  with  figures 
of  the  same  material,  illustrating  the  signing  of  the  Declaration 


EXHIBIT  OF  CONFECTIONERY  IN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


of  Independence  and  the  principal  events  of  our  history. 
North  of  Whitman's  cases  Walter  Baker  &  Co.,  of  Dorchester, 
Massachusetts,  made  a  tasteful  and  attractive  display  of  their 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


535 


chocolates  and  cocoa  and  broraa  preparations.  On  the  opposite 
side  of  the  nave  the  macaroni  and  oatmeal  makers  exhibited 
their  goods. 

We  were  now  at  the  north  door,  and,  turning  to  the  left, 
entered  the  northwest  section  of  the  building.  Here  was  a  hand¬ 
some  little  room,  enclosed  with  a  tasteful  wooden  screen  in  white 
and  gilt,  known  as  the  California  Restaurant,  where  an  oppor¬ 
tunity  could  be  had  of  becoming  acquainted  with  one  of  the 
best  varieties  of  California  wine,  the  sale  of  which  was  the 
specialty  of  this  establishment. 

We  passed  along  the  first  court  on  the  north,  pausing  to 
notice  the  handsome  display  of  the  mustard  and  spice  grinders. 
Farther  on  Smith,  Earle  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  and  George  A. 
Alden  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  had  a  large  space  in  which  they 
exhibited  crude  India  rubber  and  elastic  gums,  with  specimens 
of  the  trees  from  which  they  are  obtained.  An  exhibit  of  fer¬ 
tilizers  occupied  the  opposite  or  north  side  of  the  court,  extend¬ 
ing  to  the  western  end  of  the  building. 

Along  the  western  wall  was  a  row  of  aquaria  containing  the 
food  fishes  of  our  rivers,  lakes  and  the  sea.  It  was  deserving 
of  careful  study.  Sea  water  was  brought  daily  from  the  ocean 
for  the  marine  fishes. 

We  passed  to  the  next  court  on  the  south.  The  Norwegian 
fishery  exhibit  occupied  the  south  side  of  this  court  for  a  short 
distance,  and  beyond  it,  on  the  same  side,  was  a  display  of  bird 
cages.  Fertilizers  occupied  the  northern  side  for  a  considerable 
space,  and  were  followed  by  samples  of  the  native  woods  of  the 
United  States,  among  which  was  a  collection  of  forty-eight 
specimens  of  different  kinds  of  wood  found  growing  in  a 
space  of  an  acre  and  a  half  in  New  Jersey,  not  far  from 
Philadelphia. 

We  now  entered  the  section  devoted  to  the  tobacco  exhibit. 
It  was  very  large,  and  occupied  a  considerable  portion  of  this 
section  of  the  hall,  extending  over  to  and  beyond  the  northwest 
transept.  The  various  manufacturers  exerted  all  their  inge- 
nuity  to  render  this  section  as  attractive  as  possible.  It  was 
entirely  unique,  and  many  of  the  exhibits  were  displayed  with 


536 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY, 


originality  as  well  as  taste.  The  collection  embraced  the  virgin 
leaf,  manufactured  tobacco  of  every  kind  for  chewing  and 
smoking,  and  snuff.  We  noticed  especially  the  fine  display  of 
plug  tobacco  and  twists  made  by  L.  Lottier,  of  Richmond, 
Virginia ;  and  not  far  from  this  the  handsome  pavilion  in 
which  George  W.  Gail  &  Ax,  of  Baltimore,  exhibited  their 
famous  fine-cut  tobaccos  and  snuffs.  C.  A.  Jackson  &  Co.,  of 
Petersburg,  exhibited  a  pavilion  built  of  plug  tobacco,  close  by. 
On  the  north  side  of  the  northwest  transept  E.  Holbrook,  of 
Louisville,  made  an  exceptionally  fine  display  of  manufactured 
tobaccos,  the  virgin  leaf  and  the  growing  plants.  Immediately 


THE  AQUARIA,  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


opposite,  Frishmuth  &  Brother,  of  Philadelphia,  had  a  hand¬ 
somely  fitted-up  space  filled  with  manufactured  tobacco.  Ad¬ 
joining  this  space  was  the  exhibit  of  P.  H.  Mayo  &  Brother, 
of  Richmond,  Virginia,  in  which  the  various  stages  of  the  pro¬ 
cess  of  manufacturing  chewing  tobacco  were  shown.  This 
space  was  adorned  with  festoons  of  tobacco  twists.  West  of 
this  was  the  handsome  exhibit  of  P.  Lorrillard  &  Co.,  of  New 
York,  consisting  of  their  famous  brands  of  fine-cut  tobacco  and 
snuffs.  In  the  next  space,  on  the  west,  was  a  lofty  case  of 
ebony  with  gilt  mountings,  in  which  Kerbs  &  Spiess,  of  New 
York,  showed  a  collection  of  fine  cigars. 

Passing  the  tobacco  exhibit,  and  continuing  along  the  court, 


537 


landreth’s  garden  seed  exhibit  in  agricultural  hall. 


538 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


we  entered  the  exhibit  of  flour,  which  was  well  arranged  and 
attractive.  It  occupied  the  remainder  of  the  court  to  the 
nave. 

We  entered  the  northwest  transept  from  the  nave.  The 
eastern  part  of  it  was  occupied  on  both  sides  by  a  display  of 
pickles,  preserves  and  canned  goods  of  various  kinds.  F rom  these 


INTERIOR  OF  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


we  passed  through  the  tobacco  exhibit  again,  and  beyond  it,  on 
the  north  side  of  the  transept,  noticed  a  decayed  tree  covered 
with  Southern  moss.  This  is  the  natural  state  of  the  growing 
moss,  which  was  here  exhibited  by  the  Delta  Moss  Company, 
of  New  Orleans,  who  also  showed  several  bales  of  the  cured 
moss,  which  is  now  being  extensively  used  in  the  place  of  curled 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 


539 


hair  for  upholstering  purposes.  The  supply  of  this  article  in 
the  swamps  of  the  South  is  unlimited,  and  it  is  much  cheaper 
and  quite  as  elastic  as  hair. 

At  the  west  end  of  the  transept  was  an  apparatus  for  the 
artificial  hatching  of  chickens,  which  attracted  much  attention 
from  those  interested  in  the  raising  of  fowls. 

From  the  western  end  of  the  transept  we  turned  into  the 
next  court  on  the  south.  On  the  left  hand  side  was  the  exhibit 
of  horse  shoes,  with  a  model  of  the  machine  for  making  them, 
and  opposite  this  was  a  large  evaporator  for  drying  fruits  for 
market.  By  the  side  of  this  was  an  immense  steam  road-roller 
from  the  Pioneer  Iron  Works,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York. 

On  the  right  hand  side  of  the  court,  beyond  the  steam  roller, 
the  State  of  Oregon  made  a  collective  exhibit  of  her  agricul- 
tural  products.  A  large  part  of  the  display  was  made  up  of 
specimens  of  the  native  woods  of  the  State,  which  are  among 
the  finest  in  the  world.  The  grains  and  other  products  of  the 
State  were  well  shown,  and  a  specialty  was  dried  fruits,  of 
which  large  quantities  are  produced  in  Oregon  and  shipped  to 
all  parts  of  the  world.  The  most  remarkable  product  in  the 
exhibit  was  a  specimen  of  dried  cider.  The  water  is  evaporated 
from  the  cider,  and  the  solid  residue  is  then  rolled  around  a 
wooden  roller  and  is  ready  for  transportation.  It  is  dissolved  in 
water  when  ready  for  use,  and  makes  excellent  cider.  Bricks  of 
solidified  apple  butter  were  also  shown.  Beyond  Oregon,  Wis¬ 
consin  and  Illinois  made  collective  exhibits  of  their  a«ricul- 

O 

tural  products,  the  chief  feature  of  their  displays  being  speci¬ 
mens  of  the  splendid  grains  which  they  produce.  Ears  of  corn 
were  shown  which  were  of  astonishing  size,  and  every  kernel 
was  as  perfect  as  the  most  ardent  farmer  could  desire.  Oppo¬ 
site  these,  on  the  left  hand  side  of  the  court,  Massachusetts 
showed  her  agricultural  products  and  also  specimens  of  her 
beneficial  birds. 

At  its  eastern  end  the  court  was  occupied  by  the  pickle  and 
preserve  makers  and  canned  goods  packers  again,  and  in  the 
midst  of  these  a  handsome  display  was  made  by  the  New  York 
Condensed  Milk  Company  and  Borden  Meat  Preserving  Com- 


540 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


pany.  This  house  was  the  first  to  engage  in  the  process  of 
condensing  milk  and  other  substances,  and  was  founded  by 
Gail  Borden,  the  inventor  of  the  process. 

Passing  into  the  next  court,  on  the  south,  we  noticed  a  dis¬ 
play  of  pickles,  prepared  mustards  and  sauces,  on  both  sides. 
All  the  goods  of  this  class  exhibited  in  the  hall  were  displayed 
in  the  most  attractive  manner,  and  constituted  one  of  the  pretti¬ 
est  features  of  the  agricultural  exhibit.  On  the  north  side  of 
the  court,  a  little  way  down,  J.  W.  Norris  &  Co.,  of  New 
York,  exhibited  a  number  of  fine  canvas-covered  hams  in  a 
glass-case. 

The  north  side  of  the  court  below  this  was  occupied  by  the 
collective  exhibits  of  the  States  of  Michigan,  Indiana,  Connect¬ 
icut  and  New  Hampshire,  and  the  Territory  of  Washington. 
These  were  all  displayed  in  a  tasteful  manner,  each  State  occu¬ 
pying  an  enclosed  court  and  laying  especial  weight  upon  the 
products  in  which  it  excelled.  The  Western  States  exhibited 
wheat  and  corn  that  could  not  be  surpassed.  New  Hampshire 
showed  her  native  woods,  and  some  exceptionally  fine  samples 
of  wool.  She  also  exhibited  two  stuffed  hogs  of  enormous  size. 
One  Avas  seven  feet  four  inches,  and  the  other  eight  feet  four 
inches,  in  length,  from  snout  to  tail.  The  former  Avas  killed 
when  nineteen  months  old,  and  Aveighed  1253  pounds;  the 
Aveight  of  the  latter  Avhen  he  was  killed,  at  the  age  of  tAventy- 
one  months,  Avas  1307  pounds.  A  large  plow,  thirteen  feet 
long,  Avas  also  exhibited  by  the  New  Hampshire  State  College 
of  Agriculture.  It  Avas  made  by  Daniel  W ebster,  who  delighted 
in  large  things,  and  it  was  one  of  his  greatest  delights  to  guide 
it.  Four  oxen  Avere  required  to  draw  it. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  court,  opposite  the  Indiana  display, 
the  Cotton  Exchange,  of  New  Orleans,  exhibited  a  number  of 
fine  varieties  of  Southern  cotton  in  the  bale  and  by  sample. 
Adjoining  this  Avas  an  exhibit  of  wool  from  NeAV  England. 

At  the  Avest  end  of  the  north  side  of  the  court  Avas  the  fishery 
exhibit  of  Massachusetts.  In  a  large  tank  floated  a  number  of 
models  of  the  fishing  craft  of  1776  and  1876.  Projecting  into 
the  Avater  was  a  fac-simile  in  miniature  of  the  Avharf  of  a  century 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


541 


ago,  and  one  of  the  wharf  of  to-day,  with  its  extensive  fish- 
house,  with  men  and  women  engaged  in  preparing  the  fish  for 
packing.  Around  the  tank,  on  shelves  and  frames,  were  ranged 
the  various  .apparatus  used  in  fishing,  oil-cloth  clothing  for  the 
men,  nets,  etc.  The  whole  exhibit  was  made  with  a  skill  and 
taste  which  reflected  the  highest  credit  upon  the  people  of  Cape 
Ann. 


EXHIBIT  OF  SEEDS  IN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


This  brought  us  to  the  west  wall  of  the  building,  and  we 
passed  into  the  next  court  on  the  south.  At  the  head  of  this 
court,  on  the  north  side,  was  a  large  case  containing  a  number  of 
specimens  of  California  silk-worms  at  work.  They  were  fed 
with  fresh  mulberry  leaves  at  stated  times,  and  the  manner  in 
which  they  were  shown  afforded  an  excellent  opportunity  of 


542 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


studying  their  habits.  On  the  same  side  of  the  court  the  native 
woods  of  California  were  shown,  also  the  native  birds  and  a 
number  of  the  agricultural  products  of  that  State.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  court  the  Central  Pacific  Railway  exhibited 
a  number  of  large  photographs  of  scenery  on  their  road. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  court  the  States  of  New  Jersey 
and  Delaware  exhibited  their  agricultural  products,  and  on  the 
opposite  side  similar  exhibits  were  made  by  the  States  of  Ohio 
and  Nebraska.  Beyond  the  Nebraska  exhibit  was  the  dis¬ 
play  of  the  seedsmen,  whose  cases  extended  across  to  the  central 
transept  and  almost  to  the  nave.  The  eastern  end  of  the  court 
was  taken  up  with  a  large  display  of  oakum  and  curled  hair, 
opposite  which,  standing  proudly  on  his  lofty  perch,  surveying 
the  scene  around  him  with  an  air  of  royal  majesty,  was  “  Old 
Abe,”  the  famous  eagle  of  the  Eighth  Wisconsin  Regiment  of 
Infantry.  This  noble  bird  accompanied  the  regiment  through 
its  entire  period  of  service  in  the  civil  war,  was  present  in  every 
battle  in  which  it  was  engaged,  and  was  twice  wounded.  He 
was  accompanied  by  the  sergeant  who  bore  him  at  the  head  of  the 
regiment  during  the  war. 

Between  the  court  and  the  central  transept  the  space  along 
the  nave  was  occupied  by  the  collective  exhibit  of  the  pork- 
packers  of  Cincinnati. 

We  passed  into  the  central  transept,  on  the  south  side  of 
which  was  the  Spanish  exhibit.  On  the  north  side  D.  Landreth 
&  Sons,  of  Philadelphia,  made  an  extensive  and  handsome  dis¬ 
play  of  their  famous  seeds  for  the  garden  and  farm.  Mr.  B. 
Landreth,  one  of  the  partners  in  this  well-known  house,  was 
the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture.  The  zeal  and  skill 
with  which  he  conducted  his  department  were  shown  in  their 
highest  light  in  the  grand  exhibition  of  the  products  of  the 
world  collected  within  the  Agricultural  Building. 

The  transept  was  here  occupied  by  a  confectionery  stand, 
beyond  which,  on  the  north  side  of  the  transept,  was  Reuter’s 
Restaurant,  the  principal  eating-house  in  this  hall. 

Beyond  the  restaurant  the  State  of  Iowa  made  a  beautiful 
display  of  her  agricultural  products,  a  prominent  feature  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


543 


which  was  a  large  and  complete  collection  of  fruits  under  glass. 
Beyond  this  was  an  exhibit  of  the  minerals  of  Nevada,  and  at 
the  west  end  of  the  transept  Iowa  exhibited  specimens  of  her 
soils  in  tall  glass  columns. 

We  were  now  at  the  end  of  the  American  department,  and  in 
turning  our  attention  to  the  exhibits  of  foreign  nations  gave 
the  first  place  to  the  mother  country. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

The  British  section  was  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  hall, 
and  extended  from  the  nave  to  the  eastern  wall,  and  from  the 
southeast  transept  to  the  south  wall.  The  display  was  small, 
and  did  not  compare  favorably  with  the  splendid  showing  made 
by  Great  Britain  in  the  Main  Building.  Scarcely  any  of  the 
English  agricultural  machinery  was  to  be  found  here,  and  the 
exhibit  was  far  from  doing  justice  to  England  as  an  agricultural 
country. 

The  post  of  honor,  on  the  front  line  of  the  section,  was  given 
to  the  makers  of  pickles,  potted  meats,  mustards  and  extracts. 
Crosse  &  Blackwell,  the  famous  chow-chow  makers,  had  a 
lofty  case  of  black  and  gilt,  semicircular  in  shape,  at  the  inter¬ 
section  of  the  nave  and  transept,  in  which  they  showed  their 
goods,  and  immediately  behind  them  Keen  &  Robinson,  of 
London,  had  a  handsome  case  of  mustard.  On  the  front  line, 
immediately  south  of  Crosse  &  Blackwell,  T.  &  H.  Smith,  of 
Edinburgh,  had  a  handsome  display  of  extracts  of  various 
kinds.  The  most  conspicuous  portions  of  their  exhibits  were 
two  fine  white  crystallized  substances,  looking  exactly  alike. 
One  of  these  was  cafeine,  or  the  active  principle  of  the  coffee 
bean  ;  the  other,  theine,  the  active  principle  of  tea.  Adjoining 
this  exhibit  was  a  case  of  fine  extracts  by  John  Mackays,  also 
of  Edinburgh.  To  the  south  of  the  extracts  was  an  exhibit  of 
bee-hives  and  bee-furniture,  by  George  Neighbor  &  Sons,  of 
London,  and  in  the  adjoining  space  John  L.  Bowes  &  Brother, 
of  Liverpool,  exhibited  samples  of  wool  from  all  parts  of  the 
world.  At  the  south  end  of  the  front  line  the  Cork  Distilleries 
Company,  of  Cork,  Ireland,  had  a  tasteful  pavilion  in  which 
they  showed  some  superior  Irish  whiskeys  in  wood  and  glass. 


544 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Having  finished  the  front  line  along  the  nave,  we  went  back 
to  the  southeast  transept  and  continued  our  examination  along 
its  south  side.  Adjoining  Keen,  Robinson  &  Co.’s  exhibit 
Emile  Menier,  of  London,  made  a  handsome  display  of  fine 
chocolates  and  cocoas.  Farther  on,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
transept,  John  McCann,  of  Drogheda,  Ireland,  exhibited  a  fine 
article  of  Irish  oatmeal,  and  showed  the  appearance  of  the  meal 
at  the  different  stages  of  grinding.  To  the  right  of  the  oatmeal 
was  an  exhibit  of  meat  extracts,  soups  and  potted  meats.  The 
Colonial  Produce  Company,  of  London,  exhibited  specimens  of 
their  patent  tea,  milk  and  sugar,  and  patent  coffee,  milk  and 
sugar.  These  are  reduced  to  a  powder  and  wrapped  in  air-tight 
gelatine  envelopes,  which  readily  dissolve  with  the  powder  in 
hot  water.  A  package  will  make  three  cups  of  tea  and  coffee. 
This  is  a  capital  preparation  for  travellers  or  for  persons  camping 
out  for  pleasure  or  from  necessity. 

An  exhibit  of  ginger  ales  and  aerated  waters  now  followed, 
beyond  which  John  Coope  &  Co.,  of  Burton-on-Trent,  displayed 
their  well-known  Burton  ale.  In  the  next  space  was  one  of 
Aveling  &  Porter’s  road  steam-engines,  which  we  noticed  in 
Machinery  Hall.  By  the  side  of  it  was  a  large  wagon  for  road 
locomotives.  Farther  on  Barnard,  Bishop  &  Barnard,  of  Nor¬ 
wich,  exhibited  a  collection  of  ornamental  iron  work  for  farm 
and  stable  use. 

From  the  east  end  of  the  transept  we  passed  to  the  next  court 
on  the  south.  Half  way  down  this  was  a  portable  engine  for 
farm  use,  different  in  style  from  those  used  in  this  country  and 
occupying  less  space.  Below  it  the  exhibit  of  ales  was  continued. 
On  the  south  or  opposite  side  of  the  court  James  Fussell  & 
Sons,  of  Somersetshire,  had  a  collection  of  reaping  hooks  and 
other  edge  tools  used  in  agriculture. 

Lower  down  were  the  confectioners,  who  showed  their  goods 
in  handsome  cases,  and  to  the  south  of  them  Lea  &  Perrin  had 
a  case  of  ebony  and  gilt,  in  which  they  exhibited  their  world- 
famed  Worcestershire  sauce. 

Passing  to  the  most  southern  court  of  all  we  noticed  a  hand¬ 
some  case  of  walnut,  containing  a  large  display  of  ales,  Dublin 
stout  and  whiskey,  by  E.  &  J.  Burke,  of  Dublin. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


545 


Farther  eastward  was  an  apparatus  for  suckling  young  calves, 
sheep  and  pigs.  It  was  a  wooden  trough,  which  was  filled  with 
milk  when  ready  for  use.  A  number  of  tubes  projected  from  the 
side,  each  with  a  rubber  nipple.  Beyond  this  a  potter,  too  late 
for  a  place  in  the  Main  Building,  exhibited  a  collection  of  por¬ 
celain  and  plain  whiteware.  Then  followed  some  ornamental 
work,  ditching  tiles,  drains,  etc.,  in  terra-cotta,  and  several 
French  burr  millstones  for  hulling  rice  and  grinding  flour. 

Canada. 

The  Canadian  section  lay  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  the  hall, 
opposite  that  of  Great  Britain,  and  extended  from  the  nave  back 
to  the  Liberian  section. 

The  front  line  along  the  nave  was  taken  up  with  an  extensive 
display  of  the  agricultural  products  of  the  Dominion,  consisting  of 
the  grains,  beans,  peas,  roots  and  flour  grown  and  made  in  Canada. 
Immediately  back  of  these  was  an  exhibit  of  Canadian  wrool.  The 
quality  was  very  fine,  and  the  length  of  the  wool  was  notable. 

In  the  next  line,  going  eastward,  was  a  row  of  tall  cases,  in 
which  were  shown  prepared  specimens  of  the  birds,  animals  and 
insects  of  Canada.  The  exhibit  of  insects  was  by  the  Entomo¬ 
logical  Society  of  London,  Ontario ;  the  birds  and  animals  were 
exhibited  by  individuals  from  London,  Toronto  and  Halifax. 
In  the  rear  of  these  collections  John  Harvey  &  Co.,  of  Hamil¬ 
ton,  Canada,  had  a  number  of  fine  fleeces,  showing  a  remarkable 
length  and  thickness  of  wool.  Then  followed  an  exhibit  of 
vinegar  in  barrels,  native  fruits,  macaroni,  flour,  salt,  pickles, 
cheese,  cured  fish,  and  canned  goods  of  various  kinds,  which 
took  up  considerable  space,  and  showed  the  progress  of  the 
efforts  of  our  Northern  cousins  in  this  direction. 

A  pyramidal  stand,  of  considerable  size,  contained  a  display 
of  the  agricultural  products  of  British  Columbia.  Some  very 
fine  wheat  was  included  in  this  exhibit,  and  samples  of  this  grain 
and  oats  on  the  stalk  showed  the  size  and  vigor  which  they 
attain  in  this  high  northern  latitude.  Specimens  of  the  woods 
and  barks  of  the  country  were  also  shown,  and  there  were  two 
blankets  of  variegated  colors,  woven  by  the  Indians. 

35 


546 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


We  now  entered  the  department  of  agricultural  machinery,  in 
which  over  one  hundred  exhibitors  took  part.  The  collection 
was  similar  to  that  in  the  American  department,  and  was  par¬ 
ticularly  rich  in  reapers,  mowers,  plows,  harrows,  root  and  straw- 
cutters  and  horse-powers.  The  variety  in  plows  was,  if  any¬ 
thing,  greater  than  our  own,  but  the  number  of  plows  was  much 
smaller.  The  most  conspicuous  exhibits  of  plows  were  made 
by  George  Ross,  of  Chatham,  Ontario,  and  T.  Spardle,  of  Strat¬ 
ford,  Ontario.  The  “  Yeondle  plow,”  exhibited  by  the  latter, 
was  the  finest  in  the  Canadian  collection,  and  one  of  the  very 
best  in  the  hall.  The  Hamilton  Agricultural  Works  showed  a 
fine  specimen  of  the  Iron-clad  Adjustable  Table  and  Platform 
Reaper,  a  worthy  rival  of  the  best  American  reapers.  A 
machine  which  formed  a  conspicuous  part  of  this  exhibit  was 
the  turnip-drill,  which  does  not  appear  in  our  own  collection. 
The  Canadian  climate  is  not  suited  to  corn,  and  turnips  and 
peas  are  raised  in  place  of  it.  The  collection  included  also  port¬ 
able  engines,  cider-presses,  potato-diggers,  snow  plows  for 
breaking  winter  roads,  grain-drills  and  hay-loaders.  Some  of 
the  threshing  machines  exhibited  here  were  among  the  largest 
and  best  in  the  hall,  and  were  handsomely  ornamented. 

France. 

The  French  section  lay  west  of  the  nave  and  along  the 
southwest  transept.  It  extended  on  the  south  side  of  the  tran¬ 
sept  from  the  nave  to  the  Dutch  court,  and  on  the  north  side 
of  the  transept  from  the  nave  to  the  west  wall.  It  adjoined  the 
Brazilian  section  on  the  north  and  the  German  section  on  the 
south. 

The  most  prominent  feature  of  the  French  exhibit  was  the 
display  of  wines.  Every  grade  of  wine  made  within  the  limits 
of  the  French  republic  was  shown  here.  We  found  champagnes 
in  abundance,  and  the  dainty  and  delicious  wines  of  the  south 
of  France  were  well  represented.  Here  were  Burgundies, 
clarets,  red  and  light  wines,  and  brandies  and  liquors  of  every 
description. 

The  front  line  along  the  nave  was  occupied  by  a  row  of  hand- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


547 


some  show-cases,  principally  of  ebony  and  gilt,  in  which  were 
displayed  champagnes,  brandies,  liquors  and  olive  oils.  On  the 
south  side  of  the  transept  Menier  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  had  a  hand¬ 
some  case  of  ebony  and  gilt,  filled  with  a  collection  of  fine 
chocolates.  In  the  sides  of  the  case  were  set  photographs  of  the 
Menier  establishment  and  the  people  employed  in  it.  On  the 
north  side  of  the  transept,  Meunier,  of  Paris,  had  a  beautiful 
case  of  carved  ebony,  ornamented  with  lithographs  of  his  fac¬ 
tory  in  1785  and  1876,  in  which  was  a  collection  of  .fine  choco¬ 
lates.  These  firms  are  the  principal  chocolate-makers  of  France. 
The  house  of  Meunier  was  founded  in  1760,  and  is  the  oldest 
now  in  existence;  and  its  rival,  Menier,  claims  to  do  an  annual 
trade  in  chocolates  of  25,000,000  francs. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  French  court,  near  the  nave,  C.  Du- 
moutier,  of  Claville,  made  an  exhibit  of  the  agricultural  pro¬ 
ducts  of  the  department  of  the  Eure. 

Immediately  back  of  the  front  line,  the  south  side  of  the 
section  was  occupied  for  some  distance  by  a  triple  row  of  hand¬ 
some  oak  stalls,  in  which  the  great  Paris  seedsmen,  Vilmorin 
&  Andrieux,  exhibited  photographs  of  flowers,  vegetables,  and 
plants,  and  samples  of  seeds. 

Passing  this  we  reached  the  principal  exhibit  of  wines, 
brandies,  liquors,  cordials  in  glass  bottles  and  small  stone  jugs, 
which  took  up  the  entire  space  south  of  the  transept,  back  to 
the  Dutch  section. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  transept  was  an  extensive  collection, 
by  a  number  of  exhibitors,  of  the  famous  pate  de  foi  gras  of 
Strasburg,  pickles,  preserves,  mustards,  jellies  and  prepared 
food  of  various  kinds.  Preserved  fish  and  sardines  in  oil  formed 
a  prominent  part  of  the  collection,  and  candied  fruits,  dried 
fruits,  and  vegetables,  and  prepared  soups  were  extensively  dis¬ 
played. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  court,  D.  Gazaubon,  of  Paris,  ex¬ 
hibited  a  fine  collection  of  machinery  for  making  and  bottling 
mineral  waters,  and  syphon  bottles  of  a  handsome  pattern ;  and 
near  the  west  end  of  the  court  several  makers  displayed  ma¬ 
chines  for  bottling  and  corking  champagnes  and  other  sparkling 
wines. 


548 


TIIE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


A  number  of  French  burr  mill-stones  of  a  fine  quality  were 
shown  near  the  northern  border  of  the  court,  and  near  these 
were  some  fine  crucibles,  and  specimens  of  various  kinds  of 
cements,  hydraulic  lime  and  artificial  stone.  The  Roquefort 
cheese  factory"  exhibited  specimens  of  its  famous  cheese;  the 
tanners  had  an  extensive  exhibit  of  leather;  and  the  silk- 
growers  of  southern  France  showed  their  raw  silk  and  cocoons. 
Artificial  manures,  phosphates,  and  animal  charcoal  were  also 
shown. 

Germany. 

The  German  section  lay  on  the  south  of  France,  and  extended 
to  the  south  wall  of  the  building.  It  fronted  on  the  nave  and 
extended  westward  to  the  Austrian  court. 

At  the  nave,  the  Rhenish  Sparkling  Wine  Company  of 
Schielstein  had  a  large  pavilion  made  of  wine  boxes,  and  sur¬ 
mounted  by  an  immense  wine  bottle  of  glass  at  each  of  the 
four  corners,  in  which  they  displayed  their  famous  wines. 
Back  of  this  pavilion  was  the  collective  exhibit  of  Rhine  wines, 
in  which  the  finest  as  well  as  the  ordinary  grades  were  shown. 
Alongside  of  these  wines  the  German  brandies,  liquors,  extracts 
and  essences  were  displayed.  A  fair  exhibit  was  also  made  of 
Bavarian  and  Prussian  beer  and  hops,  and  of  samples  of  the 
malt  from  which  these  were  made. 

The  confectioners,  makers  of  wax,  and  manufacturers  of 
smoking  and  fine-cut  tobacco  for  chewing,  cigars  and  cigarettes, 
made  a  large  display ;  and  there  was  a  fair  exhibit  of  prepared 
mustard,  sugar  and  starch.  Frankfort  sent  samples  of  curled 
hair,  and  Prussian  Silesia  some  fine  wool.  The  Royal  Steel 
Works  of  Fredericksthal,  Wurtemberg,  had  a  large  stand 
representing  a  palm  tree.  The  trunk  was  of  wood,  and  the 
branches  were  scythe  blades  arranged  in  a  picturesque  manner. 

The  wines  were  the  strong  feature  of  the  German  exhibit, 
and  no  effort  was  made  to  show  the  agricultural  system  or  re¬ 
sources  of  that  country. 

Austria  and  Hungary. 

The  Austrian  section  was  situated  immediately  west  of  the 


550 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


German  court.  The  display  was  not  large,  but  was  interesting. 
On  the  eastern  border  of  the  court,  fronting  Germany,  Johann 
Michael  Schary,  of  Prague,  exhibited  a  collection  of  raisins  and 
other  dried  fruits,  beer,  wine,  vinegar  and  mustards  from 
Bohemia.  Beyond  this  space  was  an  exhibit  of  Austrian  and 
Hungarian  wines  ;  and  at  the  north  end  of  the  court  Marks  & 
Weyden,  of  Buda-Pesth,  Hungary,  exhibited  a  tine  collection 
of  the  fruits  and  nuts  of  Hungary  and  the  Danubian  provinces. 
To  the  north  of  this  collection  was  a  display  of  candied  fruits 
from  Vienna,  near  which  were  specimens  of  hemp  of  an  excel¬ 
lent  quality  grown  in  Hungary.  Samples  of  tine  Hungarian 
wool  were  also  shown  ;  and  near  the  west  end  was  a  collection 
of  the  grains  of  all  the  different  provinces  of  the  Austrian 
empire.  Specimens  of  flax  from  Austria  and  Hungary  were 
included  in  the  exhibit,  and  a  number  of  samples  of  leather 
from  Austria  and  Bohemia. 

Russia. 

The  Russian  court  lay  on  the  south  side  of  the  central  tran¬ 
sept,  immediately  west  of  the  Spanish  court,  and  extended  back 
to  the  western  wall.  It  was  unenclosed,  and  occupied  about 
one-third  as  much  space  as  France.  It  was  tilled  with  one 
of  the  handsomest  and  most  interesting  collections  in  the 
Agricultural  Building,  and  one  that  was  richly  worth  studying 
carefully. 

The  wheat,  oats,  barley,  rye  and  other  grains  of  the  empire 
were  shown  in  the  most  tasteful  manner.  They  were  arranged 
upon  pyramidal  stands,  bags  of  the  grains  being  collected  about 
the  base  of  the  stands,  while  stalks  with  the  ripened  ears  were 
placed  in  handsome  majolica  vases  at  the  top.  Large  frames 
were  filled  with  hemp  suspended  from  the  top  of  the  frame  in 
order  to  show  the  length  of  the  fibre.  The  agricultural  pro¬ 
ducts  of  the  various  portions  of  the  empire  were  shown  accord¬ 
ing  to  a  systematic  classification,  and  many  illustrations  of 
Russian  farm-life  were  given.  A  number  of  the  agricultural 
implements  of  the  country  were  exhibited,  and  two  large  port¬ 
able  farm-engines  from  Poland  constituted  a  principal  feature 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


551 


of  the  collection.  Candied  and  dried  fruits,  preserves,  crackers 
and  confections  were  exhibited  in  glass  cases,  and  the  liquors 
and  wines  of  the  country  were  also  shown. 

At  the  western  end  of  the  space,  a  number  of  exhibitors  who 
were  crowded  out  of  the  Russian  court  in  the  Main  Building 
displayed  a  collection  of  rich  and  beautiful  wares  in  large  cases 
of  oak  and  plate  glass. 

As  in  the  Main  Building,  Russia  was  one  of  the  last  coun¬ 
tries  to  have  her  exhibit  in  readiness. 

Italy. 

The  Italian  court  was  situated  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
hall,  and  covered  but  a  small  space.  Along  the  east  wall  were 
samples  of  raw  and  combed  hemp  exhibited  by  P.  F.  Facchini 
&  Co.,  of  Bologna,  and  adjoining  these  were  a  number  of  speci¬ 
mens  of  leather  and  boots  and  shoes. 

The  principal  portion  of  the  exhibit  consisted  of  wines,  liquors, 
cordials  and  olive  oil,  representing  all  the  grades  of  these  arti¬ 
cles  made  in  the  Italian  Peninsula  and  in  Sicily.  They  were 
exhibited  in  bottles,  and  made  an  attractive  display.  In  the 
southeast  corner  of  the  court  the  soap-makers  had  a  creditable 
display.  Large  blocks  of  Castile  and  olive  oil  soap  were  among 
the  most  conspicuous  objects  in  the  court.  A  collection  of 
grains,  peas,  beans  and  nuts,  principally  from  Sicily  and  central 
Italy,  was  arranged  along  the  southern  side  of  the  court,  and 
rice  from  Piedmont  was  also  shown  here.  It  will  be  remem¬ 
bered  that  it  was  from  a  small  quantity  of  rice  obtained  in  Pied¬ 
mont  and  sent  to  America  by  Mr.  Jefferson,  at  the  close  of  the 
last  century,  that  the  finest  grades  of  our  own  rice  have  been 
produced.  There  was  a  handsome  display  of  confectionery  and 
candied  fruits  from  Turin ;  and  a  case  of  the  minerals  found  in 
the  Peninsula  was  shown  near  the  centre  of  the  court.  At  the 
western  end  of  the  court  were  a  number  of  specimens  of  man¬ 
ganese  and  iron  ores  from  the  mines  of  Rae  Brothers,  at  Monte 
Argentino  in  Tuscany.  Both  minerals  were  of  a  fine  quality 
and  the  ores  were  exceedingly  rich.  Milan  sent  Parmesan  and 
Gorgonzola  cheese;  Arcona  and  Turin,  leather  and  hides; 


552 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Palermo,  Pome  and  Sienna,  honey;  Bologna,  her  world- 
renowned  sausages  and  salted  meats;  Naples  and  Sicily,  maca¬ 
roni  and  dried  fruits ;  Syracuse,  nuts ;  and  other  Sicilian  cities, 
oranges,  lemons,  olives  and  figs.  Sicily  also  made  an  exhibit 
of  a  case  of  the  essential  oils  of  fruits,  and  of  some  fine  liquorice. 
Sardines  were  to  be  seen  here  in  quantities,  and  in  glass  and 
tin,  in  oil  and  pickled.  Along  the  northern  side  of  the  court 


THE  ITALIAN  DEPARTMENT,  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 


were  several  plows  from  Ancona,  Cremona  and  Pisa,  and  a 
harrow  from  Venice.  They  were  heavy  and  clumsy  in  appear¬ 
ance,  and  in  striking  contrast  with  the  fine  plows  to  be  seen  in 
the  American  or  Canadian  departments. 

Spain. 

The  Spanish  court  was  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  cen¬ 
tral  transept,  and  extended  from  the  nave  back  to  the  Russian 
section. 

As  in  the  Main  Hall,  Spain  made  here  one  of  the  handsomest 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


553 


exhibits  in  the  building.  Her  section  was  surrounded  with  a 
high  wall  of  yellow  wood,  in  the  sides  of  which  were  set  small 
glass-covered  panels,  which  were  filled  with  collections  of  the 
grains,  beans,  peas,  nuts,  fruits,  and  other  agricultural  products 
of  the  Spanish  kingdom.  The  entrance  to  the  court  was 
through  a  lofty  Gothic  archway  decorated  with  the  arms  of  the 
kingdom  and  the  national  colors. 

Entering  the  court  we  found  ourselves  in  the  midst  of  one  of 
the  most  extensive  and  best  arranged  collections  in  the  hall. 
Immense  logs  of  mahogany  and  rosewood  lay  on  the  ground, 
and  festoons  of  tobacco  leaves  and  sheaves  of  grain  ornamented 
the  pillars,  while  from  the  roof  along  the  sides  of  the  court 
were  suspended  specimens  of  skins  and  Spanish  leather.  On 
each  side  of  the  entrance  stood  pyramids  of  the  finest  wools  of 
Spain,  and  along  the  sides  of  the  court  the  rich  wines  of  the 
country  were  displayed  in  bottles  arranged  on  shelves  rising  one 
above  another.  At  the  eastern  end  were  several  barrels  of  the 
famous  Duff  Gordon  sherries.  At  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
court  the  Valencian  Society  of  Agriculture  showed  a  collection 
of  the  agricultural  products  of  that  province.  There  was  a  large 
display  of  Manilla  hemp,  and  cordage  made  from  it,  from  the 
Philippine  islands.  In  the  centre  of  the  court  was  a  rustic  struc¬ 
ture  of  rough  wood,  containing  specimens  of  resinous  pine  and 
the  gums  and.  resins  extracted  from  it;  and  to  the  east  of  this 
the  agricultural  products  of  the  Philippine  islands  were  exhibited 
in  glass  jars.  Near  the  south  end,  the  cigar-makers  of  Havana 
and  Manilla  had  a  large  and  handsome  exhibit  of  cigars, 
cigarettes  and  tobaccos.  They  were  displayed  in  ornamental 
cases  of  mahogany  mounted  upon  standards.  A  large  collection 
of  chocolates  occupied  the  northwest  corner  of  the  court,  and 
close  by  it  was  a  tall  metal  stand  containing  large  jars  and 
bottles  of  olive  oil.  The  skill  and  ingenuity  with  which  the 
articles  were  displayed  was  as  noticeable  as  the  completeness  and 
excellent  character  of  the  exhibit. 

Portugal. 

The  Portuguese  exhibit  fairly  rivalled  that  of  Spain  both  in 
size  and  variety.  It  was  distributed  in  two  parts  of  the  hall. 


554 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  principal  section  assigned  to  Portugal  lay  on  the  south  and 
west  of  the  Spanish  court,  and  was  filled  with  a  large  and  varied 
exhibit  of  the  products  of  the  kingdom.  In  the  section  on  the 
south  of  the  Spanish  court  the  little  kingdom  displayed  her 
oils  and  wines ;  the  south  side  of  this  section  being  entirely 
taken  up  with  bottles  of  Port  and  Madeira  wines.  Here  also 
were  to  be  seen  the  raw  silk  and  cocoons,  which  formed  a  part 
of  the  Portuguese  exhibit.  In  the  section  to  the  west  of  the 
Spanish  court  was  a  very  extensive  collection  of  the  agricul¬ 
tural  products  of  the  kingdom,  arranged  on  shelves  and  in  glass 
jars.  These  consisted  of  the  grains,  roots,  fruits,  nuts,  olives, 
raisins,  dried  fruits,  and  spices  of  the  different  provinces  of  Por¬ 
tugal.  Some  very  large  potatoes  and  turnips  were  preserved 
in  alcohol.  Pickles,  preserves,  and  canned  meats,  vegetables, 
and  fish  were  exhibited  in  large  quantities. 

The  products  of  the  Portuguese  colonies  were  displayed  in  a 
similar  manner,  in  a  small  court  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
hall,  between  the  Italian  and  English  sections. 

The  Netherlands. 

The  section  assigned  to  the  Netherlands  lay  south  of  the 
southwest  transept,  and  extended  from  the  west  wall  of  the 
building  to  the  French  section  on  the  east,  and  from  the  transept 
to  the  Austrian  and  Venezuelan  sections  on  the  south.  With 
characteristic  industry  the  Dutch  were  among  the  first  to  have 
their  exhibit  ready,  and  arranged  it  with  admirable  system  and 
neatness. 

Starting  from  the  west  end  of  the  section  we  noticed  the  col¬ 
lective  exhibits,  by  the  agricultural  societies  of  Guelderland  and 
Zealand,  of  the  products  of  those  provinces,  including  seeds, 
specimens  of  grain,  plants,  dye-woods,  photographs  of  cattle, 
beans  and  peas,  and  a  model  of  a  thatched  hay-cock.  In  this 
exhibit  were  shown  the  wooden  shoes  worn  by  certain  classes 
of  the  Dutch  peasantry.  Close  by  was  an  exhibit  of  a  peculiar 
kind  of  flour,  which  has  the  property  of  keeping  pure  and  sweet 
for  years.  Adjoining  this  was  the  exhibit  of  the  makers  of 
chocolate  and  cod-liver  oil.  A  collection  of  round  Edam 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


535 


cheeses  was  shown 
to  the  east  of  these; 
and  then  came  spe¬ 
cimens  of  fine  flax. 
Opposite  the  flax 
was  the  exhibit  of 
cigars  and  manu¬ 
factured  tobacco. 

On  the  north  side 
of  the  court  were  a 
number  of  models 
of  old  and  new  style 
Dutch  fishing  ves¬ 
sels,  from  Sche- 
veningen,  with  a 
collection  of  fishing 
tackle.  Large  seines 
for  deep-water  fish¬ 
ing  were  suspended 
overhead. 

We  came  next 
to  the  collection 
of  pickles,  canned 
meats,  fish,  and 
vegetables,  which 
was  large  and  well 
displayed.  Adjoin¬ 
ing  this  were  jars 
containing  samples 
of  different  grades  of 
beet  sugar  from  the 
Beet-Sugar  Factory 
of  Arnheim. 

The  remainder 
of  the  section  was 
taken  up  with  the 
exhibit  of  Holland 


EXHIBIT  OF  FOREIGN  WINES  IN  AGRICULTURAL 
HALL. 


556 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


gin,  cordials  and  liquors,  which  was  very  large.  The  principal 
display  was  made  by  the  liquor-makers,  who  occupied  a  hand¬ 
some  pavilion  of  wood  ornamented  in  maroon-color  and  gilt. 
Here  were  shown  the  finest  grades  of  anisette,  curagoa,  creme 
de  mocha,  noyau,  and  a  hundred  other  odorous  and  pungent 
drinks  not  much  used  in  this  country,  but  which  are  very 
popular  in  Holland,  and  especially  among  the  ladies. 

Opposite  this  pavilion,  on  the  north  side  of  the  section,  the 
Dutch  Agricultural  Society  made  a  collective  exhibit  of  all  the 
agricultural  products  of  Holland.  The  entire  exhibit  spoke 
eloquently  of  the  skill,  taste,  energy,  and  thrifty  industry  of  the 
Dutch. 

Norway. 

The  Norwegian  court  lay  immediately  west  of  that  of  Brazil, 
and  was  enclosed  with  a  light  and  tasteful  railing.  Along  the 
front  line  was  a  collection  of  heavy,  clumsy-looking  plows,  such 
as  are  used  for  breaking  the  rugged  soil  of  this  northern  land. 
The  exhibit  was  small,  but  consisted  of  pale  ales  and  a  strong 
liquor  called  punch,  which  is  much  used  in  Norway  and  Sweden, 
as  a  stimulant  against  the  intense  cold  of  those  countries.  Wines, 
brandy,  cordials,  tobacco,  cigars,  confectioneries,  essences,  and 
canned  meats  and  fish  made  up  the  display.  There  was  a  fine 
exhibit  of  leather  at  the  back  of  the  court,  and  specimens  of  the 
water-birds  of  Norway  were  shown. 

In  the  northwest  section  of  the  building,  Norway  had  another 
space  enclosed  with  a  light  railing  and  handsomely  draped  with 
seines  and  the  national  colors.  Here  she  made  an  exhibit  of 
the  products  of  her  fisheries,  and  showed  models  of  her  fishing 
vessels  of  all  kinds  and  their  equipments,  specimens  of  fishing- 
tackle,  and  samples  of  dried  and  preserved  fish,  anchovies,  etc., 
as  they  are  prepared  for  the  market.  For  the  purposes  of  this 
display,  some  of  the  larger  kinds  were  preserved  in  alcohol. 

Sweden. 

The  Swedish  court  lay  immediately  west  of  that  of  Norway. 
Along  the  north  side  were  a  number  of  fine  plows,  every  part 
being  of  metal.  They  are  intended  for  deep  plowing,  and 
seemed  capable  of  doing  good  work. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


557 


The  liquors,  especially  bottled  punch,  were  a  strong  feature 
of  the  display.  Here  were  also  confections,  prepared  coffee, 
crackers,  snuffs,  and  chewing  tobacco.  A  chemist  from  Stock¬ 
holm  had  a  case  of  phosphates  and  other  preparations  of  agri¬ 
cultural  chemistry.  Towards  the  west  end  of  the  space  were 
models  of  the  various  kinds  of  vessels  used  in  the  Swedish 
fisheries,  with  samples  of  fishing-tackle,  and  overhead  were 
suspended  the  seines  used  by  the  Swedish  fishermen.  Speci¬ 
mens  of  the  fish  of  the  country  were  exhibited  in  alcohol.  A 
number  of  samples  of  leather  hung  against  the  wall.  The  ex¬ 
hibit  of  native  woods  was  complete  and  interesting.  The  grains 
of  the  country  were  shown  in  glass  jars  and  also  in  the  stalk 
and  ear,  and  close  by  were  a  number  of  covered  earthen  jars 
containing  samples  of  flour  made  in  Sweden. 

Sardines,  anchovies,  herrings,  and  potted  meats,  scythes,  and 
dairy  utensils  completed  the  collection. 

Denmark. 

The  Danish  section  lay  west  of  the  Norwegian  and  south  of 
the  Swedish  court.  It  was  small,  and  the  exhibit  was  made  up 
of  Danish  punch,  grains  in  the  blade  and  in  small  canvas  bags, 
brandies,  pickles,  preserves,  and  potted  meats  and  fish. 

Belgium. 

The  Belgian  section  lay  west  of  the  nave,  and  immediately 
east  of  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  courts.  The  exhibit  was 
very  small,  but  thirty-eight  persons  taking  part  in  it.  It  com¬ 
prised  chiccory,  raw,  in  the  pod,  and  manufactured,  chocolate, 
and  the  details  of  chocolate  manufacture,  specimens  of  fine 
leathers  and  kid,  candies,  cordials,  gin,  flax,  wool,  and  mill¬ 
stones. 

Japan. 

The  Japanese  court  was  situated  in  the  southwest  corner  of 
the  hall,  immediately  west  of  the  Austrian  section,  and  was 
divided  into  small  passage-ways  by  canvas  screens.  Each  pas¬ 
sage-way  was  provided  with  long  rows  of  shelves,  on  which  the 


558 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


articles  exhibited  were  arranged.  Along  the  south  wall,  sam¬ 
ples  of  native  tobacco  were  shown ;  but  the  greater  part  of  this 
section  of  the  court  was  devoted  to  an  exhibit  of  the  teas  of 
Japan.  Specimens  of  tea  were  shown,  and  the  process  of  tea- 
culture  was  illustrated  by  a  number  of  drawings  of  the  different, 
stages  of  the  growth  of  the  plant. 

Along  the  west  wall  was  a  display  of  the  fishing-tackle,  nets, 
etc.,  used  in  Japan,  with  specimens  of  cured  fish,  some  of  which 
were  put  up  in  canvas,  like  bacon.  Fishing-nets  were  sus¬ 
pended  overhead,  and  a  part  of  the  space  along  the  west  wall 
was  given  to  an  exhibit  of  the  few  simple  agricultural  imple¬ 
ments  used  in  Japan,  a  primitive-looking  plow  and  harrow,  a 
scythe  and  cradle. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  south  aisle  of  this  court  was  a 
beautiful  exhibit  of  the  culture  of  silk  as  carried  on  in  Japan. 
It  was  shown  by  specimens  of  the  worm  and  cocoon,  and  of 
floss  silk,  and  by  models  and  drawings,  with  explanations  in 
English. 

In  the  next  aisle  on  the  north  was  a  large  collection  of  skins 
of  fish  and  animals,  and  of  shells,  also  samples  of  cotton  from 
the  government  manufactory. 

The  south  side  of  the  next  aisle  on  the  north  was  taken  up 
with  a  display  of  tackle  for  hand-fishing,  very  much  like  our 
own,  but  made  with  the  neatness  that  characterizes  everything 
of  Japanese  workmanship.  On  the  north  side  of  this  aisle  was 
a  collection  of  sauces  made  from  vegetable  substances,  and  con¬ 
tained  in  stone  bottles. 

In  the  last  aisle  on  the  north  the  grains  and  other  agricultural 
products  of  Japan  were  shown  according  to  a  systematic  classi¬ 
fication,  and  on  the  southern  wall  of  this  aisle  was  a  display  of 
the  native  woods  of  the  empire.  Each  block  of  wood  had 
affixed  to  it  a  specimen-leaf  or  twig  of  the  tree  from  which  it 
was  taken. 

Brazil. 

The  Brazilian  section  lay  west  of  the  nave,  and  extended 
back  to  the  Norwegian  court.  The  French  section  bounded  it 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


559 


on  the  south  and  the  Portuguese  on  the  north.  Brazil  was  one 
of  the  very  first  of  the  foreign  nations  in  this  hall  to  have  her 
exhibit  in  readiness,  and  it  was  fully  in  keeping  in  thorough¬ 
ness  and  beauty  with  her  display  in  the  Main  Building. 

In  front  of  the  court  in  which  the  principal  display  was  made 
stood  one  of  the  most  unique  structures  in  the  building.  It  was 
a  rustic  pavilion,  the  posts  and  rafters  of  which  were  wrapped 
in  native  cotton,  giving  to  it  at  a  distance  the  effect  of  an  im¬ 
mense  house  of  snow.  The  different  grades  of  Brazilian  cotton 
were  shown  in  bales  arranged  around  the  sides  of  the  pavilion. 
The  annual  production  of  cotton  in  the  empire  amounts  to 
about  $14,902,443.  Within  the  pavilion  the  different  grades 
of  Brazilian  coffee  were  shown  in  jars  and  boxes  of  fanciful 
design,  the  Mocha  and  Bio  being  conspicuous  among  the  other 
grains.  The  annual  product  of  coffee  in  Brazil  is  $64,047,481, 
thus  making  its  culture  the  principal  and  most  profitable  in¬ 
dustry  of  the  empire.  Samples  of  native  leaf  tobacco  were  also 
shown  in  this  pavilion. 

The  principal  court  lay  immediately  in  the  rear  of  the  cotton 
pavilion,  and  was  enclosed  by  a  brilliantly  ornamented  railing, 
decorated  with  streamers  of  green  and  yellow  and  national  flags. 
The  collection  of  native  woods  was  astonishing  in  the  number 
and  richness  of  the  specimens  displayed.  It  comprised  over 
one  thousand  different  woods,  among  which  rosewood  and  ma¬ 
hogany  were  conspicuous,  and  was  arranged  along  the  entire 
court.  A  considerable  display  was  also  made  of  leather  and 
skins,  which  were  suspended  overhead  around  the  court.  The 
wines  and  liquors  of  the  empire  were  shown,  though  these  do 
not  as  yet  constitute  a  very  prominent  Brazilian  industry. 

The  annual  product  of  sugar  in  Brazil  amounts  to  $15,403,- 
151,  making  it  the  second  industry  of  the  empire.  Twelve 
different  kinds  of  sugar  were  shown  in  this  court,  and  compared 
favorably  with  the  sugars  of  our  own  Southern  States  and  the 
West  Indies. 

The  exhibit  included  cocoa  in  the  nut  and  prepared  for  the 
market ;  rice  from  Maranhao  ;  starches,  rubber,  ready  for  the 
market  and  in  the  crude  gum  ;  ninety  different  varieties  of  edible 


560 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


beans  ;  Brazilian  teas,  the  culture  of  which  is  as  yet  in  its  in¬ 
fancy;  gums,  resins,  canned  goods,  hemp;  vegetable  fibres  for 
making  rope,  and  a  finer  fibre  which  can  be  worked  up  into  a 
sort  of  wool ;  wax,  pickles  and  preserves. 

The  tobacco  exhibit  was  large,  and,  besides  smoking  tobaccos, 
cigars  and  cigarettes,  included  fourteen  different  kinds  of  snuff. 

The  Brazilian  silk-worm  and  its  habits  were  shown  in  an  ad¬ 
mirable  manner.  The  Brazilian  worm  winds  itself  in  such  a 
way  with  its  silk  threads  that  in  utilizing  the  silk  the  grower 
does  not  have  to  kill  the  worm,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Asiatic 
worm.  This  worm  is  abundant  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  Bra¬ 
zilian  empire,  and  produces  in  each  generation  an  average  of  two 
hundred  and  forty  cocoons  of  silk,  each  cocoon  weighing  two 
and  one-half  drachms  and  containing  thirty  grains  of  good  silk. 
The  Brazilians  take  great  pride  in  their  silk  culture,  and  every 
effort  is  made  to  extend  and  improve  it  from  year  to  year. 

Venezuela. 

The  Venezuelan  exhibit  arrived  so  late  that  it  could  not  be 
given  a  place  in  the  Main  Exhibition  Building,  and  was 
assigned  a  section  in  Agricultural  Hall.  This  section  lay  in  the 
southwest  quarter  of  the  hall,  north  of  Japan  and  west  of  Aus¬ 
tria.  It  was  enclosed  by  a  tasteful  railing,  ornamented  in  red 
and  blue. 

The  collection  was  almost  entirely  agricultural  in  its  charac¬ 
ter,  and  included  the  grains,  vegetables,  fruits  and  barks  of  the 
republic.  A  large  exhibit  of  coffee  was  made,  and  cochineal 
formed  a  considerable  part  of  the  display.  A  collection  of  oils, 
balsams,  rum,  and  the  famous  Angostura  bitters  was  also  ex¬ 
hibited.  The  skins  of  the  native  animals  of  Venezuela  were 
suspended  overhead,  and  samples  of  native  tobacco  were  affixed 
to  the  pillars  of  the  court.  Pine-apples  and  other  large  fruits 
were  shown  in  alcohol. 

A  cabinet  of  very  rich  gold-bearing  quartz  and  other  minerals 
stood  on  the  north  side  of  the  section,  and  on  this  side  were  also 
exhibited  specimens  of  Venezuelan  printing  and  book-binding, 
chocolates,  boots  and  shoes,  fruits  in  wax,  embroideries,  leather, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


561 


and  flowers  made  of  the  feathers  of  native  birds.  A  portrait  of 
Washington,  surrounded  by  national  emblems,  made  of  human 
hair,  was  also  shown.  Samples  of  sugar  and  dye-woods  com¬ 
pleted  the  collection. 

The  Argentine  Republic. 

The  section  assigned  to  the  Argentine  Republic  lay  back  of 
Portugal  and  south  of  the  Russian  court.  It  was  enclosed  with 
a  light  wooden  railing,  ornamented  with  the  national  colors. 
Festoons  of  the  leaf  of  the  native  tobacco  were  hung  about  the 
court,  and  the  skins  of  the  native  wild  animals  of  the  country 
were  suspended  overhead. 

The  collection  was  very  large,  and  included  over  six  hundred 
exhibitors.  It  comprised  the  native  woods,  barks,  gums,  resins, 
dye-woods  and  seeds  of  forest  products;  the  grains,  sugars, 
beans,  peas,  fruits,  tobacco,  coffee,  chocolate,  wines,  dried  fruits, 
nuts,  liquors,  leather,  starch,  flour,  wax,  honey,  cotton  and  wool 
of  the  country.  An  exhibit  was  made  of  the  silk  grown  in  the 
republic,  and  several  grades  of  sugar  were  shown. 

Liberia. 

The  Liberian  section  was  located  at  the  east  end  of  the  hall, 
north  of  the  southeast  transept,  and  to  the  east  of  the  Canadian 
section.  It  was  the  only  display  made  by  Liberia  in  the  entire 
Exhibition,  and  was  due  entirely  to  the  energy  of  Messrs.  E.  S. 
Morris  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  who  are  extensive  growers  of 
coffee  in  that  far-off  land.  The  members  of  this  firm  had 
assumed  the  entire  expense  of  the  exhibit,  and  deserve  praise 
for  their  generous  conduct.  It  may  be  said  that  they  have  been 
the  principal  means  of  developing  the  culture  of  coffee  in 
Liberia,  which  is  now  one  of  her  most  prominent  industries. 
They  have  also  given  themselves  heart  and  soul  to  the  work  of 
civilizing  Liberia  by  educating  its  people,  and  have  caused  a 
number  of  native  African  boys  to  be  educated  at  the  Lincoln 
University,  Pennsylvania,  and  intend  sending  them  back  home 
next  year  to  establish  schools  among  their  own  people.  All  the 
proceeds  of  the  sales  of  Liberian  coffee  at  this  stand  during  the 
Exhibition  were  devoted  to  the  building  of  school-houses. 

36 


562 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Messrs.  Morris  &  Co.  intend  to  supply  the  deficiency  from  their 
own  means.  They  will  establish  the  schools  as  soon  as  possible, 
and  require  each  pupil  to  pay  for  his  tuition  by  planting  and 
cultivating  a  small  patch  of  colfee  at  his  own  home.  Thus  they 
hope  to  make  Liberia  a  great  coffee-growing  country,  and  to 
extend  the  production  of  that  article  among  the  native  tribes  of 
the  interior  of  Western  Africa. 


LIBERIAN  COFFEE  DISPLAY,  EXHIBITED  IN  AGRICULTURAL  HALL. 

The  collection  exhibited  here  consisted  of  coffee  principally. 
This  was  of  an  excellent  quality,  as  the  writer  can  testify  from 
a  personal  knowledge  of  it.  Palm  soap  was  the  next  exhibit 
in  importance.  Palm  oil  was  shown  in  glass  jars  hermetically 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


563 


sealed.  Lime-juice,  chocolate,  arrow-root,  sugar,  indigo,  ivory 
and  iron  ore  made  up  the  list  of  Liberian  products.  Messrs. 
Morris  &  Co.  have  their  own  indigo  works  in  Liberia,  the  only 
establishment  of  the  kind  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa.  A  coffee- 
hulling  machine  formed  a  part  of  the  exhibit,  and  there  were  a 
good  many  curiosities  in  the  way  of  implements  and  clothing 
made  by  the  native  tribes.  The  cap  and  robes  of  an  African 
king  were  also  shown.  Ten  native  African  boys,  taken  from 
the  bush,  and  destined  to  serve  as  teachers,  as  mentioned  above, 
were  on  duty  in  this  department. 

The  Pom o logical  Annex , 

To  the  east  of  Agricultural  Hall  was  a  large  wooden  building 
intended  for  the  various  displays  of  ripe  fruits  and  vegetables 
which  were  made  from  time  to  time  during  the  progress  of  the 
Exhibition. 

The  Wagon  Annex 

Was  situated  to  the  north  of  Agricultural  Hall,  and  was  simply 
a  series  of  rough  sheds,  whitewashed.  It  contained  a  fine  dis¬ 
play  of  farm  wagons  and  carts,  bakers*  and  milk  carts  and  ice 
wagons.  These  represented  the  highest  degree  of  skill  in  wagon 
making,  and  showed  an  admirable  combination  of  lightness  and 
strength,  which  is  particularly  characteristic  of  American  work¬ 
manship  in  this  department.  They  were  handsomely  ornamented, 
as  a  rule.  American-made  wagons  have  long  commanded  a  high 
reputation  in  the  markets  of  Europe  for  their  admirable  work¬ 
manship  and  beauty  of  design,  as  well  as  for  their  marked  su¬ 
periority  over  European  vehicles  in  the  combination  of  lightness, 
strength  and  durability,  to  which  we  have  referred. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


HORTICULTURAL  HALL. 

Description  of  the  Building — The  Grand  Conservatory — A  Beautiful  Hall — 
The  Fountain — Cost  of  the  Building — Classification  of  the  Exhibit — A  Rich 
Collection  of  Tropical  Plants — A  Beautiful  Scene— The  Forcing  Houses — 
The  East  and  West  Rooms — Exhibit  of  Gardening  Materials — The  Electri¬ 
cal  Organ — The  Horticultural  Grounds — The  Guano  Pavilion — The  Tent — 
Anthony  Waterer’s  Rhododendrons — The  Cuban  Summer  House. 

HE  Horticultural  Building  was  the  smallest  of  the  five 
principal  edifices  of  the  Exhibition.  It  stood  on  the 
Lansdowne  terrace,  a  short  distance  north  of  the  Main 
Exhibition  Building,  from  which  it  was  separated  by 
the  Lansdowne  valley.  It  was  located  a  short  distance 
back  from  the  brow  of  the  hill  which  rose  from  the  Schuylkill, 
and  commanded  a  fine  view  of  the  river,  the  city  and  the  sur¬ 
rounding  country.  The  design  of  the  building  was  in  the 
Mauresque  style  of  architecture  of  the  twelfth  century,  the  edifice 
being  constructed  principally  of  iron  and  glass.  Seen  from  a 
distance  the  effect  was  charming.  The  exterior  was  painted  in 
variegated  colors,  which  gave  to  the  building  a  light,  fairy-like 
aspect,  in  perfect  keeping  with  its  graceful  design.  The  length 
of  the  building  was  383  feet,  the  width  193  feet,  and  the  height, 
to  the  top  of  the  lantern,  69  feet. 

The  main  floor  was  occupied  by  the  central  conservatory,  230 
by  80  feet,  and  55  feet  high,  surmounted  by  a  lantern  170  feet 
long,  20  feet  wide  and  14  feet  high.  Running  entirely  around 
this  conservatory,  at  a  height  of  20  feet  from  the  floor,  was  a 
gallery  5  feet  wide.  On  the  north  and  south  sides  of  this 
principal  room  were  four  forcing-houses  for  the  propagation  of 
young  plants,  each  of  them  100  by  30  feet,  covered  with  curved 
roofs  of  iron  and  glass.  Dividing  the  two  forcing-houses  in 
564 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  565 

each  of  these  sides  was  a  vestibule  30  feet  square.  At  the 
centre  of  the  east  and  west  ends  were  similar  vestibules,  on 
either  side  of  which  were  the  restaurants,  reception-room,  of¬ 
fices,  etc.  From  the  vestibules  ornamental  stairways  led  to  the 
internal  galleries  of  the  conservatory,  as  well  as  to  the  four 
external  galleries,  each  100  feet  long  and  10  feet  wide,  which 
surmounted  the  roofs  of  the  forcing-houses.  These  external 
galleries  were  connected  with  a  grand  promenade,  formed  by 
the  roofs  of  the  rooms  on  the  ground-floor,  which  had  a  super¬ 
ficial  area  of  1800  square  yards. 


The  east  and  west  entrances  were  approached  by  flights  of 
blue  marble  steps  from  terraces  80  by  20  feet.  In  the  centre 
of  each  stood  an  open  kiosque,  20  feet  in  diameter.  Each  en¬ 
trance  was  adorned  with  ornamental  tile  and  marble  work,  and 
the  angles  of  the  main  conservatory  were  provided  with  eight 
ornamental  fountains. 

The  basement  was  of  fire-proof  construction,  and  contained 
the  kitchen,  the  heating  apparatus,  store-rooms,  coal-houses,  etc. 

• 


566 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Mounting  the  marble  steps  and  passing  through  the  vestibule 
to  which  they  led,  the  visitor  found  himself  in  the  main  con¬ 
servatory,  a  spacious  and  beautiful  hall,  which  elicited  the  ad¬ 
miration  of  every  beholder.  The  roof  was  of  glass,  and  the 
iron  framework  in  which  the  glass  was  set  was  tastefully  deco¬ 
rated  in  fresco.  A  light  gallery,  with  railings  of  open  fretwork, 
extended  around  it,  and  opened  at  each  of  the  four  sides  of  the 
hall  upon  the  external  galleries  to  which  reference  has  been 
made.  It  was  supported  by  horse-shoe  arches  of  black,  white 
and  red  bricks.  Two  superb  chandeliers  hung  from  the  roof, 
affording  the  means  of  brilliantly  illuminating  the  hall  at  night. 

In  the  centre  of  the  hall  was  a  large  fountain  of  marble,  exe¬ 
cuted  by  Miss  Margaret  Foley,  an  American  artist,  in  Rome. 
It  was  a  tall  structure,  the  water  falling  from  several  successive 
basins  into  the  pool  below,  in  which  was  a  group  of  statuary  in 
marble,  of  quaint  design.  It  represented  a  group  of  children 
bathing  from  a  reedy  bank.  One  joyous  little  one  was  blowing 
a  shell,  and  another,  half  reluctant  to  plunge  into  the  cold  water, 
upon  which  she  gazed  down,  leaned  lightly  on  the  chubby 
shoulders  of  a  third  child.  From  the  fountain  walks  radiated 
to  the  north,  east,  west  and  south,  and  divided  the  floor  of  the 
conservatory  into  beds. 

Around  the  hall  was  a  row  of  corridors,  from  which  the 
arches  which  supported  the  inner  gallery  opened  into  the  con¬ 
servatory. 

The  Horticultural  Building  is  the  property  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  and  will  remain  a  permanent  ornament  of  the 
park.  It  cost  $300,000,  which  sum  was  defrayed  by  appro¬ 
priations  by  the  City  Councils.  The  ground  was  graded  and 
the  foundations  laid  on  the  1st  of  May,  1875,  and  the  building 
was  completed  April  1st,  1876.  It  covers  an  area  of  about  an 
acre  and  a  half.  The  architect  was  H.  J.  Schwarzmann ;  the 
contractor,  John  Rice,  both  of  Philadelphia.  The  wrought- 
iron  was  furnished  by  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company,  of  Pitts¬ 
burgh ;  the  cast-iron  by  Samuel  J.  Cresswell,  of  Philadelphia; 
the  painting  was  done  by  Joseph  Chapman,  of  Philadelphia; 
and  the  masonry  by  Moore  &  Scattergood,  Philadelphia. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


567 


The  collection  exhibited  in  the  Horticultural  Building  was 
classified  as  follows  by  the  Centennial  Commission : 

Department  VII. — Horticulture, 

700 — 709. . .  .Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubs  and  Flowers. 

710 — 719. . .  .Hot-houses,  Conservatories,  Graperies. 

720 — 729. . .  .Garden  Tools,  Accessories  of  Gardening. 

730 — 739 - Garden  Designing,  Construction  and  Management 

The  conservatory,  or  main 
ball,  of  the  building  was 
filled  with  a  superb  collec¬ 
tion  of  rare  and  luxuriant 
tropical  trees  and  shrubs. 

The  side  spaces  of  the  hall 
were  filled  with  statuary, 
the  most  important  work 
being  a  colossal  Diana  in 
plaster  composition  from  the 
famous  Doulton  potteries  in 
England. 

The  collection  of  plants 
in  the  conservatory  was 
deeply  interesting,  and  was 
deserving  of  careful  study. 

Here  were  the  broad  fan 
palm,  the  sago,  date  and 
cocoa  palms,  all  of  full  size, 
and  as  graceful  as  a  dream 
of  Eastern  romance.  The 
orange  and  lemon  trees, 
with  their  rich  golden  fruit, 
the  camphor  tree,  with  its 
luxuriant  growth  of  sharply  terra-cotta  vase,  exhibited  in  the 
cut  leaves;  the  eucalyptus,  horticultural  building. 

which  is  said  to  have  the  property  of  neutralizing  the  malarial 
poisons  of  the  air ;  the  guava ;  the  mahogany,  and  the  India 
rubber  tree,  with  its  thick,  heavy  leaves,  all  made  up  a  rich 
and  beautiful  display  of  foliage,  which  was  charming  from  what- 


568 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ever  part  of  the  hall  it  was  viewed,  A  banana,  with  its  fat, 
sturdy  branches  of  fruit,  formed  a  conspicuous  object  of  the 
collection,  and  a  number  of  fine  cacti  were  scattered  through 
the  hall. 

It  would  not  be  possible  to  give  a  complete  account  of  the 
plants  gathered  within  this  hall,  without  making  a  copy  of  the 


STAIRWAY  IN  HORTICULTURAL  HALL* 


catalogue,  and  we  must  content  ourselves  with  the  brief  sum¬ 
mary  given  above. 

The  green-houses,  which  extended  on  either  side  of  the  con¬ 
servatory,  were  sunken  eight  or  ten  feet  below  it.  These,  as 
has  been  said,  were  four  in  number,  and  were  covered  with 
curved  roofs  of  glass.  Each  was  100  by  30  feet  in  size,  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


569 


was  iniended  for  the  propagation  of  young  plants.  In  one  of 
these  forcing-houses  was  a  collection  of  tree-ferns  gathered  from 
almost  every  country  on  the  globe,  and  a  number  of  rare  plants 
from  an  English  green-house,  which  were  sent  to  this  country 
carefully  packed  in  moss.  Among  the  curious  specimens  gath- 


THE  FORCING-HOUSE,  HORTICULTURAL  HALL. 


ered  within  these  forcing-houses  were  a  number  of  fragrant 
azalias  from  Belgium,  the  flower  of  which  is  of  a  pale  cream 
color ;  and  close  by  them  was  a  maple  from  Japan  with  crimson 
shadings  in  its  fine  cut  leaves.  There  was  also  a  group  of 
pitcher  plants  from  the  South  Sea  islands,  which  bore  a  blotched 
greenish  cup,  which  looked  as  if  it  were  made  for  a  frog  to  drink 


570 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


out  of.  A  flamingo  plant  ( Authurium  Williamsii)  was  a  nota¬ 
ble  member  of  the  stately  assemblage,  its  blossoms  of  deep  rich 
scarlet  being  in  form  simply  a  broad  curled  leaf.  Close  by  it 
stood  a  delicate  fairy-like  Norfolk  Island  pine;  and  the  Sand- 


AQUARIUM  WITH  FLOWER  STAND,  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  RACINE  HARDWARE 

COMPANY. 

wich  islands  sent  some  fine  specimens  of  fern,  which  spread  out 
from  the  stem  like  a  broad  umbrella.  A  most  interesting  tree 
was  a  sago  palm,  about  ten  feet  high.  It  was  once  the  property 
of  Robert  Morris,  the  great  financier  of  the  Revolution,  and  is 
said  to  be  from  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  to  one  hundred 
and  thirty  years  old. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


571 


The  lover  of  the  beautiful  in  nature  could  spend  hours  in 
this  rich  collection.  One  of  the  green-houses  contained  a 
superb  collection  of  ferns,  belonging  to  a  gentleman  of  South 
Amboy,  New  Jersey,  and  valued  at  $10,000. 

The  rooms  at  each  end  of  the  building  were  handsomely 
frescoed,  and  were  filled  with  a  variety  of  horticultural  ap¬ 
pliances.  The  room  on  the  north  side  of  the  western  entrance 
was  the  office  of  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Horticulture.  That 
on  the  opposite  side  was  used  for  the  display  stands  and  frames 
for  flowers,  aquaria,  and  wax-flowers,  and  along  the  walls  were 
arranged  a  number  of  designs  for  landscape-gardening.  The 
room  opening  into  this  contained  a  similar  display,  and  a  num¬ 
ber  of  handsome  garden  vases,  and  garden  tools,  watering-pots, 
and  hanging-baskets.  At  one  side  of  the  room  Henry  A.  Dreer, 
of  Philadelphia,  made  a  handsome  exhibit  of  garden  and  flower 
seeds,  garden  tools  and  implements  and  flower  stands.  Here 
the  Ilacine  (Wisconsin)  Hardware  Manufacturing  Company  ex¬ 
hibited  a  number  of  exquisite  aquaria,  ferneries,  flower-stands, 
fountains  and  vases,  several  of  which  are  shown  in  the  engrav¬ 
ings  in  this  chapter. 

In  a  room  on  the  north  side  of  the  west  entrance,  adjoining 
the  office  of  the  Bureau,  was  an  exquisite  display  of  cut  flowers 
by  Pennock  &  Bro.,  of  Philadelphia;  a  case  of  natural  flowers 
and  fruits  preserved  by  a  new  process ;  and  a  large  collection 
of  flowers  and  fruits  in  wax. 

At  the  eastern  end  the  rooms  adjoining  the  entrance  contained 
apparatus  for  heating  green-houses,  furniture  for  them,  garden 
tools,  iron  furniture  and  ornamental  work  for  gardens  and  lawns. 
There  was  also  a  large  collection  of  lawn-mowers  and  of  garden 
vases.  Messrs.  Galloway  &  Graff,  of  Philadelphia,  made  quite 
a  handsome  exhibit  in  this  building  of  their  statuary,  vases,  and 
fountains  in  terra-cotta  ware  for  garden  ornamentation. 

The  view  from  the  west  end  of  the  building  was  very  beau¬ 
tiful.  It  embraced  the  Main  and  Machinery  Halls  on  the  left 
hand,  and  a  number  of  smaller  buildings  to  the  north  of  them. 
To  the  westward  were  the  United  States  Building,  the  Woman’s 
Pavilion  and  the  State  Buildings,  while  to  the  left  the  towers 


572 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


of  Agricultural  Hall  rose  through  the  trees.  Almost  the  entire 
expanse  of  the  Exhibition  grounds  could  be  seen  at  a  glance 
from  this  point.  The  view  from  the  eastern  end  was  as  inter¬ 
esting,  but  different.  It  embraced  the  Schuylkill  with  the  East 
Park,  Laurel  Hill,  and  the  country  beyond,  and  in  the  distance 
one  could  see  the  towers  and  spires  of  the  city.  To  the  right  the 
eastern  ends  of  the  Art  Gallery  and  Main  Hall  filled  up  the 
picture,  with  the  wooded  depths  of  Lansdowne  valley  lying 
between  them  and  the  gazer. 

In  the  eastern  gallery  of  the  conservatory  was  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  machines  to  be  seen  in  the  Exhibition.  It  was 
the  “  Electro-Magnetic  Orchestra,”  and  was  exhibited  by  the 
inventors,  Wm.  F.  &  H.  Schmoele,  of  Philadelphia.  It  con¬ 
sisted  of  an  “  Orchestrion,”  which  was  supplied  with  wind  in 
the  ordinary  way  from  a  bellows,  but  which  read  the  music  it 
was  to  perform  and  executed  it  by  the  action  of  electricity. 

“  The  automatic  reading  was  based  upon  the  idea  that  if  the 
music  notes  be  printed  on  paper  in  metallic  or  conducting  marks 
(such  as  printers  style  illuminated  work),  the  electricity  will 
distinguish  the  conducting  characters  thus  formed  from  the  non- 
conducting  surface  of  the  paper,  and  will  thus  be  made  to  feel 
or  ‘read’  the  notes.  If,  in  place  of  this  printed  music,  the 
notes  be  cut  as  perforations  in  the  sheet,  and  a  metallic  plate  be 
placed  beneath,  over  which  the  sheet  is  drawn,  this  plate,  which 
shows  through  the  paper  wherever  the  perforations  exist,  answers 
practically  the  same  purpose  as  the  marks  on  the  printed  sheet, 
being  in  fact  but  an  additional  modification  of  the  same  principle. 
The  perforated  notes  were  preferred  for  the  music  of  this  in¬ 
strument,  because  the  sheets  could  thus  be  prepared  by  hand, 
thereby  obviating  the  otherwise  costly  necessity  of  setting  up 
type  and  going  to  press  for  single  copies  of  the  pieces  desired. 
Such  notes  bear  the  same  relation  to  the  printed  or  gilt  ones 
that  manuscript  does  to  printed  matter. 

“  The  music  sheets  were  in  the  form  of  rolls,  which  were 
drawn  under  a  row  of  charged  feelers  or  ‘  readers/  whose  office 
was  to  distinguish  the  notes.  They  were  moved  by  passing  be¬ 
tween  two  gum-covered  rollers,  rotated  by  a  mechanism  called 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  573 


a  ‘  wind-engine/  The  motor  power  of  this  was  the  compressed 
air  or  i  wind  ’  of  the  bellows  of  the  instrument ;  and  it  contained, 


FERNERY  WITH  FOLDING  FLOWER  STAND,  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  RACINE 
HARDWARE  COMPANY. 


in  its  construction,  all  the  necessary  elements  of  a  steam-engine, 
represented,  however,  in  such  different  forms,  that  no  resem¬ 
blance  to  the  latter  was  left.  It  was  a  double  engine,  each  pair 


574 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


of  opposite  wind-pockets  being  equivalent  to  a  steam-cylinder; 
and  the  alternate  movements  of  their  swinging  leaves  were  the 
counterparts  of  the  push  and  return  of  the  piston-head.  The 
noise  or  puff  was  prevented  by  a  peculiar  construction  of  the 
valves,  and  the  manner  of  working  of  the  cut-off ;  and  the  ex¬ 
panding  gussets  of  the  pockets  took  the  place  of  the  ‘  packing ’ 
in  a  steam-cylinder,  over  which  they  had  the  great  advantage 
that  they  consumed  no  power  in  friction,  so  that  the  wind-engine 
was  exceedingly  economic,  using  the  whole  force  of  the  wind 
without  waste.  These  advantages,  and  the  cheapness  of  con¬ 
struction  of  this  wood  and  leather  engine,  render  it  an  admira¬ 
ble  motor  for  low  pressures. 

“  The  instrument  in  question  had  several  hundred  ‘  readers’  or 
feelers,  standing  close  together  in  order  that  a  great  many  might 
be  placed  in  a  small  space.  The  electricity,  which  might  be 
called  a  hundred-fingered  performer,  pervaded  them  all,  ready 
to  pass  at  a  moment  wherever  a  note  occurred.  The  various 
instruments,  representing  a  band  of  twelve  pieces,  besides  the 
drums,  etc.,  had  their  appropriate  spaces  allotted  them  on  the 
music  sheet ;  and  the  connections  between  their  ‘  readers  ’  and 
the  performing  parts  were  made  by  wires,  which,  when  grouped 
together,  formed  the  cable  running  from  the  reading  apparatus 
to  the  main  case.  Each  note,  as  soon  as  detected,  was  tele¬ 
graphed  to  the  corresponding  performing  magnet;  and  as  a 
great  number  could  be  simultaneously  read,  it  followed  that  the 
music  might  be  exceedingly  varied.” 

About  twenty-five  acres  of  ground  immediately  around  the 
Horticultural  Hall  were  laid  off  as  an  ornamental  garden  by 
Mr.  C.  H.  Miller,  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau.  These  grounds 
were  filled  with  a  beautiful  display  of  native  and  foreign  flowers, 
which  gave  to  them  an  exceedingly  brilliant  and  charming  ap¬ 
pearance.  A  broad  sunken  garden  led  from  Belmont  avenue 
to  the  western  door  of  the  Horticultural  Building.  It  was  bright 
with  flowers  of  a  thousand  different  hues,  and  sparkled  with 
handsome  fountains.  The  flowers  of  England,  France,  Ger¬ 
many  and  the  tropics  grew  side  by  side  with  those  of  our  own 
country  in  the  beautiful  garden,  in  the  midst  of  which  the  grand 


575 


EXHIBIT  OF  SEEDS  IN  HORTICULTURAL  HALL. 


576 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


Conservatory  stood  like  a  central  jewel  in  the  midst  of  a  thou¬ 
sand  gems  of  various  hues. 

At  the  western  end  of  the  Horticultural  grounds  the  Pacific 
Guano  Company,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  had  a  beautiful 
Moorish  pavilion,  in  which  they  displayed  samples  of  their 
fertilizer.  The  grounds  immediately  around  this  pavilion  were 
planted  with  tobacco,  and  a  number  of  tropical  plants,  which 
throve  admirably  in  this  soil,  which  was  fertilized  with  the 
guano  of  this  company. 

At  the  north  side  of  the  Horticultural  Building  was  a  large 
tent-like  structure,  consisting  of  a  series  of  wooden  arches 
covered  with  canvas.  It  was  designed  for  the  exhibition  of 
flowers  in  bloom,  and  was  first  used  for  the  display  of  a  mag¬ 
nificent  collection  of  rhododendrons  by  Mr.  Anthony  J.  Waterer, 
of  the  famous  Knapp  Hill  Nurseries,  in  England. 

A  large  exhibit  was  made  of  rustic  furniture,  seats,  fencing, 
etc.,  which  were  scattered  through  the  grounds.  At  the  south 
side  of  the  hall,  on  the  slope  of  the  Lansdowne  valley,  Cuba 
exhibited  a  collection  of  rustic  work  and  flowers  in  a  tasteful 
summer-house,  and  back  of  this  was  a  fisherman’s  hut  of  bark, 
such  as  is  everywhere  to  be  seen  on  the  coasts  of  the  West  India 
islands. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


MEMORIAL  HALL. 

Description  of  the  Building — Bronze  Groups  of  Statuary — The  Annex- 
Classification  of  the  Art  Exhibit — The  Reception  and  Central  Halls — The 
Paintings  and  Statues  in  them — The  Art  Galleries — Notable  Pictures  by 
American  Artists — The  English  Gallery — Masterpieces  of  the  Modem 
English  Painters — The  Older  English  Artists — The  Queen’s  Pictures — The 
South  Kensington  Exhibit — The  French  Pictures — The  German  Gallery — 
The  Austrian  Collection — A  Fine  Collection  of  Italian  Statuary — Italian 
Paintings — The  Castellani  Collections — Spanish  Pictures — Art  Gems  from 
Sweden  and  Norway — Masterpieces  of  the  Modern  Dutch  School — Notable 
Pictures  from  Belgium — The  Danish  Gallery — Brazilian  and  Mexican  Art 
— The  Photographic  Annex — A  Fine  Display  of  Photographs. 

EMORIAL  HALL  was  the  most  substantial  of  all  the 
Exhibition  buildings.  The  materials  of  which  it  was 
constructed  were  stone,  iron  and  glass.  It  was  built  at 
a  cost  of  $1,500,000  by  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  and 
city  of  Philadelphia,  and  was  designed  as  a  permanent 
memorial  of  the  Centennial  year  of  American  independence.  It 
was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Centennial  Commission  to  be 
used  during  the  Exhibition  as  an  art  gallery,  after  which  it  was 
designed  to  make  it  the  receptacle  of  the  Pennsylvania  Museum 
of  Industrial  Art,  an  institution  similar  to  the  South  Kensing¬ 
ton  Museum,  at  London. 

The  building  stood  on  the  plateau  on  which  the  Main  Exhi¬ 
bition  Building  was  located,  and  was  about  two  hundred  to  two 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  north  of  that  structure.  It  was  planted 
upon  a  broad  terrace  six  feet  above  the  general  level,  the 
banks  well  turfed  and  bordered  with  shrubbery,  to  which  the 
visitor  ascended  by  broad  and  easy  steps  in  front,  or  smaller 
ones  at  the  side. 


37 


577 


578 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


At  each  side  of  the  front  row  of  steps  were  enormous  bronze 
figures  of  horses  held  in  check  by  women  in  flowing  drapery. 
On  the  right  of  the  building  was  a  fine  group  of  bronze,  repre¬ 
senting  the  firing  of  a  shell  from  a  large  mortar.  The  shell  has 
been  fired,  and  an  officer  of  the  naval  service,  glass  in  hand,  is 
leaning  forward  watching  its  course.  A  sailor  has  sprung  on 
top  of  the  mortar,  and  is  shading  his  eyes  with  his  hand  and 
looking  in  the  same  direction.  Another  stands  on  the  right  of 
the  mortar  and  is  similarly  engaged.  The  expression  of  the 
figures  is  excellent.  This  group  is  designed  to  represent  “  The 
Navy,”  and  is  to  form  a  part  of  the  monument  to  Abraham 
Lincoln,  to  be  erected  at  Springfield,  Illinois. 

The  group  on  the  left  of  the  hall  represented  a  lioness  dying 
in  the  midst  of  her  whelps.  The  arrow  of  the  hunter  is  deeply 
imbedded  in  her  shoulder,  and  she  is  in  the  agonies  of  death. 
Her  whelps  are  gathered  about  her  in  mute  astonishment,  and 
the  male  lion,  who  realizes  the  full  extent  of  the  misfortune,  is 
standing  ready  to  defend  or  avenge  his  mate. 

Memorial  Hall  was  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  feet  long, 
two  hundred  and  ten  feet  wide,  and  fifty-nine  feet  high  over  a 
basement  of  twelve  feet.  It  was  built  of  granite,  with  an  iron 
and  glass  roof,  iron  being  altogether  used  in  the  place  of  wood, 
and  was  entirely  fire-proof.  The  design  was  a  modern  renais¬ 
sance.  The  general  plan  was  a  right-angled  parallelogram, 
relieved  by  square  towers  at  each  of  the  four  corners,  and  by 
projecting  vestibules  and  steps  in  the  centre  of  each  of  the  long 
sides.  It  was  crowned  by  a  central  four-sided  dome,  rising  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  above  the  ground  and  capped  by  a  colos¬ 
sal  ball,  from  which  rose  the  figure  of  Columbia.  At  the  base 
of  this  dome  were  seated  four  figures  representing  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe. 

“  The  main  front  looked  southward ;  it  displayed  three  dis¬ 
tinctive  features : 

“First.  A  main  entrance  in  the  centre  of  the  structure,  con¬ 
sisting  of  three  colossal  arched  doorways  of  equal  dimensions. 

“ Second .  A  pavilion  at  each  end. 

“Third.  Two  arcades  connecting  the  pavilions  with  the  centre. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


579 


The  central  section  was  ninety-five  feet  long,  seventy-two  feet 
high ;  the  pavilions  were  forty-five  feet  long,  sixty  feet  high ; 
the  arcades  each  ninety  feet  long  and  forty  feet  high. 

“  The  front  of  the  south  face  of  the  central  section  displayed 
a  rise  of  thirteen  steps  to  the  entrance  seventy  feet  wide.  The 
entrance  was  by  three  arched  doorways,  each  forty  feet  high 
and  fifteen  feet  wide,  opening  into  a  hall.  Between  the  arches 
of  the  doorways  were  clusters  of  columns  terminating  in  em¬ 
blematic  designs  illustrative  of  science  and  art. 


“  The  doors,  which  were  of  iron,  were  relieved  by  bronze 
panels,  having  the  coats  of  arms  of  all  the  States  and  Terri¬ 
tories.  In  the  centre  of  the  main  frieze  was  the  United  States 
coat  of  arms.  The  main  cornice  was  surmounted  by  a  balus¬ 
trade  with  candelabra.  At  either  end  was  an  allegorical  figure 
representing  science  and  art. 

“  Each  pavilion  displayed  a  window  thirty  feet  high  and 
twelve  feet  wide ;  it  was  also  ornamented  with  tile-work, 
wreaths  of  oak  and  laurel,  thirteen  stars  in  the  frieze,  and  a 
colossal  eagle  at  each  of  its  four  corners. 


580 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


“  The  arcades,  a  general  feature  in  the  old  Roman  villas,  but 
entirely  novel  here,  were  intended  to  screen  the  long  walls  of 
the  gallery. 

“  These  each  consisted  of  five  groined  arches — these  arcades 
formed  promenades  looking  outward  over  the  grounds  and  in¬ 
ward  over  open  gardens,  which  extended  back  to  the  main  wall 
of  the  building.  These  garden-plats  were  each  ninety  feet  long 
and  thirty-six  feet  deep,  ornamented  in  the  centre  with  foun¬ 
tains  and  designed  for  the  display  of  statuary.  A  stairway 
from  the  gardens  reached  the  upper  line  of  these  arcades,  form¬ 
ing  a  second  promenade  thirty-five  feet  above  the  ground.  Its 
balustrade  was  ornamented  with  vases,  and  was  designed  ulti¬ 
mately  for  statues.  The  cornices,  the  atticas,  and  the  crestings 
throughout  were  highly  ornamented. 

u  The  walls  of  the  east  and  west  sides  of  the  structure  dis¬ 
played  the  pavilions  and  the  walls  of  the  picture  galleries,  and 
were  relieved  by  five  niches  designed  for  statues ;  the  frieze  was 
richly  ornamented — above  it  the  central  dome  showed  to  great 
advantage. 

“  The  rear  or  north  front  was  of  the  same  general  character 
as  the  main  front,  but  in  place  of  the  arcade  was  a  series  of 
arched  windows,  twelve  in  number,  with  an  entrance  in  the 
centre ;  in  all,  thirteen  openings  above,  in  an  unbroken  line, 
extending  the  entire  length  of  the  structure ;  between  the  pavil¬ 
ions  was  the  grand  balcony — a  promenade  two  hundred  and 
seventy-five  feet  long  and  forty-five  feet  wide,  and  elevated 
forty  feet  above  the  ground,  overlooking  northward  the  whole 
panorama  of  the  park  grounds. 

“  The  main  entrance  opened  on  a  hall  eighty-two  feet  long, 
sixty  feet  wide  and  fifty-three  feet  high,  decorated  in  the 
modern  renaissance  style;  on  the  farther  side  of  this  hall 
three  doorways,  each  sixteen  feet  wide  and  twenty-five  feet 
high,  opened  into  the  centre  hall;  this  hall  was  eighty-three 
feet  square,  the  ceiling  of  the  dome  rising  over  it  eighty  feet 
in  height. 

“  From  its  east  and  west  sides  extended  the  galleries,  each 
ninety-eight  feet  long,  forty-eight  feet  wide,  and  thirty-five  feet 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


581 


in  height.  These  galleries  admitted  of  temporary  divisions  for 
the  more  advantageous  display  of  paintings.  The  centre  hall 
and  galleries  formed  one  grand  hall  two  hundred  and  eighty- 
seven  feet  long  and  eighty-five  feet  wide,  capable  of  holding 
eight  thousand  persons,  nearly  twice  the  dimensions  of  the 
largest  hall  in  the  country.  From  the  two  galleries  doorways 
opened  into  two  smaller  galleries,  twenty-eight  feet  wide  and 
eighty-nine  feet  long.  These  opened  north  and  south  into 
private  apartments  which  connected  with  the  pavilion  rooms, 
forming  two  side  galleries  two  hundred  and  ten  feet  long. 
Along  the  whole  length  of 
the  north  side  of  the  main 
galleries  and  central  hall 
extended  a  corridor  four¬ 
teen  feet  wide,  which 
opened  on  its  north  line 
into  a  series  of  private 
rooms,  thirteen  in  number, 
designed  for  studios  and 
smaller  exhibition  rooms. 

“All  the  galleries  and 
central  hall  were  lighted 
from  above ;  the  pavilions 
and  studios  were  lighted  eagle  used  in  ornamentation  of 
from  the  sides.  The  pavil-  memorial  hall. 

ions  and  central  hall  were  designed  especially  for  exhibitions  of 
sculpture.” 

The  work  on  Memorial  Hall  was  begun  on  the  4th  of  July, 
1874,  and  the  building  was  completed  on  the  1st  of  March,  1876. 
The  architect  was  H.  J.  Schwarzmann ;  the  contractor  R.  J. 
Dobbins,  both  of  Philadelphia.  The  iron-work  was  furnished 
by  the  Edgemoor  Iron  Company,  the  Pencoyd  Rolling  Mills, 
and  the  Kittredge  Cornice  Company.  The  stone-work  was 
furnished  by  Sargent  &  Co.,  the  Westham  Granite  Company, 
the  Conshohocken  Stone  Company,  S.  F.  Prince  &  Co.,  and  the 
Excelsior  Brick  Company.  The  glass  was  furnished  by  Shoe¬ 
maker  &  Co.,  Ward  &  Co.,  and  J.  M.  Albertson. 


582 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


At  an  early  period  of  the  work  on  Memorial  Hall  it  was 
found  that  the  applications  for  space  in  it  were  so  numerous 
that  the  building  would  not  accommodate  the  works  of  art  to 
be  exhibited  in  it.  An  extension,  or  annex,  was  therefore  built 
immediately  north  of  the  hall.  It  was  of  brick  and  iron,  and 
harmonized  well  with  the  principal  building  in  design  and  color. 
The  principal  building  gave  75,000  feet  of  wall  space  for  paint¬ 
ing,  and  20,000  feet  of  floor  space  for  statuary,  etc.  The  annex 
afforded  60,000  square  feet  of  wall  space  for  paintings,  and  con¬ 
tained  thirty  galleries,  each  forty  feet  square,  besides  four 


ANNEX  TO  THE  ART  GALLERY. 


galleries  each  one  hundred  feet  long  by  fifty-four  feet  wide,  and 
two  transverse  central  corridors  twenty  feet  wide. 

The  exhibit  of  works  of  art  contained  in  these  buildings  was 
thus  classified  by  the  Centennial  Commission : 

Department  IV. — Art, 

400 — 409 ....  Sculpture. 

410 — 419.  .  .  .Painting. 

420 — 429. .  .  .Engraving  and  Lithography. 

430 — 439 . .  .  Photography. 

440 — 449 ....  Industrial  and  Architectural  Designs,  etc. 

450 — 459. . .  .Ceramic  Decorations,  Mosaics,  etc. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


583 


The  exhibition  of  photographs  was  so  large  that  a  third  build¬ 
ing  was  provided  for  it.  It  will  be  described  at  the  close  of 
this  chapter. 

From  the  main  entrance  the  visitor  passed  into  the  south 
hall  or  vestibule  of  the  building.  The  wainscoting  was  of  colored 
marble,  but  the  remainder  of  the  hall  was  finished  in  simple 
white.  It  was  in  the  modern  renaissance  style,  and  was  elegant 


INTERIOR  OF  ROTUNDA  OF  MEMORIAL  HALL. 


and  tasteful.  A  magnificent  crystal  chandelier,  exhibited  by 
Cornelius  &  Sons,  manufacturers  of  gas  fixtures,  Philadelphia, 
hung  from  the  ceiling.  At  the  north  side  three  massive  arches 
opened  into  the  central  hall,  and  at  the  east  and  west  sides  doors 
led  to  the  gardens  lying  within  the  arcades  of  the  southern  front 
of  the  building. 

The  hall  was  filled  with  statuary  in  marble  and  bronze. 
Against  the  arches  of  the  north  wall  was  a  colossal  bust  of 


584 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Washington,  by  Pietro  Guarnerio,  of  Milan,  Italy.  The  col¬ 
lection  of  statuary  was  very  good,  and  we  shall  allude  to  it  again 
in  our  remarks  upon  the  Italian  section. 

The  gardens  and  arcades  on  the  east  and  west  sides  of  the 
main  entrance  were  prettily  ornamented  with  flowers,  and  con¬ 
tained  a  small  collection  of  statuary.  In  the  eastern  arcades 
was  a  fine  bust  of  Dante,  and  another  of  Michael  Angelo.  In 
the  garden  on  the  west  side  were  some  interesting  specimens  of 
statuary  and  vases  in  spelter. 

Passing  through  the  arches  at  the  north  end  of  the  south 
hall,  one  entered  the  central  hall,  a  spacious  and  beautifully  pro¬ 
portioned  apartment,  lighted  from  the  dome  overhead.  It  was 
finished  in  simple  white,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  its  beau¬ 
ties  were  not  enhanced  by  a  judicious  use  of  color  in  its  decora¬ 
tions. 

In  the  centre,  under  the  dome,  was  a  copy  in  terra-cotta  of  the 
large  group  representing  “America,”  from  the  Albert  Memorial 
in  Hyde  Park,  London.  At  the  south  side  of  the  hall  was  a 
life-size  bronze  statue  of  Professor  Morse.  He  was  represented 
in  the  act  of  examining  his  first  telegraphic  message.  On  the 
same  side  was  a  bronze  statue  of  Robert  R.  Livingston,  of  New 
York.  At  the  southeast  corner,  fronting  the  German  depart¬ 
ment,  was  a  fine  colossal  statue  of  Prince  Bismarck.  At  the 
southwest  corner  was  an  equestrian  statue  in  plaster  of  President 
Blanco,  of  the  republic  of  Venezuela;  and  just  back  of  this  was 
a  fine  allegorical  painting,  by  Professor  E.  Von  Reuth,  repre¬ 
senting  America  doing  homage  to  the  spirit  of  her  institutions. 
A  number  of  vases  in  bronze,  by  the  late  Horatio  Stone,  were 
scattered  through  the  hall.  At  the  north  side  was  a  handsome 
memorial  altar  and  reredos  in  marble  from  Italy.  It  was 
adorned  with  pictures  in  mosaic  work,  representing  the  Adora¬ 
tion  of  the  Magi  and  the  Shepherds,  and  the  Crucifixion.  The 
latter  was  a  copy  of  the  famous  painting  by  Guido  Reni,  in 
the  Church  of  St.  Lorence,  in  Lucina,  at  Rome.  The  north¬ 
east  corner,  fronting  the  German  department,  contained  three 
superb  vases  of  Sevres  porcelain  and  some  bronzes,  among 
which  were  a  statuette  of  President  MacMahon,  in  silver 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


585 


bronze,  and  a  full-sized  Egyptian  girl,  with  a  harp,  in  orna¬ 
mental  bronze. 

The  space  in  the  centre,  around  the  base  of  the  group  repre¬ 
senting  America,  was  filled  with  statuary,  chiefly  by  American 
artists.  The  most  important  works  were  Thetis,  with  the  infant 
Achilles  in  her  arms,  thinking  how  she  may  regain  the  boy’s 
birthright,  by  P.  F.  Connelly ;  a  bust  of  Charles  Sumner,  by 
Preston  Powers ;  a  bust  of  Cleopatra,  by  Miss  Margaret  Foley ; 
and  a  full-length  statue  of 
Medea,  by  W.  W.  Story. 

The  halls  on  the  east  and 
west  of  the  central  hall  were 
divided  by  partitions  into 
smaller  apartments,  which  were 
assigned  to  the  various  coun¬ 
tries  taking  part  in  the  Exhib¬ 
ition.  The  corridors  which  led 
east  and  west  from  the  central 
hall  were  thus  merely  tem¬ 
porary.  They  were  lined  with 
paintings. 

It  will  not  be  possible  to 
give  a  complete  list  of  the 
works  of  art  in  the  Memorial 
Hall  and  the  annex,  nor  to 
describe  each  of  them.  We 
can  but  glance  at  the  various 
departments,  calling  attention 
only  to  the  most  prominent 
works  in  them. 


The  United  States. 

The  American  department 


Connelly’s  statue  of  thetis,  in 

MEMORIAL  HALL. 


was  divided  between  Memorial 

Hall  and  the  annex.  It  filled  one  large  hall,  a  corridor  and  a 
part  of  a  second  in  the  principal  edifice,  and  nine  galleries  and  a 
corridor  in  the  annex,  and  comprised  several  thousand  pictures 


586 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  statues.  As  a  whole  it  was  much  criticised,  and  was  not 
accepted  by  the  critics  as  the  best  exposition  of  American  art 
that  could  have  been  given.  Still  it  contained  works  of  which 
the  country  has  reason  to  be  proud. 

One  of  the  ends  of  the  American  gallery  in  Memorial  Hall 
was  entirely  covered  by  Rothermel’s  large  painting  of  the  Battle 
of  Gettysburg,  which  formerly  stood  in  the  Art  Gallery  at  old 
Fairmount.  This  painting  has  been  sharply  criticised,  but 
nevertheless  found  favor  with  the  masses  which  daily  thronged 
around  it. 

A  notable  picture  was  “  Going  to  Church  in  New  England  in 
the  Olden  Time,”  by  George  H.  Boughton.  Edward  Moran 
exhibited  two  fine  marine  views,  “  The  Coming  Storm  over  New 
York  Bay,”  and  “  Minot’s  Ledge  Light.”  Thomas  Moran  ex¬ 
hibited  his  “  Mountain  of  the  Holy  Cross,”  and  the  “  Hot  Springs 
of  the  Yellowstone,”  two  of  the  most  superb  pieces  of  mountain 
scenery  in  existence.  Eastman  Johnson  sent  two  pictures  in 
his  happiest  style,  “  A  Kentucky  Home  ”  and  “  What  the  Sea 
Says.”  M.  F.  H.  De  Haas  had  a  fine  marine  view,  “  Moonrise 
at  Sunset.”  J.  F.  Cropsey  had  a  careful  study  of  a  “  Church 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,”  which  was  much  admired.  W.  Whitt- 
redge’s  “  Home  by  the  Sea”  was  a  beautiful  work;  and  R.  S. 
Gilford’s  “Fishing  Boats  of  the  Adriatic,”  “Lake  Geneva” 
and  “  The  Golden  Hour  ”  showed  the  artist  at  his  best.  Charles 
N.  Miller,  of  New  York,  sent  two  excellent  works,  “Return¬ 
ing  to  the  Fold”  and  “The  Old  Mill  at  Springfield.”  J.  F. 
Kensett  had  a  fine  view  of  “  Conway  Valley,  New  Hampshire.” 
G.  P.  A.  Healey  had  several  of  his  most  carefully  and  solidly- 
painted  portraits  in  the  collection.  Daniel  Huntingdon  sent 
a  view  of  “  Lake  George,”  and  Toby  Rosenthal  had  an 
“  Elaine,”  representing  the  barge  with  the  dead  maiden  de¬ 
scending  the  stream.  Thomas  Hill’s  large  painting  of  “  Don- 
ner  Lake,  California,”  occupied  a  prominent  place  and  attracted 
much  attention.  Professor  Weir’s  famous  “Gun  Foundry,” 
and  his  less  known  “Confessional,”  were  also  fine  pictures. 
George  H.  Smilie  sent  “A  Lake  in  the  Woods,”  a  pretty  com¬ 
position  ;  and  F.  A.  Bridgeman  had  a  brilliant  Moorish  scene 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


587 


called  “The  Story-Teller.”  Albert  Bierstadt  exhibited  six 
pictures  of  Western  and  Pacific  coast  scenery.  One  of  these  was 
a  “View  of  Yosemite  Valley  from  Glacier  Point  Trail;  ”  another, 
a  glimpse  of  “  Mount  Hood ;  ”  and  a  third,  “  Spring  in  Cali¬ 
fornia.”  His  “  Settlement  of  California  ”  attracted  much  atten¬ 
tion.  W.  L.  Sontag  had  a  beautiful  “  Sunset  in  the  Wilderness,” 
and  C.  Schussele,  a  Philadelphia  artist,  a  striking  painting  of 
“Solomon  and  the  Iron  Worker.”  F.  D.  Briscoe,  another 
Philadelphia  artist,  had  a  spirited  water  scene  representing  “A 
Breezy  Day  off  Dieppe.”  The  late  Charles  L.  Elliott  was  repre¬ 
sented  by  two  fine  portraits,  one  of  Edwin  Forrest,  the  other 
of  General  Bouck.  Harry  Fenn  sent  “The  Old  Convent 


Gate  ”  and  the  “  Old  Fire-Place,”  executed  in  his  best  style. 
Winslow  Homer’s  “  Snap  the  Whip  ”  showed  that  artist’s  best 
qualities  as  well  as  his  faults.-  Henry  Innman  had  a  portrait 
of  Hackett  in  the  character  of  Pip  Van  Winkle.  D.  T.  Ken¬ 
drick,  of  Boston,  sent  “A  Foggy  Day  at  the  Beach.”  Page  was 
represented  by  his  well-known  “  Farragut  Entering  Mobile 
Bay,”  a  large  and  stirring  work.  T.  B.  Thorpe  had  a  landscape 
called  “  Westward  the  Course  of  Empire  Takes  Its  Way.”  Louis 
C.  Tiffany  sent  several  Oriental  scenes,  among  them  “  A  Guard 
at  Prison  Gate,  Tangier.”  Jerome  Thompson’s  “Old  Oaken 


588 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Bucket  ”  was  here.  It  is  well  known  by  the  excellent  chromo 
which  had  such  a  large  sale  a  few  years  ago. 

There  were  several  of  Washington  Alston’s  paintings  in  the 
collection,  but  the  only  one  which  showed  him  at  his  best  was 
“  Spalatro’s  Vision  of  the  Bloody  Hand.”  Rembrandt  Peale 
was  represented  by  one  of  his  portraits  of  Washington.  Among 
the  portraits  were  Commodores  Perry  and  McDonough,  by 
Jarvis;  General  Jackson,  by  Waldo;  Commodore  Decatur,  by 
Sully;  General  Meade,  by  Thomas  Hicks;  Washington,  by 
Charles  Wilson  Peale,  the  elder  of  the  two  painters  of  that 
name;  Washington,  by  Colonel  John  Trumbull;  John  Adams, 
Thomas  Boylston  and  Mrs.  Boylston,  by  J.  S.  Copley;  John 
Jay,  Fisher  Ames  and  Judge  Story,  by  Gilbert  Stuart. 

These,  as  has  been  said,  were  but  a  few  of  the  most  prominent 
of  the  American  pictures ;  and  the  list  of  necessity  omits  many 
that  were  deserving  of  notice. 

England. 

The  English  collection  of  pictures  was  placed  entirely  in 
Memorial  Hall,  and  occupied  two  rooms  and  the  northwest 
corridor  lying  between  them.  It  was  in  every  respect  the  best 
and  the  most  judiciously  arranged  collection  in  the  Exhibition. 
No  such  exhibition  of  English  art  was  ever  made  before  in  any 
foreign  country.  It  was  a  better  display  than  was  made  by 
England  at  Paris  in  1867,  or  at  Vienna  in  1873. 

The  main  room  was  devoted  to  the  modern  painters  of  Eng¬ 
land,  and  was  well  filled  with  their  finest  works.  Here  were 
Sir  John  Gilbert’s  “ First  Prince  of  Wales”  and  the  “  Battle 
of  Naseby,”  in  his  best  style.  Frederick  Leighton,  whose  work 
is  as  poetic  as  it  is  artistic  in  the'  highest  sense,  had  three  of  the 
finest  paintings  in  the  hall :  “  Summer  Moon,”  “The  Court  of 
a  Jew’s  House  at  Damascus,”  and  “  An  Eastern  Slinger  Scaring 
Birds  from  a  Field  in  the  Harvest  Time.”  Alma  Tadema  had 
five  pictures  in  the  collection,  two  of  which  were  water-colors. 
These  were  an  “  Egyptian  Mummy  of  the  Roman  Period,” 
“  The  Sick  Girl,”  “  The  Vintage  Festival,”  “The  Connoisseur,” 
and  “The  Story  of  a  Good  Wife.”  The  last  two  were  water- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


589 


colors.  It  is  impossible  to  write  of  these  pictures  here  as  they 
deserve.  We  can  only  mention  their  presence  in  the  collection, 
and  invite  the  reader’s  attention  to  them. 

[  Among  the  portraits  was  a  fine  one  of  Lady  Marianne  Alford, 
by  R.  Buckner;  one  of  George  H.  Boughton,  by  John  Pettie; 
^Mistress  Dorothy,  by  George  A.  Story  ;  Betty,  by  Luke  Fildes; 
a  curious  portrait  of  himself,  by  Holman  Hunt;  and  portraits 
of  Leighton  and  Millois,  by  Watts. 

William  Frith  Powell’s  famous  “Railway  Station,”  embody¬ 
ing  the  arrest  of  one  of  the  most  notorious  English  forgers  at 
the  moment  of  the  departure  of  the  continental  train,  occupied  a 
prominent  position  and  received  the  praise  it  deserves.  Edward 


THE  VINTAGE  FESTIVAL,  BY  ALMA  TADEMA,  IN  MEMORIAL  HALL. 


Armitage  sent  his  “  Julian  the  Apostate  Listening  to  the  Dis¬ 
putes  of  the  Sectaries.”  Luke  Fildes  had  a  powerful  London 
scene,  entitled  “Applicants  Seeking  Admission  to  the  Casual 
Ward  of  the  Workhouse.”  The  north  wall  had  two  “Studies 
of  Lions,”  by  Lahdseer,  and  the  “  Marriage  of  Griselda,”  by 
Charles  West  Cope.  At  the  east  end  of  the  room  was  a  full- 
length  portrait  of  Washington,  by  Gilbert  Stuart.  George  H. 
Boughton  had  a  scene  of  the  olden  time,  called  “  God  Speed 
the  Pilgrims  on  their  Way.”  Millois  sent  a  charming  study 
of  a  child.  H.  Moore  and  John  Brett  sent  each  a  noble,  but 
different,  seashore  view,  and  Colin  Hunter  had  another,  called 
“  Trawlers  Coming  Ashore,”  three  pictures  which  had  no  equals 
of  their  kind  in  the  Exhibition. 


590 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  corridor  between  the  two  English  rooms  was  largely 
devoted  to  water-colors.  One  of  the  best  of  these  was  an  “  In¬ 
terior  of  the  Sistine  Chapel,”  by  H.  M.  Knowles.  Another 
was  A.  P.  Newton’s  “Left  by  the  Tide.”  Sir  John  Gilbert 
had  a  water-color  of  “  Francis  I.  and  his  Court  visiting  the 
Workshop  of  Benvenuto  Cellini.”  Louis  Haghe  had  a  fine 
work  representing  “  The  Tepidarium  of  the  Baths  of  Pompeii.” 
“The  Night  Watch”  (the  artist’s  name  was  not  given)  was  also 
a  fine  work. 

The  upper  end  of  this  corridor  continued  the  collection  of  oil 
paintings.  The  most  notable  were  E.  Croft’s  “  Battle  of  Ligny  ” 
and  “The  Convent  Ferry,”  by  Arthur  Hughes. 

The  northwest  gallery  contained  a  notable  collection,  many 
of  them  by  deceased  painters.  Here  were  Maclise’s  “  Banquet 
Scene  in  Macbeth,”  one  of  his  largest  works ;  Mulready’s  “Vil¬ 
lage  Buffoon,”  loaned  by  the  Royal  Academy ;  portraits  of  the 
“  First  Three  Partners  of  the  House  of  Baring,”  by  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence ;  the  large  painting  of  “  The  Marriage  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales,”  by  William  Powell  Frith,  loaned  by  Queen  Vic¬ 
toria;  “The  Marriage  of  the  Young  Princess,”  by  the  late 
J.  Northcote,  also  loaned  by  the  queen;  Benjamin  West’s 
“Death  of  Wolfe,”  also  the  property  of  her  Majesty;  Gaines- 
borough’s  “Portrait  of  the  Duchess  of  Richmond;”  West’s 
“Christ  Blessing  Little  Children;”  Landseer’s  portrait  of  the 
first  Lord  Ashburton ;  “  Dolbadden  Castle,”  a  genuine  Turner, 
loaned  by  the  Royal  Academy;  Barry’s  “Adam  and  Eve;” 
and  “  Landscapes,”  by  Creswick,  Calcot  and  Stanfield. 

The  other  rooms  north  of  the  British  corridor  were  devoted 
to  an  exhibit  of  the  course  of  industrial  art  taught  at  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  The  exhibit  consisted  of  copies  of  famous 
art  works,  and  the  designs  and  drawings  of  the  pupils  of  the 
school. 

France. 

The  French  section  occupied  several  galleries  in  Memorial 
Hall  and  in  the  annex.  But  few  of  the  leading  artists  of 
France  were  represented,  and  the  collection  contained  none  of 
her  great  names  in  art.  The  best  picture  in  the  collection  was 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


591 


Carolus  Duran’s  large  portrait  of  his  sister-in-law,  Mile.  Croi- 
sette,  of  the  Theatre  Fran9ais.  The  lady  was  represented  as 
seated  on  her  horse,  which  stood  on  the  sands  of  the  sea-shore, 
with  the  last  ripple  of  the  waves  breaking  about  his  feet.  The 
lady  was  exceedingly  pretty,  and  the  horse  was  perfect. 

Among  the  notable  pictures  of  this  collection  were  “  Rizpah 
Protecting  the  Bodies  of  her  Sons,”  by  George  Becker,  a  power¬ 
ful  work,  and  the  largest  in  the  collection ;  “  The  First  Step  in 
Crime,”  by  Jean  Pierre 
Antigua ;  “A  Conspiracy 
under  Catharine  de  Medi- 
cis,”  by  Louis  Adan ;  a 
large  “  Death  of  Csesar,” 
by  Felix  Clement;  “Had- 
don  Hall,  Derbyshire,” 
and  “A  Call  on  Uncle  Car¬ 
dinal,”  both  by  Joseph  Cas- 
tiglione  ;  the  “  Story  of 
Ruth,”  by  Paul  de  Cur- 
zon  ;  “  Saint  Antonio,  Pa¬ 
tron  of  the  Mariners  of 
Porto  d’Angio,  Italy,”  by 
Henri  Dubouchet;  “  Na¬ 
poleon  I.  with  Goethe  and 
Wieland,”  by  Eugene  Hil- 
lemacher;  a  “  Fellah  Wo¬ 
man,”  by  Charles  Lan- 
delle ;  “  The  Indiscreet,” 
by  Armand  Leleux ;  the 
“  Morvan  King,”  by  Evar¬ 
iste  Leminais ;  “  The  Rest,” 
by  Leon  Perault ;  “  Morn-  becker’s  “rizpah  protecting  the  bodies 
ing  on  the  Lagune  of  Yen-  0F  HER  S0NS  ”  IN  memorial  hall. 

ice,”  and  “  Sunset  at  Sea,” 

both  by  Amedee  Rosier  ;  “  Heath  Flowers,”  and  “  Snow  Flow¬ 
ers,”  by  Auguste  Schenck ;  an  exquisite  “  Leda  and  the  Swan,” 
by  J ules  Saintin ;  “  The  Ghana’s  Dance  in  Grenada,”  by  Benja- 


592 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


rain  Ulmann  ;  “  Boulogne-Sur-Mer,”  by  Alexandre  Veron; 
and  “  Josephine,  in  1814,”  by  Hector  Viger.  The  portrait  of 
“  Bielle,  the  Flower-Girl  of  the  Paris  Jockey  Club,”  by  Pierre 
Glaize,  and  “  Cassandre,”  by  Leon  Commere — the  latter  in  the 
annex — were  two  splendid  specimens  of  flesh-painting. 

The  main  gallery  in  Memorial  Hall  contained  a  number  of 
exquisite  tapestries  from  the  national  manufactories  of  the 
Gobelins  at  Paris,  and  at  Beauvais. 

Germany. 

The  German  exhibit  was  confined  chiefly  to  Memorial  Hall, 
and  occupied  the  southeast  gallery,  opposite  the  French  section. 
In  the  corridor  leading  to  the  principal  hall  were  a  number  of 
German  paintings,  the  principal  of  which  were  “  A  Courtyard 
in  Venice,”  by  Henry  Jaeckel ;  “The  Mahmoudi  Canal,  at 
Cairo,”  by  E.  Korner;  “Portrait  of  Pauline  Lucca,”  by  O. 
Begas;  “Mt.  Vesuvius,”  by  R.  Heck;  “Trust  with  Care,”  by 
R.  Deutsch. 

Upon  entering  the  German  gallery,  the  first  object  that  at¬ 
tracted  the  visitor  was  the  large  equestrian  portrait  of  the  Crown- 
Prince  William  Henry.  The  horse  and  rider  appeared  to  have 
just  emerged  from  the  line  of  fire  in  the  battle  that  was  raging 
behind  them,  and  both  were  full  of  the  excitement  of  the  fight. 

The  picture  was  by  C.  Stefleck,  and  was  much  admired,  as  it 
richly  deserved  to  be. 

There  were  two  pictures  of  the  “  Surrender  of  Sedan,”  on  the 
2d  of  September,  1870.  One  of  these,  and  the  more  powerful 
picture  of  the  two,  was  by  Louis  Braun ;  the  other  by  Count 
Harras,  who  was  himself  present  at  the  memorable  scene,  and 
who  had  another  fine  painting  in  the  gallery — the  “Arrest  of 
Luther  on  his  Return  from  the  Diet  at  Worms.”  Julius 
Schrader,  an  artist  whose  fame  is  not  confined  to  Germany,  had 
a  fine  representation  of  “  Elizabeth  Signing  the  Death  Warrant 
of  Mary  of  Scotland ;  ”  and  a  companion  to  this  was  the  “  Lady 
Jane  Grey  Confuting  Bishop  Gardiner,”  a  striking  picture,  by 
Tolingsby.  R.  Heck  sent  a  beautiful  view  of  a  “  Natural  Arch 
at  Capri;”  and  Q.  BeckePs  “Before  the  Christening,”  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


593 


'“After  the  Christening,”  were  delightful  in  their  sweet  sim¬ 
plicity.  A.  Schwartz  had  a  much  admired  painting  called 
u  Brown  Flowers,”  and  F.  Boser  one  entitled  “  Early  Trials,” 
before  which  visitors  lingered  long.  “  The  Evening  Sceue  in 
the  Zoological  Gardens  at  Berlin,”  by  Herdert,  was  an  exceed¬ 
ingly  careful  and  life-like  picture.  Ferdinand  Meyer’s  “After 
the  Church  Festival,”  was  not  only  an  admirable  painting  full 
of  keen  humor,  but  conveyed  a  sound  moral.  Meyer,  of  Bremen, 
had  a  capital  picture,  “  The  Village  Gossips,”  close  by,  and 
Achenbach,  one  of  Germany’s  best  marine  painters,  exhibited 
“  Flushing  in  a  Storm.”  Xylander’s  “  Moonlight  at  Sea  ”  was 
much  admired,  and  Jordon’s  “  Old  Pilot”  was  admirable  in  its 


wagner’s  chariot  race,  in  memorial  hall. 


way.  Louis  Horst  sent  a  fine  portrait  of  the  Emperor  William, 
and  Gustave  Richter,  one  of  George  Bancroft.  “  The  Flight  of 
Frederick  V.  from  Prague,  after  the  Battle  of  the  White  Moun¬ 
tain,”  by  Faber  du  Tour,  was  one  of  the  best  pictures  in  the 
gallery.  The  scene  was  one  of  the  greatest  confusion,  and  was 
admirably  depicted.  H.  Briicke  exhibited  a  large  “  Discovery 
of  America  by  Columbus,”  which  was  warmly  praised. 

In  one  of  the  small  rooms  of  the  northeast  quarter  of  the 
building  was  one  of  the  finest  of  the  German  pictures — Wagner’s 
masterpiece — “  Scene  in  the  Circus  Maximus  at  Rome,  A.  D.  88.” 
It  is  well  known  in  this  country,  and  was  exhibited  by  Goupil 
&  Co.,  of  Paris. 

Austria. 

The  Austrian  collection  occupied  the  eastern  gallery,  and 
38 


594 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


comprised  163  paintings,  etchings  and  statues.  It  was  very 
good  as  a  rule,  and  contained  many  pictures  which  were  worthy 
of  careful  study. 

The  gem  of  the  whole  collection  was  John  Makart’s  “Venice 
Paying  Homage  to  Catharine  Cornaro .”  The  picture  was  35 
feet  long  and  14  feet  high.  On  the  death  of  her  husband,  Don 
Jacopo  II.  Lusignano,  King  of  Cyprus,  she  made  a  free  gift  of 
that  kingdom  to  the  republic  of  Venice,  under  whose  tutelage 
she  had  been  brought  up  as  “  figlia  di  San  Marco.”  Upon  her 
return  to  Venice  she  was  greeted  with  the  reception  which  this 
picture  commemorates.  The  canvas  contained  a  large  number 
of  portraits  of  persons  well  known  in  Vienna. 


MAKART’S  “VENICE  DOING  HOMAGE  TO  CATHARINE  CORNARO,”  IN 
MEMORIAL  HALL. 


Ernest  Lafitte  had  two  exquisite  pictures,  a  “  Girl  of  Upper 
Austria,”  and  “Peasant  Woman  of  Upper  Austria.”  John 
Canon,  of  Vienna,  exhibited  “A  Page,”  and  a  “Girl  with 
Fruit,”  which  are  so  much  like  Rembrandt’s  work  that  many 
experienced  judges  have  pronounced  them  his,  and  have  almost 
refused  to  believe  them  modern.  Frederick  Freid lander  ex¬ 
hibited  his  “Tasting  the  Wine,”  one  of  his  best  works.  G.  A. 
Kuntz  exhibited  “  In  the  Cell,”  a  picture  of  a  nun  with  her 
head  leaning  on  her  folded  hands  gazing  out  of  the  window  of 
her  cell.  The  expression  on  the  nun’s  face  was  marvellous. 
The  picture  was  also  remarkable  for  the  reason  that  Kuntz 
until  four  years  ago  was  a  distinguished  sculptor,  and  had  done 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


595 


nothing  with  his  brush.  Aloysius  Schonn  sent  a  “  Siesta  of  an 
Oriental  Woman/’  a  work  noted  for  its  warmth  of  coloring. 
The  Countess  of  Nemes-Ransonnet,  one  of  the  most  accom¬ 
plished  lady  artists  of  Austria,  sent  her  own  portrait  and  a  view 
of  the  “  Interior  of  St.  Stephen’s  at  Vienna,”  which  received, 
hs  they  deserved,  great  praise.  Maria  V on  Parmentier,  another 
lady  artist,  exhibited  several  charming  Tyrolese  scenes.  Of 
these,  the  best  jvas  the  “  Mill  in  the  Tyrol.”  F.  Rumpler’s 
“  Smiling  Girl  ”  and  “  The  Two  Female  Friends  ”  were  charm¬ 
ing  works,  and  were  much  admired.  Charles  Leopold  Muller, 
one  of  the  greatest  of  living  Austrian  artists,  had  only  two 
small  works  here  which  did  not  fairly  show  his  merits,  but 
which  were  among  the  gems  of  the  collection.  These  were  “  In 
the  English  Garden  at  Palermo,”  and  “  Monte  Pellegrino,  near 
Palermo.”  Adolphus  Obermullner  exhibited  three  fine  paint¬ 
ings — “  Welcome  Sounds,”  “  The  Lake  of  Constance  at  the 
Beginning  of  a  Storm,”  and  “  The  Grum-Alp,  with  the  Palu- 
glacier.”  The  first  of  these  represented  the  meeting  of  two 
sledge  parties  belonging  to  the  Austro-Hungarian  Arctic  Expe¬ 
dition  of  1872-74.  F.  Russ  exhibited  “  A  Girl  with  a  Cat,” 
and  “  Life  in  a  Castle  of  the  Middle  Ages,”  both  admirable. 
“Sans  Souci,”  a  study  of  Italian  Lazzaroni,  by  F.  Fux,  was  a 
capital  scene;  and  Chas.  Probst’s  “Head  of  a  Young  Lady” 
was  a  charming  study.  Robert  Russ  exhibited  the  “  Mill  at 
Mals,  in  South  Tyrol;”  Augustus  George  Mayer,  a  “  Bath- 
sheba ;  ”  A.  Schaeffer,  a  desolate  beach  scene,  called  “  At  the 
Sea ;  ”  L.  Munsch,  a  view  of  the  “  Alp  Gschloss  towards  the 
Gross-Venediger;”  Rosa  Schweninger,  a  “Neapolitan;”  Eugene 
Felix,  “  Pan  and  Bacchantes;”  Lewis  Mayer,  “The  Judgment 
of  Paris ;  ”  Ralph  Ribarz,  an  “  Ox  Team  ;  ”  Remi  Van  Haanen, 
a  “View  of  a  Dutch  Town  in  Moonlight;”  and  Gustavus 
Wertheimer,  “The  Moor  and  his  Horse,”  all  of  which  were 
excellent.  A  number  of  fine  water-colors  were  included  in  the 
collection. 

In  the  collection  of  statuary,  the  notable  works  were  a  bust 
of  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  by  C.  Zumbusch,  loaned  by  his 
Majesty ;  and  busts  of  Maximilian  I.  and  Charles  V.,  by  C. 


596 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Costenoble,  all  in  marble.  F.  Pezzicar  had  a  colossal  bronze 
statue  of  “  The  Freed  Slave,”  about  which  crowds  gathered  daily 
in  admiration.  The  negro  exultantly  displays  Abraham  Lin¬ 
coln’s  Proclamation  of  Emancipation,  and  his  chains  lie  broken 
at  his  feet. 

Italy. 

The  entrance  or  reception  hall  of  the  principal  Art  Gallery 
was  the  only  room  in  Memorial  Hall  occupied  by  Italy,  with 
the  exception  of  the  rooms  in  the  northeast  section  of  the  build¬ 
ing,  which  contained  the  Castellani  Collections  of  Classic  and 
Mediaeval  Antiquities.  These  were  the  property  of  Signor 
Alessandro  Castellani,  of  Rome,  and  consisted  mainly  of  ancient 
marbles,  bronzes,  Italian  majolica,  gold  work,  and  personal  or¬ 
naments.  The  collections  were  unique  in  many  respects,  and 
were  among  the  richest  and  most  valuable  in  the  world.  Our 
limits  do  not  allow  a  description  or  even  complete  list  of  the 
treasures  here  exhibited.  They  comprised  seventeen  portrait 
busts  and  heads  in  marble  from  the  Greek  mythology ;  twelve 
of  the  exceedingly  rare  bronze  dressing-cases  of  the  Etruscan 
ladies,  of  which  there  are  but  one  hundred  now  in  existence ;  a 
large  and  valuable  collection  of  old  porcelain  and  majolica 
ware,  the  glory  of  which  was  a  case  of  superb  Gubbio  ware ; 
and  many  gold  ornaments  and  gems  of  Phoenician,  Etruscan 
and  Greek  workmanship.  Some  of  the  gems  are  unequalled 
by  anything  in  modern  art. 

In  the  vestibule  at  the  northern  entrance  to  Memorial  Hall 
were  a  number  of  superb  pictures  in  mosaic  from  Rome,  the 
finest  display  of  the  kind  in  the  entire  Exhibition. 

Italy  occupied  six  galleries  in  the  annex  to  Memorial  Hall, 
and  in  these  displayed  a  large  collection  of  paintings  and  sculp¬ 
ture.  The  busts  and  statues  numbered  three  hundred,  and 
among  them  were  some  of  the  best  works  of  some  of  the  most 
famous  sculptors  of  Rome,  Florence,  Milan,  and  Bologna.  It 
is  believed  that  this  was  the  largest  collection  of  sculpture  ever 
displayed  at  any  Exhibition.  We  can  only  point  out  a  few  of 
the  most  prominent  works. 

First  in  order  must  be  mentioned  the  productions  of  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


597 


renowned  Florentine  sculptor,  E.  Caroni,  professor  at  the  Fine 
Arts  Academy  at  Florence,  and  one  of  the  Italian  Commission¬ 
ers  to  the  Exhibition.  His  “Africaine  ”  was  a  masterpiece,  the 
lineaments  showing  all  the  workings  of  the  betrayed  woman’s 
mind.  Of  a  different  type  was  his  “  Love’s  Telegram,”  rep¬ 
resenting  a  young  lady  who,  during  the  siege  of  Paris,  being 


ITALIAN  STATUARY  IN  THE  ANNEX  TO  THE  ART  GALLERY. 


unable  to  communicate  with  her  lover  by  ordinary  means,  is  in 
the  act  of  despatching  a  carrier  pigeon  with  the  amorous  mis¬ 
sive.  Then  came  “  Love  Bursting  Forth  from  the  Egg,”  a 
charming  piece  of  fancy.  Next,  “  Christmas  Day,”  bearing  a 
capon  in  one  hand  and  good  wishes  in  the  other.  Then  an 
exquisite  allegory,  “  Butterfly  Youth,”  which,  flying  from  one 


598 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


of  life’s  pleasures  to  another,  at  last  remains  entangled  in  the 
net  of  disappointment.  In  representing  children  Professor 
Caroni  was  eminently  successful ;  his  “  Recreations  of  a  School 
Girl”  was  as  gay  as  his  “Cold  ”  was  pathetic — in  the  latter  the 
tripod  containing  the  charcoal  had  upset  and  the  shivering 
child,  hiding  her  hands  under  her  frock,  looked  the  very  essence 
of  chilly  despair.  So  also  the  “ Impressions  of  Cold  Water” 
portrayed  the  little  bather’s  mingled  feelings  of  curiosity  and 
timidity,  while  the  “  First  Capture  ”  showed  the  intense  delight 
of  the  boy  at  having  caught  the  little  sparrow  in  his  hand. 
Professor  Romanetti’s  “  Franklin  and  his  Whistle  ”  and  “  Wash¬ 
ington  and  his  Hatchet”  attracted  general  attention,  as  did 
also  Zocchi’s  “  Infancy  of  Benjamin  Franklin,”  where  the  youth¬ 
ful  compositor  was  represented  as  setting  up  his  first  types. 
Professor  P.  Guarnerio,  of  Milan,  whose  “Washington”  in  the 
•Memorial  Hall  has  been  noticed,  had  in  the  Art  Gallery  a  fine 
design  of  “Raphael  in  his  Youth,”  and  his  “Girl  Bathing” 
was  full  of  power.  Signor  D.  Baroaglio,  of  Milan,  who  has 
already  won  for  himself  fame  among  young  Italy’s  sculptors, 
had  a  colossal  piece,  “  Flying  Time.”  Heedless  of  the  attempts 
of  Youth,  who  would  detain  him,  Father  Time  hurries  on  ;  the 
parchment  scroll  of  History  in  his  right,  the  sharp  scythe  in  his 
left  hand,  and  forces  reluctant  Youth  on  after  him.  Not  less 
successful  was  the  sculptor  in  his  “  Blowing  Bubbles,”  “  Butter¬ 
fly  ”  and  “  First  Call,”  all  of  which  were  full  of  expression. 
Signor  Renato  Peduzzi,  of  Milan,  showed  great  originality  in 
his  “  Berenice,”  the  inscription  on  which  statue  told  its  own 
tale,  “Venus,  to  thee  and  other  gods  I  sacrifice  these  tresses, 
shouldst  thou  return  to  me  from  war  my  spouse.”  Signor 
Peduzzi’s  work  will  not  readily  be  forgotten  by  any  who 
saw  it.  The  distinguished  artist,  Cavaliere  Cantalarnessa 
Popatti,  whose  sculpture  is  almost  as  well  known  in  America  as 
it  is  in  Italy,  and  who  is  one  of  his  country’s  commissioners, 
had  on  this  occasion  two  charming  statuettes,  “Sunshine”  and 
“Storm,”  as  also  “  Love’s  Morn,”  all  of  which  were  worthy  of 
the  sculptor’s  reputation.  Signor  Torelli,  of  Florence,  exhibited 
“  Eva  St.  Clair,”  from  “  Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin,”  “Shy  Girl,”  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


599 


a  sweet  “  Little  Housekeeper,”  who,  with  her  broom,  is  sweep¬ 
ing  out  of  the  house  envy,  hypocrisy,  pride,  vanity,  and 
calumny.  Professor  Ropi,  of  Milan,  had  a  fine  bust  of  Gari¬ 
baldi,  and  was  equally  happy  in  his  “  Hope.” 

The  Italian  sculptors  naturally,  on  this  occasion,  brought  out 
the  connecting  link  between  Italy  and  the  discovery  of  our  con¬ 
tinent,  and  such  productions  as  D’Amore’s  “  Night  of  October 
11, 1492,”  and  Zocchi’s  “  Columbus  Scanning  the  Chart,”  spoke 
eloquently  for  themselves.  F.  Barzaghi,  of  Milan,  had  a  num¬ 
ber  of  productions  which  strikingly  denoted  the  artist’s  genius. 

Phryne  before  her  Judges,”  “  Sylvia  Looking  at  Herself  in 
the  Fountain,”  “The  Finding  of  Moses,”  and  “  Blind  Man’s 
Buff”  all  engaged  the  spectator’s  attention,  as  did  also  the  same 
sculptor’s  “  First  Friend,”  representing  a  Scotch  terrier  playing 
with  a  lovely  child.  A  little  gem  of  the  same  character  was 
R.  Pereda’s  “  Joy;”  the  beaming  countenance  of  the  child  in 
this  case  was  generally  pronounced  perfect.  This  Milanese 
artist’s  productions  were  all  alike  chaste  and  graceful.  In  the 
“  Rete  d’Amore  ”  the  girl  willingly  allows  herself  to  be  entan¬ 
gled  in  the  network  of  love,  and  draws  the  net  around  her 
heart.  The  same  sculptor’s  “  Motherless  Children,”  “  Childish 
Grief,”  and  “  Little  Smoker  ”  were  all  telling  and  true.  E. 
Braga,  of  Milan,  had  a  “  Bacchus  ”  and  “  Child’s  Plaything,” 
both  noteworthy,  and  few  passed  by  C.  Corti’s  “  Lucifer,”  from 
“  Paradise  Lost,”  without  admiration.  Zocchi’s  “  Michel  An¬ 
gelo’s  Chisel  in  Hand  ”  was  a  grandly-conceived  work,  and  not 
less  so  was  Pazzi’s  “  Episode  from  the  Divine  Comedy.”  We 
have  scarcely  space  even  to  mention  Romanelli’s  “  Madonna  of 
St.  Luke’s  Bologna,”  Barcaglia’s  “  Love  Blinds,”  Antonio 
Bottinelli’s  “  Vanity,”  Argenti’s  “  Sleep  of  the  Innocent,” 
Motelli’s  “  Unwelcome  Interruption,”  Bergonzoli’s  “  Angel  of 
Love,”  and  Sperlini’s  “  Confidence.”  C.  Pandiani  had  some 
finely  executed  works ;  his  “  Moses  Trampling  on  the  Crown  ” 
and  “  Love  ”  attracted  much  attention,  as  did  also  C.  Pagani’s 
“  Psyche.”  Not  entirely  unnoticed  must  we  pass  over  the 
“  David,”  a  copy  in  miniature  of  Michel  Angelo’s  masterpiece ; 
the  “  Angelica,”  from  Tasso’s  “  Freed  Jerusalem,”  or  the  ad- 


600 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


mirably  portrayed  “  Ruth  the  Gleaner/’  A.  Malfatti’s  “  Dis¬ 
appointment  ”  and  “  Emancipation/’  the  latter  in  plaster  of 
Paris,  attracted  considerable  attention.  Besides  Professor  Guar- 
nerio’s  great  works  above  mentioned,  he  had  also  a  number  of 
other  productions,  among  them  being  “  The  Forced  Prayer/’" 
where  the  sulky  little  fellow  is  represented  with  life-like  accu¬ 
racy;  “Vanity,”  “The  Rebuke,” 
and  the  “  Last  Day  of  Pompeii.” 
What  especially  characterized  thi& 
remarkable  exhibition  of  sculpture 
was  the  close  attention  that  had 
evidently  been  given  to  anatomical 
study;  every  detail  was  true  to 
nature,  and  there  was  nothing  out 
of  harmony  with  its  surroundings.. 
The  windows  of  the  south  hall 
of  the  annex  contained  a  handsome 
display  of  stained  glass  of  American 
manufacture. 

Among  the  paintings  in  the  Ital¬ 
ian  section  were  a  number  of  good 
copies  of  the  great  works  of  the  Ital¬ 
ian  masters.  Conspicuous  among 
these  was  a  copy  of  Raffaele’s 
“  Galileo  before  the  Inquisition.” 

The  originals  were  good  as  a  rule. 
Gilli,  of  Turin,  had  a  fine  repre¬ 
sentation  of  the  famous  scene  be¬ 
tween  “  Arnold  of  Brescia  and  Pope  Adrian  IV./’  in  which 
the  pontiff  sentenced  the  great  preacher  to  death.  Fumigalli 
had  a  fine  picture  of  “Columbus  in  Chains,”  and  Marchesi  an 
admirable  “Interior  of  the  Sacristy  of  Milan.”  “A  View  of  the 
Bay  of  Naples  and  Mount  Vesuvius,”  by  Smargiassi,  and  the 
“  Head  of  a  Lady,”  by  Romagnoli,  were  admirable  works. 

Spain. 

The  Spanish  collection  occupied  one  side  of  the  western  gal- 


SEVRES  VASE,  IN  MEMORIAL 
HALL. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


601 


lery  of  Memorial  Hall.  It  was  small,  but  contained  some  good 
pictures.  The  best  modern  work  in  the  collection  was  “  The 
Burial  of  St.  Lorenzo,”  painted  at  Rome,  by  Alejo  Vera,  in 
1862.  It  was  a  noble  picture,  and  showed  well  among  the 
older  masters.  There  was  a  fine  “  Christ  on  the  Cross,”  by 
Murillo,  which  of  course  attracted  much  attention.  Two  large 
paintings  of  “  The  Landing  of  Columbus,”  by  A.  Gisbert  and 
D.  Puebla,  and  one  of  “  Columbus  Demonstrating  his  Theory 
to  the  Monks  of  La  Rabida,”  by  E.  Gano,  occupied  conspicuous 
places.  P.  Gonzalvo  had  a  fine  “  Interior  of  the  Cathedral  of 
Saragossa,”  and  A.  Domingo  exhibited  a  spirited  picture  enti¬ 
tled  “  A  Duel.” 

Sweden. 

The  Swedish  collection  occupied  the  eastern  wall  of  the  west 
gallery  of  Memorial  Hall,  facing  that  of  Spain,  and  a  gallery 
in  the  annex.  It  was  the  first  opportunity  the  people  of  this 
country  ever  had  to  become  familiar  with  Swedish  art,  and  the 
collection  therefore  attracted  much  attention.  The  most  promi¬ 
nent  painting  was  Hockert’s  “  Burning  of  the  Royal  Palace  at 
Stockholm.”  This  catastrophe  occurred  when  Charles  XII. 
was  a  mere  youth,  and  the  young  hero  forms  the  principal 
figure  in  the  spirited  scene. 

Baron  Otto  Hermelin,  the  Swedish  Commissioner  in  charge 
of  the  Art  Department,  had  several  of  his  pictures  in  the  collec¬ 
tion.  These  were  “  Winter  Day  in  the  Neighborhood  of  Stock¬ 
holm;”  “ Poor  People’s  Burying  Ground,  near  Stockholm;” 
“ The  First  Snow;”  “ Fishing  Harbor,  near  Stockholm;” 
“On  Montmartre,  Paris,”  and  “Autumn  Day  at  Djugorden.” 
Another  noble  artist,  Baron  G.  Cederstroem,  exhibited  a  clever 
painting  called  “Dark  Moments.”  Miss  A.  Lindegren’s 
“Girl  with  an  Orange”  was  much  admired.  “Sigurd  Ring, 
King  of  Scandinavia  and  Engl,”  by  Severin  Nilsson,  was  a 
stirring  scene  from  the  legends  of  the  Vikings.  M.  E.  Winge 
had  two  pictures  drawn  from  the  same  source,  “Signe  Burning 
herself  on  Seeing  her  Lover  Hanged”  and  “The  Viking 
Fleet.”  B.  Nordenburg  had  two  good  pictures  of  ‘every-day 


602 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


life,  “A  Wedding  in  a  Swedish  Country  Church,”  and  the 
“  Killed  Sheep.”  August  Jernberg’s  “  Market  Day  in  Dussel- 
dorf”  was  a  careful  and  excellent  work.  He  had  also  another 
fine  picture,  “Visitors  in  the  Museum  of  Amsterdam  Regarding 
Rembrandt’s  Night  Watch.” 

Norway. 

The  Norwegian  collection  was  divided  between  a  small  room 
in  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  principal  building,  the  win¬ 
dows  of  which  were  filled  with  American  stained  glass,  and  a 
gallery  in  the  annex. 

Professor  Hans  Gude  had  here  a  fine  picture  called  “A  Fresh 
Breeze  on  the  Norwegian  Coast,”  and  a  “Calm  in  Christiana- 
fiord.”  “  Hardengerfiord,”  by  P.  Thurman,  was  also  a  notable 
picture. 

The  collection  in  the  annex  was  larger  and  better  that  that  in 
Memorial  Hall.  The  most  notable  picture  was  “A  Scene  in 
the  Romsdalsfiord,”  by  A.  Norman. 

The  Netherlands. 

Holland  occupied  three  galleries  in  the  annex,  and  made  an 
admirable  display  of  the  works  of  her  artists.  They  were 
marked  by  the  same  care  that  characterizes  everything  attempted 
by  the  people  of  the  Low  countries,  and  it  may  be  safely  asserted 
that  this  collection  was  as  rich  in  excellent  paintings  as  that  of 
any  nation  represented  in  the  Exhibition. 

First  we  noticed  four  large  copies,  by  S.  Altmann,  of  Amster¬ 
dam.  These  were  “  The  Banquet  of  the  Civic  Guard,  after 
Van  der  Hlest;”  “The  Five  Masters  of  the  Drapers,  after 
Rembrandt ;  ”  “  The  Masters  of  the  Klovenier’s  Guild  at  Har¬ 
lem,  after  Frans  Hals ;  ”  and  “  The  Young  Bull,  after  Paul 
Potter.” 

Among  the  originals  the  following  were  admirable,  though 
the  list  does  not  include  all  the  good  pictures  of  this  collection  : 
“The  Church  of  Trier,”  by  J.  Bosboom  ;  “At  Church,”  by  C. 
Bisschop;  “The  Cat  Feigns  to  be  Hanged,”  by  B.  H.  Gempt; 
“Four  Weeks  after  St.  John’s  Day,”  by  J.  D.  Huybers; 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


603 


“  Landscape  on  the  Mediterranean  Coast,”  J.  Hilverdink ;  “A 
Moment  of  Expectation,”  by  Gerke  Henks;  “  Still  Water  near 
Dordecht,”  and  “View  on  the  Yo  in  Amsterdam,”  by  E. 
Koster;  “A  Conference,”  by  L.  Lingeman;  “  Evening  on  the 
Beach,”  by  H.  W.  Mesdag;  “A  View  of  Amsterdam  in  tho 
Sixteenth  Century,”  by  J.  A.  Bust ;  “A  Cheese  Market  in  a 
Town  in  North  Holland,”  by  C.  Bochussen ;  “  The  Deacons  of 
the  Silversmiths,  Guild  Conferring  a  Freeman’s  Certificate,” 
by  J.  A.  B.  Strocbel ;  “  Gleaning,”  by  P.  Sade6 ;  “A  Barber 
Shop  in  Cairo,”  by  W.  de  Famars  Testas;  and  “  Domestic 
Happiness,”  by  H.  Valkenberg. 

Belgium. 

The  Belgian  art  exhibit  in  Memorial  Hall  was  established  in 
a  little  room  on  the  east  of  the  north  entrance,  and  consisted  of 
statuary,  bronzes  and  figures  in  earth  and  plaster.  The  most 
conspicuous  of  these  was  a  life-size  group  in  marble  of  “A  Mother 
and  her  First  Child,”  by  Charles  Fraikin.  There  was  also  a 
fine  display  of  faience  ware. 

The  Belgian  paintings  occupied  three  galleries  in  the  annex. 
The  most  prominent  were  “Autumn  on  the  Meuse,”  by  A.  Assel- 
berg;  “Arias  Montanus  Visiting  the  Printing  Office  of  Plontyn 
at  Antwerp,”  by  Joseph  Bellemans ;  “  Borne,  from  the  Tiber 
near  the  Quay  of  Bipetta,”  by  Francis  Bossuet;  “Greve,  Coast 
of  Brittany,”  by  A.  Bouvicr ;  “  The  Church  of  St.  Fermo  at 
Verona,”  and  “The  Gate  of  Wertheim  in  the  Grand  Duchy 
of  Baden,”  by  Jacques  Carabain  ;  “  Dante  and  the  Young  Girls 
of  Florence,”  by  N.  De  Keyser ;  “  The  Sentinel  at  the  Gate  of 
the  Harem,”  by  George  de  St’.  Cyr,  a  pupil  of  Portaels;  “  The 
Old  Hermitage  of  St.  Hubert  at  Namur,”  by  George  Genisson; 
“Sunday  at  the  Convent,”  by  Franz  Meerts;  “A  Woman  of 
the  Boman  Campagna,”  and  “A  Young  Girl  of  the  Vicinity 
of  Borne,”  by  Xavier  Mellery;  “View  of  Saxenhausen,”  and 
the  “Dome  of  the  Invalides,”  by  Bobert  Mols;  “Scene  in 
Botterdam,”  by  Frangois  Musin  ;  “Burning  of  Buhla,  near 
Eisenach,  in  Thuringia,”  by  Ferdinand  Pauwels;  “The  De¬ 
ception,”  by  Jean  Portaels,  one  of  the  most  eminent  artists  of 


604 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


Belgium  ;  “  Interior  of  Hindeloopen,”  by  Peter  Sebes ;  “A 
Christian  Martyr  under  Diocletian,”  by  Ernest  Slingmeyer; 
“War”  and  “  Rodelta,”  by  Eugene  Smits;  “The  Bad  St. 
Martin,”  by  Charles  Soubre ;  “  The  Cave  of  Diomede,  an 
Episode  of  the  Destruction  of  Pompeii,”  by  Joseph  Stallaert; 
“  View  of  Dordrecht,  from  the  Meuse,”  and  “  The  House  of 
the  Confraternity  of  Archers,”  by  Francis  Stroobant ;  “  The 
Rhine,  between  Bonn  and  Coblentz,”  and  “  Posilipo,  near 
Naples,”  by  F.  R.  Unterberger;  “Desdemona,”  by  Jules  Van 
Kiersbilck;  “After  the  Rain,”  and  “Morning,”  by  Joseph  Van 
Luppen ;  “  The  Confederates  before  Margaret  of  Parma,”  and 
“A  Flemish  Woman  of  the  Sixteenth  Century,”  by  Professor 
Franz  Vinck ;  and  “The  Hotel  de  Ville  at  Alost,”  by  Gustave 
Walckiers. 

Denmark. 

The  Danish  collection  was  small,  and  shared  a  gallery  with 
Norway  in  the  annex.  The  principal  works  were  “  The  Dis¬ 
covery  of  Greenland  in  A.  d.  1000,”  and  “  Two  Greenland 
Pilots,”  by  J.  E.  C.  Rasmussen;  and  “A  Midsummer  Night 
under  Iceland’s  Rough  Weather,”  by  Wilhelm  Melby. 

Brazil. 

The  Brazilian  exhibit  was  not  large.  It  was  located  in  one 
of  the  eastern  galleries  of  the  annex.  Its  most  important  works 
were  the  large  paintings  representing  scenes  in  the  late  war  with 
Paraguay.  These  were  “The  Battle  of  Humaita;”  “The  De¬ 
fence  of  the  Island  of  Cabrito  by  the  Brazilian  Army  and 
Navy ;  ”  and  “  The  Naval  Battle  of  Riachuello.” 

Mexico. 

Mexico  had  a  part  of  a  gallery  in  the  annex.  Its  most  im¬ 
portant  paintings  were  “The  Valley  of  Mexico,”  by  Jos6  Ma 
Valesquez;  “Brother  Bartholomew  de  las  Casas”  and  “Gali¬ 
leo,”  by  Felix  Pavia ;  and  “  Donna  Isabel  of  Portugal,”  by 
Pelegrin  Clave. 

The  Photographic  Annex. 

The  space  in  Memorial  Hall  and  the  annex  being  taken  up. 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  ART  GALLERY. 


606 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


a  third  building  was  erected  for  the  exhibition  of  photographs* 
It  was  of  wood,  stuccoed,  and  was  situated  on  the  Avenue  of. 
the  Republic,  east  of  Memorial  Hall  and  north  of  the  Main 
Exhibition  Building.  It  contained  a  large  collection  of  fine 
photographs  from  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  Germany, 
Austria,  France,  Italy,  Russia,  Canada,  Denmark,  Sweden  and 
Mexico.  Many  of  these  were  views  of  the  scenery  of  the  coun¬ 
tries  to  which  they  belonged.  The  collection  may  not  have 
fairly  represented  the  progress  made  by  foreign  nations  in  the 
photographic  art,  but  such  as  it  was,  it  showed  the  United 
States  far  in  advance  of  all  the  competing  countries.  A  spe¬ 
cialty  of  the  American  display  was  the  series  of  splendid  views 
of  the  scenery  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

A  large  exhibit  was  also  made  of  photographic  apparatus  and 
material,  and  magic  lanterns  of  the  better  class. 


MARBLE  CLOCK,  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  AMERICAN  CLOCK  COMPANY. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 

Description  of  the  Building — The  Grounds — Exhibits  of  the  Various  Depart¬ 
ments  Outside  of  the  Building— The  Monitor  Turret — The  Great  Guns  of 
the  Army  and  Navy— The  Postal  Cars— The  Transit  of  Venus  Exhibit- 
Army  Trains — Disposition  of  Space  in  the  Hall — Exhibit  of  the  Post-Office 
Department — A  Model  Post-Office — The  Agricultural  Department — A  Fine 
Display — The  Interior  Department — Exhibit  of  the  Patent  Office — His¬ 
torical  Belies — A  Rich  Display  of  Indian  Curiosities — The  Educational 
Exhibit — The  Census — Photographs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  Terri¬ 
tories — A  Magnificent  Display  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution — The  Animals 
and  Fishes  of  the  United  States — The  Mineral  Collection — The  Treasury 
Exhibit — The  Light-House  and  Coast  Survey  Branches—' The  Navy  Depart¬ 
ment — A  Splendid  and  Complete  Display  of  the  Construction  and  Equip¬ 
ment  of  an  American  Man-of-War — The  Torpedo  Service — The  War  De¬ 
partment — Splendid  Exhibit  of  the  Signal  Service — The  Engineer  Corps 
and  its  Work — Making  Rifles  and  Cartridges  by  Machinery — The  Post 
Hospital — The  Laboratory — The  Light-House. 

EXT  in  size  and  importance  to  the  five  Exhibition  build¬ 
ings  already  described  was  the  edifice  erected  and  con¬ 
trolled  by  the  general  government  of  the  United  States. 

It  was  located  on  Belmont  avenue,  north  of  Machinery 
Hall,  from  which  it  was  separated  by  the  lake.  It  was 
constructed  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  with  offices  built  in  the  con¬ 
cavities  of  the  angles.  The  main  stem  of  the  cross,  or  nave  of 
the  building,  was  four  hundred  and  eighty  feet  long,  and  the 
arms,  or  transept,  three  hundred  and  forty  feet  long.  This  was 
clear  of  the  entrance,  which  protruded  ten  feet  farther  on  each 
end.  The  building  rose  to  a  height  of  two  stories  in  the  main 
portions  of  the  cross,  the  upper  story  having  for  its  sides  long 
rows  of  windows  which  acted  as  skylights  for  the  building. 
Spans  ran  clear  across  the  edifice,  supporting  the  roof  with  the 

607 


608  THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 

aid  of  rows  of  columns  built  along  the  main  aisle.  The  whole 
design,  while  very  strong,  had  the  appearance  of  lightness,  no 
heavy  work  being  visible  anywhere.  In  the  middle  of  the 
building,  in  the  centre  of  the  angles  of  the  cross,  was  a  dome 
surmounted  by  a  small  cupola,  and  this  again  by  a  flag-staff. 
The  dome  was  octagonal  in  shape,  and  lighted  all  around  with 
windows.  Around  it  on  the  offices  mentioned,  as  in  the  angles, 
were  four  smaller  domes  of  similar  design.  The  building  was 
placed  on  a  terrace  above  the  surrounding  grounds. 

The  outside  was  handsomely  painted,  the  prevailing  tints 


UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 


being  brown  and  wood-color.  The  lower  portion,  or  main 
body  of  the  structure,  had  a  stripe  of  red  at  the  top ;  beneath 
this  were  the  windows,  which  were  continuous  all  around. 
Then  came  a  broad  band  of  wood-color,  with  a  neat  yellow 
figure  placed  at  intervals  in  it ;  next  a  band  of  dark  red,  and 
then  the  lower  band  plain.  The  dome  was  of  wood-color,  and 
these,  with  the  black  composition  roof,  gave  a  subdued  but 
pleasing  effect  at  a  distance.  The  prevailing  color  inside  was 
wood-color,  all  the  lower  part  being  so  ;  but  it  was  relieved  by 
small  red  bands,  interspersed  with  neat  geometrical  figures. 
The  ceilings  of  both  the  building  and  dome  were  painted  a  dark 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


609 


blue.  The  main  feature,  however,  consisted  of  the  sides  of  the 
building,  which  were  divided  into  panels,  and  these  again  were 
subdivided  into  diamond  shape.  Each  panel  covered  much 
space,  and  in  the  centre  of  each  of  its  diamonds  or  lozenges  was 
painted  the  emblem  of  the  department  of  the  government  there 
represented.  The  Agricultural  Bureau  had  a  plow,  with  stalks 
of  corn  and  wheat  around  it ;  the  Interior  Department  had  a 
bow  and  arrows,  surmounted  by  a  tomahawk ;  the  Smithsonian 
Institute,  the  skull  of  an  animal,  encircled  with  a  wreath;  the 
Army,  by  the  lictor’s  rods  and  axe ;  the  Navy,  an  anchor  and 
cable ;  the  Treasury,  a  shield,  with  scales,  and  beneath  a  key ; 
and  the  Post-Office,  the  wings  of  Mercury,  a  telegraph  pole  and 
a  letter.  The  fisheries  were  recognized  by  a  writhing  fish 
impaled  with  a  trident.  These  designs  were  innumerable  and 
were  very  pretty. 

The  main  entrance  was  quite  handsome.  It  rose  to  a  peak, 
and  had  an  immense  window  and  circular  top.  Columns  stood 
on  each  side,  resting  on  large  pedestals.  In  the  columns  were 
panels,  and  on  these,  in  relief,  was  a  group  of  standards  crossed 
over  a  drum,  on  each  side  of  which  were  cannon  balls.  The 
doors  of  the  main  entrance  stood  out  from  the  building,  and 
were  fifteen  feet  high.  This  edifice  was  designed  for  the  exhi¬ 
bition  of  the  resources  of  the  United  States  as  a  war-power  and 
its  internal  resources  in  time  of  peace. 

The  grounds  around  the  building  were  handsomely  laid 
off.  The  space  immediately  adjoining  the  edifice  was  occu¬ 
pied  with  a  display  of  heavy  ordnance  and  other  objects  too 
large  for  exhibition  within  the  building. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  building  was  a  sample  monitor  turret, 
such  as  is  used  in  the  iron-clad  monitors  of  the  United  States 
navy.  It  was  constructed  of  wood,  and  was  a  clever  imitation 
of  iron.  It  contained  two  formidable  fifteen-inch  guns,  and  was 
provided  with  every  detail  necessary  to  the  showing  of  its  prac¬ 
tical  workings.  The  turret  was  exhibited  by  the  Navy  Depart¬ 
ment,  which  also  displayed  a  formidable  battery  of  ship  and 
boat  guns  of  all  sizes  and  patterns,  of  brass  and  iron.  Each  one 
was  mounted  and  equipped  as  when  in  active  service,  and  was 
39 


610 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


accompanied  with  a  number  of  the  specimens  of  shot  and 
shell  used  with  it.  These  guns  occupied  the  space  to  the  south 
of  the  building.  Here  also  the  Navy  Department  exhibited  the 
boat  “  Faith,”  which  was  used  by  the  first  Grinnell  Arctic  Ex¬ 
pedition  under  Lieutenant  De  Haven,  and  the  second  Grin¬ 
nell  expedition  under  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane.  This  was  one  of  the 
three  boats  in  which  Kane,  in  1858,  upon  abandoning  the 
“Advance,”  pushed  with  the  survivors  and  stores  of  the  expedi¬ 
tion  eighty  miles  over  ice  to  the  open  sea,  and  thence  nearly 
1000  miles  to  Disco.  It  was  brought  home  by  Captain  Hart- 
sene,  United  States  navy. 

Here  also  was  the  boat  made  out  of  the  wreck  of  the  “  Polaris,” 
in  which  a  part  of  her  crew  escaped  in  June,  1872,  and  in  which 
they  were  picked  up  by  the  Scotch  whaler  “Ravenscraig,”  after 
their  long  and  perilous  voyage  in  it. 

Near  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  building  the  Post-Office 
Department  exhibited  two  postal  cars,  one  of  the  style  used  by 
the  New  York  Central,  the  other  the  car  used  by  the  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  Railroad.  These  showed  the  style  of  car  used  by  the 
great  trunk  roads  of  the  Union  for  the  fast  mail  service,  and 
illustrated  the  entire  method  of  assorting,  receiving  and  deliv¬ 
ering  the  mails  while  the  train  is  in  motion.  The  cars  rested 
upon  a  section  of  railroad  track  laid  in  the  most  careful  manner, 
and  heavily  ballasted  with  stone.  This  was  a  special  exhibit 
made  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  and  was  designed  as  a 
specimen  of  its  own  track,  and  to  show  what  a  well-built  road 
should  be. 

To  the  westward  of  the  postal-cars  the  Navy  Department  ex¬ 
hibited  the  frame  buildings  and  instruments  used  by  the  Amer¬ 
ican  expedition  in  the  observation  of  the  transit  of  Venus, 
December  8,  9,  1874. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  building  the  engineer  section  of  the 
War  Department  made  an  interesting  exhibit  of  a  bridge  train, 
with  pontoons,  wagons,  etc,,  and  a  large  display  of  army  wagons 
was  made  by  the  quartermaster’s  branch  of  the  service.  On  the 
east  side  of  the  building  the  War  Department  exhibited  its 
heavy  ordnance.  Here  were  a  huge  ten-inch  Woodbridge  rifle 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


611 


gun,  which  used  a  charge  of  seventy  pounds  of  powder  with  a 
four  hundred  pound  ball,  and  a  twelve-inch  Thompson  rifle, 
weighing  84,280  pounds,  firing  a  six  hundred  pound  shot,  for 
which  one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  of  powder  were  used. 
The  latter  was  a  breech-loader,  and  one  of  the  most  interesting 
guns  in  the  exhibition.  Close  by  was  a  thirteen-inch  sea-coast 
mortar,  which  used  a  two  hundred  pound  shell.  A  Sutcliff 
rifle  breech-loading  gun  was  also  shown.  It  used  a  two  hun¬ 
dred  and  thirty  pound  shot  and  forty-five  pounds  of  powder. 
The  most  formidable  gun  in  the  collection  was  the  twenty-inch 
Rodman,  which  was  a  muzzle-loader,  and  fired  a  one  thousand 
and  eighty  pound  ball,  with  a  charge  of  two  hundred  pounds 
of  powder. 

At  the  northeast  corner  of  the  building  were  two  vertical 
engines  which  supplied  the  motive  power  for  the  machinery 
within  the  hall. 

The  cost  of  the  building  and  of  the  display  of  the  articles  it 
contained  was  provided  for  by  an  appropriation  by  Congress 
on  the  3d  of  March,  1875.  The  amount  appropriated  was 
$505,000,  and  it  was  expressly  provided  that  not  more  than 
$150,000  should  be  expended  in  the  construction  of  the  build¬ 
ing.  The  actual  cost  of  the  edifice  was  $110,000.  The  floor 
space  was  divided  among  the  various  departments  as  follows : 


To  the  War  Department . 11,200 

To  the  Navy  Department . 10,400 

To  the  Interior  Department . 20,600 

To  the  Treasury  Department . 3,000 

To  the  Post-Office  Department . 3,800 

To  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  including  the  Fish  Commission.. .  .26,600 
To  the  Agricultural  Department .  6,000 

Total . 81,600 


The  main  body  of  the  building  and  its  transept  were  traversed 
centrally  by  walks,  which  crossed  in  the  centre  under  the 
rotunda,  or  lantern  crossing  the  intersection.  The  principal 
arm  of  the  cross  consisted  of  three  aisles,  which  had  side-lights 
beneath  the  eaves,  the  central  aisle  rising  above  the  side  aisles 
and  having  ventilators  at  the  comb.  The  transept  had  but  a 
single  aisle. 


612 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  interior  of  the  building  was  one  of  the  handsomest  and 
most  attractive  of  the  great  halls  of  the  Exhibition.  It  was 
tastefully  painted,  as  has  been  said,  and  was  gayly  decorated 
with  flags  and  streamers,  draped  and  festooned  overhead. 

The  Post-Office  Department. 

Commencing  our  tour  of  exploration  at  the  south  door,  we 
gave  our  attention  first  to  the  Post-Office  Department,  which 
occupied  a  portion  of  the  southeastern  section  of  the  building. 
It  lay  east  of  the  transept,  but  did  not  reach  quite  to  the  nave 
of  the  building. 

The  principal  portion  was  taken  up  with  the  Post-office  of  the 
Centennial  Exhibition.  It  was  constructed  of  black  walnut  and 
plate  glass,  and  was  fitted  up  in  the  handsomest  style.  All 
letters  for  the  army  of  exhibitors  and  employes  engaged  within 
the  grounds  were  received  and  delivered  from  this  office.  There 
was  a  system  of  lock-boxes,  a  general  delivery  and  a  carrier’s 
department,  each  of  which  was  designed  as  a  specimen  of  this 
branch  of  the  service.  Money  orders,  both  domestic  and  foreign, 
were  issued  and  paid  here,  and  there  was  also  a  department  of 
registered  letters.  The  office  was  a  branch  of  the  Philadelphia 
post-office,  and  was  in  charge  of  Postmaster  Fairman  and 
a  special  force  of  clerks.  The  government  provided  a  special 
stamped  envelope,  which  might  be  purchased  here  as  a  souvenir 
of  the  Exhibition,  and  which  was  good  for  postage  all  over  the 
Union. 

The  railway  mail  service  was  shown  by  the  postal  cars  without 
the  building,  to  which  we  have  alluded,  and  by  small  models 
inside  the  building. 

The  Topographical  Division  exhibited  a  series  of  splendid 
railway  and  general  postal  route  maps,  and  maps  showing  the 
location  of  the  money  order  offices. 

The  Division  of  Boohs  and  Blanks  exhibited  specimens  of  all 
the  books,  blanks,  etc.,  letter  scales,  marking  and  rating  stamps 
used  by  the  department. 

The  Mail  Equipment  Division  exhibited  leather  pouches  for 
letter  mails,  canvas  bags  for  printed  and  miscellaneous  matter; 


OF  TIIE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


613 


also  registered  letter  mail  bags,  mail  locks  of  the  pattern  now 
in  use,  and  those  which  were  formerly  used  but  have  been 
thrown  aside  by  the  department. 

From  the  Stamps ,  Stamped  Envelope  and  Postal  Car'd  DS 
vision  we  had  a  complete  exhibit  of  all  the  stamps,  stamped 
envelopes  and  postal  cards  ever  used  by  the  department,  and 
specimens  of  registered  letter  envelopes  and  post-office  official 
envelopes  now  in  use.  Here  also  was  a  machine  in  operation 
which  cut,  folded,  stamped,  gummed  and  counted  stamped  en¬ 
velopes,  taking  the  paper  in  rolls  and  turning  it  out  in  packs  of 
completed  and  stamped  envelopes ;  and  another  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  postal  cards. 

Around  the  walls  of  the  space  occupied  by  the  Post-Office 
Department  were  hung  portraits  of  the  postmasters-general  of 
the  various  periods  of  our  history ;  and  in  a  glass  case  was  ex¬ 
hibited  the  ledger  used  by  Benjamin  Franklin  while  post¬ 
master-general  of  the  North  American  colonies. 

The  Agricultural  Department. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Agricultural  Department  was  large  and 
exhaustive,  and  was  made  mainly  in  handsome  glass  show-cases 
of  large  size. 

The  Statistical  Division  exhibited  large  outline  maps  of  the 
United  States,  showing  forest  areas ;  the  extent  and  value  of 
farming  lands,  and  amount  of  production,  by  counties;  charts 
and  diagrams  showing  the  amount  of  special  products,  by  sec¬ 
tions,  and  statistics  of  farm  animals,  and  other  matters  relating 
to  the  agricultural  industries  of  the  country.  These  maps  were 
divided  into  spaces  of  differents  sizes  and  colors,  which  were 
arranged  and  numbered  with  reference  to  a  carefully  adjusted 
schedule  printed  in  one  corner  of  each  map. 

The  Chemical  Division  exhibited  specimens  of  soils  arranged 
in  the  order  “of  their  geological  formation,  comprising  marls, 
calcareous  earths,  green  sand  and  phosphatic  marls.  Then 
came  phosphatic  rocks,  animal  and  vegetable  fertilizers,  and  a 
combination  of  the  three  in  a  manufactured  state.  The  next 
feature,  the  utilization  of  vegetable  products,  was  illustrated  by 


614 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


means  of  specimens,  beginning  with  the  product  in  its  natural 
state  and  proceeding  through  the  various  stages  of  manufacture 
to  the  finished  article.  It  comprised  the  manufacture  of  flour, 
meal  and  starch  from  cereals ;  of  sugar  from  cane,  beet-root, 
maple  and  sorghum,  and  exhibited  models  of  the  machinery 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  these.  The  fermentation  was  shown 
of  starchy  substances  from  which  beer,  ale  and  porter  are  made, 
and  also  the  distillation  of  whiskey.  A  model  still  and  plans 
of  notable  American  distilleries  were  exhibited.  Then  were  seen 
the  fermentation  and  distillation  of  sugar,  molasses  and  fruits, 
resulting  in  a  complete  set  of  samples  of  American  wines,  these 
in  turn  being  distilled  and  converted  into  brandy.  Following 
up  the  systematically  arranged  display,  the  visitor  witnessed  the 
preservation  of  fruits  and  vegetables  by  hermetically  sealing  in 
glass  or  tin,  packing  in  sugar  and  syrup,  or  desiccation ;  the 
manufacture  with  the  assistance  of  leaves,  barks,  herbs  and 
roots,  of  concentrated  extracts  from  hemlock  or  oak  ;  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  dye-stuffs  ;  the  distillation  of  dry  wood  by  heating  in 
closed  retorts,  free  from  air ;  the  manufacture  of  pyroligneous 
acids,  acetate  of  lead  and  other  acetates  used  as  mordants  in  the 
process  of  dyeing;  the  manufacture  of  linen,  cotton  and  woollen 
goods,  paper,  tobacco  and  snuff ;  of  vegetable  oils,  and  from 
these  in  turn  of  fancy  soap,  and  also  of  the  eighteen  different 
essential  oils  that  comprise  the  whole  number  manufactured  in 
this  country.  Then  followed  an  illustration  of  the  manufacture 
of  butter  and  cheese ;  a  specimen  of  phosphate  rock  from  South 
Carolina,  weighing  1150  pounds,  and  a  display  of  materia 
medica,  separated  either  in  the  crystalline  form,  the  oil  or  the 
resin  from  the  active  proximate  principle.” 

The  Botanical  Division  was  perhaps  the  richest  and  most 
complete  in  the  department.  The  display  of  the  wood  growth 
of  the  country  was  exhaustive.  At  the  foot  of  the  cases  stood 
many  hundred  sections  of  logs,  overhead  in  the  case  being 
specimens  of  the  foliage  of  their  respective  trees.  Next  to 
Horticultural  Hall  and  grounds  this  spot  afforded  the  botanist 
the  greatest  delight  which  the  Centennial  could  give  him.  From 
the  sub-tropical  growth  of  the  Gulf  and  Southwestern  States  up 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


615 


to  the  hardy  coniferse  of  Maine  and  the  Northwest  there  was 
not  a  tree  of  importance  which  was  not  here  represented.  The 
patience  of  the  curious  was  sorely  taxed  in  counting  the  rings 
of  old  stagers  that  had  reached  the  hey-day  of  their  growth  two 
hundred  years  before  Columbus  first  saw  Guanahani,  and  of 
some  that  had  doubtless  sheltered  weary  aborigines  while  Louis 
of  France  was  battling  for  the  cross  in  Palestine.  Most  of 
these  interesting  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  mountains,  in  California.  The  principal  of  those  of 
which  accurate  statistics  can  be  given  were  as  follows :  one  of  a 
sugar  pine,  175  feet  high  and  27  feet  in  circumference  at  the 
base,  and  588  years  old,  the  section  having  been  made  at  a 
diameter  of  7  feet  2  inches;  one  of  a  soft,  white  pine,  130  feet 
high,  25  feet  in  circumference  at  the  base,  and  510  years  old, 
the  section  having  been  made  at  a  diameter  of  6  feet  6  inches, 
and  one  of  a  red  silver  fir,  162  feet  high,  30  feet  in  diameter  at 
the  base,  tapering  for  100  feet  before  the  first  branch  was 
reached,  and  392  years  old.  All  these  grew  on  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  There  was  also  one  of  a  twisted  pine  from  the  Rocky 
mountains,  123  feet  high,  22  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and 
297  years  old.  A  curious  exhibit  for  most  folks  in  the  Middle 
States  was  that  of  the  many  varieties  of  native  oak  and  the  re¬ 
markable  want  of  resemblance  among  them  in  regard  to  foliage, 
the  tan-bark  oak  of  California,  for  instance,  having  velvety, 
willow-shaped  leaves,  while  those  of  the  black-jack  oak  of  the 
Southern  Atlantic  States  were  bell-shaped.  In  the  grain  of  the 
wood,  also,  the  same  wide  divergency  existed.  While  the 
canon  live  oak  of  the  Southwest  had  a  smooth  bark  and  fine 
grain,  the  post  oak  of  this  region  was  rugged  both  in  bark  and 
grain. 

The  Microscopical  Division  exhibited  a  series  of  water-color 
drawings  representing  the  family  of  cryptogamia,  with  magni¬ 
fied  spores,  showing  the  several  stages  of  the  various  diseases  to 
which  they  are  subject;  also  preparations  illustrating  the 
characteristics  of  poisonous  and  edible  mushrooms  common  to 
the  United  States;  illustrations  displaying  the  varied  character 
of  the  starch  granules  of  plants;  drawings  and  illustrations 


616 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


explaining  the  method  of  distinguishing  vegetable  and  animal 
fibres,  their  kind  and  quality ;  drawings  displaying  vegetable 
and  animal  cellulose  and  starches,  and  illustrating  methods  of 
detecting  them  in  organizations. 

The  Entomological  Division  contained  collections  of  models 
of  the  fruits  and  vegetables  of  the  United  States;  stuffed 
specimens  of  birds,  beneficial  and  injurious  to  farmers  and 
orchardists;  stuffed  specimens  of  the  various  types  of  poultry  of 
this  country  ;  a  collection  of  the  grains  and  cereals  of  the  Union ; 
a  collection  of  the  textile  fabrics  of  the  United  States,  with 
specimens  of  their  manufacture;  specimens  of  tobacco  from  dif¬ 
ferent  tobacco-producing  sections  of  the  United  States ;  and  a 
mounted  collection  of  beneficial  and  injurious  insects. 

The  Horticultural  Division  exhibited  specimens  of  economic 
and  utilizable  plants,  showing  methods  of  growth,  culture,  etc., 
grapes,  cotton,  tobacco,  flax,  broom  corn,  jute,  corn,  sorghum, 
yucca  fibres,  etc. 

The  Interior  Department. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Interior  Department  occupied  the  south¬ 
west  section  of  the  building,  and  was  large  and  interesting. 
The  most  of  the  articles  were  shown  in  glass  cases. 

The  Patent  Office. — The  display  made  by  this,  the  oldest  and 
best  known  branch  of  the  Interior  Department,  was  large  and 
exceedingly  interesting.  First  of  all  were  shown  the  publica¬ 
tions  of  the  office,  consisting  of  the  annual  reports,  official  gaz¬ 
ette;  index  to  patents,  general  and  yearly;  volumes  of  patents, 
monthly  and  weekly  ;  decisions  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents ; 
mechanical  dictionary,  and  official  classification. 

A  selected  series  of  60,000  drawings  of  models,  and  a  selected 
series  of  5000  models,  all  carefully  chosen  from  the  vast  collec¬ 
tions  of  the  Patent  Office,  were  shown  to  serve  in  illustration  of 
the  work  of  the  office.  They  embraced  the  following  classes : 
agriculture,  harvesters,  mills  and  presses,  architecture,  civil 
engineering,  railways,  navigation,  metallurgy,  metal-working, 
wood-working,  steam,  hydraulics,  pneumatics,  mechanical  move¬ 
ments,  hoisting,  horse-powers,  journals  and  bearings,  vehicles, 
fire-arms,  textile,  printing  and  stationery,  stone,  clay,  glass, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


617 


leather,  light,  heat,  electricity,  household,  chemistry,  gas,  ice,  and 
fine  arts.  Extending  over  so  wide  a  range  these  models  afforded 
a  fair  showing  of  the  ingenuity  and  success  of  our  country  in  the 
inventive  arts,  and  furnished  food  for  months  of  study.  The 
exhibit  was  admirably  classified,  and  if  a  man  wanted  to  find  a 
model  of  a  certain  stove,  he  had  only  to  look  in  the  division  of 
heat;  if  he  wanted  to  find  a  certain  reaper,  he  would  find  it  in 
the  division  of  agriculture ;  and  so  on  throughout  the  list. 

The  National  Museum  made  a  deeply  interesting  exhibit  of  a 
case  filled  with  relics  of  the  illustrious  Father  of  his  Country. 
They  consisted  of  the  camp  equipage  and  other  articles  used  by 
General  Washington  during  the  Revolution.  They  were  just 
as  he  left  them  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  were  given  to  the 
general  government  for  safe-keeping  after  his  death.  Here 
were  the  tents  which  constituted  the  head-quarters  in  the  field 
of  the  great  soldier.  Every  cord,  every  button  and  tent-pin 
was  in  its  place,  for  he  was  careful  of  little  things.  His  blan¬ 
kets,  the  bed-curtain  worked  for  him  by  his  wife,  and  his  win¬ 
dow-curtain  were  all  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation.  The 
chairs  were  in  perfect  order,  not  a  round  being  broken  ;  and  the 
little  square  mirror  in  his  dressing-case  was  not  even  cracked. 
The  washstand  and  table  were  also  well  kept.  His  knife-case 
was  filled  with  plain,  horn-handle  knives  and  forks,  which  were 
deemed  u  good  enough  for  him;”  and  his  mess-chest  was  a 
curiosity.  It  was  a  plain  wooden  trunk  covered  with  leather, 
with  a  common  lock,  the  hasp  of  which  was  broken.  It  was 
divided  by  thin  partitions  of  wood  into  the  necessary  compart¬ 
ments,  which  were  filled  with  bottles  still  stained  with  the 
liquids  they  once  held,  tin  plates,  common  knives  and  forks, 
and  other  articles  pertaining  to  such  an  establishment.  His 
cooking  utensils,  bellows,  andirons,  and  money  chest,  all  of 
which  went  with  him  from  Boston  to  Yorktown,  were  in  this 
case.  Here  also  hung  the  suit  of  clothes  worn  by  him  upon  the 
occasion  of  his  resignation  of  his  commission  at  Annapolis,  in 
1783,  and  here  was  the  commission  which  he  gave  back  to 
Congress,  when  he  had  completed  his  great  work.  A  hall  lan¬ 
tern  and  several  articles  from  Mount  Vernon,  a  “  travelling 


618 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


secretary,”  Washington’s  sword  and  cane,  and  a  surveyor’s  com¬ 
pass,  presented  by  him  to  Captain  Samuel  Duvall,  the  surveyor 
of  Frederick  county,  Maryland,  were  in  the  same  case. 

This  collection  included,  also,  the  coat  worn  by  Andrew 
Jackson  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  and  thp  war-saddle  of  the 
Baron  de  Kalb;  a  bayonet  used  by  one  of  Braddock’s  soldiers, 
and  found  upon  the  fatal  field  of  the  Monongahela ;  panels  of 
the  state  coach  of  President  Washington;  two  splendidly  orna¬ 
mented  muskets  presented  to  President  Jefferson  by  the  Emperor 
of  Morocco ;  a  copy  of  the  medal  awarded  by  Congress  to  the 
captors  of  Major  Andre ;  a  number  of  splendid  sabres  presented 
to  officials  of  the  United  States  navy  by  Ali  Pacha  and  other 
eastern  sovereigns,  and  a  model  of  an  invention  for  lifting  steam¬ 
boats  over  the  sand-bars  of  western  rivers,  designed  by  Abraham 
Lincoln  in  1849.  Had  Mr.  Lincoln,  then  an  obscure  Western 
lawyer,  succeeded  with  this  invention,  it  would  have  made  him 
independently  wealthy.  It  failed,  however,  and  twelve  years 
later  he  became  President  of  the  United  States.  During  the 
interval  the  model  lay  forgotten  in  the  Patent  Office ;  but  after 
his  inauguration  President  Lincoln  got  one  of  the  employes  of 
the  office  to  find  it  for  him.  After  his  assassination  it  was 
placed  in  the  case  containing  the  Washington  relics. 

The  Pension  Office  exhibited  its  annual  reports,  and  the 
statistics  of  its  operations,  together  with  some  collections  of 
historical  interest  relating  to  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

The  General  Land  Office  exhibited  its  annual  reports,  vol¬ 
umes  of  the  laws  of  Congress  relating  to  the  public  lands, 
digests  of  the  decisions  of  the  Commissioner,  and  other  docu¬ 
ments.  It  displayed  also  maps,  charts,  and  atlas  of  surveys, 
miscellaneous  collections,  and  instruments  and  processes  em¬ 
ployed  in  the  land  survey. 

The  Indian  Office  made  the  largest  and  most  interesting 
exhibit  in  this  section  of  the  building.  It  embraced  the  reports 
and  other  publications  of  the  office,  maps  of  the  Indian  Reser¬ 
vations,  photographs  and  paintings  of  the  Indians,  their  mode 
of  life,  habits,  etc.,  costumes  of  males  and  females,  weapons  of 
war,  models  of  wigwams,  tents,  canoes,  domestic  utensils,  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


619 


specimens  of  the  arts  and  manufactures  of  the  tribes.  Captain 
Jack,  Split  Oak,  Dull  Hatchet,  Clumsy  Moccasin  and  other 
famous  or  obscure  Indian  braves  were  here  in  all  the  glory  of 
life-size  papier-mach6  and  stuffing,  streaked  on  the  face  with 
red  paint,  and  wearing  the  head-dress  of  feathers. 

Some  of  them  appeared  to  take  pains  in  displaying  their  neck¬ 
laces  of  grizzly  bears’  claws,  others  their  belts  full  of  dangling 
scalps,  and  still  a  third  number  deerskin  tunics  and  breeches, 
and  a  lavish  decoration  of  bead  and  shell  work.  Sheet  Light¬ 
ning  wore  a  remarkable  set  of  ear-drops  which,  if  somewhat 
decreased  in  avoirdupois,  would  make  first-rate  car-couplings  or 
thunder-bolts;  and  Iron  Breast  gazed  grimly  from  behind  a 
beaded  sash  of  many  colors  that  girded  a  puny  trunk,  a  l’Empe- 
reur,  from  shoulder  to  waist,  on  the  opposite  side.  The  squaws 
of  the  Californian  braves  stood  patient-looking  and  ready  to  hew 
down  trees  or  turn  up  an  acre  or  two  of  wild  land  with  a  rude 
spade-shaped  piece  of  rock,  while  the  lords  and  masters  squatted 
away  in  the  huts,  effecting  a  chemical  change  in  tobacco.  These 
copper-hued  matrons,  and  also  the  unmarried  belles,  won  the 
admiration  of  the  warriors  with  necklaces  of  dried  grass,  aprons 
of  braided  grass,  and  short  gowns  of  milk-weed  fibre,  some  of 
the  matrons  adding  to  their  embellishments  the  pappoose  basket. 

The  little,  puckered-mouthed,  pug-nosed  Esquimaux,  with 
his  slight  sprinkling  of  a  moustache  and  “goat,”  wras  also 
exhibited.  Arm-in-arm  with  him,  and  still  more  diminutive 
than  himself,  was  his  wife.  Both  were  dressed  in  the  white 
bear-skin  garment,  which  was  hood  and  coat  combined.  With 
the  exception  of  their  faces  there  was  between  every  portion  of 
their  bodies  and  the  outside  air  a  thickness  of  several  inches  of 
non-conducting  substance. 

Proceeding  along  the  passages  bounded  on  both  sides  by  glass 
show-cases  the  visitor  saw  in  the  latter  vessels  of  plaited  willow, 
resembling  baskets,  but  having  the  interstices  filled  with  cement, 
so  as  to  hold  water,  arrow-heads  varying  in  size  from  the  bulk 
of  a  three-cent  silver  piece  to  half  that  of  a  man’s  hand,  made  of 
copper,  sand-stone,  flint,  iron  or  stones  of  pretty  colors,  and 
bows  and  arrows  of  sizes  differing  to  suit  all,  from  the  little, 


620 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


naked,  prospective  warrior,  who  is  made  to  practise  against  a 
target,  up  to  the  veteran  over  the  door  of  whose  tent  hung  the 
scalps  of  four-score  pale  faces. 

There  was  no  lack  of  baskets  and  cradles  of  willow,  in  which 
kicked  and  squalled  many  a  hard-knocked  pappoose.  The 
medicine  man’s  rattle  was  also  shown.  With  this  magic  appa¬ 
ratus  the  red-skinned  physician  rattles  the  demon  of  sickness  or 
that  raw  head  and  bloody  bones,  known  as  the  “  blues  ”  (a  thing 
the  red  man  often  gets),  out  of  patient  and  out  of  camp.  It 
sometimes  happens,  however,  that  the  rattle  proves  inefficacious, 
but  this  signifies  that  the  patient  is  loathsome  in  the  eyes  of  the 
Great  Spirit,  and  not  that  the  medicine  man  is  a  hoax. 

Passing  by  the  innumerable  wooden  mush-sticks,  iron  war- 
knives,  wooden  war-clubs  and  stone  spear-heads,  the  visitor 
came  to  a  model  of  a  portion  of  an  ancient  cave  ruin  on  the 
Rfo  de  Chelly,  in  Arizona ;  also  a  model  of  an  ancient  cave  town 
on  the  same  river,  and  near  the  same  place  as  the  former.  These 
models  were  in  natural  tints,  and  the  crumbling  walls  seen  within 
the  spacious  cave  were  not  yet  so  far  gone  as  to  prevent  one  from 
observing  the  stamp  of  a  prehistoric  and  high  civilization.  The 
cliff  ruin,  on  the  Rio  Mancos,  Colorado,  was  also  represented  by 
a  model,  and  belonged  to  the  same  school  as  the  preceding. 
There  was,  besides,  a  collection  of  broken  pottery,  arrow  and 
spear-heads,  fancy  articles  of  bone,  inlaid  with  shell,  and  other 
specimens — all  taken  from  these  ruins.  Then  came  a  long  array 
of  articles  of  bone-smoothing  tools,  wedges,  perforators,  harpoon 
heads,  fifes  and  whistles.  The  objects  of  stone  were  innumera¬ 
ble,  and  comprised  pestles  and  mortars;  a  Mexican  calendar, 
which  was  a  circular  object,  about  a  foot  in  diameter,  marked 
with  concentric  circles  enclosing  strange  symbols,  and  used  by 
the  Aztecs  pretty  much  as  a  Yankee  uses  his  almanac ;  grooved 
axes,  hammer  stones,  leaf-shaped  implements,  digging  tools, 
hatchet  stones,  chisels,  gouges,  adzes,  scraper-like  and  spade-like 
implements,  net-sinkers,  grind-stones,  etc.  Articles  made  of 
copper  or  shells  were  equally  numerous.  Tobacco  pipes  of  stone 
or  clay,  and  in  the  shape  of  dogs,  cats,  buffaloes,  rattlesnakes, 
fairies  or  hobgoblins,  filled  several  cases.  There  were  fiendish- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


621 


looking  little  household  gods  made  of  bone,  inlaid  with  shell, 
manufactured  by  Alaskan  Indians,  and  knives,  spoons,  forks, 
etc.,  excellently  carved  from  bone  by  the  Nushergak  Indians  of 
that  Territory  and  by  the  Innuit  Esquimaux.  A  curious  feature 
was  a  reduced  copy  of  a  co.lossal  carving  at  Fort  Simpson,  B.  C., 
representing  the  body  and  outspread  wings  of  a  bird  with  the 
head  of  a  dog.  The  Indian  tradition  is  that  this  was  the  sacred 
bird  which  brought  over  their  ancestors  from  Asia.  Copies  of 
the  sacred  bird  are  found  in  various  forms  all  through  Alaska. 
Having  passed  through  all  these  and  the  great  number  of  dishes 
and  trays  of  carved  wood,  those  executed  by  the  Indians  of  Sitka 
island  being  of  especial  merit,  the  visitor  entered  into  an  examina- 


“  DUG-OUT”  FROM  BRITISH  COLUMBIA,  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 


tion  of  the  methods  pursued  in  and  the  work  accomplished  by 
the  Indian  schools,  which  was  deeply  interesting. 

In  the  nave,  between  the  sections  of  the  Interior  Depart¬ 
ment  and  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  was  an  immense  canoe 
dug  out  of  a  single  log  of  wood  by  the  Indians  of  Vancouver’s 
island.  It  was  sixty  feet  in  length,  with  a  breadth  of  beam  of 
eight  feet. 

Here  also  were  two  large  “  totem  posts,”  from  the  Pacific 
coast.  These  posts  are  common  among  the  Indian  tribes  of 
that  region.  To  the  uninformed,  these  “  totem  posts”  look 
like  rude  idols  of  wood,  reared  in  front  of  and  towering  high 
above  the  houses  of  the  natives,  but  in  reality  they  are  nothing 
but  a  sort  of  illustrated  pedigree  or  family  tree,  or,  more 


622 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


simply,  “name  posts.”  The  Indian,  when  he  takes  a  name 
for  himself,  from  some  real  or  supposed  feature  in  his  charac¬ 
ter,  such  as  “  The  Dove,”  “  The  Shark,”  is  accustomed  to 
tattoo  the  rude  figure  of  the  animal  suggested  by  his  name 
upon  his  arm  or  breast.  The  Northwest  Coast  Indians  still 
further  illustrate  their  names  and  family 
history  by  erecting  in  front  of  their  houses 
tall  posts  of  cedar,  cut  into  combinations  of 
human  and  animal  forms.  Each  of  these 
representations  illustrates  a  generation  in 
the  pedigree  of  the  owner.  These  posts  are 
not  worshipped,  though  they  are  supposed 
by  the  Indians  to  exercise  a  protecting  in¬ 
fluence  over  their  houses. 

The  Education  Office  was  in  charge  of  its 
Commissioner,  General  John  Eaton.  It 
made  an  interesting  exhibit  of  models  of 
country  and  town  school-houses  of  the  past 
and  present  times,  and  college  buildings; 
specimens  of  school  furniture  and  apparatus; 
a  collection  of  school  text  books,  showing  the 
progress  made  in  these  works  from  those 
used  at  the  opening  of  the  century  to  those 
in  use  to-day;  catalogues  of  colleges,  schools, 
^nd  charitable  and  benevolent  institutions ; 
statistics  of  education  in  the  United  States; 
the  reports  and  publications  of  the  office; 
and  a  number  of  other  matters  of  interest 
qcf.fx  cHARi/mr.  islands,  connected  with  the  progress  and  present 
in  the  united  states  gov-  condition  of  the  educational  systems  of  this 

ERNMENT  BUILDING.  ,  , .  .  . 

and  other  countries. 

The  Census  Office  exhibited  a  complete  set  of  the  Decennial 
censuses  of  the  United  States  from  1790  to  1870,  with  the 
“  Statistical  Atlas  of  1870.” 

The  Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories  was 
shown  by  the  reports  and  bulletins  of  the  various  expeditions, 
topographical  and  geographical  atlases,  wall  maps  and  charts, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


623 


panoramic  photographs,  paintings,  etc.  The  windows  in  this 
section  of  the  hall  were  filled  with  photographs  of  the  scenery 
and  geological  formations  of  the  vast  region  between  the  Rocky 
and  Sierra  Nevada  mountains.  The  geological  formation  of 
noted  peaks,  plateaux,  and  valleys  of  this  region  was  shown  by 
means  of  topographical  plaster  work,  variously  colored,  the 
colors  being  numbered  with  reference  to  an  explanatory  sched¬ 
ule.  There  were  also  models  of  the  present  condition  of  the 
ancient  cliff  habitations  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico,  and  models  of  the  same  restored. 


VIEW  OF  SECTION  OF  FISH  EXHIBIT,  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 


The  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Commission  on  American 
Food  Fishes. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  was  full  of  inter¬ 
est  to  the  ordinary  sight-seer,  as  well  as  to  the  scholar.  The 
publications  of  the  institution,  its  contribution  to  general  knowl¬ 
edge,  and  its  method  of  exchange  with  foreign  institutions  were 
shown. 

Then  followed  an  exhibit  of  the  Collection  to  Illustrate  the 
Animal  Resources  of  the  United  States.  This  was  very  complete, 
and  was  in  charge  of  Mr.  G.  Browne  Goode.  The  exhibit  was 
divided  into  four  sections.  The  first  section  included  North 
American  animals  which  are  directly  beneficial  or  injurious  to 
man.  The  species  which  supply  food,  clothing,  shelter,  imple- 


624 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


merits,  materials,  or  amusement,  were  classed  as  useful,  while 
those  which  endanger  the  life  or  personal  comfort  of  man,  or 
destroy  those  animals  or  plants  which  are  of  direct  benefit  to 
him,  were  considered  injurious.  The  most  prominent  group  in 
this  section  was  a  collection  of  pennepedia,  such  as  fur-seals,  sea- 
lions,  hair-seals,  hood-seals,  sea-elephants  and  walrus. 

There  were  two  specimens  of  stuffed  walrus  exhibited,  one 
from  the  North  Atlantic  and  one  from  the  North  Pacific.  The 
last  mentioned  was  one  of  the  most  striking  objects  in  the  col¬ 
lection,  as  it.  was  fully  fifteen  feet  in  length  and  possessed  of 
hard,  strong  horns,  almost  two  feet  long.  Its  fur  was  of  a  soft 
dark  brown,  which  contrasted  strangely  with  its  ferocious  ap¬ 
pearance.  A  harp  seal  exhibited  near  was  equally  ugly,  while 
the  monster  sea-lion  stood  with  lionine  head  and  body  erect, 
looking  for  all  the  world  like  some  king  of  the  forest  suddenly 
turned  into  a  lion-mermaid  or  merman.  The  fur-seals  were  all 
beautiful  creatures,  gracefully  proportioned  and  clothed  with 
the  soft,  rich,  brown  fur  which  gives  them  so  great  a  commer¬ 
cial  value.  Near  this  collection  was  a  group  of  fissipedia,  such 
as  bears,  wolves,  foxes,  etc.  These  animals  were  classified  as 
both  useful  and  injurious  to  man,  some  of  them  being  valuable 
as  food,  others  for  their  fur,  ivory,  etc.,  while  they  are  injurious 
as  being  the  enemies  either  of  man  or  domestic  animals.  In 
this  group  a  magnificent  specimen  of  the  grizzly  bear  was 
shown,  and  also  large  polar  bears. 

A  few  steps  farther  on  was  an  entirely  different  group,  com¬ 
posed  of  representative  species  of  the  ungulata.  There  were 
among  these  two  musk  oxen  from  Arctic  America,  both  much 
resembling  the  American  bison  in  general  appearance,  but 
having  the  horns  gracefully  curved  downwards  instead  of  up¬ 
wards.  A  pretty  prong-horn  antelope  from  the  Yellowstone 
river  stood  near  these  ferocious-looking  animals,  and  immedi¬ 
ately  behind  it  was  a  rare  specimen  of  the  American  elk.  This 
animal  stood  over  five  feet  ten  inches  high,  while  its  head 
towered  almost  two  feet  above  its  body.  The  antlers  stretched 
far  above  both,  and  in  spite  of  their  seeming  weight  and  an¬ 
gular  lines  gave  the  animal  an  air  of  grace  and  lightness  com- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


625 


bined  with  strength.  Two  very  homely  Rocky  mountain  goats 
were  seen  near  this  noble  animal,  and  the  contrast  was  not 
complimentary  to  the  goats,  whose  blunted  features,  grizzly 
beards  and  awkward  forms  were  thus  brought  out  in  unpleas¬ 
antly  bold  relief. 

The  Rocky  mountain  sheep  exhibited  was  a  much  more 
comely  animal,  its  large  heavy  horns  having  a  sickle  shape, 
which  lessened  the  effect  of  their  length  and  weight.  A  mule- 
deer  from  Central  America  was  not  a  particularly  interesting 
animal,  but  near  it  was  a  beautiful  specimen  of  the  woodland 
caribou,  captured  in  Maine ;  it  was  of  a  lovely  fawn  color,  and 
had  long  sinewy  limbs,  denoting  both  strength  and  fleetness. 
Another  caribou,  from  the  northeastern  part  of  the  continent, 
attracted  much  attention  by  its  tremendous  antlers,  which 
seemed  entirely  out  of  proportion.  Several  Virginia  deer  and 
two  large  bison  were  also  exhibited,  and  not  far  from  them  was 
a  peccary,  which,  except  in  size,  much  resembled  the  wild  boar 
of  England.  There  was  no  exhibit  of  birds,  reptiles,  or  insects, 
although  the  uses  of  many  of  them  were  shown  in  another  por¬ 
tion  of  the  department. 

In  addition  to  a  full  display  of  water  and  land  animals  there 
were  also  exhibited  the  various  means  employed  in  their  pursuit 
and  capture  by  hunters,  trappers,  and  fishermen  of  North 
America,  aboriginal  and  civilized.  This  collection  may  be 
regarded  as  a  monograph  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  chase 
and  the  fisheries  of  the  country.  In  its  arrangement  the  prin¬ 
ciples  of  zoological  classification  were  closely  followed,  each 
distinct  form  being  considered  as  a  species,  and  the  specific 
forms  divided  into  genera,  families,  and  orders,  according 
to  the  general  balance  of  the  affinities.  Thus,  barbed  instru¬ 
ments  were  placed  with  hooked  instruments,  while  plain  spears 
and  lances  were  grouped  with  knives  and  clubs,  in  order  to  pre¬ 
serve  the  idea  of  their  manner  of  use.  The  weapons  in  the  first 
group  consisted  of  instruments  used  for  striking,  such  a§  salmon 
clubs,  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast,  fishing  clubs, 
and  hunting  clubs  of  various  kinds.  Among  these  were  the 
stone-headed  and  tooth  and  bone-pointed  clubs,,  and  clubs  armed 
40 


626 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


with  metal  points,  all  of  which  have  been  used  by  the  abo¬ 
rigines.  Then  there  was  a  large  collection  of  hunting-dirks, 
daggers,  hunting-knives,  scalp-knives,  blubber-knives,  board¬ 
ing,  bowie,  flaying,  splitting,  breeding  and  sheath-knives. 
Among  the  group  of  axes  were  tomahawks,  hatchets,  boat- 
hatchets,  cleavers  and  whale  spades. 

There  was  a  large  display  of  fishing  and  whale  lances,  hunting 
spears,  and  prodding  awls  used  in  the  piercing  of  the  brain  in 
killing  fish  for  the  table.  In  the  second  division  were  the  grasp¬ 
ing  instruments,  or  those  by  which  the  power  of  the  fingers  is 
extended.  These  were  classified  with  scoops,  which  included 
clam-shovels,  trowels  used  in  taking  burrowing  shore  animals, 
hand  dredges  used  in  collecting  mullusks,  pile-scrapers,  etc.  ; 
hooked  instruments,  such  as  gaff-hooks,  jigs,  grappling  irons, 
lip-hooks  or  grapnels  (used  by  whalers  and  oyster-rakers). 
Among  the  barbed  instruments  were  harpoons,  spears  of  varicur. 
kinds,  lily-irons,  and  dolphin-irons.  There  was  also  a  large 
display  of  oyster  and  coral  tongues,  jerk-snares,  lariats,  and  lassos, 
and  bird-slings  used  by  the  Esquimaux.  There  were  likewise 
dredge-tangles  used  by  English  collectors.  In  the  group  ol 
missiles  were  exhibited  weight  and  dead-falls,  the  throw-sticks 
used  by  the  Moqui  Indians,  of  New  Mexico,  in  hunting  rabbits; 
boomerangs,  slings,  and  spears,  thrown  by  straps;  spears,  with 
throwing-sticks,  used  by  the  Esquimaux;  bows  and  arrows, 
cross-bows,  air-guns,  water-guns,  etc.  All  these  implements 
were  very  curious,  and  while  many  of  them  are  familiar  to  all, 
many  more  are  now  rarely  seen,  even  on  exhibition,  and  never 
seen  in  use. 

The  collection  of  fire-arms  was  equally  interesting,  as  it  in¬ 
cluded  guns  and  pistols  from  the  most  primitive  form  known  to 
hunters  to  the  beautiful  rifles  and  revolvers  of  the  present. 
The  display  began  with  a  number  of  muzzle-loading  arms  with 
smooth  bores,  muskets,  fowling-pieces,  cane-guns,  and  so  on 
upward  through  various  kinds  of  rifles  and  rifle-carbines  to 
breech-loading  arms.  In  the  latter  group  were  revolving  car¬ 
bines,  pistols,  revolvers,  whaling-guns  and  harpoon  guns.  The 
various  kinds  of  ammunition  used  were  shown  in  the  same  de 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


627 


partment,  and  included  shot,  explosive  bullets,  shells,  wadding, 
shot  and  powder  measure,  and  cartridges.  Even  the  accessories 
of  loading,  cleaning,  repairing,  sighting,  and  testing  fire-arms 
of  all  kinds  used  in  hunting  were  also  shown  in  the  same  de¬ 
partment. 

In  another  group  were  arranged  angling  tackle  of  all  kinds, 
set  tackle,  angling  apparatus,  and  nets  of  every  conceivable 
shape  and  size,  from  the  rabbit  nets  used  by  the  Indians  of  the 
Southwest  to  the  largest  seines.  Among  the  traps  were  pocket- 
traps,  pit-falls,  turkey-traps,  the  old-fashioned  figure  four  rabbit- 
traps,  snares,  springers,  automatic  dead  falls,  spring-guns,  etc. 
The  various  kinds  of  apparatus  used  for  wholesale  destruction, 
such  as  poisons,  asphyxiators,  torpedoes,  etc.,  were  all  represented 
in  another  group,  and  it  is  in  fact  difficult  to  conceive  how  such 
an  exhibition  could  be  made  more  complete. 

This  section  also  included  an  exhibit  of  the  means  of  util¬ 
izing  the  various  animals  for  food,  and  for  the  uses  of  com¬ 
merce  and  manufacture,  and  of  preserving  them  for  scientific 
use. 

The  Collection  to  Illustrate  the  Fishery  Resources  of  the  United 
States  was  exhibited  in  connection  with  the  display  of  the  Smith¬ 
sonian  Institution,  and  was  partly  covered  by  the  collection  just 
described.  It  was  very  large  and  valuable,  as  it  embraced  photo¬ 
graphs  or  plaster  casts  of  almost  all  the  fishes  found  in  the  lakes, 
rivers,  streams,  bays  and  coasts  of  North  America.  The  ex¬ 
hibit  included  in  the  pedecidati  sea-bats  or  devil-fish,  goose-fish 
used  for  bait,  mouse-fish,  etc.  ;  and,  in  the  next  genera,  sun, 
rabbit,  porcupine,  swell,  box,  trunk,  cow,  file,  and  trigger-fish. 
From  the  porcupine-fish  helmets  are  made,  while  oils  used  in 
medicine  are  obtained  from  the  sun-fish.  The  sea-horse,  pipe-fish, 
snipe,  and  trumpet-fish  and  sticklebacks  were  next  exhibited, 
and  near  them  were  species  of  the  teleocephali,  such  as  soles, 
flounders,  flat-fish,  turbot,  halibut,  cod,  pollock,  haddock,  hake, 
ling,  cusk,  turbot,  rockling,  lance,  etc.  In  the  next  group  were 
casts  of  the  wolf-fish,  blenny,  toad-fish,  sea-snail,  goby,  sea- 
robin,  gwinard,  sculpin,  sea-raven,  Norway  haddock  or  hem- 
durgun,  redfish,  rock-cod,  from  the  western  coast;  black-fish  or 


628 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


tautog,  cunner  or  chogset,  parrot-fish,  from  the  Pacific.  There 
were  also  in  this  collection  some  fine  samples  of  the  sturgeon^ 
anglo,  sword,  bayonet,  and  scabbard-fish ;  several  casts  of  chac- 
todous  mackerel,  cero,  tunny,  bonito,  pompana,  pilot-fish,  and 
dolphin. 

The  more  common  inhabitants  of  our  waters,  such  as  bass, 
porgies,  perch,  blue-fish,  etc.,  were  all  represented  by  casts  taken 
from  excellent  specimens.  Several  fine  casts  of  the  gar-fish  and 
flying-fish  attracted  much  attention,  and  near  them  was  a  group 
of  haplomi ,  such  as  blind-fish,  pike,  pickerel,  etc.  Among  the 
more  interesting  specimens  were  casts  of  the  clumaira  or  king 
of  the  herrings,  skates,  devil-fish,  and  sharks.  These  enemies 
of  man  and  fishes  possessed  many  interesting  peculiarities  which 
could  be  studied  at  leisure  and  in  safety  at  the  Government 
Building,  and  were,  of  course,  objects  of  no  little  curiosity. 

All  the  apparatus  used  in  the  capture  of  these  animals  was 
exhibited  in  another  part  of  the  building,  and  this  display  in¬ 
cluded  angling  tackle  of  all  kinds,  from  the  delicate  fly  to  the 
shark  gear,  set  tackle,  such  as  surface,  floating  trowl,  and  bottom 
set  lines,  together  with  all  the  parts  and  accessories  of  angling 
apparatus  and  of  harpoon  and  seine  lines.  Among  these  were 
trout,  salmon,  cod  and  halibut  hooks,  jigs,  and  the  blue-fish 
drails  made  of  bone  and  metal  of  the  Newport,  Noank,  Provi¬ 
dence  and  Provincetown  patterns.  Adjoining  this  was  a  display 
of  whalers’  chains  and  lines,  fluke  chains  and  ropes,  head-picks, 
blocks,  pendants,  sinkers,  seine-floats,  reels,  gunwale-winches, 
dredge-line  rollers,  seine-windlasses,  etc. 

A  most  interesting  subdivision  of  this  department  was  a  col¬ 
lection  of  boats  used  in  fishing.  These  included  birch  canoes 
and  the  whaling  canoes  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  northwest 
coast,  Kyaks,  Umiaks,  Indian  raft-boats,  launches,  ancient 
“  dug-outs,”  scows,  oyster-boats,  seine  boats  for  lake  and  sea  use, 
Potomac  seine-boats,  dorys,  sharpnis,  dingies,  the  Italian  fishing- 
boats,  now  used  in  California,  Adirondack,  and  Alexandria  bay 
boats,  and  mackerel  and  oyster  smacks.  The  herring,  Mackinaw, 
Huron,  Norwegian  and  other  boats  used  in  the  great  lake 
fisheries  were  also  exhibited  by  models.  Near  the  western  boun- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


629 


dary  of  the  section  were  five  cases  filled  with  models  of  fishing 
craft  used  by  Indians.  These  implements  were  of  course  rude 
in  construction,  and  yet  they  were  evidently  well  adapted  for  the 
purposes  for  which  they  were  intended.  On  three  of  these  cases 
were  placed  specimens  of  the  Atwood  shark,  a  man-eater  found 
in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  the  sand-shark  and  horse-mackerel 
which  inhabit  the  waters  off  the  eastern  coasts  of  America. 

In  one  large,  handsome  case  was  exhibited  by  models  the 
means  of  pursuit  and  capture  of  the  whale,  and  the  manner  in 
which  it  is  prepared  for  market.  In  the  centre  of  a  green,  wavy 
surface,  representing  the  ocean,  was  a  beautiful  model  of  a  full- 
rigged  whaler,  while  a  little  farther  off  was  a  whale-boat  and  a 
crew  in  pursuit  of  their  prey.  The  harpooning  or  striking  the 
whale  was  shown  by  another  model,  while,  in  still  another,  was 
a  boat-crew  watching  the  animal  in  its  “  death -flurry.”  Some 
of  the  dangers  of  whaling  were  represented  by  a  boat  in  the  jaws 
of  the  enraged  monster  of  the  deep,  while  the  crew  were  strug¬ 
gling  in  the  waves.  By  the  side  of  the  ship  was  a  whale  just 
captured,  and  the  manner  in  which  the  pieces  are  drawn  on 
board  was  shown  by  a  complete  reproduction  of  all  the  imple¬ 
ments  and  apparatus  necessary  for  the  work.  The  oil  is  taken 
from  the  head  in  buckets,  but  the  pieces  of  the  back  are  hauled 
one  at  a  time  on  board,  and  from  this  flesh  oil  of  a  second  grade 
is  obtained  by  boiling.  Not  far  from  this  was  a  case  of  models 
of  fish-ways  of  all  kinds,  and  an  exhibit  of  hooks  completed  the 
display. 

The  Collection  to  Illustrate  the  Ethnology  of  the  United  States 
was  exhibited  conjointly  with  that  of  the  Indian  Bureau  of  the 
Interior  Department,  and  was  in  charge  of  Dr.  Charles  Row. 
It  comprised  objects  of  flaked  and  chipped,  and  pecked,  ground 
and  polished  stone,  used  by  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  America, 
such  as  arrow  and  spear-heads,  perforators  and  scrapers,  cut¬ 
ting  and  sawing  implements,  chisels,  gouges,  axes,  hammers, 
adzes,  ceremonial  weapons,  stone  vessels,  pipes,  tubes,  ornaments 
and  sculptures ;  objects  of  copper,  bone,  shell,  pottery  and  terra¬ 
cotta  ware;  carvings  on  wood;  skulls;  mummies;  samples  of 
food,  and  models,  drawings  and  samples  of  articles  of  common 


630 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


use  to  illustrate  the  habits,  daily  life,  pastimes,  religion  and  war¬ 
fare  of  the  ancient  Indian  tribes. 

The  Collection  to  Illustrate  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United 
States  was  in  charge  of  W.  P.  Blake.  The  principal  objects  of 
this  collection  of  the  useful  ores  and  minerals  of  the  country 
were  to  illustrate:  1st.  The  nature  and  variety  of  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  United  States;  2d.  The  geographical  distribu¬ 
tion  and  geological  associations  of  the  minerals ;  3d.  The  extent 
to  which  they  have  been  utilized ;  4th.  The  mechanical,  metal¬ 
lurgical  and  chemical  processes  by  which  they  are  extracted  or 
converted  into  useful  products ;  5th.  The  inherent  and  compara¬ 
tive  qualities  of  the  extractive  products.  A  portion  of  the  col¬ 
lection  was  arranged  according  to  the  nature  of  the  objects, 
irrespective  of  locality,  but  the  bulk  of  the  exhibition  was 
grouped  geographically  by  States.  There  was  also  a  section 
devoted  to  models  and  drawings,  and  one  to  geological  maps  and 
graphic  charts.  This  collection  occupied  the  northeast  portion 
of  the  Government  Building,  upon  the  right  of  the  main  aisle. 

The  Treasury  Department. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Treasury  Department  was  small,  and  was 
located  in  the  north  end  of  the  building.  It  was  confined 
chiefly  to  the  Revenue  Departments. 

Specimens  of  all  the  treasury  notes,  fractional  currency  and 
other  bills  issued  by  the  government,  and  notes  of  various  de¬ 
nominations  issued  by  national  banks,  were  displayed  by  the 
Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing. 

In  a  small  but  handsomely  fitted-up  court  the  Supervising 
Architect  of  the  Treasury  exhibited  a  fine  plaster  model  of  the 
Custom  House  and  Post-office  at  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and 
drawings  of  the  custom  houses  and  post-offices  of  the  principal 
ports  of  entry  of  the  Union.  Here  was  a  case  of  all  the  medals 
struck  at  the  United  States  Mint,  at  Philadelphia,  and  here 
were  samples  of  all  the  revenue  stamps  used  by  the  Treasury 
in  its  various  branches.  Samples  of  liquors  in  barrels,  and 
tobacco  in  packages  were  exhibited,  in  order  to  show  the  mode 
of  collecting  the  revenue  upon  these  articles;  and  here  were 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


631 


samples  of  the  testing  apparatuses  and  scales,  and  the  locks  used 
by  the  department. 

The  Coast  Survey  Office  exhibited  maps  and  charts  of  the 
coast  and  the  various  rivers,  bays,  harbors,  etc.,  of  the  country, 
with  models  of  the  appliances  by  which  the  work  of  this  branch 
of  the  public  service  is  carried  on. 

The  Lighthouse  Board  exhibited  specimens  of  the  various 
lights  used  on  our  coast,  and  of  the  means  employed  to  supply 
the  various  light  stations  both  ashore  and  afloat.  Here  was  a 
large  rotary  lantern,  one  of  the  most  striking  objects  to  be  seen 
within  the  building.  This  beautiful  piece  of  workmanship 
stood  over  fifteen  feet  from  the  floor,  and  was  covered  with 
prisms  which  gleamed  like  the  fabled  gems  of  the  Orient.  But 
these  pretty  pieces  of  crystal  were  not  placed  in  the  lantern  for 
ornament;  every  prism  had  its  individual  duty  to  perform  in  so 
refracting  the  rays  of  light  that  they  will  gleam  out  upon  the 
night,  not  in  diverging  and  ever-weakening  directions,  but  in 
parallel  lines  which  retain  their  brightness  for  miles.  Reflect 
ors  are  also  used,  and  as  these  are  parabolical  in  shape  the  effect 
is  the  same ;  every  ray  is  caught  and  reflected  in  a  band  of  light, 
which  preserves  its  brilliancy  for  an  almost  infinite  distance. 

These  lanterns  therefore  utilize  every  ray  of  light  and  send 
them  forth  in  parallel  lines  in  any  direction.  The  details  of 
these  lanterns  are  so  complete  that  even  the  few  rays  which  do 
not  pass  through  the  prism  are  reflected  at  such  angles  as  to 
make  them  parallel  with  those  refracted ;  so  it  will  be  seen  that 
not  a  single  ray  or  portion  of  a  ray  is  lost.  The  effect  is,  of 
course,  to  give  forth  a  gleam  which  no  sailor  near  a  dangerous 
coast  could  fail  to  see,  and  which,  warning  him  in  time,  must 
be  often  blessed  as  the  halo  above  the  forehead  of  a  guardian 
angel.  These  lamps  were  of  six  classes,  the  first  for  projecting 
headlands,  the  second  for  less  prominent  points,  and  the  smaller 
lights  for  narrow  seas,  or  passages,  rivers,  etc.  The  largest 
lamp  on  exhibition  was  what  is  known  as  a  revolving  or  flash¬ 
light  ;  it  was  run  by  clock-work,  which  received  its  power  from 
a  weight  suspended  in  the  tower  on  which  it  was  placed,  and 
only  required  winding  about  once  in  every  five  hours.  The 


632 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


object  of  the  flash-light  is,  of  course,  to  indicate  the  locality  on 
which  it  is  stationed,  so  that  no  mariner  can  possibly  be  mis¬ 
led  by  it.  The  flashes  can  be  made  at  intervals  of  from  sixty 
to  ten  seconds,  and  as  these  intervals  are  understood  by  pilots, 
they  can  at  once  recognize  their  bearing  and  act  accordingly. 
In  the  three  larger  lamps  lard  oil  is  used,  while  in  the  others 
petroleum  has  been  found  most  effective,  as  it  gives  a  more  in¬ 
tense  light.  The  experiment  of  using  petroleum  in  the  larger 
lanterns  has  been  carefully  made,  but  it  was  found  that  the 
increased  heat  emanating  from  the  argand  burners  volatizes  the 
mineral  oil  so  rapidly  that  the  lenses  become  coated  with  carbon. 
With  lard  oil  the  illuminating  power  of  these  lanterns  is  equal 
to  that  of  from  350  to  450  wax  candles.  In  the  same  depart¬ 
ment  were  two  range-lights  similar  in  size  to  those  which  are 
being  erected  on  the  Delaware.  These  Delaware  towers  are  so 
located  in  relation  to  each  other  that  a  pilot  coming  up  the  river 
at  night  will  need  only  to  so  steer  his  boat  as  to  see  but  one 
light;  that  is,  make  one  light  hide  the  other,  and  he  will  have 
no  difficulty  in  keeping  the  channel.  These  lights  are  provided 
with  a  parabolical  reflector,  and  are,  of  course,  stationary. 
Among  the  other  lighthouse  exhibits  were  several  floating  lamps, 
which  can  be  anchored  off  of  any  shoal. 

The  Navy  Department. 

The  Navy  Department  occupied  the  southeast  section  of  the 
Government  Building,  and  made  a  large  and  attractive  display 
of  the  workings  of  its  various  branches.  Its  section  was  taste¬ 
fully  draped  with  bunting,  and  from  the  roof  hung  the  various 
flags  used  by  the  navy  from  its  origin  down  to  the  adoption  of 
the  stars  and  stripes,  the  pennants  of  the  various  grades  of  com¬ 
modore,  admiral  flags,  and  the  various  signals  in  use  by  the 
service.  The  portraits  of  the  secretaries  of  the  navy,  from  the 
establishment  of  the  government  to  the  present  time,  and  of  the 
naval  heroes  of  our  wars,  were  hung  around  the  section,  and 
added  to  the  attractiveness  and  interest  of  the  display. 

At  the  western  end  of  the  section,  fronting  the  transept,  were 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


633 


two  powerful  marine  engines,  one  a  compound  screw  engine  of 
800  horse-power;  the  other  a  back-acting  condensing  engine  of 
500  horse-power.  Immediately  in  the  rear  of  these  were  two 
compound  marine  boilers,  each  eight  feet  in  diameter ;  and  close 
by  were  specimens  of  the  cutter  engine  with  vertical  boiler. 
These  were  exhibited  by  the  Steam  Engineering  Branch  of  the 
Department. 

The  Ordnance  Branch  displayed  its  publications  and  reports, 
which  hold  a  high  rank  among  professional  men.  It  exhibited 
a  number  of  torpedoes,  both  automatic,  stationary  and  movable. 
The  first  torpedo  ever  used  in  this  country  was  shown,  and  the 
various  improvements  were  exhibited  in  a  progressive  manner 
until  perfection  was  reached  in  the  Ericsson  and  Lay  torpedoes. 
The  Lay  is  considered  the  most  perfect  movable  torpedo  known. 
One  of  these  here  exhibited  was  made  of  wrought-iron  plates, 
had  somewhat  the  shape  of  two  cones  joined  at  their  bases,  and 
was  about  eighteen  feet  long  and  two  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter. 
Its  interior  was  divided  into  four  sections,  separated  by  bulk¬ 
heads.  In  the  forward  section  was  placed  the  charge  of  seventy- 
five  pounds  of  dynamite,  or  three  hundred  pounds  of  powder, 
on  the  outside  of  the  shell  being  the  concussion  fuses.  In  the 
second  section  were  vessels  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  which  furnished 
the  motive  power  to  the  engine,  the  latter  operating  the  helm. 
The  engine  was  connected  by  electric  wire — a  reel  of  which  was 
in  the  third  section — with  the  operator  on  land  or  shipboard, 
the  electric  current  opening  or  closing  the  throttle- valve,  and 
thus  causing  the  streams  of  carbonic  acid  flowing  through  pipes 
to  have  the  same  effect  upon  the  engine  as  steam.  The  after 
section  contained  the  engine,  which  guided  the  infernal  machine 
at  the  will  of  the  operator.  From  each  end  of  the  torpedo  rose 
a  pole  four  or  five  feet  long,  bearing  a  signal  flag,  one  being  red 
and  the  other  white,  so  that  the  operator  can  the  better  distin¬ 
guish  a  line  in  sighting.  The  signals  appear  just  above  water, 
the  torpedo  floating  underneath,  and,  shark-like,  awaiting  its 
prey.  It  is  sometimes  sent  out  as  far  as  three  miles  from  the 
operator,  and  can  be  drawn  back  at  will.  The  towing  torpedo 
is  towed  alongside  from  the  foreyard  of  a  vessel,  while  the  spar 


634 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


torpedo  is  fixed  upon  a  little  craft  of  its  own,  above  water,  and 
upon  spars  extending  out  over  the  bow.  The  craft  is  despatched . 
upon  its  errand  after  the  manner  of  the  Lay. 

This  branch  also  exhibited  specimens  and  models  of  the  vari¬ 
ous  guns  used  in  the  naval  service,  and  of  small  arms. 

Prominent  in  the  formidable  array  of  heavy  guns  were  the 
Gatling  battery  gun,  having  a  crank  at  the  breech  and  a  re¬ 
ceiver  on  top,  into  which  the  cartridges  are  dropped,  the  gunner 
turning  the  crank  with  his  right  hand  and  loading  with  his 
left,  firing  from  sixty  to  eighty  shots  a  minute,  and  thus  grind¬ 
ing  out  death  as  though  from  a  coffee-mill ;  and  the  terrible, 
raking  Billinghurst  battery,  consisting  of  a  horizontal  layer  of 
twenty-five  guns,  which  are  all  fired  simultaneously.  Near 
these  was  an  immense  area  of  wall  covered  with  shelving,  upon 
which  were  specimens  of  all  the  varieties  of  guns  now  used  or 
ever  used  by  the  United  States  marines ;  scabbards  and  swords, 
modern  and  ancient,  handsome  and  ludicrously  odd;  also  an 
almost  endless  variety  of  murderous-looking  shells,  grape-shot, 
canister  and  solid  round  shot — some  new,  others  having  been 
fired,  but  retaining  perfect  shape,  and  still  others  cracked, 
broken  in  pieces,  dented  or  battered,  the  lot  having  doubtless 
maimed  many  a  goodly  ship,  made  daylight  shine  through 
stone  walls  and  carried  off  many  a  poor  tar’s  head.  Elsewhere 
there  were  large  and  handsome  glass  cases,  containing  thousands 
of  models  of  forts,  batteries,  ordnance  and  weapons  of  all  kinds 
used  in  naval  service,  torpedoes  and  the  rigging  and  machinery 
of  men-of-war.  The  two  most  curious  features  of  the  section 
were  rusty  and  half-decayed  weapons  obtained  from  sunken 
war  ships,  and  full  uniformed  figures  representing  Jack  Tar 
in  all  the  transformations  he  has  undergone  during  the  last 
hundred  years. 

Instruments  for  inspecting  heavy  guns  and  for  gauging  and 
inspecting  shot  and  shell  were  shown  ;  also  samples  of  gun¬ 
powder,  percussion  powder,  cartridges,  rammers,  scrapers, 
sponges,  grenades,  war  rockets  and  ail  the  various  articles 
which  are  used  for  the  armament  of  a  fighting  ship,  the  old 
and  new  styles  being  shown  side  by  side  in  many  cases. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


635 


The  ordnance  branch  also  exhibited  papier-mach6  figures 
clad  in  the  dress  of  the  sailors  and  marines  of  the  navy  at  the 
various  periods  of  its  history;  and  a  number  of  interesting  and 
valuable  naval  relics.  In  this  collection  were  two  small  brass 
guns  brought  from  Spain  by  Hernando  Cortez,  and  used  by 
him  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico. 

The  Navigation  Branch  exhibited  navy  bunting  and  navy 
flags,  illustrating  the  present  state  of  the  bunting  manufacture 
in  the  United  States,  as  shown  in  the  bunting  made  for  the 
navy  and  known  as  “  navy-bunting,”  and  also  the  mode  of 
making  flags  by  dyeing  in  pattern.  A  machine  for  testing 
bunting  was  also  shown. 

Here  were  specimens  of  logs  to  be  used  by  hand  or  steam, 
with  an  exhibit  of  the  improvements  in  Sir  William  Thomson’s 
Sounding  Machine,  and  the  various  devices  for  detaching  sinkers 
and  bringing  up  specimens  of  bottom,  water,  etc.  An  ingenious 
apparatus  for  displaying  signal-lights  at  night  was  also  shown, 
and  close  by  were  cases  of  compasses  for  various  uses,  instru¬ 
ments  for  testing  them,  adjustable  binnacles,  sextants,  quad¬ 
rants  and  the  various  apparatus  used  for  determining  latitude 
and  longitude. 

The  Naval  Observatory  exhibited  its  publications,  photo¬ 
graphs  of  astronomical  and  other  objects,  and  a  series  of  fine 
chronometers. 

The  observatory  having  for  some  time  past  been  intimately 
connected  with  Arctic  expeditions,  and  Rear-Admiral  Davis, 
Superintendent  of  the  Naval  Observatory,  being  engaged  in 
preparing  an  official  narration  of  the  expedition  of  the  “  Po¬ 
laris,”  a  design  was  formed  and  carried  out  for  a  collection  of 
relics  of  the  celebrated  Arctic  and  Antarctic  explorers.  In  a 
high  glass  show-case,  fourteen  feet  square,  standing  near  a  fine 
bust  of  Kane,  were  shown,  on  one  side,  the  prismatic  compass, 
transit,  sextant  and  other  instruments  used  by  that  intrepid 
navigator  near  the  frigid  wilds  of  Western  Greenland;  draw¬ 
ings  and  paintings  of  Arctic  scenery  and  animal  life,  executed 
by  himself,  and  the  flag  of  the  “  Advance,”  the  ship  in  which 
he  made  his  second  voyage ;  the  three  other  sides  of  the  case 


636 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


contained  relics  of  the  expeditions  of  Hayes,  Hall  and  Brad¬ 
ford  ;  the  flag  that  Wilkes  took  on  his  Antarctic  expedition  in 
the  ship  “  Peacock,”  the  same  flag  being  taken  by  Kane,  Hayes 
and  Hall  also  on  their  Arctic  voyages;  relics  of  Sir  John 
Franklin’s  expedition,  including  portions  of  his  vessel  secured 
by  Captain  Hall  in  his  second  expedition  and  brought  back  by 
him  then,  together  with  relics  of  Parry’s  voyage;  the  journals 
kept  by  Hall  in  his  “Polaris”  expedition,  and  a  fac-simile  of 
the  sledge  made  for  Captain  Hall  by  “Esquimaux  Joe.” 

The  Hydrographic  Office  exhibited  the  charts,  books  and 
other  publications  issued  by  it,  which  are  of  interest  chiefly  to 
professional  seamen. 

The  Nautical  Almanac  Office  exhibited  its  publications,  which 
showed  the  care  and  skill  exercised  in  the  control  of  this  im¬ 
portant  branch  of  the  service. 

The  Yard  and  Docks  Branch  exhibited  handsome  and  care¬ 
ful  ly  prepared  plans  of  the  navy-yards  at  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire,  Boston,  New  York,  Washington,  Norfolk,  Pensa¬ 
cola  and  Mare  Island,  California.  Here  were  also  plans  of  the 
machinery  in  use  at  the  principal  navy-yards,  photographs  of 
the  buildings,  and  perfect  and  elaborately  executed  models  of 
the  dry-docks  at  the  Boston,  New  York,  Norfolk  and  Mare 
Island  navy-yards. 

The  Equipment  and  Recruiting  Branch  exhibited  a  specimen 
of  Young’s  Ship  Galley,  with  utensils  for  cooking  for  five  hun¬ 
dred  men  ;  life-boats,  lanterns,  and  the  various  articles  needed 
for  the  fitting  up  of  a  ship.  In  this  section  were  coils  of  hide 
and  Russian  hemp  ropes  and  man  ilia  lines  of  various  lengths 
and  thicknesses,  some  of  the  hempen  cables  being  nine  inches 
thick  ;  and  coils  and  reels  of  steel-wire  rope,  some  of  which  con¬ 
tained  as  much  as  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  fathoms,  the 
thickness  of  the  rope  ranging  from  three-eighths  of  an  inch  to 
two  inches  in  diameter. 

The  Construction  and  Repair  Branch  exhibited  against  the 
eastern  wall  models  of  the  hulls  of  the  “  Constitution  ”  and  a 
number  of  the  other  famous  vessels  of  the  navy,  and  in  the 
nave  fronting  the  War  Department  was  a  full-rigged  model  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


637 


the  United  States  sloop-of-war  “  Antietara.”  The  model  was 
forty-one  feet  in  length ;  was  perfect  from  water-line  to  rail ; 
was  fully  rigged,  with  sails,  and  carried  twenty-two  broadside 
guns.  Every  detail  was  perfect,  and  the  vessel  was  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  attractive  pieces  of  workmanship  in  the  hall. 
To  the  south  of  this  model  was  a  transverse  section  of  the  same 
vessel,  on  a  smaller  scale,  showing  the  mode  of  construction  of 
an  American  man-of-war.  A  full-rigged  model  of  the  old 
French  line-of-battle  ship  “  Dante,”  of  about  the  year  1600, 
was  close  by,  and  the  contrast  between  it  and  the  model  of  the 
“Antietam  ”  showed  almost  at  a  glance  the  improvement  that 
has  been  made  in  the  construction  of  vessels  of  war. 

The  Medical  and  Surgical  Branch  made  a  complete  exhibit 
of  the  medicines  and  hospital  stores  used  in  the  navy.  Here 
were  cases  of  the  surgical  instruments  supplied  in  the  service  ; 
cots  and  stretchers  for  the  transportation  of  the  wounded  in 
action  ;  beds  with  woven  wire  mattress;  arrangements  for  venti¬ 
lating  the  holds  of  ships ;  a  model,  one  thirty-second  part  the 
size  of  the  original,  of  the  “sick  bay”  of  the  famous  ship  “Hart¬ 
ford,”  which,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  Farragut’s  flagship 
during  the  late  civil  war.  On  the  south  wall  of  the  section 
were  photographs  of  the  naval  hospitals  of  the  United  States, 
and  of  the  homes  for  disabled  sailors  and  marines.  A  sectional 
model  of  the  hospital  ship  “  Idaho,”  showing  all  three  decks, 
was  included  in  this  collection. 

The  Pay ,  Provision  and  Clothing  Branch  exhibited  clothing 
and  materials  for  making  the  same  issued  in  the  navy;  a  pack¬ 
age  showing  the  manner  of  packing  clothing  for  sea ;  and  speci¬ 
mens  of  rations  and  stores  of  all  kinds  issued  to  the  men.  Here 
also  were  specimens  of  the  blanks,  books,  iron  safes  and  locks 
used  in  the  Paymaster’s  department. 

The  navy  appeared  to  excellent  advantage  here,  and  showed 
in  a  striking  manner  the  thoroughness  and  excellence  which 
have  always  distinguished  this  branch  of  the  public  service  of 
our  country. 


638 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  War  Department 

The  exhibit  of  the  War  Department  occupied  the  northeast 
section  of  the  building.  It  was  quite  large  and  included  every 
branch  of  the  military  service,  the  thoroughness  and  efficiency 
of  which  were  so  well  tested  during  the  late  civil  war. 

The  Signal  Service  claimed  our  attention  at  first.  The  exhibit 
was  in  charge  of  Lieutenant  Grugan,  and  the  principal  part  of 
it  was  a  signal  or  weather  station  fully  equipped  and  in  opera¬ 
tion,  with  recording  instruments,  telegraph  wires,  a  printing 
press  and  a  full  corps  of  observers.  One  set  of  instruments 
was  in  actual  service,  and  other  instruments  recorded  changes 
in  the  weather,  which  were  wholly  artificial,  exaggerating  their 
natural  action  so  as  to  show  the  principle  upon  which  they 
work. 

“This  very  important  branch  of  the  government  service  has 
been,  to  a  very  great  extent,  the  creation  of  General  Albert  J. 
Myer,  Chief  Signal  Officer,  United  States  army,  who  is  now 
familiarly  known  as  ‘  Old  Probabilities/  who,  though  he  does 
not  ‘regulate  the  weather/  does  regulate  the  carrying  of  um¬ 
brellas  and  overshoes.  Indeed,  he  received  the  thanks  of  a 
prominent  brother  officer  in  charge  of  the  opening  ceremonies 
on  the  10th  instant  for  ordering  up,  under  the  most  discourag¬ 
ing  circumstances,  the  few  hours  of  sunshine  which  rendered 
those  services  so  enjoyable. 

“  General  Myer  was  in  command  of  the  Signal  Corps  during 
the  war,  a  corps  which  rendered  very  important  services  in  com¬ 
municating  information  across  districts  where  it  would  have 
been  impracticable  for  the  United  States  Military  Telegraph 
Corps  to  have  run  its  wires.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  however, 
there  was  little  left  for  this  corps  to  do,  the  Telegraph  Corps 
was  abolished,  having  only  a  quasi  military  status,  and  General 
Myer  was  called  upon  to  organize  a  system  of  daily  weather 
reports  in  connection  with  his  Signal  Service  Corps.  This  his 
studies  and  tastes  admirably  fitted  him  for,  and  the  work  was 
begun. 

“  Records  have  long  been  kept  at  all  the  military  stations,  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


639 


much  of  the  ground-work  of  a  correct  system  had  been  already 
prepared.  The  Smithsonian  Institution  too  had,  with  limited 
means  and  volunteer  observers,  developed  the  science  of  fore¬ 
telling  the  weather  and  tracing  the  course  of  storms  to  a  greater 
extent  than  any  other  organized  effort  had  ever  done.  The 
weakness  of  all  methods,  however,  had  been  in  the  fact  that 
volunteer  observers,  though  enthusiastic,  could  not  be  relied 
upon ;  for,  to  suit  their  own  convenience,  or  through  uninten¬ 
tional  neglect,  the  observations  were  not  made  at  the  proper 
moment,  or  were  made  by  unskilled  persons. 

“  Genera]  Myer  started  out  with  the  principle  that  the  ob¬ 
servers  should  be  not  only  qualified  but  should  be  under  strict 
military  discipline.  In  this  way  only  could  reliable  data  be 
obtained.  He  therefore  accepted  none  but  enlisted  men  for 
observers,  and  these  were  first  instructed  in  their  duties  before 
being  put  into  service. 

“Observing  stations  were  established  at  all  the  important 
cities  in  the  Union,  and  at  every  sea  and  lake  port  which  was 
accessible  by  telegraph.  Many  other  important  seaports  have 
since  been  reached  by  a  coast  line  of  telegraph,  built  for  the 
purpose  by  this  department.  At  these  stations  observations  are 
made  three  times  in  the  twenty-four  hours,  at  intervals  of  eight 
hours,  all  being  made  at  the  same  instant  of  time.  The  results 
of  these  observations  are  sent  immediately  by  telegraph,  by  the 
operators  connected  with  the  signal  office,  to  the  office  of  Gen¬ 
eral  Myer,  at  Washington,  and  from  these  data  skilled  officers 
make  up  the  ‘  probabilities’  for  each  locality,  which  are  so 
universally  consulted  by  the  readers  of  the  morning  papers 
before  they  venture  over  their  thresholds.  The  predictions  and 
the  reports  from  all  the  stations  are  telegraphed  to  each  station. 
The  observers  note,  first,  the  state  of  the  barometer ;  second,  the 
state  of  the  thermometer;  third,  the  humidity  of  the  atmosphere; 
fourth,  the  rainfall ;  fifth,  the  direction  and  velocity  of  the  wind. 
For  this  purpose  each  office  is  provided  with  a  barometer,  a 
thermometer,  a  wet  and  dry  bulb  thermometer,  a  rain-gauge 
and  an  anemometer. 

“  The  display  at  the  Government  Building  was  intended  to 


640 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


show  a  signal  station  with  all  these  appliances,  and  with  many 
others  which  are  now  in  use,  or  being  tested  at  the  office  of  the 
Chief  Signal  Officer.  The  above-named  instruments,  as  ex¬ 
hibited,  were  all  self-registering,  and  made  a  record  fuller  and 
more  accurate  than  any  made  by  human  observers.  They  were 
all  of  American  invention,  and  were  principally  by  gentlemen 
connected  with  the  service. 

“  Lieutenant  Gibbon’s  barograph  or  self- registering  barometer 
is  the  usual  syphon-shaped  mercurial  barometer,  in  tiie  short  leg 
of  which  an  iron  float  rests  upon  the  column  of  mercury.  The 
slightest  change  in  the  level  of  the  column  makes  this  float  rise 
or  fall,  and  its  motion  is  communicated  by  a  cord  running  over 
a  pulley  to  the  circuit-breaker  of  an  electro-magnet.  The  arma¬ 
ture  of  the  magnet  communicates  its  motion  to  a  pen  which  dots 
the  surface  of  a  cylinder  moved  slowly  by  clockwork,  thus 
registering  the  slightest  change  and  the  exact  moment  of  its 
occurrence.  The  paper  with  which  the  surface  of  the  cylinder  is 
covered  is  ruled  to  cover  a  space  of  fourteen  days,  and  as  each 
paper  is  removed  it  is  filed  away  as  a  permanent  record  of  that 
period  of  time.  Foreman’s  barograph  is  in  its  leading  charac¬ 
teristics  like  the  one  above  described,  and  has  also  an  attachment 
which  automatically  prints  in  figures  each  change  of  one- 
thousandth  of  an  inch. 

“  Hough’s  thermograph  is  a  self-registering  thermometer.  It 
consists  of  a  syphon  tube,  a  short  leg  of  which  is  expanded  into 
a  larger  tube  with  a  closed  end.  In  this  short  leg  is  placed 
alcohol,  which  is  confined  there  by  a  column  of  mercury  in  the 
longer  leg,  which  is  open  at  the  top.  The  thermometer  operates 
by  the  contraction  and  expansion  of  the  spirits  by  cold  or  heat, 
raising  the  column  of  mercury  as  the  spirits  expand,  and  letting 
it  sink  as  it  contracts.  Upon  the  surface  of  the  mercury  is  a 
float,  which  rises  and  falls  with  the  column,  and  by  a  very  deli¬ 
cate  apparatus  operates  a  circuit-breaker  of  an  electro-magnetic 
circuit.  This  again,  as  in  the  case  of  the  barograph,  is  made  to 
record  the  changes  on  a  revolving  cylinder. 

“  A  marine  barograph  is  constructed  much  like  the  one  first 
described,  except  that  the  tube  containing  the  mercury  is  made 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


641 


of  iron  instead  of  glass.  It  has  an  attachment  to  hang  it  up  by, 
which  keeps  it  always  in  a  perpendicular  position. 

“  Eccard’s  evapograph  is  an  instrument  for  determining  the 
amount  of  moisture  in  the  atmosphere,  and  registering  the^ 
result.  This  is  determined  by  the  rapidity  with  which  water 
exposed  to  the  atmosphere  will  evaporate.  The  instrument  is 
an  open  cylindrical  vessel  filled  with  water,  resting  upon  a 
delicate  scale;  as  the  water  evaporates  the  vessel  is  lightened 
and  rises,  the  slightest  change  being  sufficient  to  operate  the 
circuit-breaker  of  an  electro-magnet,  which,  as  in  other  instru¬ 
ments,  records  the  changes  on  the  cylinder  moved  by  clock¬ 
work.  The  motion,  of  course,  is  always  upward,  as  evapora¬ 
tion  continually  goes  on  with  greater  or  less  rapidity. 

“  Gibbon’s  electrical  rain  and  snow  gauge  records,  in  like 
manner,  the  depth  of  the  rain  or  melted  snow  which  falls  in  any 
given  time.  A  receiver  is  situated  on  the  roof  of  the  building, 
the  area  of  the  upper  section  of  which  is  a  certain  number  of 
times  as  great  as  the  base  of  the  cylinder  of  the  instrument  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  tube.  Upon  the  water  in  the  lower 
cylinder  is  a  float,  which,  as  it  rises,  communicates  its  motion 
by  an  electro-magnet  to  the  recording  apparatus  as  before 
described. 

“  Eccard’s  rain-gauge  dispenses  with  the  electro-magnet,  the 
float  communicating  its  motion  by  a  counterpoise  to  the  clock¬ 
work.  This  is  a  very  simple  and  effective  instrument. 

“  Gibbon’s  anemograph  measures  and  records  the  velocity 
and  direction  of  the  wind.  Upon  the  roof  of  the  observing 
station  four  hemispherical  cups,  placed  vertically  on  horizontal 
arms,  catch  the  slightest  movement  of  the  air  and  cause  the 
arms  to  revolve.  A  certain  number  of  revolutions  equalling  in 
the  distance  travelled  one  mile  of  distance  travelled  by  the  wind, 
closes  an  electric  circuit,  and  an  electro-magnet  records  the  same 
on  a  revolving  cylinder.  This  cylinder,  moving  by  clock-work, 
should  there  be  no  movement  of  the  magnet,  will  cause  the 
pencil  to  make  a  long,  straight  line ;  with  a  high  wind  the  record 
is  frequently  made,  and  the  line  is  broken  up  into  longer  or 
shorter  sections,  corresponding  with  the  velocity  of  the  wind. 

41 


642 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  direction  is  indicated  on  another  cylinder.  There  are  four 
magnetic  circuits  connecting  with  the  four  points  at  the  weather- 
vane,  corresponding  with  the  four  points  of  the  compass.  Once 
in  four  minutes  the  clock-work  makes  a  record,  and  that  record 
is  made  by  the  pen  of  whichever  circuit  the  weather-vane  has 
at  the  time  closed.  Eccard’s  anemograph  dispenses  with  the 
electric  circuit,  and  makes  ilfc  record  on  the  cylinder  by  entirely 
mechanical  means.  The  weather-vane  in  turning  revolves  the 
rod  to  which  it  is  attached,  which  communicates  its  motion 
directly,  or  by  gearing,  to  the  pen,  without  the  intervention  of 
an  electro-magnet. 

“  The  above-described  instruments  are  thought  to  be  the  most 
reliable  of  any  invented,  and  are  in  every  respect  the  most 
simple  in  construction.  The  anemograph,  or  wind  instrument, 
is  perfectly  satisfactory ;  and  Eccard’s  barograph,  or  self¬ 
registering  barometer,  is  the  most  perfect  and  simple  of  any  yet 
invented.  The  limited  appropriations  made  to  the  department 
make  it  impossible  to  introduce  these  wonderful  and  almost 
intelligent  instruments  into  all  the  offices.  The  only  recording 
instrument  used  in  all  offices  is  the  simplest  form  of  anemo¬ 
graph,  which  notes  the  velocity  of  the  wind.  The  barometers, 
thermometers,  rain  gauges  and  humidity  thermometers  are  all 
read  by  the  eye  of  the  observer  at  stated  times,  with  the 
possible  liability  to  errors  either  of  the  eye  or  hand,  and  the 
entire  lack  of  a  record  of  the  time  intervening  between  the 
observations. 

“  The  publication  branch  of  the  office  is  also  equipped  and  in 
operation  in  this  display.  Each  morning  a  chart  is  printed 
showing  the  results  of  the  observations  taken  at  7.35  A.  M.,  with 
the  prophecies  concerning  the  weather  for  the  day.  The 
observers  send  their  reports  by  telegraph  to  the  Chief  Signal 
Officer  at  Washington  in  cipher,  for  the  double  purpose  of 
securing  accuracy  in  the  transmission  and  brevity  in  the 
despatch.  These  reports  are  translated,  and  ‘Old  Probabil¬ 
ities  ’  forecasts  the  weather  from  these  data.  General  Myer 
himself  sometimes  dees  this  and  his  predictions  are  generally 
verified ;  Lieutenant  Craig,  Lieutenant  Dunwoody  and  Pro- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


643 


fessor  Abbee  usually  perform  this  work,  each  taking  his  turn  for 
one  month,  while  the  others  are  assigned  to  other  duties,  such 
as  the  verification  of  the  prophecies  from  the  returns  received 
at  a  later  date,  and  editing  the  publications  made  daily,  weekly 
and  monthly  of  the  phenomena  observed.  In  the  daily  bulle¬ 
tin  is  the  synopsis  of  the  reports,  the  probabilities,  and  the 
verification  or  failure  of  the  prophecies.  The  weekly  bulletin 
gives  a  resume  of  the  observations  of  the  week,  noting  the  com¬ 
mencement  and  progress  of  storms,  their  duration  and  other 
circumstances  connected  with  them.  The  monthly  bulletin  is 
of  a  similar  character,  becoming  more  general  in  its  nature. 
Reports  are  also  received  by  mail  from  similar  organizations  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  and  by  means  of  these  the  whole 
route  of  a  storm  can  frequently  be  tracked  from  its  inception  in 
the  Rocky  mountain  range,  where  the  greater  number  originate, 
to  where  they  leave  our  shore,  and,  crossing  the  Atlantic,  break 
on  the  western  coast  of  Europe,  traversing  that  continent  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent.  Many  reports  are  sent  in  by  masters  of 
vessels,  and  thus  an  almost  connected  account  of  any  remark¬ 
able  storm  is  obtained.  In  fact,  it  is  hoped  that,  with  proper 
support,  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  vessels  will  be  specially 
commissioned  to  take  these  observations  in  mid-ocean. 

u  The  charts  printed  at  the  various  stations  each  day  are 
posted  in  conspicuous  places  for  the  benefit  of  seafaring  men 
and  others,  and  their  predictions  are  the  guide  to  outward- 
bound  vessels.  In  fact,  the  skipper  who  should  take  out  his 
craft  from  an  Atlantic  port  after  the  danger  signal  had  been 
raised  and  the  bulletin  had  informed  him  that  a  cyclone  had 
started  up  the  coast,  would  be  regarded  as  a  most  reckless  man 
to  have  charge  of  a  vessel. 

“  It  may  be  interesting  to  know  how  the  data  received  point 
out  the  course  of  a  storm.  Long  experience  has  shown  that  cer¬ 
tain  conditions  of  barometer  and  thermometer  produce  certain 
or  nearly  certain  results.  For  instance,  by  taking  a  weather 
chart  and  drawing  a  line  through  all  of  the  stations  where 
the  barometer  is  lowest,  and  drawing  another  line  through  all 
the  stations  with  highest  barometer,  it  will  be  observed  from 


644 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  arrows  showing  the  direction  of  the  wind  that  they  all  point 
from  the  latter  line  to  the  former  line,  or  area  of  low  barometer. 
These  low  or  high  barometer  areas  move  usually  a  little  to  the 
north  of  east,  and,  with  two  observations  as  a  basis  of  calcula¬ 
tion,  their  velocity  can  be  readily  determined.  Occasionally 
two  or  more  low  barometer  areas  or  storm  centres  will  unite  in 
one  grand  storm.  Observations  have  shown  that  the  cyclones 
which  start  from  the  West  Indies  take  one  of  two  routes,  or 
divide  and  pass  over  both.  They  come  northward  to  the 
southern  coast  of  Florida,  then  follow  the  Gulf  Stream  north¬ 
ward,  or  dash  westward  through  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  divide 
at  that  point  and  go  both  ways. 

“  These  daily  charts  are  not  alone  valuable  to  the  navigator, 
but  are  distributed  for  the  benefit  of  the  farmers.  At  a  post- 
office  distributing  station,  like  Philadelphia,  the  midnight  re¬ 
port  is  printed  and  goes  out  in  the  early  morning  mails  to  every 
post-office  where  it  can  be  received  early  enough  to  be  of  service. 
These  charts  are  hung  up  in  the  post-offices,  and  are  consulted 
with  much  interest.  The  signs  of  the  coming  weather,  which 
are  usually  looked  for  in  the  horns  of  the  moon,  in  the  dew 
upon  the  grass,  in  the  pigs  carrying  straws,  in  the  wind  ‘back¬ 
ing  round/  and  other  mysterious  and  ambiguous  methods  of 
getting  up  a  wise  prophecy,  are  now  looked  upon  with  deserved 
contempt  in  the  rural  districts,  and  the  prophet  who  uses  them 
is  verily  without  honor  in  his  own  country. 

“  Lieutenant  Grugan  has  constructed  some  appliances  by 
which  the  apparatus  on  exhibition  will  be  made  to  work  rapidly 
enough  to  satisfy  the  most  impatient  sight-seer.  He  will  raise 
the  wind  from  any  quarter,  and  at  any  rate  of  speed,  from  ten  to 
sixty  miles  an  hour,  which  will  set  the  apparatus,  elevated  a  few 
feet  above  the  heads  of  the  spectators,  in  motion.  This  is  accom¬ 
plished  by  means  of  a  fan  near  the  engine-house,  which  forces 
a  current  of  air  through  pipes  to  the  required  spot.  A  shower- 
bath  arrangement  will  produce  an  artificial  rain-fall ;  the  other 
instruments  will  work  in  the  building  without  aid.” 

The  field  work  of  the  Signal  Service  is  of  little  consequence 
in  time  of  peace,  but  during  a  war  it  is  of  the  highest  impor- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


645 


tance,  as  it  is  by  means  of  it  that  distant  portions  of  the  army 
communicate  with  each  other  in  the  presence  of  an  enemy.  The 
display  of  it  was  made  partly  in  the  building  and  partly  in  the 
grounds  to  the  westward  of  the  building.  The  flags,  books,  and 
smaller  instruments  used  by  the  Signal  Corps  were  exhibited  in 
the  building.  In  the  grounds  was  a  complete  field  telegraph 
train,  fully  equipped  and  ready  to  erect  fifty  miles  of  portable 
telegraph  line.  A  portable  signal  tower,  constructed  of  light 
iron  bars,  rose  to  a  height  of  seventy -two  feet,  and  at  its  base 
were  the  wagons  designed  for  its  transportation.  Here  were 
the  semaphore  apparatus,  signal  flags,  torches,  rockets,  bombs, 
mortars,  colored  lights,  and  other  apparatus  used  for  communi¬ 
cating  with  troops  in  the  field  and  with  vessels.  One  of  these 
is  called  a  “  heliograph, ”  and  is  a  large  mirror  which  transmits 
signals  by  sending  flashes  of  the  sun  in  different  directions  and 
at  regular  intervals. 

The  Quartermaster's  Department  exhibited  a  number  of  fig¬ 
ures  clothed  in  the  uniforms  used  at  various  times  in  the  Amer¬ 
ican  army  from  the  Revolution  to  the  present  day.  In  this 
section  were  shown  the  tents,  cooking  utensils  and  tools,  musical 
instruments,  blankets  and  beds,  and  machinery  for  cutting  out 
clothing  and  making  shoes  used  in  the  army.  Here  also  were 
the  portable  forges,  and  the  horse-shoes,  in  use  at  present,  and 
a  complete  exhibit  of  the  system  of  farriery  practised  in  the 
service.  The  wagon  train  was  placed  out  of  doors  to  the  north 
of  the  building,  and  has  been  already  referred  to. 

The  Engineer  Corps  made  one  of  the  most  interesting  exhibits 
in  the  building.  Maps  and  drawings  of  the  great  works  con¬ 
structed  on  the  coast,  the  improvements  of  rivers,  lakes,  and 
harbors  from  1776  to  1876,  were  shown. 

Harbor  improvements  were  illustrated  by  models  of  the  dif¬ 
ferent  kinds  of  crib-work  used  in  building  piers  on  our  great 
lakes,  by  drawings  and  models  of  improved  dredge-boats,  snag- 
boats,  and  grapples,  by  a  fine  model  of  the  pier  built  on  iron- 
screw  piles  at  Lewes,  Delaware,  and  by  a  model  of  the  work  at 
Hell  Gate,  New  York,  showing  in  miniature  all  the  details  of 
that  important  undertaking.  This  model  was  so  arranged  that 


646 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  bed  of  the  river  could  be  raised,  disclosing  all  the  galleries 
which  were  driven  underneath  it.  Next  to  this  model  was  a 
model  of  a  steam-drilling  scow,  used  in  drilling  holes  for  blast¬ 
ing  rock  under  water  where  the  current  is  very  rapid.  The 
peculiarity  of  the  scow  is  a  large  iron  dome,  which  can  be 
lowered  to  the  bed  of  the  river,  and  inside  of  which  divers  can 
carry  on  their  submarine  work  without  being  troubled  by  the 
current,  no  matter  how  rapid  it  may  be. 

Military  engineering  was  illustrated  by  models  made  by  Ser¬ 
geant  Benson,  of  the  engineer  battalion,  on  a  scale  of  one  inch 
to  the  foot,  of  a  complete  pontoon  train.  These  models,  com¬ 
prising  wagons,  boats,  trestles,  forge,  tool-wagon,  and  every¬ 
thing  pertaining  to  a  pontoon  bridge,  were  made  of  black 
walnut  and  German  silver,  and  were  accurate  to  the  smallest 
particular.  The  way  the  bridge  is  built  was  shown  on  a  glass 
river,  constructed  for  the  purpose.  Hanging  above  the  model 
bridge  train  were  a  wicker  gabion,  iron  gabion,  and  sap  fagot. 
Near  by  were  samples  of  intrenching  tools. 

A  very  interesting  table  was  the  one  containing  the  various 
kinds  of  torpedoes  and  the  electrical  apparatus  connected  there¬ 
with,  and  in  a  glass  tank  were  shown  models  of  the  same  things 
in  the  water,  so  that  one  could  see  exactly  how  these  terrible 
weapons  of  defence  are  arranged  in  actual  warfare.  In  another 
tank  was  a  model  of  an  iron  crate,  with  what  are  called  pressure- 
plugs,  used  to  determine  the  force  of  explosion  of  dynamite 
under  water. 

These  models  were  made  by  Sergeant  Nolty,  of  the  battalion 
of  engineers.  One  large  table  was  devoted  to  models  of  counter¬ 
poise  gun-carriages,  which  are  devices  by  means  of  which  heavy 
guns  can  be  lowered  below  the  parapet,  loaded  with  safety  from 
the  enemy’s  fire,  and  raised  again  to  be  fired,  and  all  with  the 
greatest  ease. 

The  display  of  instruments  pertaining  to  geodesy,  meteorology, 
and  astronomy,  was  very  fine,  and  spoke  volumes  for  the  knowl¬ 
edge  and  ability  possessed  by  our  engineer  officers. 

A  model  of  a  sounding  machine  was  interesting  to  hydro- 
graphers.  By  it  twenty  soundings  can  be  taken  in  a  minute 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


647 


and  automatically  recorded.  Quite  a  striking  display  was  that 
of  specimens  of  building  stone,  from  over  one  hundred  different 
quarries.  These  specimens  were  four  inch  cubes,  with  one  side 
polished,  and  were  arranged  on  a  black  velvet  pyramid,  which 
showed  them  off  to  great  advantage. 

A  complete  display  was  made  of  the  various  articles  needed 
for  the  equipment  of  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  army  in  active 
service.  The  pontoon  train  was  exhibited  in  the  grounds  north 
of  the  building.  In  the  ha.4  were  field  photographic  instru¬ 
ments,  siege  and  mining  tools,  and  recon noissance  instruments. 

The  Ordnance  Service  exhibited  its  large  guns  outside  of  the 
building,  as  has  been  stated.  The  display  within  the  hall  was 
large,  and  merited  the  most  careful  study. 

The  manufacture  of  arms  was  shown  in  the  most  admirable 
manner.  Here  was  seen  in  practical  operation  all  the  rifle¬ 
making  machinery  which  the  Government  Armory  at  Spring- 
field,  Massachusetts,  could  crowd  into  the  limited  space.  The 
skilful  men  operatives  began  with  the  round  bars  of  steel  and 
the  long  blocks  of  black  walnut,  turning  out  complete  the 
handsome  weapons  of  death  almost  as  rapidly  as  the  latter 
could  be  made  to  end  human  lives.  The  plain  strip  of  walnut 
was  applied  to  the  lathe,  and  in  three  minutes  and  fifteen 
seconds  was  perfectly  gun-shaped ;  then  to  the  borer,  which  pre¬ 
pared  it  for  the  lock  in  one  more  minute.  It  was  then  a 
finished  stock.  To  enumerate  all  the  other  machines  used 
before  coming  to  the  gun-barrel,  including  the  gang-driller  for 
boring  out  the  receiver,  the  miller  for  milling  the  same,  the 
firing-pin  and  tang-screw  machines,  would  be  attempting  too 
much  in  this  space.  All  of  them  were  of  gigantic  strength,  and 
yet  their  construction  was  as  fine  as  that  of  a  watch.  There 
must  be  no  irregularity  in  their  operation,  not  even  to  the  ex¬ 
tent  of  the  one-thousandth  part  of  an  inch.  The  barrel  is  bored 
out  by  three  or  four  augers  of  different  and  regularly  increasing 
size.  One  of  these  guns,  a  Springfield  breech -loading  rifle,  is 
wrought  upon  by  no  less  than  550  different  operatives  before  it 
is  perfect.  These  manage  1200  machines,  and  the  number  of 
guns  which  they  can  turn  out  in  a  day  of  eight  hours  is  about 


648 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


400.  The  bayonet-grinder  attracted  hundreds  about  him.  The 
bayonet  having  been  wrought  into  nearly  perfect  shape,  he  took 
and  applied  it  to  a  fine-grained  grindstone,  making  1500  revo¬ 
lutions  per  minute.  The  sparks  did  not  fly  ;  they  flew  straight 
out  like  the  tail  of  a  comet.  It  is  known,  of  course,  that  all 
this  machinery  was  operated  by  steam,  the  engine-house  being 
immediately  outside  the  main  building. 

In  the  adjoining  section  the  manufacture  of  cartridges  and 
bullets  was  in  progress.  Nine  women  were  employed  in  making 
cartridges,  there  being  as  many  different  machines,  and  through 
these  must  go  the  constituents  that  finally  come  out  a  cartridge. 
There  was  the  cutter  and  cupper,  which  cuts  the  copper  plates 
into  circular  pieces  as  large  as  a  silver  half-dollar,  and  then 
punches  them  through  a  hole,  shaping  them  like  a  cup.  Sev¬ 
eral  other  cupping  machines,  differing  only  in  the  diameter  of  the 
hole,  each  in  turn  took  the  cup  and  lengthened  it,  until  finally 
it  was  headed  in  another  machine,  had  the  fulminated  cap  in¬ 
serted  in  another,  the  charge  in  another,  and  the  bullet  in  the 
last. 

Here  were  models  of  gun-plants  and  forges,  illustrating  the 
whole  process  of  cannon  making.  Gatling  and  other  battery 
guns  were  shown,  and  small  models  of  field  artillery  as  well  as 
the  guns  themselves.  Caissons  and  artillery  forges,  models  of 
sea-coast  and  siege  guns,  showing  the  manner  of  using  them  in 
barbette  and  casemate  batteries,  and  a  series  of  Whitworth,  Sut¬ 
cliffe,  Mann,  Moffat,  and  Hotchkiss  breech-loading  field  rifle- 
guns  were  exhibited.  Close  by  were  several  handsome  brass 
guns,  bearing  the  name  and  arms  of  Louis  XVI.,  King  of 
France,  presented  to  the  United  States  by  Lafayette  during  the 
Revolution. 

Along  the  wall  was  arranged  a  collection  of  all  the  various 
styles  of  guns  and  pistols  ever  used  in  the  United  States  army, 
from  the  old  flint-lock  of  the  Revolution  up  to  the  splendid 
breech-loading  rifle  of  to-day.  Here  were  several  Chinese  and 
Japanese  match-locks,  and  a  match-lock  of  the  fourteenth  cen¬ 
tury,  one  of  the  first  guns  made  after  the  adoption  of  fire-arms 
in  European  warfare.  Pyramids  of  shot  and  shell  stood  about 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


649 


the  section,  showing  all  the  various  projectiles  used  in  warfare. 
Here  were  mountain  howitzers,  their  carriages  and  also  ammu¬ 
nition  chests — all  on  pack-saddles — just  as  they  are  carried  over 
mountains  or  bad  roads  on  the  backs  of  mules  ;  stuffed  uniformed 
figures  of  cavalry-men  on  the  backs  of  papier-mach6  horses ;  the 
mortal  and  stuffed  remains  of  the  famous  trotter,  George  M. 
Patchen,  hitched  to  a  carriage  containing  a  Gatling  gun;  a 
Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon  (for  field  use,  discharging  eighty 
rounds  of  shells  or  canister-shot  per  minute),  and  a  section  of 
oak  which  stood  inside  the  intrenchments  near  Spottsylvania 
Court  House,  and  was  cut  down  by  musket  balls  in  an  attempt 
to  recapture  the  works  previously  carried  by  the  Second  Corps, 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  May  12th,  1864. 

In  contrast  with  the  splendid  cannon  of  to-day  were  a  num¬ 
ber  of  old  guns  cast  at  Philadelphia  and  Germantown  during 
the  Revolution. 

Plans  of  the  United  States  arsenals  were  exhibited,  and  at 
the  western  end  of  the  section  was  a  handsome  model  of  the 
arsenal  and  grounds  at  Rock  Island,  Illinois. 

The  space  occupied  by  the  War  Department  was  handsomely 
draped  with  flags,  and  was  ornamented  with  fine  portraits  of  the 
secretaries  of  war,  and  the  most  distinguished  generals  of  the 
army. 

The  Post  Hospital. 

The  Medical  Section  of  the  army  made  no  exhibit  in  the 
Government  Building,  but  confined  its  display  to  the  Post 
Hospital,  which  stood  in  the  government  grounds  to  the  north 
of  the  principal  building.  The  hospital  was  a  plain  but  neat 
frame  structure,  two  stories  in  height,  with  a  wide  piazza  run¬ 
ning  all  around  it.  It  was  designed  to  show  a  complete  post¬ 
hospital  of  twenty-four  beds  of  full  size.  The  principal  room 
on  the  lower  floor  showed  the  arrangement  of  the  beds,  and  the 
conveniences  provided  in  the  army  hospitals  for  attending  to  the 
wants  of  the  sick  and  wounded.  The  treatment  of  wounds  and 
other  hurts  was  illustrated  by  papier-mach6  figures  placed  in 
the  beds  in  the  positions  necessary  to  the  proper  treatment  of 
such  injuries.  Upon  the  walls  of  the  room  and  the  halls  ad- 


POST  HOSPITAL  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY 


650 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


651 


joining  it  were  hung  photographs  of  difficult  and  successful 
amputations. 

In  this  room  was  Mr.  Thomas  Eakins’  fine  picture  of  Dr. 
Gross  delivering  a  clinical  lecture  to  a  class  of  students.  It  was 
one  of  the  most  powerful  and  life-like  pictures  to  be  seen  in  the 
Exhibition,  and  should  have  had  a  place  in  the  Art  Gallery, 
where  it  would  have  been  but  for  an  incomprehensible  decision 
of  the  Selecting  Committee. 

In  the  adjoining  rooms  were  models  of  the  barrack  “  General 
Hospitals  ”  used  during  the  civil  war ;  models  of  hospital 
steamers,  such  as  were  used  during  that  struggle  on  the  tide¬ 
water  rivers  of  the  East  and  on  the  Western  rivers;  and  models 
of  hospital  railroad  trains.  Here  also  was  a  case  of  medical  and 
surgical  curiosities  from  the  Army  Medical  Museum  at  Wash¬ 
ington.  A  third  room  was  fitted  up  as  a  dispensary,  and  con¬ 
tained  samples  of  medical  supplies.  Opposite  this  was  the 
office,  with  a  collection  of  surgical  instruments,  medical  works, 
and  the  blanks  and  record  books  used  in  the  hospital  service. 
A  fifth  room  was  fitted  up  as  a  dining-room,  and  contained  a 
display  of  table-ware  and  mess  furniture.  Opening  into  this 
room  was  a  kitchen  with  a  full  equipment  of  cooking  utensils 
and  other  articles  needed  in  this  department. 

The  rooms  on  the  second  floor  contained  a  display  of  medi¬ 
cine  chests  and  panniers,  stretchers,  litters,  artificial  legs  and 
arms,  and  trusses  for  rupture  and  other  apparatus. 

In  the  grounds  in  the  rear  of  the  Post  Hospital  were  shown 
several  hospital  tents  of  various  sizes,  and  a  park  of  ambu¬ 
lances,  medicine  wagons  and  carts. 

The  Laboratory. 

Between  the  Government  Building  and  the  Post  Hospital 
was  a  small  frame  building  intended  for  a  laboratory  for  the 
manufacture  of  cartridges  and  other  dangerous  compounds.  It 
formed  a  part  of  the  exhibit  of  the  Ordnance  Department.  It 
was  built  after  designs  by  Colonel  T.  T.  S.  Laidley,  of  the  array, 
and  consisted  of  an  iron  frame  with  a  wooden  covering.  This 
method  of  construction  is  intended  to  lessen  the  loss  of  life  in 


652 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


case  of  accidental  explosions.  In  such  an  event  the  wooden 
covering  is  blown  out  by  the  force  of  the  explosion,  but  the 
iron  frame  is  left  standing,  and  the  building  does  not  fall  in 
upon  its  inmates.  The  frame  of  the  present  building  was  used 
for  one  which  formerly  stood  in  the  grounds  of  the  Bridesburg 
Arsenal,  at  Philadelphia.  It  was  destroyed  in  August,  1875, 
by  the  accidental  explosion  of  from  600  to  800  pounds  of  gun¬ 
powder.  The  wooden  sides  were  blown  outward,  but  the  iron 
frame  stood  firm.  Of  the  twenty-one  persons  employed  in 
the  building  at  the  time,  but  three  boys  died  from  injuries 
received. 

The  present  structure  contained  several  portraits  of  the  sec¬ 
retaries  who  have  presided  over  the  War  Department,  includ¬ 
ing  a  not  very  good  one  of  Jefferson  Davis,  and  instruments 
for  ascertaining  the  velocity  of  rifle  balls. 

The  Lighthouse. 

In  addition  to  the  display  made  in  the  Government  Build¬ 
ing,  the  Lighthouse  Board  of  the  Treasury  Department  erected 
opposite  the  northeast  corner  of  that  building  an  iron  light¬ 
house,  such  as  is  used  on  the  dangerous  shoals  of  our  coast. 
The  base  of  this  structure  was  of  wood,  but  was  painted  to  rep¬ 
resent  stone.  To  this  the  iron  flanges  of  the  superstructure  were 
bolted,  and  above  this  was  a  high  iron  cylinder,  eighteen  feet  in 
diameter,  the  whole  being  surmounted  by  an  ornamental  iron 
tower.  In  the  centre  of  this  tower  was  placed  a  revolving  or 
flash-light  of  the  fourth  grade,  and  over  one  of  the  dormer  win¬ 
dows  was  suspended  a  fog-bell  weighing  4950  pounds.  The 
light  was  revolved  and  the  bell  was  struck  by  clock-work,  the 
flashes  of  the  light  and  strokes  of  the  bell  being  regulated  at 
the  will  of  the  light-keeper.  The  bell  was  intended  to  be 
struck  first  three  times,  then  twice,  and  then  once,  this  being 
the  signal  adopted  for  one  of  the  shoals  of  Long  Island,  to 
which  the  lighthouse  was  removed  after  the  close  of  the  Ex¬ 
hibition. 

Near  the  lighthouse  was  “  The  Syren,”  or  fog-horn,  which 
was  simply  an  enormously  long  horn  blown  by  steam.  It 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


653 


emitted  a  most  deafening  sound,  and  was  heard  for  a  distance 
of  thirty-five  miles.  A  smaller  horn  was  also  shown.  It  was 
operated  by  a  caloric  engine,  and  was  intended  for  a  light-ship. 
Near  this  was  a  large  lantern  and  an  iron  lattice  work  signal 
for  day  and  night  use  on  light-ships.  The  lights  and  signals 
were  fastened  near  the  top  of  the  mast,  and  were  distinguished 
by  a  difference  of  color.  A  number  of  buoys  were  scattered 
about  the  base  of  the  tower. 


BRONZE  CLOCK,  EXHIBITED  BY  THE  AMERICAN  CLOCK  COMPANY. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE  WOMAN’S  BUILDING. 

Description  of  the  Building — Its  Cost — A  Lady  Engineer — The  Interior  of 
the  Building — The  Exhibit— The  Looms — Works  of  Female  Artists — In¬ 
ventions  of  Women — Institutions  Managed  by  Women — Splendid  Embroi¬ 
deries — Display  from  Foreign  Countries — The  Printing  Office. 

HE  Woman’s  Building  was  one  of  the  handsomest  edi¬ 
fices  connected  with  the  Exhibition,  and  owed  its  ex¬ 
istence  entirely  to  the  efforts  of  a  number  of  ladies 
known  as  the  u  Women’s  Centennial  Executive  Com¬ 
mittee.”  It  was  devoted  exclusively  to  the  exhibition 
of  the  results  of  woman’s  labor,  and  thus  constituted  an  alto¬ 
gether  unique  feature  of  the  great  fair. 

The  building  stood  on  Belmont  avenue,  at  the  western  end 
of  the  Horticultural  grounds.  It  covered  an  area  of  30,000 
square  feet,  and  was  formed  by  two  naves  intersecting  each 
other,  each  192  feet  long  and  64  feet  wide.  At  the  end  of  these 
there  was  a  porch  8  by  32  feet  in  size.  The  corners  formed  by 
the  intersection  of  the  two  naves  were  filled  out  by  four  pavil¬ 
ions  which  were  included  in  the  hall.  Each  of  these  pavilions 
was  48  feet  square.  The  whole  structure  was  of  wood,  the 
architecture  being  of  the  modern  style.  The  centre  of  the 
edifice  was  25  feet  higher  than  the  rest  of  the  building,  and  was 
surmounted  by  a  lantern  with  a  cupola  on  top  of  the  same, 
giving  to  this  part  of  the  building  a  total  height  of  90  feet. 
The  most  striking  feature  of  the  plan  was  that  there  were  in 
the  whole  interior  but  four  supporting  columns  to  the  roof,  all 
the  rest  being  trussed  over  from  the  outside  walls.  The  exterior 
was  painted  a  light  bluish  gray  color,  and  the  interior  was  fin¬ 
ished  in  the  softest  shade  of  light  blue. 

654 


655 


women’s  pavilion,  international  centennial  exhibition. 


656 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Work  upon  the  building  was  begun  about  the  middle  of 
October,  1875,  and  it  was  turned  over  to  the  “  Women’s  Com¬ 
mittee,”  completed,  early  in  January,  1876.  The  design  was 
prepared  by  Mr.  H.  J.  Schwarzmann,  the  architect  of  Memorial 
Hall.  The  cost  of  the  building  and  its  internal  arrangements 
was  $30,000,  which  sum  was  raised  through  the  exertions  of 
the  ladies  having  the  enterprise  in  charge. 

The  appearance  of  the  interior  was  very  pretty  and  attractive. 
A  tasteful  fountain,  situated  immediately  under  the  lantern, 
sent  a  graceful  jet  of  water  into  the  air,  and  around  the  basin  in 
which  it  stood  was  a  cool  and  inviting  rim  of  rock-work  and 
ferns.  A  large  chandelier  hung  from  the  central  point  of  the 

roof,  and  banners  and  streamers 
ornamented  the  hall. 

At  the  north  side  of  the  build¬ 
ing  was  the  engine  house,  in 
which  a  Baxter  portable  engine 
of  six  horse-power  supplied  the 
motive  power  for  the  machinery 
in  operation  in  the  hall.  The 
engine  was  in  charge  of  Miss 
Emma  Allison,  of  Grimsby, 
Iowa,  who,  if  she  did  nothing 

else,  offered  an  example  worth 
dreaming  iolanthe,  in  butter,  followi  to  the  engineers  of  the 

male  sex  m  the  neatness  of  her 
dress  and  the  perfection  of  cleanliness  exhibited  in  both 
engine  and  engine-room.  The  young  lady  is  highly  educated, 
and  is  thoroughly  posted  in  theoretical  as  well  as  practical 
mechanics. 

The  engine  operated  a  number  of  spinning  frames  and  power 
looms  in  the  hall,  which  were  constantly  at  work,  in  charge  of 
female  operatives.  It  ran  also  a  small  Hoe  cylinder  press,  on 
which  the  journal  issued  from  this  building  was  printed. 

The  display  within  the  hall  was  quite  large,  and  included 
nearly  everything  of  woman’s  work  or  invention  that  could  be 
collected.  Paintings  and  statuary  by  female  artists  were  shown 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


657 


in  the  northern  section  of  the  hall,  but  the  collection  fell  short 
of  illustrating  the  highest  triumphs  achieved  by  the  sex  in  these 
departments  of  art. 

A  very  noticeable  exhibit  was  the  “  Dreaming  Iolanthe,”  an 
exquisite  head  carved  in  butter  by  Mrs.  Brooks,  of  Arkansas/ 
It  was  an  exhibition  of  native  talent,  as  the  lady  had  had  no 
regular  instruction  in  her  art. 

A  most  interesting  exhibit  was  made  in  the  southeastern  sec¬ 
tion  of  the  building,  of  the  inventions  of  women  in  machinery 
and  other  fields  of  labor.  The  majority  of  these  were  designed 
to  economize  household  labor.  First  of  all,  there  was  a  machine 
for  washing  blankets,  which  every  housekeeper  knows  to  be 
one  of  the  most  difficult  operations  of  the  laundry.  The  same 
lady  inventor  exhibited  two  mangling  machines.  A  system  of 
self-fitting  patterns,  intended  to  enable  ladies  to  dispense  with 
the  services  of  a  dress-maker,  was  also  shown.  Here  was  a 
barrel-cover  which  could  be  locked,  and  which  thus  served  as  a 
protection  to  sugar  and  flour  barrels.  Here  were  smoothing 
irons  to  be  heated  by  gas  asAhey  are  used;  a  frame  for  stretch¬ 
ing  and  drying  lace  curtains ;  dusting  racks  and  many  other 
household  appliances.  Here  were  a  machine  for  washing  dishes, 
which  not  only  cleaned  but  dried  them  ;  a  patent  bedstead,  fitted 
up  with  drawers;  a  combined  travelling-bag  and  chair;  a  life¬ 
saving  mattress,  which  floats  like  a  cork  and  will  not  turn  over; 
chest-protectors ;  surgical  appliances  and  dental  products.  Here 
were  some  remarkably  well-executed  pictures  worked  in  human 
hair,  and  a  number  of  flowers  and  toilet  articles  made  entirely 
of  fish  scales.  A  bouquet  of  wax  flowers  was  shown  made  by 
the  great-granddaughters  of  the  author  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  who,  in  the  midst  of  the  rejoicings  of  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  year,  were  left  to  make  an  almost  hopeless  struggle  with 
poverty.  Here  also  was  a  whistle  made  of  the  tail  of  a  pig, 
which  completely  upset  the  old  Scotch  adage,  that  “  Out  of  a 
pig’s  tail  you  can’t  make  a  whistle.” 

In  the  southern  section  were  photographs  of  the  various  insti¬ 
tutions  in  the  United  States  which  were  established  or  are  con¬ 
ducted  by  women.  Prominent  among  these  were  the  Shelter 
42 


658 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


for  Colored  Orphans,  at  West  Philadelphia;  the  House  of  the 
Holy  Family,  at  New  York ;  the  Old  Ladies’  Home,  Lowell, 
Massachusetts;  the  Home  for  Young  Women  and  Children, 
Lowell,  Massachusetts;  the  New  England  Hospital  for  Women 
and  Children;  the  New  York  Lying-in  Asylum;  the  New 
Haven  Orphan  Asylum  ;  Home  for  Friendless  Women,  Indian¬ 
apolis;  Reformatory  Institute  for  Women  and  Girls  and  the 
Home  for  Friendless  Women,  at  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana;  the 
Old  Ladies’  Home,  at  New  Albany,  Indiana;  and  the  Orphans’ 
Home,  at  Richmond,  Indiana. 

In  the  southeastern  section  was  a  large  collection  of  embroid¬ 
eries  by  hand,  the  most  of  it  in  glass  cases.  Here  were  a  number 
of  portraits  worked  in  silk  or  embroidered  in  worsted.  There 
were  portraits  of  Queen  Victoria,  Mr.  Gladstone,  Prince  Albert, 
the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  and  others.  An  elaborate 
picture  in  worsted-work  represented  the  “Death  of  George 
Douglas  at  the  Battle  of  Langside.”  Here  were  splendidly 
embroidered  garments  of  various  kinds  for  ladies  and  children, 
carriage  robes,  afghans,  and  a  picture  in  needle-work  of  Abraham 
and  Hagar.  Mrs.  Mary  Champneys  sent  a  pair  of  socks  which 
she  knit  in  her  one-hundredth  year. 

In  the  northwestern  section  there  were  some  fine  wTood-carvings 
by  ladies,  and  sets  of  chamber  furniture  designed  by  them. 
Close  by  were  sets  of  porcelain  ornamented  by  lady  artists,  some 
of  which  were  very  beautiful. 

The  southwestern  section  of  the  hall  was  taken  up  almost 
entirely  by  exhibits  from  foreign  countries.  The  ladies  of 
Great  Britain,  Canada,  Sweden,  France,  and  the  Netherlands, 
and  other  countries  sent  contributions  to  this  department,  which 
were  among  the  handsomest  articles  displayed  in  the  hall. 
The  Royal  School  of  Art  and  Needlework,  under  the  patronage 
of  her  Majesty  the  Queen  of  England,  the  exhibit  of  which  we 
noticed  in  our  account  of  the  Main  Exhibition  Building,  had 
here  several  cases  of  superb  embroideries  and  needle-work. 

Egypt  also  sent  several  specimens  of  rich  embroideries  in 
gold  and  silver  thread.  Here  were  a  set  of  velvet  covers  for 
doors  richly  embroidered  in  quaint  designs  with  gold  thread 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


659 


by  the  wife  of  the  Bey  of  Tunis.  They  were  among  the  most 
beautiful  specimens  of  needle-work  in  the  entire  Exhibition. 
From  the  Netherlands  were  some  beautiful  silk  embroideries, 
and  some  feather- work,  and  from  France  silk  embroideries,  and 
specimens  of  the  drawings  of  the  pupils  of  the  female  art  schools 
of  Paris. 

In  the  Canadian  department  were  a  number  of  finely  executed 
models  representing  the  Church  and  Chapel  of  Notre  Dame,  at 
Montreal,  the  Mother  House  of  the  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame,  the 
Orphanage  at  Joliette,  the  St.  Alexis  Orphan  Asylum,  the 
Monastery  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  the  Convent  of  the  Good 
Shepherd,  Quebec,  the  St.  John’s  Asylum,  the  Hotel  Dieu  and 
the  General  Hospital,  at  Quebec.  The  inmates  of  these  estab¬ 
lishments  sent  beautiful  specimens  of  their  handiwork,  including 
a  picture  in  worsted  of  the  Lord’s  Supper,  and  cases  of  silk 
dresses,  flowers,  and  a  carved  picture-frame.  There  were  also 
in  this  exhibit  many  handsome  pieces  of  straw- work,  silk  flower- 
work,  laces,  anti-macassar  and  cretonne  work. 

Norway  and  Sweden  each  sent  embroideries,  flowers,  and 
articles  made  from  fish-scales,  articles  ornamented  with  moss, 
clothing,  and  articles  of  household  use.  Their  displays  resembled 
each  other  very  closely.  Near  the  western  wall  of  the  portion 
of  the  building  occupied  by  these  two  countries  were  four  life- 
size  figures  in  wax,  similar  to  those  in  the  Main  Building, 
representing  not  only  the  costumes  but  the  facial  characteristics 
of  the  Swedish  peasants.  The  first  three  represented  two  young 
ladies  anxiously  blowing  to  pieces  one  of  those  little  flowers 
which  are  supposed  to  tell  a  maiden  whether  her  lover  is  true 
or  not.  Behind  them  stands  a  young  man  watching  the  result 
with  an  expression  half  anxious,  half  amused.  The  other  figure 
represented  a  bride  in  the  peasant  dress. 

Japan  fully  sustained  her  reputation  by  her  display  here  of 
articles  in  the  manufacture  of  which  the  women  of  that  country 
have  attained  great  skill.  Among  these  articles  of  utility,  as 
well  as  beauty,  were  cigar-cases,  cabinets,  work-boxes,  writing- 
desks,  satchels,  etc.,  all  made  of  wood  and  most  delicately 
ornamented  with  lacquer  and  inlaying,  many  of  them  being 


660 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


adorned  with  grotesque  yet  not  wholly  inartistic  figures  in  ivory 
and  ebony.  There  were  also  displayed  a  large  number  of  arti¬ 
ficial  flowers,  which,  in  shape  and  color,  were  close  counterparts 
of  nature,  besides  a  number  of  raised  pictures  in  wool.  The 
last-mentioned  exhibits  had  a  peculiar  effect  somewhat  akin  to 
perspective,  but  they  were  nevertheless  unnatural.  Several 
large  screens  ornamented  with  numberless  fans,  which  in  turn 
were  ornamented  with  figures  of  various  kinds,  were  also  in  this 
collection.  Some  of  the  figures  were  painted,  while  others  were 
worked  in  wool,  or  made  of  cloth  raised  high  from  the  surface. 
One  of  the  most  striking  of  these  exhibits  was  a  large  six-panelled 
screen,  with  a  framework  of  ebony  ornamented  with  gilt  and 
silver  plates.  The  back  of  the  screen  was  covered  with  a  plain 
gold  pattern  of  a  pretty  design,  and  the  front  had  a  ground  of 
yellow  silk,  in  which  were  worked  a  variety  of  ladies’  fans.  On 
these  were  depicted  Japanese  mandarins,  tradesmen,  merchants, 
mechanics,  farmers,  jugglers,  and  all  engaged  in  the  pleasures, 
professions,  or  occupations  to  which  they  were  born.  The  figures 
themselves  were  of  paper,  but  the  clothing,  with  all  the  variety 
of  ornament  and  minuteness  of  detail,  was  made  of  silk,  and,  like 
many  other  of  the  Japanese  pictures,  raised  from  the  surface. 
A  cabinet  containing  screens  and  ottomans  was  a  very  fine  piece 
of  work,  and  was  universally  admired.  The  specimens  of  plain 
and  embroidered  silk  exhibited  were  peculiarly  interesting,  not 
only  from  the  richness  of  the  material,  but  from  the  quaint  yet 
really  beautiful  designs. 

The  ladies  of  Brazil  made  a  handsome  exhibit  of  table  covers, 
embroidery,  and  fancy  work,  many  of  the  articles  being  the 
contributions  of  the  inmates  of  the  Brazilian  Orphan  Asylums. 
Among  these  the  most  noticeable  exhibit  was  a  cabinet  of  gold 
lace- work.  A  pretty  little  pincushion,  made  of  shells  and  silk, 
and  a  sample  of  the  needlework  of  the  Viscountess  de  Itamaraty, 
attracted  much  attention.  A  very  beautiful  model  in  cork  of  a 
noted  Brazilian  castle,  a  wreath  of  flowers  made  entirely  of 
leather,  several  cushions,  delicately  embroidered  with  silk  and 
wool,  by  the  pupils  of  the  Orphan  College  of  St.  Theresa  and 
the  College  of  the  Imperial  Society,  were  all  exceptional  pieces 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


661 


of  work,  and  were,  of  course,  much  admired.  Among  the  other 
more  noticeable  exhibits  were  some  elegant  specimens  of  lace- 
work,  scarfs,  and  artificial  flowers  made  of  leather  and  feathers. 

Near  the  centre  of  the  building  was  a  small  printing  office  in 
which  female  compositors  were  engaged  in  setting  up  the  type 
of  The  New  Century  for  Women ,  a  journal  conducted  entirely  by 
women,  and  issued  from  this  building. 

Altogether  the  display  in  the  Woman’s  Building  was  very 
creditable,  and  reflected  great  credit  upon  the  good  taste  and 
administrative  ability  of  the  ladies  having  it  in  charge. 


SLOTTING  MACHINE,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


THE  MINOR  STRUCTURES  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

The  State  Buildings — St.  George’s  House — The  French  Government  Building 
— The  French  Stained  Glass  Pavilion — The  German  Government  Building 
— The  Spanish  Buildings — The  Portuguese  Building — The  Swedish  School- 
House — The  Canadian  Log-House — The  Brazilian  Building — The  Japanese 
Dwelling  and  Bazaar — The  Turkish  and  Tunisian  Coffee  Houses  and 
Bazaars — The  Syrian  Bazaars — The  Moorish  Villa — The  Chilian  Machinery 
Hall — Buildings  of  the  Centennial  Commission — The  Judges’  Hall — The 
Restaurants — The  Shoe  and  Leather  Building — The  Brewers’  Hall — The 
Butter  and  Cheese  Factory — Department  of  Public  Comfort — Singer  Sewing 
Machine  Cottage — The  Centennial  Photographic  Association — The  Ameri¬ 
can  Railroad  Ticket  Office — Empire  Transportation  Company’s  Building — 
Starr’s  Iron  Works — The  Glass  Works — Campbell  Printing  Press  'Ruil ding 
— The  American  Newspaper  Building — The  World’s  Ticket  Office — The 
Palestine  Camp — The  Women’s  School-House — The  American  Kinder¬ 
garten — The  New  England  Farmer’s  Home  and  Modern  Kitchen — Pacific 
Guano  Company’s  Building — The  Sheet-Metal  Pavilion — The  Cafe  de 
Brazil — The  United  States  Life-Saving  Station — The  Elevated  Railway — 
The  Windmills. 

The  State  Buildings. 

HE  State  buildings  were  erected  by  the  Commissioners 
of  the  respective  States  to  which  they  belonged,  the 
cost  being  defrayed  by  appropriations  by  the  legisla¬ 
tures  of  those  States.  The  majority  were  located  on 
State  avenue,  in  the  northwestern  portion  of  the  Ex¬ 
hibition  grounds,  but  a  few  were  in  other  parts  of  the  enclosure. 
We  shall  take  them  in  their  geographical  order. 

New  Hampshire . — The  New  Hampshire  Building  stood  on 
State  avenue,  immediately  west  of  the  Michigan  Building.  It 
was  fifty  feet  square,  and  was  a  small  and  plain,  but  tasteful, 
frame  cottage,  with  a  reception-room  on  the  first  floor,  and  a 
ladies’  parlor  up-stairs.  It  was  intended,  like  all  the  State 
662 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


663 


buildings,  as  an  office  for  the  Commissioners  of  the  State,  and  a 
rendezvous  for  visitors  to  the  Exhibition  from  the  State  to 
which  it  belonged.  It  was  ornamented  with  fine  photographs 
of  White  Mountain  scenery. 

Vermont. — The  Vermont  Building  stood  in  a  garden  plot  to 
the  north  of  Machinery  Hall,  and  near  the  Turkish  Coffee 
House.  It  was  a  handsome  cottage,  thirty-five  by  forty  feet  in 
size,  and  the  interior  was  fitted  up  simply  but  tastefully  in 
stained  pine  wood.  It  contained  the  offices  of  the  Vermont 
State  Commissioners,  a  reading-room  and  a  ladies’  parlor.  In 
the  latter  was  a  fine  Estey  organ. 

Massachusetts. — On  State  avenue,  immediately  west  of  the 
Connecticut  cottage,  the  commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  erected 
one  of  the  handsomest  cottages  in  the  grounds.  It  was  of 
wood,  and  consisted  of  a  central  building  with  wings  at  each 
end,  around  which  were  wide  and  cool  piazzas.  The  building 
covered  an  area  of  eighty-seven  by  seventy  feet,  and  was  painted 
in  dark,  rich  colors.  It  was  two  stories  in  height,  and  from 
the  central  point  of  the  roof  rose  a  tower  surmounted  by  a  flag¬ 
staff.  The  entrance  hall  was  wide  and  spacious,  and  extended 
from  the  front  door  to  the  rear  of  the  building,  at  which  was 
the  office  for  the  transaction  of  the  business  of  the  house.  On 
the  left  of  the  hall  were  the  reception-room  of  the  Board  of 
State  Commissioners  and  the  ladies’  parlor,  and  on  the  opposite 
side  the  reception-room  of  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts  and 
the  reading-room.  The  first  three  rooms  and  the  hall  were 
handsomely  furnished,  and  the  whole  building  had  an  air  of 
elegance  and  comfort  which  were  admirable. 

Rhode  Island. — The  Bhode  Island  Building  was  a  small 
but  tasteful  frame  cottage,  situated  on  the  slopes  of  George’s 
Hill,  to  the  west  of  the  Mississippi  Building.  It  was  fitted 
up  with  the  offices  of  the  State  Commission  and  reception- 
rooms. 

Connecticut. — The  State  of  Connecticut  erected  as  its  head¬ 
quarters  a  tasteful  two-story  cottage,  on  State  avenue,  between 
the  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire  buildings.  It  was  in¬ 
tended  to  represent  a  colonial  homestead  of  a  century  ago.  The 


664 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


building  was  about  forty  feet  square,  and  the  front  was  of  oc¬ 
tagonal  shingles,  timber  and  plaster.  The  low  second  story 
projected  four  feet  over  the  first  story.  In  the  centre  of  the 
front  was  a  stout  wooden  porch  over  a  strong  old-fashioned 
hatch  door  divided  horizontally  in  the  middle.  Over  the  porch 
were  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  State  and  the  motto,  “  Qui  Trans- 
tulit,  Sustinet.”  On  the  roof  was  a  dormer-window,  raised 
three  feet  above  the  eaves  and  with  a  slanting  roof  reaching 
nearly  to  the  peak  of  the  main  roof.  The  main  roof  started  in 
front  from  the  eaves  at  a  height  of  eighteen  feet  from  the 
ground,  and  after  running  up  to  a  peak  about  the  centre  of  the 
building  sloped  to  the  rear,  where  the  eaves  were  only  ten  feet 
from  the  ground.  On  the  east  side  of  the  house  was  a  balcony 
at  a  window  eight  feet  wide,  and  at  a  window  in  the  second 
story  the  State  coat-of-arms  was  displayed.  On  the  west  side 
was  a  picturesque  verandah  of  heavy  timber.  The  windows 
were  all  glazed  with  lights  six  by  eight  inches.  In  the  centre 
of  the  building  was  a  substantial  stone  chimney. 

In  the  interior  was  a  reception-room  twenty-two  by  twenty- 
nine  feet,  seventeen  and  one-half  feet  high,  with  a  gallery  on 
front  and  two  sides  three  and  one-half  feet  wide.  The  whole 
interior  was  finished  with  wood,  stained  to  give  it  the  appear¬ 
ance  of  age.  An  old-fashioned  fireplace  stood  opposite  the 
front  door.  It  had  an  ample  hearth  and  stone  front  surrounded 
by  pictured  tiles.  Shelves  supported  by  heavy  brackets  were 
over  the  fire-place,  and  above  them  panelling  reached  to  the 
ceiling.  Back  of  the  reception-room  was  the  principal  office  for 
the  State  Commission,  janitor’s  room  and  parlors  for  ladies  and 
gentlemen. 

New  York — The  New  York  State  Building  was  a  highly 
ornamental  two-story  cottage,  with  wide  verandahs  running 
around  it  and  a  tower  rising  from  the  centre  of  the  front  of  the 
roof.  It  covered  an  area  of  eighty  by  thirty-five  feet,  and  was 
painted  in  light  colors.  It  stood  immediately  south  of  State 
avenue  and  east  of  the  British  Government  Buildings.  It  was 
simply  but  tastefully  furnished,  and  contained  the  offices  of  the 
State  Commission  and  reception-rooms  for  ladies  and  gentlemen. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


665 


New  Jersey . — The  State  of  New  Jersey  was  the  first  after 
Pennsylvania  to  take  up  the  Centennial  Exhibition  scheme,  and 
her  assistance  was  of  the  most  liberal  character.  It  is  not  sur¬ 
prising  therefore  that  the  State  was  represented  by  one  of  the 
most  elaborate  and  attractive  structures  on  the  grounds.  The 
building  stood  immediately  north  of  the  Woman’s  Building,  on 
the  east  side  of  Belmont  avenue.  It  was  a  wooden  structure  of 
unique  design ;  was  covered  with  tiles  manufactured  from  New 
Jersey  clay,  and  presented  a  novel  as  well  as  interesting  appear¬ 
ance.  Above  the  main  entrance  rose  a  lofty  tower,  from  which 
an  admirable  view  of  the  grounds  could  be  obtained.  The 
chimney  was  a  conspicuous  portion  of  the  building,  and  was 
made  of  brick  manufactured  in  various  portions  of  the  State. 
The  buiMing  covered  an  area  of  eighty-two  by  forty-two  feet. 
The  interior  was  finished  in  dark,  rich  colors,  and  consisted  of 
a  wide,  cool  reception-room,  with  wide  windows  on  the  first 
floor,  with  offices  and  parlors  for  ladies  opening  upon  it.  The 
upper  rooms  were  for  the  use  of  the  State  Commissioners.  The 
furnishing  was  simple  but  tasteful. 

Pennsylvania.  —  The  Pennsylvania  State  Building  stood 
north  of  Machinery  Hall,  and  near  the  lake.  It  was  a  handsome 
Gothic  cottage,  ninety-seven  feet  long  and  fifty-seven  feet  wide, 
and  was  painted  a  light-brown.  Over  the  main  entrance  rose  a 
large  tower  flanked  by  two  smaller  ones.  A  wide  piazza  ex¬ 
tended  around  the  building.  The  main  entrance  led  to  a  large 
Gothic  hall,  into  which  opened  the  manager’s  office,  the  Gov¬ 
ernor’s  room,  parlors  for  ladies  and  gentlemen  and  the  reading- 
room.  The  upper  rooms  were  for  the  use  of  the  State  Com¬ 
missioners.  The  rooms  were  richly  furnished  and  the  interior 
of  the  building  was  elegant  and  handsome. 

Pennsylvania  Educational  Hall. — In  addition  to  her  State 
building,  Pennsylvania  erected  a  separate  structure  for  the 
display  of  her  schools  and  educational  system.  It  was  situated 
immediately  to  the  west  of  Memorial  Hall,  and  was  circular  in 
shape,  with  a  dome  rising  in  the  centre  of  the  roof.  The  in¬ 
terior  consisted  of  a  central  hall  lying  immediately  under  the 
dome,  and  an  outer  corridor  or  hall  running  entirely  around  it. 


666 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


This  outer  hall  was  divided  into  a  number  of  sections  or  stalls, 
in  which  the  exhibits  were  arranged  according  to  a  regular 
system.  The  central  hall  was  unbroken  and  opened  into  the 
outer  hall  by  several  doors. 

Entering  by  the  south  door,  the  attention  of  the  visitor  was 
drawn  to  the  exhibit  of  the  kindergarten  system  which  stood 
on  his  right.  This  was  one  of  the  most  complete  showings  of 
Froebel’s  system  in  the  Exhibition,  and  was  deeply  interesting. 


The  next  section  on  the  right  showed  the  primary-school  system 
of  Pennsylvania.  Then  followed  the  secondary,  grammar  and 
high  school,  each  in  regular  succession,  after  which  the  normal 
school  and  college  systems  were  shown,  the  whole  ending  with 
the  exhibit  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  The  exhibit  was 
made  by  showing  the  text-books,  furniture,  scientific  and  philo¬ 
sophical  apparatus  used  in  the  schools,  and  by  specimens  of  the 
pupil's  work,  such  as  we  have  alluded  to  in  our  account  of  the 
school  exhibits  in  the  Main  Building.  No  State  made  such  an 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


667 


elaborate  display  as  was  to  be  seen  here,  this  magnificent  exhibit 
being  under  the  charge  of  Professor  Wickersham,  who  is  the 
State  Superintendent  of  Schools.  Models,  drawings  and  photo¬ 
graphs  of  the  State  schools  of  various  grades  and  of  several  of 
the  colleges  were  shown,  and  the  educational  statistics  of  the 
State  were  displayed  by  means  of  charts.  The  technical  schools 
showed  drawings,  casts  and  models,  the  various  apparatus  used 
by  them  and  specimens  of  the  work  of  the  pupils.  The  display 
included  the  schools  for  the  blind,  the  feeble-minded,  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  and  the  orphans  of  the  soldiers  and  sailors  of  Penn¬ 
sylvania  who  died  in  defence  of  the  Union  during  the  late  civil 
war.  Specimens  of  their  work  in  the  industrial  departments 
were  exhibited,  and  a  full  showing  was  made  of  the  course 
pursued  in  them.  There  was  also  an  exhibit  of  Sunday-school 
material,  such  as  maps,  charts,  forms  and  models. 

Delaware. — The  Delaware  State  Building  was  a  handsome 
frame  cottage  of  two  stories,  in  the  Norman-Gothic  style,  with 
a  tower,  and  was  situated  on  State  avenue,  to  the  west  of  the 
Massachusetts  Building.  It  was  simply  furnished,  and  con¬ 
tained  the  offices  of  the  State  Commissioners  and  parlors  for 
ladies  and  gentlemen. 

Maryland. — The  Maryland  Building  was  situated  a  little  to 
the  north  of  State  avenue,  and  west  of  the  Delaware  house.  It 
was  eighty-five  by  seventy  feet  in  size,  and  was  built  of  wood. 
It  contained  the  offices  of  the  State  Commissioners,  reception- 
rooms,  and  a  large  hall  in  which  an  exhibit  was  made  of  the 
agricultural  products  of  the  State,  its  mineral  ores,  marbles  and 
other  building  stones,  timber,  etc.  The  oyster  fisheries  of  the 
Chesapeake  bay  and  its  tributaries  were  illustrated  by  specimens 
of  oysters  in  the  shell,  and  by  a  complete  display  of  models  of 
all  the  boats  and  other  apparatus  used  in  the  fisheries.  In  one 
of  the  rooms  on  the  west  of  the  hall  were  a  number  of  speci¬ 
mens  of  the  work  of  the  pupils  of  the  State  schools  of  design ; 
and  in  an  adjoining  one  portraits  and  other  historical  relics 
loaned  by  the  Maryland  Historical  Society.  One  of  these  was 
the  banner  presented  to  Pulaski  by  the  nuns  of  Bethlehem, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1778. 


668 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


In  the  grounds  in  front  of  the  building  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Railroad  Company  exhibited  an  old  “  grasshopper  engine,”  made 
in  1835 — one  of  the  first  locomotives  ever  used  in  this  country 
— and  one  of  their  largest  six-wheel  engines,  which  is  said  to 
be  the  largest  passenger  locomotive  in  the  world. 

Virginia. — A  private  gentleman  erected  a  plain  cottage  ot 
two  rooms,  in  the  rear  of  the  Woman’s  Building,  to  serve  as 
a  rendezvous  for  visitors  from  the  old  State  of  Virginia,  which 
declined  to  make  any  appropriation  to  the  Exhibition. 

West  Virginia.— The  State  of  West  Virginia  had  a  handsome 


MARYLAND  STATE  BUILDING. 


edifice  on  Fountain  avenue,  near  the  Total  Abstinence  fountain. 
It  covered  an  area  of  fifty-nine  by  thirty  feet,  and  was  built 
entirely  of  timber  from  the  State  to  which  it  belonged.  It  was 
a  two-story  structure,  with  a  tower  in  the  centre.  The  build¬ 
ing  consisted  of  two  portions,  an  octagonal  front,  with  a  central 
hall  open  from  the  floor  to  the  roof,  with  a  gallery  running 
around  the  second  story,  and  a  rear  hall,  rectangular  in  shape. 
The  octagon  contained  the  offices  of  the  commissioners  and 
reception-rooms  for  visitors.  The  hall  in  the  rear  was  filled 
with  a  handsome  display  of  the  agricultural  and  mineral  pro- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


669 


ducts  of  the  State.  The  native  woods  were  shown  by  large 
sections  of  trees,  and  by  eighty  smaller  blocks  in  the  shape  of 
books.  The  bark  was  left  on  the  back  of  each,  and  the  name 
of  the  wood  was  printed  in  gilt  letters  and  pasted  on  the  bark. 
The  row  of  samples  thus  resembled  a  collection  of  handsomely 
bound  volumes.  The  rich  coal  and  coal  oil  of  the  State  were 
shown  by  large  blocks  of  the  former  and  jars  of  the  latter.  A 
fine  display  was  made  of  iron  ore.  Large  blocks  of  bituminous 


MISSISSIPPI  STATE  BUILDING. 


coal  stood  in  the  grounds  adjoining  the  building.  A  consider¬ 
able  display  was  made  of  tobacco,  and  of  oils,  wines,  mineral 
waters,  mineral  paints,  glass  sands  and  marls.  Building  stones 
of  the  best  quality  were  also  shown.  The  public  school  system 
of  the  State  was  shown,  with  specimens  of  the  text-books  used. 

Mississippi. — The  Mississippi  Building  was  a  neat  and  taste¬ 
ful  two-story  log  cabin.  It  was  forty-three  by  thirty  feet  in 
size,  and  was  built  of  wood  covered  with  a  frame  work  of  logs 
with  the  bark  on,  all  the  timber  used  in  its  construction  being 
shipped  direct  from  Mississippi.  There  were  sixty-eight  differ- 


670 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ent  kinds  of  wood  used  in  the  building,  and  the  ornaments  to 
the  balconies,  door-ways  and  windows  consisted  of  knots,  roots 
and  curious  formations  found  in  the  Mississippi  forests.  The 
walls  of  the  interior  were  finished  in  highly  polished  pine 
wood  of  various  kinds.  Some  of  these  specimens  resembled 
bird’s-eye  maple,  and  others  were  as  dark  as  mahogany.  „  The 
exterior  of  the  structure  was  covered  with  Spanish  moss,  which 
gave  to  the  building  a  most  picturesque  appearance.  The 
building  contained  the  offices  of  the  State  Commission  and 
reception-rooms  for  ladies  and  gentlemen.  It  stood  on  the 
slopes  of  George’s  Hill,  to  the  north  of  the  West  Virginia 
Building. 

Tennessee. — Tennessee  was  represented  only  by  a  canvas  tent 
between  the  Maryland  and  Iowa  buildings,  erected  by  a  private 
individual.  It  contained  a  small  exhibit  of  the  iron  ores  of  the 
State. 

Arkansas. — The  Building  of  the  State  of  Arkansas  was  situ¬ 
ated  on  the  south  side  of  State  avenue,  west  of  the  British 
Buildings.  It  was  constructed  of  wood,  was  octagonal  in  shape, 
about  eighty  feet  in  diameter,  and  had  a  double  dome  in  the  cen¬ 
tre.  It  was  painted  in  bright  colors  without  and  within,  and 
the  interior  was  handsomely  draped  with  flags  and  streamers.  A 
handsome  bronze  fountain  stood  in  the  centre,  under  the  dome, 
and  around  the  hall  was  arranged  a  special  display  of  the  min¬ 
eral  and  agricultural  resources  of  the  State.  The  woods,  min¬ 
erals  and  coal  were  shown  to  excellent  advantage,  and  a  capital 
display  was  made  of  the  excellent  cotton  grown  in  this  State. 
The  building  also  contained  the  offices  of  the  State  Commis¬ 
sioners. 

Missouri. — The  Missouri  Building  stood  north  of  State 
avenue,  on  the  slope  of  George’s  Hill,  and  adjoined  the  Iowa 
Building  on  the  west.  It  was  a  two-story  structure,  with  a 
tower  at  its  eastern  end,  and  covered  an  area  forty  by  sixty  feet 
in  size.  It  contained  but  a  single  room  on  the  first  floor  (the 
ladies’  parlor  being  in  the  second  story),  which  was  neatly  but 
simply  furnished.  Here  was  a  cabinet  of  specimens  of  the 
minerals  found  in  the  State,  and  of  the  native  woods. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


671 


Ohio. — The  Ohio  Building  was  located  at  the  eastern  end  of 
State  avenue,  immediately  west  of  Belmont  avenue.  It  was  the 
most  elegant  and  substantial  of  all  the  State  edifices,  and  was 
constructed  of  dressed  stone  furnished  by  twenty-one  quarries 
of  the  State.  All  the  materials  used  in  its  construction  were 
furnished  by  citizens  of  the  State  of  Ohio  engaged  in  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  the  respective  articles,  and  were  intended  as  special 
exhibits.  The  building  was  forty  feet  square  inside,  was  two 


MISSOURI  STATE  BUILDING. 


full  stories  and  an  attic  in  height,  and  was  fitted  up  with  recep¬ 
tion  and  reading-rooms  and  the  offices  of  the  State  Commission. 
In  the  rear  was  a  large  hall  or  annex,  of  wood,  sixty  feet  long, 
intended  for  the  exhibition  of  articles  from  Ohio  and  for  public 
meetings. 

Indiana. — The  Indiana  Building  stood  on  State  avenue, 
immediately  west  of  the  Ohio  Building.  It  was  a  handsome 
wooden  pavilion,  and  covered  an  area  sixty  by  forty  feet  in 
size.  It  contained  a  principal  hall,  into  which  opened*  the 


672 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


reading-room  and  ladies’  parlor.  The  walls  of  the  principal 
hall  consisted  of  different  colored  panels,  on  which  were  painted 
the  population,  agricultural  and  other  statistics  of  the  various 
counties  of  the  State.  The  offices  of  the  Indiana  Commis¬ 
sioners  were  in  this  building. 

Illinois. — The  Illinois  State  Building  was  a  handsome  frame 
cottage,  and  adjoined  that  of  Indiana  on  the  west.  It  was  two 
stories  in  height,  and  contained  a  large  reception-hall,  in  which 


INDIANA  STATE  BUILDING. 


was  a  fine  organ,  a  handsomely  furnished  ladies’  parlor,  in  which 
was  an  upright  Chickering  piano,  a  reading-room  and  the  offices 
of  the  State  Commission. 

Wisconsin. — Wisconsin  erected  for  her  State  head-quarters 
a  plain  but  comfortable  and  neatly  furnished  cottage,  imme¬ 
diately  west  of  the  Illinois  Building.  It  contained  the  usual 
reception-rooms,  ladies’  parlor,  and  the  offices  of  the  State  Com¬ 
mission. 

Michigan. — -The  Michigan  Building  stood  on  State  avenue, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


673 


immediately  west  of  the  Wisconsin  cottage.  It  was  an  elaborate 
structure  of  frame,  with  a  tower  at  the  southwest  corner.  The 
interior  was  very  handsome,  being  fitted  up  in  hard  wood,  and 
was  divided  into  the  usual  reception-rooms  and  parlors.  The 
building  contained  the  offices  of  the  State  Commissioners.  It 
was  handsomely  furnished  throughout. 

Iowa. — The  Iowa  Building  was  a  neat  and  tasteful  frame 
cottage,  and  stood  on  the  slope  of  George’s  Hill,  on  the  east  of 


ILLINOIS  STATE  BUILDING. 

the  Missouri  Building.  It  was  simply  furnished,  and  contained 
a  reception  and  reading-room,  and  the  offices  of  the  State 
Commissioners. 

Kansas  and  Colorado. — These  States  shared  between  them  a 
large  Gothic  frame  building,  the  ground-plan  of  which  was  in 
the  form  of  a  Greek  cross.  It  stood  immediately  back  of  the 
New  Jersey  Building,  on  the  slopes  of  Belmont  valley.  Each 
|  arm  of  the  cross  was  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  length.  The 
interior  was  handsomely  fitted  up,  and  was  devoted  to  a  special 
43 

! 


674 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


display  of  the  agricultural  and  mineral  resources  of  the  States 
of  Kansas  and  Colorado.  The  former  State  occupied  the 
principal  portion  of  the  space. 

The  great  seal  of  Kansas  was  painted  in  the  north  wing,  and 
below  it  was  a  large  map  of  the  State,  twenty-four  feet  long  by 
thirteen  feet  wide.  The  agricultural  products  of  Kansas  were 
displayed  in  the  north  and  east  wings ;  the  minerals  and  birds 
in  the  south  wing ;  the  insects  in  cases  around  the  centre ;  the 
timber  and  stone  displays  were  arranged  near  the  east  wing.  A 


MICHIGAN  STATE  BUILDING. 


handsome  bronze  fountain,  presented  by  the  ladies  of  Topeka, 
occupied  the  centre,  under  the  dome.  Above  it  was  suspended  a 
facsimile  of  the  old  Independence  Bell,  formed  entirely  of 
Kansas  products,  and  designed  by  Professor  Henry  Worrell,  of 
Topeka.  This  bell  was  eight  feet  eight  inches  high,  and  its 
diameter  at  the  lower  or  open  end  was  eight  feet  nine  inches. 
The  outer  rim  of  the  bell  was  formed  of  wheat,  millet,  broom- 
corn,  and  sorghum.  The  tongue  was  formed  of  a  gourd  six  feet 
long;  the  hammer  was  a  bell-shaped  gourd  a  foot  and  a  half  in 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


675 


diameter.  Around  the  top  of  the  bell,  the  inscription,  “  Pro¬ 
claim  Liberty  to  all,”  etc.,  was  formed  of  millet  and  flax.  The 
building  was  surmounted  by  forty-two  flags,  representing  all 
nations  exhibiting  here,  and  presented  by  the  ladies  of  Leaven¬ 
worth.  The  entire  building  was  surrounded  by  a  wide  portico, 
affording  seats  and  shade.  In  one  of  the  triangles  formed  by 
the  intersection  of  the  wings  of  the  building  there  was  a  neatly- 
furnished  reading-room,  where  files  of  Kansas  newspapers  were 


rOWA  STATE  BUILDING. 


kept.  Opposite  to  this  was  the  office  of  the  State  Board.  These 
afforded  a  quiet  resting-place  for  visitors. 

The  display  of  agricultural  products  -was  labelled,  giving  the 
name  of  the  county  where  grown,  and  by  whom  grown.  The 
yield  per  acre  was  recorded  in  the  books  of  the  State  Board,  and 
could  be  ascertained  on  application.  By  reference  to  the  large 
map  in  the  north  wing,  visitors  could  ascertain  the  section  in 
which  any  product  exhibited  was  grown.  There  was  wheat  on 
exhibition  the  stalks  of  which  were  from  five  feet  to  six  and  a 
half  feet  high,  with  heads  from  three  to  six  inches  long ;  the 


676 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


corn  was  from  thirteen  to  seventeen  and  a  half  feet  in  height, 
with  ears  from  eight  to  ten  feet  from  the  ground ;  oats  from  five 
to  six  and  a  half  feet  high ;  rye  from  five  to  seven  feet  high ; 
broom  corn  over  eighteen  feet  high  ;  blue  grass  three  feet  four 
inches  high  ;  fourteen  different  varieties  of  wild  grass,  commenc- 


COLORADO  AND  KANSAS  STATE  BUILDING. 


ing  with  the  buffalo  grass,  six  inches  high,  and  ending  with 
blue-stem  prairie  grass,  over  ten  feet  high — too  big  for  hay 
and  not  quite  large  enough  for  cord  wood ;  clover  from  four  to 
five  feet  high ;  ears  of  corn  from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  long; 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


677 


one  stalk  of  corn  with  thirteen  ears  upon,  and  another  with 
seven;  and  many  other  products  showing  an  equally  remarkable 
growth.  A  fine  display  was  made  of  the  native  woods  of 
Kansas. 

The  State  of  Colorado  exhibited  its  mineral  resources  in 
the  west  wing  of  the  building.  Here  were  specimens  of  gold 
quartz,  silver  ore,  and  at  the  north  side  was  a  representation  of 
the  Rocky  mountains,  in  which  were  grouped  stuffed  specimens 
of  the  animals  of  that  region.  These  animals  were  killed  and 


CALIFORNIA  AND  NEVADA  STATE  BUILDING 


prepared  by  Mrs.  M.  A.  Maxwell,  of  Boulder,  Colorado.  The 
State  Commissioners  had  an  elegantly  furnished  reception-room 
at  one  side. 

California  and  Nevada. — These  States  erected  a  large  wooden 
pavilion  on  the  south  side  of  State  avenue,  opposite  the  Mary¬ 
land  Building.  It  contained  a  handsome  hall,  the  pillars  of 
which  were  finished  in  imitation  of  the  native  woods  of  the 
Pacific  coast.  A  special  exhibit  was  made  of  the  agricultural 


678 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  mineral  resources  of  these  States.  The  building  also 
contained  the  offices  of  the  California  and  Nevada  State  Com¬ 
missioners. 

All  the  State  buildings  had  large  registers  in  which  visitors 
from  the  respective  States  recorded  their  names  and  addresses. 
Nearly  all  were  provided  with  files  of  the  State  newspapers, 
and  with  baggage  and  coat  rooms,  where  visitors  could  leave 
their  valises,  bags,  and  useless  wraps,  without  charge.  A  num¬ 
ber  had  special  post-offices,  and  at  all  visitors  could  find  facil¬ 
ities  for  writing  and  despatching  letters.  They  could  also  have 
their  letters  sent  to  their  State  buildings  during  their  visit  to 
the  Exhibition. 


PHILADELPHIA  CITY  BUILDING. 


The  Philadelphia  City  Building  stood  at  the  northern  end  of 
the  bridge  over  Lansdowne  valley,  and  opposite  the  eastern  end 
of  Horticultural  Hall.  It  was  a  handsome  wooden  structure, 
was  elegantly  furnished,  and  was  fitted  up  with  reception-rooms 
for  the  Mayor  and  Councils  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

The  Foreign  Buildings. 

The  British  Govei'nment  Buildings. — St.  George’s  House,  as 
the  principal  structure  was  called,  and  its  two  out-buildings, 
stood  on  the  slopes  of  George’s  Hill,  south  of  the  State  build- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


679 


ings,  and  constituted  the  head-quarters  of  the  Commissioners 
from  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  They  stood  in  their  own 
grounds,  which  were  enclosed  with  a  pretty  rustic  fence,  and  in 
the  yard  before  the  principal  edifice  was  a  tall  flagstaff  from 
which  floated  a  large  English  ensign. 

St.  George’s  House  was  of  the  Elizabethan  style  of  architec¬ 
ture,  two  stories  high,  and  was  surmounted  by  a  roof  of  red 
tiles  and  a  multitude  of  tall  chimneys.  The  building  was 
erected  under  the  superintendence  of  the  English  Commission, 
and  the  furniture,  upholstery  and  fixtures  were  from  leading 
houses  in  England.  The  building  covered  a  space  of  ninety 


THE  BRITISH  BUILDINGS. 


by  twenty-five  feet,  with  projections  in  front  and  a  verandah 
and  balcony  in  the  rear.  The  interior  decorations  and  arrange¬ 
ments  of  rooms,  hallways,  etc.,  were  designed  to  reproduce  the 
time  of  Queen  Elizabeth  as  nearly  as  it  could  be  done.  The 
window  panes  were  small;  the  rooms  had  fire-places,  high 
mantels  and  broad  window  seats.  On  the  first  floor  a  suite  of 
three  apartments,  finely  finished  in  oak  and  opening  into  each 
other  by  sliding  doors,  were  the  "show  rooms”  of  the  house. 
They  aggregated  fifty-six  feet  in  length  by  sixteen  feet  wide. 
There  were  about  twenty  apartments  on  the  two  stories,  open¬ 
ing  into  passageways  running  lengthwise  through  the  centre  of 


680 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  house.  Apartments  in  this  building  were  provided  for  the 
use  of  the  various  British  Colonial  Commissioners,  from  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland, 
South  Australia,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Jamaica,  Bermuda  and  the  Bahamas.  In  the  two  adjoining 
'houses  there  were  accommodations  for  thirty-eight  persons  who 
were  attached  to  the  Commission.  The  British  Buildings  were 
among  the  handsomest  in  the  Exhibition  enclosure.  They  were 
the  private  residence  of  the  Commissioners,  and  were  not  open 
to  the  public. 

The  French  Government  Building  stood  north  of  the  Main 
Building  and  east  of  Memorial  Hall,  near  the  entrance  gate 
which  faced  the  Beading  Railroad  Depot.  It  was  sixty  feet 
long  by  forty  feet  wide,  and  was  built  entirely  of  brick  and  iron, 
the  facing  being  highly  ornamental.  The  top  was  of  glass  and 
iron,  and  the  entrance  was  finished  with  iron. 

The  building  was  intended  for  an  exhibit  of  the  public  works 
of  the  French  Republic,  and  the  articles  displayed  within  it 
consisted  of  models,  charts,  and  drawings  of  bridges,  aqueducts, 
railways,  docks,  and  improvements  to  navigation.  There  were 
many  large  and  elaborately  executed  charts  and  models  which 
illustrated  the  system  of  supplying  the  towns  and  cities  of  France 
with  fresh  water,  and  to  these  were  affixed  descriptions  in  both 
French  and  English.  “One  of  the  largest  and  most  interesting 
models  showed  not  only  the  great  aqueduct  at  Marseilles,  but  the 
same  work  in  the  process  of  construction,  with  steam  derricks, 
temporary  railways  on  trestle-work,  and  all  other  appliances 
necessary  for  such  an  undertaking.  Among  the  more  important 
exhibits  in  the  road  section  were  models  and  charts  of  the  viaduct 
of  Dinan  ;  the  bridge  of  Arcole,  on  the  Seine,  Paris ;  the  great 
swing  bridge  at  Brest.  The  model  of  the  last-mentioned  work 
was  over  eight  feet  long,  and  was  said  to  be  a  perfect  reproduc¬ 
tion  of  the  original,  even  to  the  most  minute  details.  The  bridge 
of  St.  Sauveur,  the  iron  viaduct  of  Busseau  d’Ahum,  the  bridge 
of  Chalonnes,  and  the  viaduct  of  the  Point  de  Jour,  were  all 
represented  in  the  same  way,  and  all  attracted  much  attention, 
not  only  from  engineers,  who  could  appreciate  their  construction. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


681 


but  from  the  general  public,  who  are  only  supposed  to  be  capa¬ 
ble  of  admiration.  The  new  Paris  terminus  of  the  Orleans 
Pailway  was  shown  by  a  finely-finished  model  of  the  station, 
sidelings,  guard-houses,  signal-offices,  etc.,  and  near  this  was  a 
collection  of  lithographs  exhibiting  the  various  types  of  car¬ 
riages,  wagons,  passenger  and  freight  cars,  and  locomotives 
used  by  the  French.  The  plan  of  navigation  between  Paris 
and  Auxeme  was  illustrated  by  general  charts  and  models  of 
longitudinal  sections.  The  barrages  of  the  Upper  Seine,  which 
consist  of  two  parts,  a  navigable  passage  and  a  weir,  the  mova¬ 
ble  trestle  barrage  at  Marlot,  the  improvement  of  the  Seine 
from  Roean  to  Havre,  and  the  canal  bridge  on  the  Albe,  were 
all  represented  by  finely-carved  models.  One  interesting  section 
was  devoted  to  maritime  works  about  the  various  sea-ports, 
including  the  lock  of  the  port  of  Dunkirque,  port  of  Havre, 
and  basin  of  the  citadel,  wonderful  caisson  of  the  coffer-dam 
in  the  basin  at  Brest,  the  port  and  lock-gates  at  St.  Nazaire, 
the  basin-port  at  Bordeaux,  and  the  ports  of  Bayonne  and 
Marseilles. 

“  The  French  light-house  system  was  fully  illustrated,  both 
by  models  and  charts,  there  being  several  beautiful  models 
(five  to  eight  feet  in  length)  of  the  New  Caledonia  light-house, 
and  the  light-houses  of  Heaux-de-Breliat,  Le  Tour,  La  Banche, 
the  Borges,  and  St.  Purne-de-Royan.  In  connection  with  these 
were  displayed  the  various  kinds  of  lighting  apparatus  in  use, 
showing  lamps  of  the  four  grades,  and  also  a  full  exhibit  of 
other  signals  of  various  kinds,  such  as  buoys,  beacons,  etc.  The 
French  system  of  life-saving  service  was  shown  in  another  sec¬ 
tion,  and  still  in  another  is  a  geological  map  of  France  and 
illustration  of  the  beds  of  phosphate  of  lime  known  or  worked, 
with  full  descriptions  of  mining  and  machinery.  The  process 
of  elevating  and  distributing  water  was  shown  not  only  by  the 
aqueduct  of  Roquefavour,  at  Marseilles,  but  the  barrage  and 
reservoir  of  the  Turens,  and  the  elevating  machines  at  Conde 
for  the  supply  of  the  canal  from  the  Aisne  to  the  Marne.  On 
the  north  side  of  the  building  was  hung  a  large,  handsome  map, 
showing  all  the  carriage  and  railroads  of  France,  and  the  walls 


682 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY, 


of  the  building  were  covered  with  lithographs  of  all  the  more 
important  works  of  the  government.” 

The  French  Stained  Glass  Pavilion  was  situated  near  the 
building  just  described,  and  was  designed  especially  for  the 
exhibition  of  stained  glass.  Here  were  three  magnificent  win¬ 
dows  destined  for  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  in  New 
York. 

The  French  Ceramic  Pavilion  was  situated  on  the  northern 
slope  of  Lansdowne  valley,  west  of  the  German  Government 
Building.  It  was  constructed  of  iron,  glass  and  tiles,  and  was 
devoted  to  an  exhibit  of  tiles,  porcelain  and  pottery. 


BUILDING  OF  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 


The  German  Government  Building  stood  on  the  northern 
slope  of  Lansdowne  valley,  at  its  head,  and  east  of  Belmont 
avenue.  It  was  built  of  brick,  was  stuccoed  in  imitation  of 
stone,  and  was  an  attractive  structure  in  the  renaissance  style  of 
architecture.  It  was  eighty-two  by  forty-two  feet  in  size.  A 
spacious  portico  led  into  the  main  hall,  which  was  handsomely 
finished  in  stucco  work,  and  the  walls  and  ceilings  were  highly 
frescoed.  This  hall  served  as  a  reception  and  reading-room.  On 
one  side  of  it  w^ere  the  offices  of  the  German  Commission,  and 
on  the  other  the  ladies’  and  gentlemen’s  parlors.  The  building 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


683 


was  the  head-quarters  of  the  Imperial  German  Commission,  and 
was  intended  as  a  rendezvous  for  visitors  from  the  German 
Empire. 


THE  SPANISH  BUILDING 


The  Spanish  Government  Building  was  a  large  frame  struc¬ 
ture,  situated  on  the  slopes  of  George’s  Hill,  west  of  the  Total 
Abstinence  Fountain.  It  was  a  large  wooden  edifice  with  a 
basement  beneath  it,  and  was  eighty  by  one  hundred  feet  in 
size.  It  contained  a  handsome  display  of  models  and  drawings 
of  the  public  works,  fortifications,  and  historical  buildings  of 


684 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Spain,  exhibited  by  the  Spanish  government.  It  was  similar 
to  the  French  exhibit  referred  to  above. 

The  Spanish  Guard  House  adjoined  this  hall,  and  was  con¬ 
structed  of  wood.  It  was  octagonal  in  shape,  about  fifty  feet  in 
diameter,  and  was  occupied  by  a  detachment  of  Spanish  engi¬ 
neers,  who  had  charge  of  the  various  exhibits  of  the  kingdom. 
Immediately  in  the  rear  of  it  was  a  long  shed  with  Moorish 
arches  along  the  sides,  which  were  closed  by  light  curtains. 


SWEDISH  SCHOOL-HOUSE. 


This  was  occupied  by  the  Spanish  soldiers  as  a  kitchen  and 
mess-room. 

The  Portuguese  Government  Building  was  a  plain  wooden 
cottage,  and  was  situated  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Lans- 
downe  valley,  east  of  Agricultural  avenue.  It  was  furnished 
simply,  and  served  as  the  head-quarters  of  the  Portuguese 
Commission,  and  as  a  place  of  resort  for  visitors  from  Portugal. 

The  Swedish  School-House  was  a  pretty  little  building  con¬ 
structed  of  native  woods.  It  was  built  in  Sweden  and  brought 
over  to  this  country  in  sections.  It  was  one  story  in  height, 
and  was  situated  west  of  the  Carriage  Building  and  north  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


685 


the  building  of  the  Department  of  Public  Comfort.  No  paint 
was  used  in  the  building,  but  the  native  wood  showed  every¬ 
where,  fresh  and  brought  to  a  high  polish.  The  building  was 
a  model  of  the  public  or  national  schools  of  Sweden.  It  was 
fitted  up  with  the  furniture  used  in  such  buildings,  and  with 
the  philosophical  and  other  apparatus  prescribed  for  the  higher 
schools.  Specimens  of  the  text-books  and  books  of  reference 
used  were  shown,  and  there  were  models  exhibited  here  of  the 


CANADA  DOG  HOUSE. 

great  schools  of  the  cities  of  Sweden.  Education  in  Sweden  is 
compulsory,  and  the  children  of  the  poorer  classes  are  furnished 
with  a  good  common  school  education  at  the  expense  of  the 
state.  For  those  who  desire  to  avail  themselves  of  such  privi¬ 
leges  higher  schools  are  provided,  many  of  which  are  designed  to 
fit  the  pupil  for  some  particular  trade  or  profession.  The  neat¬ 
ness  and  order  of  this  little  building  were  particularly  notice¬ 
able,  and  the  practical  nature  and  thoroughness  of  the  course 
were  well  shown  by  the  exhibit  made  therein.  The  work  of  the 
technical  schools  was  shown  in  the  Main  Exhibition  Building, 
and  has  been  alluded  to  elsewhere. 


686 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  Canadian  Log  House  was  exhibited  by  the  government 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  It  was  situated  near  the  British 
buildings,  north  of  the  Total  Abstinence  Fountain,  and  was 
forty  by  sixty-four  feet  in  size.  It  was  constructed  of  logs  and 
timber  of  every  variety,  and  represented  the  portal  of  a  classic 
temple.  It  was  unique  and  attractive,  and  its  summit,  to  which 
visitors  were  admitted,  commanded  one  of  the  best  views  of  the 
Exhibition  grounds. 


BRAZILIAN  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 


The  Brazilian  Government  Building  stood  on  a  wooded  knoll 
on  Agricultural  avenue,  east  of  the  German  Government 
Building.  It  was  built  of  wood,  octagonal  in  form,  and  had  a 
light  open  piazza  around  it,  the  roof  of  which  formed  a  balcony. 
A  turret-like  room  was  built  over  the  main  structure,  and  at 
every  point  were  staves  for  flags.  The  main  entrance  faced  the 
south,  and  opened  into  a  large  hall  which  extended  the  whole 
depth  of  the  building.  Two  rooms  opened  upon  the  hall  on 
each  side.  They  were  used  for  the  offices  of  the  Brazilian  Com- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


687 


mission  and  reception-rooms  for  visitors.  The  house  was  hand¬ 
somely  furnished,  and  was  one  of  the  pleasantest  and  most 
attractive  connected  with  the  Exhibition. 


THE  JAPANESE  DWELLING. 


The  Japanese  Dieelling  was  situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
George’s  Hill,  north  of  the  Spanish  buildings.  It  was  built  of 
wood,  was  a  low  structure,  two  stories  in  height,  and  was  covered 
with  a  roof  of  heavy  tiles  of  an  ornamental  shape.  The  sides 
of  the  building  were  made  of  movable  panels,  over  the  entrances 


688 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


were  curiously  carved  timbers,  and  the  grain  and  finish  of  the 
wood  were  very  beautiful.  The  interior  was  richly  furnished. 
Carpets  of  an  elegant  design  covered  the  floor,  the  rooms  were 
fitted  up  in  a  style  of  elegant  simplicity  in  the  Japanese  manner, 
and  the  walls  were  hung  with  finely-woven  curtains  of  vegeta¬ 
ble  fibre,  which,  while  they  screened  the  rooms  and  shut  out 
the  sun’s  rays,  did  not  exclude  the  air.  The  building  was  the 
private  residence  of  the  Japanese  Commissioners,  and  visitors 
were  not  admitted  to  it. 


PORTUGUESE  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 


The  Japanese  Bazaar  stood  immediately  north  of  the 
building  of  the  Department  of  Public  Comfort.  The  grounds 
around  it  were  enclosed,  and  were  laid  off  as  a  garden  in  the 
Japanese  style.  The  building  was  a  low,  rambling  structure, 
built  around  three  sides  of  a  court,  was  constructed  entirely  of 
carved  wood,  and  was  covered  with  a  roof  of  heavy  corrugated 
earthen  tiles.  The  northern  side  was  left  almost  entirely  open, 
the  only  protection  against  the  weather  being  the  overhanging 
eaves  and  paper  curtains.  The  ceilings,  walls  and  floors  were 
painted  in  imitation  of  tile  work,  and  many  of  the  counters  on 
which  the  goods  were  displayed  were  richly  ornamented  ’  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


689 


grotesquely  carved.  The  building  was  intended  for  the  sale  of 
Japanese  articles,  consisting  chiefly  of  antique  bronzes,  curious 
specimens  of  porcelain  and  pottery,  wood  and  ivory  carvings, 
and  lacquered  ware.  The  majority  of  the  attendants  of  the 
bazaar  wore  their  native  costume.  The  duties  were  paid  by 
the  exhibitors  on  the  articles  for  sale  here,  and  visitors  could 
carry  their  purchases  away  with  them. 

The  Turkish  Coffee  House  and  Bazaar  was  located  on  the 
Avenue  of  the  Republic,  north  of  Machinery  Hall.  It  was  a 
large  and  richly  ornamented  pavilion,  with  a  dome-like  roof 
surmounted  by  the  crescent  and  the  star,  and  with  a  wide 
portico  deeply  set  in  the  sides  of  the  building  at  the  northern 
and  southern  ends.  The  sides  were  filled  with  long,  pointed 
windows.  The  building  was  richly  decorated  in  crimson,  blue, 
and  gold,  and  was  exceedingly  gaudy.  Opening  upon  the 
porches  were  four  small  bazaars,  in  which  a  large  stock  of  pipes, 
carpets,  rich  dresses,  swords,  daggers,  jewelry,  and  other  articles 
from  the  Turkish  empire  were  sold. 

The  caf6  occupied  a  large  and  well-lighted  room  in  the 
centre  of  the  building,  like  which  it  was  octagonal  in  shape. 
Above  was  the  ornamented  dome-like  ceiling,  painted  in  Turkish 
colors  and  ornamented  with  Turkish  designs.  A  luxurious 
divan  or  lounge  ran  around  the  sides  of  the  room,  and  tables 
and  chairs  were  scattered  about.  The  high,  breezy-looking 
windows  were  hung  with  heavy  curtains  handsomely  em¬ 
broidered.  Pipes  were  here  in  abundance,  and  you  could  enjoy 
the  happiest  of  smokes  for  a  mere  pittance.  Coffee  was  made 
and  served  here  in  the  peculiar  Turkish  style,  the  cups  being 
the  most  fragile  shells  of  exquisite  porcelain,  placed  in  silver 
holders.  At  one  corner  of  the  room  was  a  brazier  with  a  char¬ 
coal  fire  in  it.  When  a  visitor  ordered  coffee  the  attendant 
placed  a  spoonful  of  sweetened  ground  coffee  in  a  silver  dipper 
about  as  large  as  the  cup  from  which  you  were  to  drink,  and 
then  added  hot  water.  He  placed  the  dipper  over  the  fire  in 
the  brazier  and  allowed  the  mixture  to  come  to  a  boil,  and 
then  turned  it  out,  thick  and  as  strong  as  brandy,  into  your  cup. 
Turkish  liquors  and  preserves  were  also  sold  here.  The  atten- 
44 


690 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


dants  were  all  Turks  and  dressed  in  their  native  costume.  The 
building  was  under  the  control  of  the  Turkish  Commission. 

The  Tunisian  Coffee  House  and  Bazaar  stood  on  the  north 
side  of  Fountain  avenue,  north  of  Machinery  Hall.  The 
coffee  house  was  octagonal  in  shape,  was  capped  by  an  eight- 
panelled  and  much  elongated  dome,  and  was  ornamented  with 
odd  designs  panelled  in  red,  blue  and  black,  and  relieved  with 
numerous  intersecting  bars  of  green  and  gold.  The  windows 
of  the  building  were  set  high  up  in  the  sides,  and  were  very 
small,  but  the  roof  was  contrived  so  as  to  keep  up  a  constant 
circulation  of  air.  The  cafe  was  an  elaborately  ornamented 
room,  supplied  with  tables,  chairs  and  divans,  and  at  one  end 
was  a  raised  and  cushioned  platform,  on  which  musical  perform¬ 
ances  were  given.  Coffee  was  made  and  served  here  in  a  man¬ 
ner  similar  to  that  employed  in  the  Turkish  cafe.  The  at¬ 
tendants  were  Tunisians,  and  wore  their  native  dress. 

The  Bazaar  adjoined  the  caf6  on  the  west,  and  was  a  smaller 
structure — a  mere  shed  supported  by  slender  pillars.  On  a 
high  counter  which  ran  around  the  inside  of  the  building  a 
Tunisian  merchant  displayed  a  collection  of  Eastern  wares  for 
sale. 

In  the  rear  of  these  buildings  the  Bey  of  Tunis  exhibited  two 
black  tents  of  camel’s  hair  cloth,  such  as  are  used  by  the  Bed®- 
win  Arabs.  They  were  intended  to  show  the  mode  of  life  in 
the  desert. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  Fountain  avenue,  a  little  to  the  west 
of  the  Tunisian  buildings,  were  three  small  wooden  booths. 
These  w'ere  Eastern  bazaars  on  a  small  scale.  The  most  westerly 
was  for  the  sale  of  sponges  from  the  principal  Turkish  sponge 
fishery ;  the  next,  going  east,  was  the  “  Jerusalem  Bazaar,”  and 
the  last  the  “  Bethlehem  Bazaar.”  In  the  last  two  some  enter¬ 
prising  Syrian  merchants  offered  for  sale  articles  of  olive  wood 
and  mother-of-pearl  from  Jerusalem,  Bethlehem,  and  other  parts 
of  the  Holy  Land. 

To  the  east  of  Belmont  avenue,  near  the  German  Government 
Building,  was  the  Moorish  VUla}  a  quaint  little  structure.  The 
building  was  very  small  and  unattractive  without,  and  had 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


691 


little  stained  glass  windows  set  in  the  walls  near  the  top.  The 
interior  was  richly  ornamented  with  tile  work  of  different  colors. 
Passing  through  the  entrance  hall  the  visitor  found  himself  in 
a  square  room,  bordered  at  each  corner  with  slender  columns, 
decorated  in  keeping  with  the  walls  and  ceiling.  Overhead  was 
a  glass  dome,  which  admitted  enough  light  for  the  centre,  but 
left  the  remainder  of  the  building  in  a  cool  darkness.  To  the 
right  was  seen  through  the  dim  light  a  small  counter  covered 
with  jewelry  and  oriental  trinkets  of  all  kinds,  behind  which 
were  seated  two  white-turbaned  and  baggy-costumed  Moors, 
both  too  intent  on  making  sales  to  notice  the  curious  glances  of 
their  visitors.  Among  the  larger  articles  offered  for  sale  were 
Arabian  guns,  swords,  daggers,  stilettos,  and  strangely  carved 
knives  with  jewelled  handles.  On  the  left  was  a  bed-room 
about  eight  feet  long  and  four  feet  wide,  and  in  this  was  a  nicely 
made-up  couch  with  satin  pillows  and  handsomely  embroidered 
spread.  A  small  parlor,  with  a  long,  low  divan  and  a  few 
elegant  ottomans,  adjoined  this,  while  a  step  farther  on  was 
another  and  larger  parlor  furnished  in  the  same  way,  and  two 
more  bed-rooms  of  about  the  same  size.  The  walls  and  floors 
of  all  these  inner  rooms  were  covered  with  heavy,  dark-colored 
tapestry,  and  the  ceilings  were  panelled  in  imitation  of  mosaic 
work  of  the  most  intricate  devices. 

The  Chilian  Government  Building  stood  west  of  Machinery 
Hall,  and  was  occupied  by  a  display  of  the  amalgamating  ma¬ 
chinery  used  in  the  mines  of  Chili. 

On  the  north  side  of  Fountain  avenue,  east  of  the  Tunisian 
Caf6,  was  a  relief  plan  of  Paris,  constructed  by  Colonel  Lienard,  a 
distinguished  engineer  officer  of  the  French  army.  The  build¬ 
ings  consisted  of  separate  blocks  or  models,  and  stood  out  from 
each  other.  The  formation  of  the  land  was  shown  and  a  fair 
general  idea  of  the  French  metropolis  was  afforded  by  this  plan. 

Buildings  of  the  Centennial  Commission. 

The  United  States  Centennial  Commission  Offices  were  located 
on  the  right  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  Exhibition  grounds  at 


692 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Elm  and  Belmont  avenues.  They  were  established  in  a  low 
one-story  frame  building  with  a  wide  piazza  running  around  it. 
The  building  was  painted  a  light  brown,  and  was  ornamented 
with  elaborate  lattice  work.  The  business  offices  of  the  Centen¬ 
nial  Commission  were  located  here. 

The  Centennial  Board  of  Finance  Building  was  situated  on 
the  left  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  grounds,  immediately  op¬ 
posite  the  Centennial  Commission  building,  and  was  an  exact 
copy  of  that  structure.  It  contained  the  business  offices  of  the 
Board  of  Finance. 

The  Centennial  National  Bank  was  a  one-story  wooden  struc- 


THE  JUDGES’  HALE. 


ture  of  tasteful  design,  and  was  situated  on  Elm  avenue,  imme¬ 
diately  to  the  east  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  grounds.  It  was 
the  medium  through  which  the  financial  affairs  of  the  Exhibition 
were  transacted,  and  offered  banking  facilities  to  exhibitors  and 
visitors. 

The  Judges’  Hall. — This  was  a  large  and  handsome  wooden 
pavilion,  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  by  one  hundred  and  thirteen 
feet  in  size,  and  was  situated  on  the  Avenue  of  the  Republic, 
north  of  the  Main  Exhibition  Building.  It  was  tastefully 
ornamented  without,  and  constituted  one  of  the  most  attractive 
structures  connected  with  the  Exhibition.  The  interior  was 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


693 


handsomely  fitted  up.  In  the  centre  was  a  large  hall  eighty  by 
sixty  feet  in  size,  with  a  gallery  running  around  it.  Surround¬ 
ing  this  central  hall  was  a  corridor  upon  which  opened  ten  com¬ 
mittee  rooms  and  four  private  rooms  for  the  judges.  The 
building  was  for  the  use  of  the  international  juries  charged  with 
the  determination  of  the  prizes  to  be  awarded  by  the  Centennial 
Commission. 

The  Medical  Department  was  intended  to  provide  immediate 
and  gratuitous  medical  assistance  to  persons  injured  or  taken  ill 
in  the  Exhibition  grounds.  It  was  provided  with  a  plain  but 
comfortable  building  situated  on  the  north  slope  of  Lansdowne 
valley  near  its  western  end,  about  equidistant  from  the  great 
halls  of  the  Exhibition.  It  contained  two  wards,  one  for 
female,  the  other  for  male  patients,  with  three  beds  in  each 
ward.  An  experienced  resident  physician  was  in  charge,  with 
competent  attendants,  and  an  ambulance  was  provided  for  the 
removal  of  patients  to  their  own  homes  or  to  the  city  hos¬ 
pitals.  Several  hundred  patients  were  successfully  treated  here 
during  the  Exhibition. 

The  Sawmill. — This  was  a  substantial  shed,  and  was  located, 
on  Fountain  avenue,  west  of  Machinery  Hall.  It  was  two 
hundred  and  seventy-six  by  eighty  feet  in  size,  with  a  boiler 
house  forty-eight  by  thirty  feet  in  size.  It  contained  the 
exhibits  of  direct-acting  steam  saw  machines  and  gang  saws. 

Barracks. — There  were  five  one-story  and  one  large  two- 
story  frame  buildings  located  at  prominent  points  in  the  grounds. 
These  were  the  barracks  for  the  Centennial  Guard,  or  special 
police  force  of  the  Exhibition.  These  buildings  were  also  police 
stations,  and  were  provided  with  cells  for  prisoners.  The  two- 
story  barrack,  which  was  located  at  the  southwestern  extremity 
of  the  grounds,  was  provided  with  a  court-room  and  a  magis¬ 
trate’s  office. 

Fire-Engine  Houses. — These  were  two  in  number,  and  were 
of  wood,  and  one  story  in  height.  They  contained  halls  for  the 
steam  fire-engines  stationed  in  them,  halls  for  the  horses,  and 
quarters  for  the  men.  One  of  these  buildings  was  at  the  north¬ 
east  corner  of  the  Main  Exhibition  Building;  the  other  at  the 


694 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


intersection  of  Lansdowne  drive  and  Belmont  avenue.  The/ 
were  supplied  with  steam  fire-engines,  hose  carriages,  ladders, 
and  Babcock  extinguishers  on  wheels  and  portable. 

The  Restaurants. 

Besides  the  restaurants  and  lunch-rooms  in  the  Exhibition 
buildings  there  were  seven  first-class  restaurants  located  within 
the  grounds.  These  were  among  the  largest  and  most  com¬ 
pletely  appointed  eating-houses  in  the  United  States,  and  were 
required  by  the  Centennial  Commission  to  conduct  their  affairs 
in  such  a  manner  that  visitors  to  the  Exhibition  could  obtain 
the  best  fare  at  moderate  prices. 

The  American  Restaurant  was  the  largest  and  handsomest  of 


GRAND  AMERICAN  RESTAURANT. 


all  these  establishments.  It  was  situated  on  the  northern  side 
of  Belmont  valley,  immediately  south  of  Agricultural  Hall, 
and  within  a  short  distance  of  Horticultural  Hall.  It  was 
three  hundred  by  two  hundred  feet  in  size,  and  was  built  around 
three  sides  of  a  court  which  was  open  on  the  south.  This 
court-yard  was  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  by  one  hundred 
and  sixteen  feet  in  size,  and  was  handsomely  turfed  and  orna¬ 
mented  with  fountains  and  flowers.  A  wide  piazza  extended 
around  the  building,  opening  upon  the  court.  There  was  a 
large  and  handsome  dining-hall  at  the  east  end  of  the  building, 
which  could  seat  six  hundred  guests,  and  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  building  was  a  pavilion  for  the  sale  of  ice  cream,  etc. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  695 

Five  thousand  guests  could  be  seated  at  once  under  the  roof  of 
the  restaurant.  Meals  were  served  either  d  la  carte  or  table  de 
h6te.  There  were  private  rooms  for  suppers,  dinners,  etc.,  and 
the  establishment  possessed  every  facility  for  entertaining  a 
large  number  ©f  guests.  It  was  conducted  by  Messrs.  Tobias 
&  Heilbrunn. 

The  Southern  Restaurant  was  situated  on  Belmont  avenue, 
north  of  the  Woman’s  Building.  It  was  one  hundred  and 
eighty-five  feet  long  and  ninety-four  feet  deep,  and  had  four 


THE  SOUTHERN  RESTAURANT. 


large  dining-rooms  and  sixteen  private  rooms  for  parties  or 
others  who  wished  to  dine  away  from  the  bustle  of  a  large, 
crowded  hall,  several  parlors,  a  reading-room,  etc.  It  was  in¬ 
tended  as  a  place  of  rendezvous  for  visitors  from  the  Southern 
States,  and  the  waiters  were  all  colored  men.  The  proprietor 
was  Edward  Mercer,  of  Atlanta,  Georgia,  a  gentleman  well 
known  throughout  the  South  as  “  a  man  who  can  keep  a  hotel.” 
The  establishment  could  accommodate  one  thousand  guests. 


THE  GERMAN  RESTAURANT. 


696 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


697 


There  were  two  French  restaurants  within  the  grounds. 

The  Restaurant  of  the  Trois  Freres  Provengeaux  was  situated 
on  the  west  side  of  Belmont  avenue,  on  the  north  shore  of  the 
lake,  and  south  of  the  United  States  Government  Building.  It 
was  a  simple  one-story  wooden  building,  one  hundred  and 
seventy-seven  by  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  in  size,  and  stood 
in  the  midst  of  tastefully  laid-off  grounds.  It  could  accommo¬ 
date  about  one  thousand  guests,  and  was  a  duplicate,  with  re¬ 
spect  to  its  management,  of  the  famous  restaurant  at  Paris, 
after  which  it  was  named.  Louis  Goyard,  of  Paris,  was  the 
proprietor. 

The  Restaurant  Lafayette  was  a  handsome  two-story  frame 
structure,  located  on  the  south  slope  of  Lansdowne  ravine, 
north  of  the  Carriage  Building.  The  second  story  was  arranged 


.RESTAURANT  LAFAYETTE. 


as  an  open-air  pavilion,  and  the  building  contained  a  number 
of  public  and  private  dining-rooms.  It  was  one  of  the  hand¬ 
somest  eating-houses  in  the  grounds,  and  was  conducted  on  the 
French  plan.  It  could  accommodate  about  one  thousand  guests. 
Paul  Sudreau,  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  proprietor. 

The  German  Restaurant ,  or,  as  it  was  better  known,  u  Lauber’s 
Restaurant/’  was  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  Belmont  val¬ 
ley,  a  few  yards  northeast  of  Horticultural  Hall.  It  consisted 
of  a  large  dining-hall  with  a  lofty  dome,  elaborately  frescoed 


698 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  fitted  up  in  elegant  style,  and  three  wings  enclosing  a  large 
space  which  was  floored  over  and  covered  with  canvas.  In  this 
court  tables  were  set,  and  beer  and  German  wines  were  served. 
The  building  was  two  hundred  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in 
size,  and  was  handsome  in  design  and  convenient  in  arrange¬ 
ment.  It  could  accommodate  about  twelve  hundred  guests. 
The  proprietor  was  Philip  J.  Lauber,  one  of  the  most  popular 


RESTAURANT  OP  THE  TROIS  FRERES  PROVEN£EAUX. 


and  enterprising  citizens  of  Philadelphia.  It  may  be  added 
here  that  this  was  the  most  successful  and  best  patronized  estab¬ 
lishment  within  the  grounds. 

The  Vienna  Bakery  and  Cafe  Fleischmann  was  a  tasteful 
structure  of  wood,  one  hundred  and  forty-six  by  one  hundred 
and  five  feet  in  size,  situated  immediately  east  of  the  French 
Government  Building,  near  the  entrance  gates  opposite  the 
Reading  Railroad  Depot.  It  was  the  property  of  Gaff,  Fleisch- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


699 


mann  &  Co.,  of  Blissville,  Long  Island,  New  York,  and  was 
designed  to  exhibit  the  advantages  of  compound  yeast  in  baking. 
It  was  fitted  up  with  a  bakery  in  which  fresh  bread  was  con¬ 
stantly  baked,  and  served  to  customers  in  the  coffee-house  which 
adjoined  the  bakery. 

The  George’s  Hill  Restaurant  was  a  frame  building  one  hun¬ 
dred  and  twelve  by  seventy-two  feet  in  size,  situated  in  the 
western  portion  of  the  grounds,  near  the  State  buildings.  It 
was  also  called  the  Hebrew  Restaurant ,  as  it  was  designed  with 
especial  reference  to  the  wants  of  the  Hebrew  visitors  to  the 
Exhibition.  Talman  &  Kohn  were  the  proprietors. 

To  the  southwest  of  the  George’s  Hill  Restaurant  was  a  small 
pavilion  erected  by  Jacob  Kohn,  of  New  York.  Here  were  sold 
the  delicious  wines  and  liquors  of  Hungary,  which  were  served 
by  attendants  in  the  national  dress  of  that  country. 

The  Dairy. — This  was  a  tasteful  structure,  built  of  logs,  and 
open  in  the  main  story,  having  only  the  roof  above  it.  A 
frame  pavilion  was  erected  to  the  west  of  it,  and  was  used  for 
the  same  purpose.  The  buildings  stood  on  the  north  slope  of 
the  Lansdowne  ravine,  southwest  of  the  Horticultural  Hall,  in 
the  midst  of  grounds  handsomely  laid  out  as  a  garden.  They 
were  owned  by  an  association  of  dairymen  residing  in  Phila¬ 
delphia  and  the  adjoining  counties,  and  in  them  fresh  milk, 
cream,  buttermilk,  ice-cream  and  refreshments  of  the  lighter 
kind  were  served  out  to  visitors. 

The  Tea  and  Coffee  Press  Building  was  a  handsome  edifice, 
with  a  tower  at  each  end,  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Belmont 
valley,  south  of  the  Agricultural  Hall.  It  was  the  property  of 
Mr.  Jonathan  Miller,  and  was  designed  to  show  a  new  method, 
invented  by  him,  of  making  tea,  coffee  and  other  extracts,  by 
means  of  pressure  caused  by  the  expansion  of  the  materials 
used.  This  invention  is  one  of  the  most  important  discoveries 
of  the  day,  and  is  considered  by  chemists  and  other  scientific 
men  to  be  a  national  benefit.  The  process  of  making  tea  and 
coffee  was  shown  to  visitors  by  the  inventor  and  his  assistants, 
and  attracted  many  spectators,  especially  housekeepers,  to  whom 
it  is  of  great  value,  as  it  not  only  gives  them  a  fine  article  of 


THE  SHOE  AND  LEATHER  BUILDING. 


700 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


701 


coffee  and  tea  and  a  quick  mode  of  preparing  them,  but  econo¬ 
mizes  the  materials  used.  The  value  and  power  of  the  process 
of  making  extracts  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  entire  proper¬ 
ties  to  be  extracted  are  taken  out  in  a  short  time  by  cold  water, 
and  when  hot  or  boiling  water  is  thrown  into  the  press,  the 
expansion  of  the  material  is  so  great  as  to  prevent  the  genera¬ 
tion  of  steam.  Tea  and  coffee  made  by  this  process,  and  de¬ 
liciously  cooled  with  ice,  were  served  out  to  visitors  at  a  small 
cost,  and  the  “  presses  ”  were  sold  at  moderate  prices. 

Individual  Enterprises. 

The  Shoe  and  Leather  Building . — This  building  was  erected 
by  the  Shoe  and  Leather  Trade  of  the  United  States.  It  was 
built  of  wood,  was  very  plain  in  design,  was  one  story  in  height, 
and  was  three  hundred  by  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  in  size. 
It  was  situated  south  of  Machinery  Hall,  and  the  main  entrance 
faced  the  grand  plaza  between  Machinery  Hall  and  the  Main 
Building.  At  this  end  of  the  building  were  the  offices  and 
committee  rooms. 

The  building  contained  a  large  hall,  at  each  end  of  which 
was  a  gallery,  and  smaller  rooms  at  each  extremity  of  the 
edifice.  The  hall  was  handsomely  decorated  with  flags  and 
bunting,  each  truss  which  supported  the  roof  being  draped  with 
red,  white  and  blue  bands.  As  these  were  very  numerous,  the 
effect  of  the  display  was  very  fine.  At  each  end  of  the  hall 
were  elaborate  decorations  appropriate  to  the  place. 

The  hall  contained  a  complete  exhibit  of  all  the  materials 
which  entered  into  this  large  American  industry,  from  the  heavy 
and  intricate  machinery  for  cutting  and  finishing  the  leather 
down  to  the  blacking  for  polishing  it.  Nearly  six  hundred 
American  houses  took  part  in  this  exhibit,  and  a  few  manufac¬ 
turers  from  England,  Russia  and  Germany. 

The  largest  display  was  made  by  Massachusetts.  The  ex¬ 
hibits  from  this  State  exceeded  those  from  all  the  other  States 
together.  Newark,  New  Jersey,  was  well  represented  and  oc¬ 
cupied  a  large  space,  and  both  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
made  an  excellent  appearance. 


702 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  central  aisle  was  taken  up  on  both  sides  with  a  display 
of  boots  and  shoes  for  men,  women  and  children.  The  goods 
were  contained  in  handsome  glass  show-cases,  and  ranged  in 
character  from  the  heaviest  to  the  lightest  and  finest  work. 
The  variety  of  shoes  was  very  great.  One  manufacturer  ex¬ 
hibited  over  five  hundred  distinct  patterns.  Another  exhibitor 
arranged  his  collection  with  reference  to  the  historical  interest 
which  fashion  has  given  to  the  shapes  and  finish  of  coverings 
for  the  feet,  showing  as  he  did  the  shoe  from  1776  down  to  the 
present  Centennial  year  in  its  differing  forms. 

At  the  western  end  of  the  main  aisle  the  India  rubber  manu¬ 
facturers  exhibited  their  goods,  and  made  a  handsome  display 
of  the  various  articles  of  this  material  used  in  commerce. 

At  the  west  end  of  the  building  was  a  small  room,  or  hall, 
containing  a  fine  exhibit  of  trunks,  satchels,  and  the  different 
leather  goods  used  by  travellers.  Adjoining  this,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  building,  was  a  display  of  hardware  for  trunk- 
makers,  etc. 

The  south  side  of  the  main  hall  was  occupied  with  a  large 
exhibit  of  leather.  Rockwell  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  made  a 
special  exhibit  of  sheep  leather,  their  imitations  of  Russia 
leather  being  so  perfect  that  it  was  hard  for  any  one  but  a 
skilled  expert  to  detect  the  difference. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  hall  was  a  large  display  of  boot  and 
shoe  making  machinery.  Conspicuous  among  the  machines 
exhibited  here  was  the  McKay  sewing  machine  for  boots  and 
shoes,  from  Boston.  This  machine  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
best  in  use — if  not  the  very  best — and  its  capabilities  for  doing 
the  work  for  which  it  is  designed  may  be  seen  in  the  fact  that 
the  company’s  books  show  half  a  million  of  dollars  of  royalties 
on  the  work  done  last  year.  The  Tapley  Heel-Burnishing 
Machine  Association,  of  Boston,  exhibited  one  of  their  ad¬ 
mirable  machines,  of  which  four  hundred  are  now  in  use.  The 
Union  edge-setting  machine  was  an  interesting  object.  It  is 
said  to  do  its  work  in  one-half  the  time  it  can  be  done  by 
hand;  and  the  Plummer’s  Union  whitening  and  buffing  ma¬ 
chine  performed  the  labor  of  six  men.  The  American  Shoe- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


703 


Tip  Company,  of  Boston,  exhibited  an  interesting  machine  for 
quilting  boots  and  shoes  with  wire.  Many  of  the  machines 
were  in  operation,  and  their  workings  could  be  seen  by  visitors. 

The  Shoe  and  Leather  exhibit  was  highly  creditable,  and 
gave  an  admirable  idea  of  the  magnitude  and  importance  of 
this  great  American  industry  and  of  the  skill  and  ingenuity  ex¬ 
ercised  in  it. 

The  Brewers 9  Industrial  Exhibition  Building  was  situated 
near  the  northeastern  corner  of  the  Exhibition  grounds,  and 
immediately  east  of  the  Agricultural  Building.  It  was  two 
hundred  and  seventy-two  feet  in  length  and  ninety-six  feet  in 
width,  and  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  It  was  a  large 
and  conspicuous  wooden  building.  Hop  vines  were  trained 
along  the  south  front,  and  the  grounds  on  this  side  were  taste¬ 
fully  laid  off  as  a  hop  vineyard. 

The  building  contained  one  large  hall  eighty-five  feet  in 
height,  and  four  smaller  halls  forty-five  feet  high.  Over  the 
main  entrance  on  the  south  side  was  a  statue  of  King  Gam- 
brinus.  At  the  rise  of  the  second  roof  was  a  beer-barrel  orna¬ 
mented  with  the  flags  of  all  nations,  and  over  each  entrance  was 
a  handsome  design  made  up  of  the  implements  and  materials 
used  in  the  business. 

The  interior  was  decorated  handsomely  with  bunting  of  vari¬ 
ous  colors,  and  over  the  eastern  entrance  was  a  large  trophy 
surrounding  a  medallion  on  which  was  inscribed  the  following 
sentence:  “In  the  year  1863,  1,558,083  barrels  of  beer  were 
brewed  in  the  United  States;  in  1875,  8,743,744  barrels  were 
produced  from  malt  liquors,  on  which  a  tax  was  paid  of 
$9,144,004.”  Inscriptions  in  English  and  German  relative  to 
the  brewing  business  were  placed  on  the  wall  at  various  points. 
Near  the  centre  of  the  hall  was  an  elevator  which  conveyed 
visitors  to  the  gallery  outside  of  the  building,  from  which  a  fine 
view  of  the  Exhibition  grounds,  the  river,  and  the  surrounding 
country  was  obtained. 

The  building  was  devoted  to  a  display  of  the  processes  of 
making  malt,  and  brewing  beer,  ale  and  porter.  Mr.  Charles 
Stoll,  of  New  York,  erected  at  great  expense  a  working  brewery 


704 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


of  the  most  approved  plan,  containing  all  the  latest  improve¬ 
ments.  It  was  called  the  “  Centennial  Brewery/’  and  had  a 
capacity  of  150  barrels  at  one  time.  Opposite  to  this  display 
there  were  two  malt  kilns  of  full  size,  one  of  which  was  erected 
by  William  Hughes  and  Theodore  Bergner,  of  Philadelphia. 
The  latter  was  a  patent  arrangement,  and  was  complete  in  every 
particular.  In  various  parts  of  the  building  the  manner  of 
steeping,  germinating,  and  drying  the  malt  was  shown,  to¬ 
gether  with  the  cleaning  and  separating  machines.  Malt¬ 
grinding  mills,  hop-grinding  mash  machines,  vats,  tubs,  and 
beer-cooling  apparatus,  from  Austria,  were  also  shown.  Models 
of  malt-houses  and  breweries  were  exhibited,  and  among  these 
was  a  model  of  the  brewery  of  one  hundred  years  ago,  when  all 
the  labor  was  done  by  hand.  The  brewery  then  was  simply  a 
rough  shed  with  a  rudely  thatched  roof  of  straw.  Close  by  was 
a  model  of  a  modern  brewery  of  to-day,  with  all  its  machinery 
and  improvements.  Samples  of  hops,  barley,  and  other  cereals 
from  which  malt  liquors  are  made,  were  shown,  one  firm  dis¬ 
playing  five  varieties.  Samples  of  malt  liquors  of  all  kinds,  in 
glass  and  wood,  were  also  exhibited. 

On  the  northern  side  of  the  Brewers’  Building  was  an  annex 
known  as  the  “  Ice  House.”  It  was  seventy  feet  in  length  and 
eighty  feet  in  width,  and  the  walls  were  double  and  were  lined 
with  shavings  to  assist  in  maintaining  a  low  degree  of  tempera¬ 
ture.  It  was  fitted  up  with  three  compartments:  one  for  ale, 
which  does  not  require  so  low  a  temperature;  a  second  for  beer, 
which  requires  great  cold;  and  the  third  for  use  as  a  sample 
room.  All  the  malt  liquors  intended  for  competitive  exhibition 
were  kept  in  this  building. 

The  Butter  and  Cheese  Factory  was  a  large  wooden  building 
situated  near  the  northeastern  end  of  the  Exhibition  grounds 
and  east  of  the  Brewers’  Building.  It  was  one  hundred  and 
sixteen  by  one  hundred  feet  in  size,  and  was  two  stories  in 
height.  It  contained  a  special  exhibit  of  the  dairy  products  of 
the  United  States,  and  illustrations  of  the  processes  of  making 
butter  and  cheese. 

The  Department  of  Public  Comfort  was  a  peculiar  and  very 


706 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


important  branch  of  the  great  Exhibition.  As  its  name  indicates 
it  was  designed  to  supply  additional  comforts  and  conveniences  to 
visitors  to  the  Exhibition.  It  was  controlled  by  a  company  of 
which  Mr.  W.  Marsh  Kasson  was  the  President.  The  sum  of 
$20,000  was  paid  to  the  Centennial  Commission  for  the  privilege 
of  establishing  this  department,  and  it  was  made  a  condition  of 
the  concession  that  all  the  accommodations  provided  by  the 
department  should  be  of  the  best  quality,  and  that  the  charges 
for  them  should  be  moderate. 

The  principal  building  of  the  Department  of  Public  Comfort 
stood  on  the  corner  of  the  Avenue  of  the  Republic  and  Agri¬ 
cultural  avenue.  It  was  a  handsome  edifice  of  wood,  two  stories 
in  height,  two  hundred  and  sixty-four  by  one  hundred  and 
twelve  feet  in  size,  and  consisted  of  a  central  building  with  twa 
wings.  The  central  building  was  used  by  the  department,  and 
contained  a  large  reception-room  for  visitors,  which  was  abun¬ 
dantly  supplied  with  chairs  and  sofas,  and  was  free  to  all  who 
chose  to  avail  themselves  of  its  facilities.  A  register  was  kept 
here,  free  of  charge,  in  which  visitors  could  enter  their  names, 
address  in  the  city,  and  date  of  intended  departure,  so  that 
friends  might  readily  learn  of  their  whereabouts.  Special 
arrangements  could  be  made  for  the  reception  of  visitors’  letters 
addressed  to  the  care  of  the  Department  of  Public  Comfort. 
These  were  kept  until  called  for,  or  forwarded  to  any  desired 
point.  Reserved  seats  at  the  theatres  and  principal  places  of 
amusement  in  the  city  could  be  obtained  here. 

At  the  north  end  of  the  reception-hall  was  a  lunch-counter,  at 
which  refreshments  were  sold  at  moderate  prices.  Stands  for  the 
sale  of  fancy  articles,  newspapers,  periodicals,  etc.,  were  to  be 
found  in  the  reception-room,  and  attached  to  it  were  barber¬ 
shops  for  gentlemen,  dressing-rooms  for  ladies,  water-closets, 
lavatories,  boot-blacking  rooms,  and  coat  and  baggage  rooms, 
where  baggage  and  other  small  articles  could  be  left  at  a  small 
cost,  the  owner  receiving  a  check  for  his  property. 

In  connection  with  the  coat  and  baggage  room  were  ten  sta¬ 
tions  in  and  about  the  Exhibition  buildings,  where  articles  of 
wearing  apparel,  small  baggage,  bundles,  baskets  and  umbrellas 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


707 


could  be  deposited  and  cared  for,  or  checked  for  delivery  to  other 
stations.  Stands  for  supplying  newspapers,  periodicals,  and  all 
the  current  literature  of  the  day,  were  provided  in  the  reception- 
room  and  in  and  about  the  different  public  buildings;  stationery, 
postage  stamps,  and  all  conveniences  for  writing,  were  also 
supplied.  In  the  Art  Gallery,  stands  for  the  sale  and  hire  of 
object  and  opera  glasses  were  established.  Five  pavilions  for 
boot-blacking  were  also  located  at  desirable  points  about  the 
grounds.  At  all  the  coat  and  baggage  stations  umbrellas  were 
kept  for  sale  and  hire.  Telegraphic  stations  for  ordering  rolling- 
chairs  and  calling  messengers  of  the  American  District  Telegraph 
Company  could  also  be  found  there. 

Over  the  central  portion  of  the  building  was  an  open  air  gal¬ 
lery,  which  was  covered  with  a  canvas  awning  and  was  free  to 
all  visitors.  It  was  intended,  like  the  reception-room,  as  a  place 
of  general  resort  for  visitors. 

The  eastern  wing  was  occupied  by  the  General  Telegraph 
Office  of  the  Exhibition,  also  under  the  control  of  the  Depart¬ 
ment  of  Public  Comfort.  Messages  could  be  sent  from  here  to 
all  parts  of  the  world.  The  room  contained  an  exhibit  of  the 
various  instruments  used  in  telegraphing,  the  greater  number 
of  which  could  be  seen  in  operation. 

The  western  wing  was  fitted  up  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
United  States  Centennial  Commission  and  the  members  of  the 
press  of  the  country.  It  contained  some  of  the  offices  of  the 
Commission  and  a  large  and  airy  hall,  which  looked  out  upon 
the  wooded  slopes  of  the  Lansdowne  valley,  and  was  fitted  up 
with  tables  and  chairs  for  the  use  of  the  army  of  correspondents 
and  reporters  who  were  daily  engaged  in  making  the  attractions 
of  the  Exhibition  known  to  the  public. 

The  Singer  Sewing  Machine  Building  was  a  pretty  frame  cot¬ 
tage  erected  on  the  south  slope  of  the  Lansdowne  valley,  north 
of  Memorial  Hall,  by  the  Singer  Manufacturing  Company,  at  a 
cost  of  $20,000.  It  was  handsomely  frescoed  within,  and  was 
fitted  up  in  elegant  style.  It  was  devoted  to  a  special  exhibit 
of  the  Singer  sewing  machines.  Among  the  novelties  on 
exhibition  here  were  a  wax-thread  lock-stitch  machine,  and 


708 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


button-hole  and  eyelet  machine,  a  book-binding  machine,  and 
several  others  that  were  new  to  the  public,  one  of  which  was 
capable  of  making  30,000  different  styles  of  stitches.  Numer¬ 
ous  samples  were  shown  of  the  work  performed  with  the  Singer 
machine,  and  these  were  among  the  most  beautiful  and  skilful 


SINGER  SEWING  MACHINE  BUILDING. 


specimens  of  needlework  to  be  seen  in  the  Exhibition.  A  reg¬ 
ister  was  kept  in  the  reception-parlor  for  the  names  of  visitors. 
At  the  close  of  the  Exhibition  the  company  presented  to  one  of 
the  lady  visitors  whose  name  was  inscribed  in  the  register  the 
two  millionth  machine  of  their  manufacture,  the  choice  being 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


709 


determined  by  lot.  Sixty-one  machines,  each  of  a  different 
style,  were  in  operation  here. 

The  Pennsylvania  Bible  Society  Pavilion  was  located  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Lansdowne  valley  and  south  of  the  Horticul¬ 
tural  Hall.  It  was  a  plain  structure  of  wood,  oval  in  shape,  and 
surmounted  by  a  carved  roof  with  a  projecting  cornice.  It  bore 
the  inscription,  “The  Bible  without  note  or  comment.”  The 
front  was  ornamented  with  an  open  Bible,  above  which  was 
the  text,  from  Jeremiah  xxii.  29  :  “  O  earth,  earth,  earth,  hear 
the  word  of  the  Lord.”  Bibles  and  Testaments,  in  all  the  writ¬ 
ten  languages  of  the  world,  were  sold  here  at  cost. 

The  “  Times ”  Pavilion  was  a  small  frame  structure  erected 
by  the  proprietors  of  the  Philadelphia  Times  as  a  Centennial 
business  office.  It  stood  on  Belmont  avenue,  opposite  and  east 
of  the  lake. 

The  Glass  Magazine  stood  on  Belmont  avenue  opposite  the 
lake,  and  north  of  the  Photographic  Association  Building.  It 
was  forty  feet  square  and  two  stories  in  height.  It  was  con¬ 
structed  mainly  of  plate  glass  from  the  works  of  Messrs.  Klaut- 
sheck,  Thomas  &  Stuart,  of  Philadelphia,  and  was  devoted  to  a 
special  exhibit  of  plate  and  window-glass,  glass  shades,  hand 
mirrors,  etc.,  made  by  the  above  firm.  All  the  articles  in  the 
building  were  for  sale. 

The  American  Fusee  Company’s  Building  was  a  small  plain 
structure,  situated  on  Lansdowne  drive,  north  of  the  Judges’ 
Building.  It  contained  an  exhibit  of  the  safety  match  of  this 
company,  the  head-quarters  of  which  are  in  New  York. 

The  Centennial  Photographic  Association  Building  was  the 
property  of  the  company  the  name  of  which  it  bore.  It  was  a 
one-story  frame  building  with  a  wide  balcony  around  it,  and  was 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  Belmont  avenue,  north  of  the  grand 
plaza.  It  was  one  hundred  and  fifty  by  thirty  feet  in  size,  and 
contained  one  room  for  the  exhibition  of  photographs,  and  three 
rooms  for  photographic  manufacture.  The  company  had  the 
exclusive  right  of  making  photographs  of  the  buildings  and 
exhibits  which  were  on  sale  here  and  at  various  points  in 
the  buildings  and  within  the  grounds.  This  was  the  only 


710 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


place  where  visitors  could  have  their  pictures  taken  at  the  Ex¬ 
hibition. 


The  American  Railroad  Ticket  Office  was  a  handsome  building 
octagonal  in  shape,  and  constructed  of  wood.  It  was  seventy- 


TICKET-OFFICE  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  IN  THE  EXHIBITION 

GROUNDS. 

five  feet  in  diameter  and  two  stories  in  height,  and  was  situated 
on  the  northeast  corner  of  Belmont  avenue  and  the  Avenue  of  the 
Republic,  immediately  west  of  the  Judges’  Hall.  It  was  used 
as  a  general  ticket  office  for  the  four  great  trunk  lines  of  the 
country — the  Pennsylvania,  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  Erie,  and  New 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


711 


York  Central  Railroads.  Tickets  were  sold  to  all  points  in  the 
United  States,  and  information  furnished  respecting  routes  of 
travel,  rates  of  fare,  etc.  A  portion  of  the  building  was  used  as 
the  office  of  the  Adams  Express  Company  for  the  transaction 
of  their  Centennial  business. 

The  Bankers’  Building  was  a  handsome  cottage,  painted  in 
dark  rich  colors,  and  situated  east  of  the  Art  Gallery,  between 
the  Photographic  Annex  and  the  Vienna  Bakery.  It  was  built 
by  the  contributions  of  the  bankers  of  the  principal  cities  of  the 
Union  and  their  clerks,  and  was  designed  for  the  exhibition  of 
coins  and  currency,  and  as  a  place  of  rendezvous  for  bankers  and 
their  families  while  visiting  the  Exhibition. 

The  Empire  Transportation  Company’s  Building  was  a  plain 
wooden  structure,  seventy  by  sixty  feet  in  size,  situated  on  the 
Avenue  of  the  Republic,  north  of  the  east  end  of  the  Main 
Exhibition  Building.  It  was  built  in  the  style  of  a  railroad 
freight  station-house,  and  was  devoted  to  an  exhibit  of  the 
method  of  transporting  “  fast  freight,”  as  practised  by  the  Empire 
Transportation  Company  and  its  connections.  A  number  of 
handsome  working  models  of  lake  steamers,  grain  elevators, 
oil  tanks,  railroad  cars  and  locomotives,  were  arranged  around 
the  room,  and  were  in  constant  operation.  They  showed  the 
system  of  bringing  grain  in  steamers  from  the  great  lakes  to 
prominent  points  on  the  great  trunk  lines,  and  of  transferring 
it  by  elevators  to  the  cars  which  are  to  convey  it  to  the  eastern 
markets ;  and  also  from  the  cars  to  the  large  elevators  of  the 
terminal  points  in  the  east,  from  which  it  is  discharged  into 
vessels  bound  for  foreign  ports.  A  series  of  working  models  also 
exhibited  the  method  of  operating  petroleum  wells,  and  of  ship¬ 
ping  the  crude  oil  in  tank  cars  and  conveying  it  to  distant 
markets.  The  models  to  be  seen  here  were  among  the  most 
perfect  in  the  Exhibition,  and  the  display  made  in  this  building 
was  as  interesting  as  it  is  suggestive. 

The  Burial  Casket  Building  was  a  one-story  frame  structure, 
with  turrets,  situated  on  the  south  slope  of  the  Lansdowne 
valley,  north  of  the  Annex  to  the  Art  Gallery.  It  was  devoted 
to  an  exhibition  of  the  various  styles  of  burial  caskets. 


BUILDING  OF  THE  CAMPBELL  PRESS  COMPANY. 


712 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


713 


The  Gas  Machine  was  an  octagonal  one-story  frame  structure, 
fifteen  feet  in  diameter,  situated  south  of  Machinery  Hall,  and 
was  devoted  to  an  exhibit  of  a  new  process  of  generating  a  fixed 
illuminating  gas.  The  exhibitor  was  J.  C.  Tiffany,  of  Boston. 

Starr’s  Iron  Works  were  located  southwest  of  Machinery  Hall, 
near  the  fence  which  separated  the  Exhibition  grounds  from  Elm 
avenue.  They  were  the  property  of  Messrs.  Jesse  W.  Starr  & 
Son,  of  Camden,  New  Jersey.  The  display  consisted  of  iron 
pipes  for  water  and  gas,  fire  hydrants,  stop  valves,  lamp  posts, 
etc.  The  chief  feature  was  a  complete  set  of  gas  apparatus  for 
the  manufacture  and  distribution  of  gas,  from  the  benches  and 
retort  house  to  the  gas-holder.  Included  in  the  apparatus  was 
a  set  of  cast-iron  purifiers,  with  wet  and  dry  centre  valves, 
and  an  improved  carriage  (first  introduced  by  this  firm)  for 
removing  the  lids  of  the  purifiers.  Another  feature  was  an 
automatic  compensating  governor,  circular,  multi  tubular  and 
pipe  condensers,  jet,  spray  and  cataract  washers,  with  wooden 
and  wrought-iron  lime  sieves.  The  exhibit  was  the  largest  and 
most  complete  made  by  any  of  the  iron  workers  of  the  Union, 
and  reflected  the  highest  credit  upon  the  Messrs.  Starr.  The 
extent  of  the  business  of  this  firm  may  be  imagined  by  the 
reader  when  it  is  stated  that  their  patterns  alone  are  valued  at 
$250,000. 

The  Gunpowder  Pile  Driver  was  exhibited  by  the  Gunpowder 
Pile  Driving  Company,  of  Philadelphia.  It  was  built  in  the 
open  air,  and  was  situated  southwest  of  Machinery  Hall,  and 
afforded  a  practical  demonstration  of  the  advantages  of  driving 
piles  by  this  process. 

The  Automatic  Railroad  was  situated  west  of  Machinery  Hall, 
and  was  exhibited  by  Charles  W.  Hunt,  of  New  York.  It  was 
an  exceedingly  ingenious  invention,  and  illustrated  the  mode  of 
unloading  vessels  by  means  of  a  railroad  worked  by  a  self¬ 
acting  apparatus. 

The  Glass  Works  were  situated  west  of  Machinery  Hall,  near 
the  Fifty-second  street  entrance  to  the  grounds.  The  building 
was  one  story  in  height,  and  contained  a  large  brick  furnace  and 
chimney  in  the  centre.  It  was  gayly  decorated  with  globes  and 


714 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


other  objects  of  colored  glass.  All  the  various  processes  of 
pressing,  blowing  and  cutting  glass  were  carried  on  here  by  a 
corps  of  experienced  workmen.  Tumblers,  goblets,  mugs  and 
other  articles  were  manufactured  and  sold  to  visitors.  The 
building  was  the  property  of  the  well-known  firm  of  Gillinder 
&  Sons,  of  Philadelphia,  who  are  among  the  most  prominent 
glass-makers  of  the  United  States.  The  work-room  was  thronged 


all  through  the  day  with  visitors  watching  the  process  of 
manufacture. 

The  Saw-Mill  was  a  one-story  frame  building,  with  a  boiler- 
house  attached,  and  was  situated  southwest  of  Machinery  Hall, 
near  Fountain  avenue.  It  was  the  property  of  E.  W.  Boss  & 
Co.,  of  Fulton,  New  York,  who  exhibited  here  a  fine  direct- 
acting  circular  saw  of  improved  construction. 

The  Campbell  P>  inting  Press  Building  was  situated  immedi- 


I 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  715 

ately  west  of  Machinery  Hall.  It  was  built  of  wood  ;  was  two 
stories  in  height ;  was  one  hundred  and  forty-four  by  eighty- 
eight  feet  in  size,  and  was  handsomely  decorated.  An  elaborate 
fa9ade  stood  at  the  eastern  end,  and  was  surmounted  by  a  statue 
of  the  inventor  of  the  art  of  printing.  A  balcony  crossed  this 
front  on  a  level  with  the  second  story.  The  building  was  in  all 
respects  one  of  the  handsomest  and  best  arranged  erected  by 
private  enterprise  within  the  Exhibition  grounds.  It  was  the 
property  of  the  Campbell  Printing  Press  and  Manufacturing 
Company,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  who  here  exhibited  all 


VIEW  OF  THE  INTERIOR  OF  THE  GLASS  WORKS. 


their  specialties  in  printing  presses,  from  the  immense  and 
splendid  “Rotary”  to  the  smallest  card  printing  presses. 

The  company  had  the  exclusive  right  to  do  printing  for  the 
exhibitors  and  other  persons  connected  with  the  great  fair,  and 
offered  them  peculiar  facilities  in  this  respect.  For  this  pur¬ 
pose  the  company  established  a  large  and  complete  printing 
office  in  this  building,  in  which  all  the  branches  of  the  art  were 
carried  on.  Type-setting,  stereotyping,  electrotyping,  printing 
and  book-binding  were  in  operation  here,  and  those  interested 


716 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


in  these  matters  could  here  study  all  their  details.  The  Camp¬ 
bell  Building  thus  constituted  one  of  the  features  of  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion,  and  received  a  generous  recognition  at  the  hands  of  visitors 
to  the  great  fair. 

Fuller ,  Warren  &  Co.’s  Stove  Building  was  a  handsome  one- 
story  frame  pavilion,  situated  at  the  east  end  of  Machinery  Hall 
and  opposite  the  Total  Abstinence  Fountain.  It  was  devoted  to 
an  exhibition  of  stoves,  heaters  and  ranges  in  operation  from 
the  famous  works  of  Fuller,  Warren  &  Co.,  of  New  York, 
Chicago,  Cleveland  and  Troy.  These  were  richly  worth  an 
examination,  and  were  among  the  handsomest  as  well  as  the 
best  in  the  world. 

The  Liberty  Stove  Works  was  the  name  of  an  ornamental 
wooden  structure  west  of  Machinery  Hall  and  south  of  the 
Total  Abstinence  Fountain.  It  was  occupied  with  a  display  of 
stoves,  heaters  and  ranges,  manufactured  by  Charles  Noble  &  Co., 
of  the  Liberty  Stove  Works,  of  Philadelphia.  These  offered  a 
sharp  competition  to  those  of  the  establishment  just  mentioned, 
both  in  beauty  of  design  and  good  workmanship. 

The  Pavilion  of  the  Boston  “ Herald”  and  Boston  “ Daily 
Advertiser  ”  was  a  small  one-story  frame  building,  situated  on 
Fountain  avenue,  north  of  the  western  end  of  Machinery  Hall. 
It  was  the  head-quarters  of  the  correspondents  and  attaches  of 
the  journals  to  which  it  belonged,  and  a  centre  of  New  England 
news. 

Pop- Corn  Buildings. — There  were  two  of  these  buildings 
located  in  the  grounds,  one  on  Fountain  avenue,  opposite  the 
north  end  of  the  lake,  the  other  on  Agricultural  avenue,  east  of 
the  New  England  Farmer’s  Home  and  Modern  Kitchen.  They 
were  one-story  frame  structures,  and  were  devoted  exclusively 
to  the  sale  of  pop-corn.  They  were  the  property  of  J.  A.  Baker, 
of  Dayton,  Ohio,  to  whom  the  concession  for  the  sale  of  this 
article  belonged. 

The  American  Newspaper  Building  was  a  handsome  two-story 
frame  structure,  seventy  by  forty-six  feet  in  size,  and  was  situated 
on  Fountain  avenue,  north  of  the  lake  and  south  of  the  United 
States  Government  Building.  The  edifice  was  thirty-three  feet 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


717 


in  height,  and  the  style  of  architecture  was  light  and  graceful, 
affording  a  pleasing  contrast  to  the  great  buildings  of  the  Exhi¬ 
bition.  It  was  painted  in  cool  and  pleasant  neutral  tints,  and 
had  a  most  attractive  and  inviting  appearance.  From  the  exte¬ 
rior  it  appeared  to  be  two  stories  in  height,  but  the  central  hall 
rose  clear  to  the  roof.  A  long  table  extended  down  the  middle 
of  this  hall,  and  on  it  were  arranged  copies  of  all  the  newspapers 
published  in  the  United  States.  Chairs  and  sofas  were  scattered 
about  the  hall  for  the  convenience  of  visitors,  who  were  cordially 


THE  AMERICAN  NEWSPAPER  BUILDING. 


welcomed  and  made  to  feel  at  home  by  the  courteous  manager 
and  his  assistants.  All  visitors  were  invited  to  come  and  read 
the  local  papers  from  their  distant  homes,  and  the  building 
was  thus  one  of  the  most  convenient  of  all  the  features  of  the 
Exhibition. 

_  °n  each  s!de  of  the  reception-hall  were  long,  narrow,  but  well- 
lighted  alcoves,  in  the  innumerable  pigeon-holes  of  which  were 
files  of  all  the  daily  and  weekly  papers  published  in  the  United 
States.  The  admirable  system  upon  which  the  establishment 


718 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


was  conducted  rendered  it  easy  for  the  attendants  to  find  at  once 
any  paper  of  any  date  that  the  visitor  might  desire  to  see.  For¬ 
eign  visitors  were  thus  enabled  to  make  a  study  of  American 
journalism.  The  height  of  the  side  chambers,  where  these 
alcoves  were  placed,  was  about  ten  feet,  and  over  them  were 
long  galleries  or  sheltered  balconies  which  extended  all  around 
the  interior  of  the  building.  These  were  most  tastefully  fitted 
up  with  comfortable  chairs  and  neat  walnut  writing  desks,  while 
from  the  large  open  windows  could  be  obtained  a  charming  view 
of  the  lake,  or  glimpses  of  almost  any  other  portion  of  the  grounds. 
The  representatives  of  all  the  newspapers  in  the  country  were 
welcome  to  the  free  use  of  these  writing-rooms,  and  pens,  ink, 
paper  and  envelopes  were  furnished  editors  and  reporters  free 
of  charge.  When  it  is  remembered  that  the  building  was 
located  on  one  of  the  loveliest  spots  in  the  enclosure,  and  when 
it  is  stated  that  no  noise  of  any  kind,  except  the  subdued  voices 
of  visitors,  broke  the  stillness  so  necessary  to  all  higher  classes 
of  composition,  it  will  be  seen  at  a  glance  that  no  more  desirable 
place  in  which  to  prepare  descriptive  reports  of  the  Exhibition 
could  be  found,  and  the  liberal  accommodations  were  taken 
advantage  of  by  large  numbers  of  visiting  journalists,  as  well 
as  by  those  resident  in  this  city. 

The  building  and  its  contents  were  the  property  of  Messrs. 
George  P.  Rowell  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  well  known  to  the 
American  people  as  the  leading  advertising  agents  of  the  United 
States.  The  energy  and  generosity  with  which  they  carried  out 
this  unique  and  important  branch  of  the  Exhibition  should 
render  them  even  more  popular  with  the  business  men  of  the 
country  than  their  past  extraordinary  career  has  shown  them 
to  be. 

The  New  York  “  Tribune”  Pavilion  was  a  tasteful  one-story 
structure,  octagonal  in  shape,  with  verandahs  and  a  high-peaked 
roof.  It  stood  on  the  west  side  of  Belmont  avenue,  near  the 
north  end  of  the  lake,  and  was  used  as  the  head-quarters  of  the 
Tribune  correspondents  and  as  the  Centennial  business  office  of 
that  journal. 

The  Pressed  Fuel  Company’s  Building  was  a  small  but  hand- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


719 


some  iron  pavilion,  situated  on  the  Avenue  of  the  Republic, 
west  of  the  lake  and  opposite  Machinery  Hall.  It  was  devoted 
to  an  exhibit  of  the  pressed  fuel  prepared  and  sold  by  E.  F. 
Loiseau,  of  Philadelphia. 

The  World’s  Ticket  Office. — The  well-known  firm  of  Cook, 
Son  &  Jenkins,  whose  main  house  is  in  London,  but  whose 
branches  are  now  established  in  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Boston,  Washington,  New  Orleans,  San  Francisco  and  Pitts¬ 
burgh,  have  already  gained  a  world-wide  reputation  by  their 
system  of  cheap  and  attractive  tours  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
They  erected  a  handsome  building  of  wood,  hexagonal  in  form, 
and  sixty  feet  square,  and  situated  on  Belmont  avenue,  imme¬ 
diately  north  of  the  eastern  end  of  Machinery  Hall.  The  inte¬ 
rior  consisted  of  a  main  hall  extending  to  the  roof  and  four  private 
offices.  The  hall  was  lighted  by  six  tasteful  dormer  windows 
placed  in  the  roof,  which  rose  from  the  sides  to  the  central  por¬ 
tion.  Counters  were  arranged  around  the  hall,  at  which  tickets 
to  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world  were  sold.  Guide-books  to 
foreign  countries,  based  upon  the  system  of  tours  adopted  by 
Messrs.  Cook,  Son  &  Jenkins,  were  for  sale. 

A  number  of  articles  of  olive  wood  made  in  Palestine  were 
offered  for  sale  in  the  hall,  and  in  the  vestibule  leading  from 
the  western  entrance  a  number  of  Eastern  curiosities  were  on 
exhibition.  Among  these  was  the  mummy  of  an  Egyptian  priest¬ 
ess  or  princess  of  the  age  of  the  Pharaohs.  In  addition  to  the 
mummy,  which,  though  three  thousand  years  old,  was  in  an 
excellent  state  of  preservation,  the  mummy-case  was  rich  in 
Egyptian  figures  and  inscriptions,  which  described  her  ladyship 
as  a  priestess  or  princess  of  noble  rank ;  and  the  inscriptions, 
while,  as  usual,  giving  some  biographical  details,  contained 
extracts  from  the  “Book  of  the  Dead,”  or  “Ritual  of  the  Dead.” 

The  mummy  and  case  were  the  property  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  J. 
L.  M.  Curry,  President  of  the  Richmond  (Virginia)  College, 
who  obtained  them  at  Luxor,  while  making  a  trip  up  the  Nile, 
under  the  escort  of  a  member  of  this  firm.  Weapons  and  other 
curiosities  from  Upper  Egypt  were  also  shown. 

In  the  grounds  in  the  rear  of  the  building  Messrs.  Cook,  Son, 


cook’s  world’s  ticket  offices,  centennial  grounds. 


720 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


721 


&  Jenkins  showed  a  model  of  the  camp  which  they  provide  for 
persons  journeying  through  Palestine  under  their  charge.  It 
consisted  of  a  dining-room  tent,  large  and  square  in  shape,  fitted 
up  with  a  long  table,  chairs,  etc.;  and  a  sleeping-tent  containing 
two  single  iron  bedsteads,  a  wash-stand,  dressing-case,  etc. 
Attached  to  these  was  a  kitchen.  The  camp  was  in  charge  of  a 
Syrian  dragoman  and  cook. 

Frank  Leslie’s  Building  was  a  pretty  one-story  frame  pavilion 
on  the  cast  shore  of  the  lake,  just  north  of  the  World’s  Ticket 
Office.  It  was  used  as  a  head-quarters  for  the  artists  and  corre¬ 
spondents  of  Frank  Leslie’s  illustrated  publications. 

The  Women’s  School-House ,  or  Kindergarten,  was  situated 
northeast  of  the  Woman’s  Building  and  a  few  yards  distant 
from  it.  It  was  a  one-story  Gothic  cottage,  one  of  the  most 
charming  and  attractive  structures  on  the  grounds.  It  was 
thirty-five  by  eighteen  feet  in  size,  and  was  built  of  pine  wood, 
which  was  brought  to  a  beautiful  hue  by  varnishing  and  polish¬ 
ing.  Not  a  particle  of  paint  was  to  be  seen  about  the  building, 
but  the  native  wood  showed  everywhere  bright  and  rich  in 
color.  The  interior  consisted  of  a  large  hall  with  an  alcove 
at  the  side  for  spectators.  The  system  used  was  that  of  Fred¬ 
erick  Froebel,  the  inventor  of  the  Kindergarten.  A  low  table 
stood  in  the  centre  of  the  room,  and  around  it  were  a  number 
of  little  rocking-chairs  for  the  little  pupils.  Every  Monday, 
Tuesday,  and  Wednesday  the  operations  of  the  Froebel  system 
were  shown  from  ten  until  half-past  twelve  o’clock.  The  teacher 
was  a  lady  from  Boston,  and  the  class  was  composed  of  sixteen 
bright  little  ones  from  the  Northern  Home  for  Friendless  Chil¬ 
dren  in  Philadelphia.  A  more  delightful  sight  than  these  happy 
children  at  their  studious  play  can  scarcely  be  imagined.  The 
advantages  of  the  Kindergarten  are  so  well  known  that  it  would 
\  be  useless  to  dwell  upon  them  here. 

The  American  Kindergarten  was  a  small  frame  building  lying 
immediately  north  of  the  Carriage  Annex  to  the  Main  Building. 
It  was  in  charge  of  Miss  E.  M.  Coe,  of  New  York,  an  experienced 
teacher,  whose  system  is  said  to  be  an  improvement  upon  Froe- 
bel’s,  or  rather  an  adaptation  of  his  system  to  American  wants. 

46 


| 


722 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


A  school  for  the  training  of  Kindergarten  teachers  constituted  a 
distinctive  feature  of  this  establishment.  It  was  open  daily. 

Clark  Sc  Co.’s  Building  was  situated  between  Belmont 
avenue  and  Lansdowne  drive.  It  was  forty  feet  square,  one 
story  in  height,  and  was  surmounted  by  a  tower.  It  was  devoted 
to  a  special  exhibit  of  self-coiling  shutters. 

The  Warren  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop  represented  cast-iron 
gas  and  water  pipes  unprotected  from  the  weather.  It  was 
located  southwest  of  Machinery  Hall,  near  the  southern  edge  of 
the  Exhibition  grounds. 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  LOG  CABIN  AND  MODERN  KITCHEN. 


The  New  England  Farmer’s  Home  and  Modern  Kitchen  con¬ 
stituted  one  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  Exhibition. 

They  were  situated  on  State  avenue,  west  of  Agricultural 
avenue,  and  not  far  from  the  Woman’s  Building.  The  New 
England  Farmer’s  Home  was  a  plain  one-story  log  house,  and 
was  built  and  arranged  in  the  style  of  the  New  England  farm¬ 
houses  of  a  century  ago.  It  contained  a  parlor,  or  “settin-room,” 
a  kitchen, and  bed-rooms,  all  of  which  were  furnished  with  veri¬ 
table  heirlooms  contributed  by  the  people  of  New  England. 
Many  of  the  articles  were  exceedingly  valuable  for  their  historical 
interest.  In  the  “  settin-room  ”  was  a  chair  made  for  Governor 
Endicott,  who  led  the  first  colonization  of  Massachusetts  two 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


723 


centuries  and  a  half  ago.  In  one  of  the  chambers  was  the  Ful¬ 
ler  cradle,  in  which  was  rocked  little  Peregrine  White,  the  child 
who  was  born  on  board  the  “  Mayflower  ”  on  the  voyage  of  the 
Pilgrims  to  Plymouth.  The  rockers  have  been  worn  away  in 
the  long  years  that  have  elapsed  since  then,  but  the  cradle  still 
remains  a  mute  witness  of  the  wonderful  story  of  American 
progress  with  which  all  tongues  are  busy  now.  What  a  contrast 
between  the  scene  when  it  held  its  little  charge  in  the  hamlet  of 
Plymouth,  amid  the  fierce  storms  that  howled  along  the  bleak 
and  barren  coast  of  New  England,  and  the  grand  assemblage 
of  the  nations  and  wealth  of  the  world  in  which  it  took  its  part! 
Here  was  John  Alden’s  writing-desk,  on  which  he  penned 
those  tender  epistles  in  which 

“  Every  sentence  began  or  closed  with  the  name  of  Priscilla, 

Till  the  treacherous  pen  to  which  he  confided  the  secret 

Strove  to  betray  it  by  singing  and  shouting  the  name  of  Priscilla.” 

Here  also  was  an  ancient  spinning-wheel  which  is  known  to 
have  belonged  to  Plymouth  for  more  than  two  hundred  years, 
and  which  may  be  the  very  one  which  Priscilla,  the  Puritan 
maiden,  whirled  so  deftly  that  poor  John  Alden  could  find  no 
way  out  of  the  web  she  wove  about  him.  Here  was  the  dressing- 
case  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Hopkins,  the  first  minister  in  Rhode 
Island,  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  years  old  ;  and  against 
the  wall  hung  the  first  clock  brought  to  Andover,  Massa¬ 
chusetts. 

Everything  in  the  house  had  the  ripe  flavor  of  antiquity,  and 
the  visitor  might  see  in  the  place  an  exact  reproduction  of  the 
homes  that  his  ancestors,  the  Minute  Men  of  the  Revolution, 
left  so  promptly  and  bravely  when  the  news  of  the  battle  of 
Lexington  called  them  to  arms.  The  farm-house  was  occupied 
only  by  ladies,  who  were  dressed  in  the  quaint  costumes  of  their 
great-grandmothers,  and  who  conducted  visitors  through  the 
house,  and  explained  to  them  the  story  and  uses  of  its  contents. 

Adjoining  the  farm-house  was  a  frame  building  fitted  up  as  a 
Modern  New  England  Kitchen.  It  contained  all  the  improve¬ 
ments  of  the  present  age,  and  showed  the  progress  of  the  century 
in  this  department  of  domestic  industry. 


724 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  Pacific  Guano  Company’s  Buildings  were  situated  at  the 
western  end  of  the  Horticultural  grounds.  The  principal 
structure  was  a  handsomely  ornamented  Moorish  pavilion,  two 
stories  in  height,  containing  specimens  of  the  guano ;  and  north 
of  this  was  a  shed  containing  models  of  the  company’s  warehouses, 
at  Wood’s  Hole,  Massachusetts,  and  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

The  grounds  around  the  pavilion  were  plentifully  fertilized 
with  the  guano,  and  were  planted  with  cotton,  tobacco,  and  sugar 
cane,  which  grew  finely  under  the  warm  sun  and  the  generous 
stimulus  of  the  fertilizer. 

The  Averill  Chemical  Paint  Company’s  Building  was  situated 
on  Fountain  avenue,  east  of  the  saw-mill.  It  was  a  handsome 
pavilion  of  wood,  and  was  ornamented  with  colored  panels 
showing  the  various  colors  and  qualities  of  the  paints  manufac¬ 
tured  by  this  company.  Specimens  of  the  paints  were  on  exhibi¬ 
tion  within  the  building. 

The  New  York  Slate  Roofing  Company’s  Building  was  a  small 
wooden  structure  with  a  pointed  roof.  It  was  situated  on  the 
slope  of  Lansdowne  valley,  north  of  the  Carriage  Annex  to  the 
Main  Building.  It  was  devoted  to  an  exhibit  of  the  rubber 
roofing  and  the  patent  slate  roofing  paint  manufactured  by  this 
company. 

George  Hayes ,  of  New  York ,  had  a  wooden  building  painted 
in  imitation  of  brick,  north  of  the  Carriage  Annex  and  imme¬ 
diately  west  of  the  edifice  just  described.  It  was  devoted  to  a 
special  exhibit  of  patent  window  blinds,  constructed  so  as  to 
admit  the  air  and  at  the  same  time  exclude  the  dust  and  insects. 

The  Sheet  Metal  Pavilion  stood  on  the  north  slope  of  the 
Lansdowne  valley,  south  of  and  opposite  the  German  Govern¬ 
ment  Building.  It  was  a  handsome  and  elaborate  edifice  con¬ 
structed  entirely  of  sheet  metal.  A  massive  balustrade,  orna¬ 
mented  with  eagles  and  vases  with  flowers,  all  of  metal,  extended 
around  the  roof.  The  building  was  the  property  of  Marshall 
Brothers  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  manufacturers  of  metal  roofing 
sheets,  and  the  Kittredge  Cornice  and  Ornament  Company,  of 
Salem,  Ohio,  manufacturers  of  architectural  sheet  metal  and 
ornaments.  The  building,  which  was  itself  a  beautiful  speci- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


725 


men  of  the  work  of  these  firms,  contained  a  large  exhibit  of  the 
wares  manufactured  by  them. 

The  Caffe  do  Brazil  was  situated  on  Fountain  avenue,  north 
of  the  lake.  It  was  a  small,  one-story  pavilion  of  wood,  and 
was  conducted  as  a  coffee  house  by  a  firm  of  Brazilian  mer¬ 
chants. 

The  United  States  Life-Saving  Station  was  a  handsome  two- 
story  building,  situated  on  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  imme¬ 
diately  west  of  the  Trois  Freres  Provengeaux  Restaurant.  It 
was  intended  to  show  the  system  in  use  at  the  life-saving  sta¬ 
tions  established  by  the  general  government  at  the  dangerous 
points  along  our  coast,  and  was  provided  with  a  full  equipment 
of  the  articles  necessary  to  this  purpose. 

The  Elevated  Railway  spanned  the  Belmont  valley,  and  con¬ 
nected  the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Halls.  It  rested 
upon  a  series  of  pillars  which  had  foundations  of  masonry 
placed  in  the  bed  and  on  the  sides  of  the  valley.  It  consisted 
of  one  upper  rail  and  two  lower  ones  placed  in  a  triangular 
position,  the  lower  rails  being  about  four  feet  and  a  half  below 
the  central  or  upper  rail.  The  car  rested  on  the  central  rail, 
on  which  the  principal  wheels  worked,  and  it  extended  down 
to  the  level  of  the  lower  rails,  thus  making  it  a  two-story  struc¬ 
ture.  Horizontal  wheels  revolved  on  the  lower  rails,  and  thus 
kept  the  car  steady  and  prevented  it  from  jumping  the  track  or 
being  thrown  off.  The  adhesion  of  these  wheels  to  the  rails 
could  be  increased  at  pleasure.  The  car  was  divided  into  three 
compartments,  one  upper  and  two  lower  ones.  The  locomotive 
was  provided  with  La  France  rotary  engines,  and  had  an  ordin¬ 
ary  horizontal  boiler.  It  carried  its  fuel  and  water  in  the  com¬ 
partments  below  the  centre  rail.  It  is  claimed  for  this  road 
that  it  is  cheaper  to  build,  more  economical  to  operate,  and  safer 
than  any  other  elevated  road  in  use.  It  conveyed  passengers 
across  the  Belmont  valley  for  the  moderate  sum  of  three  cents. 

The  Windmills. — A  number  of  patent  windmills  of  various 
kinds  were  located  in  the  extreme  northeastern  corner  of  the 
grounds,  on  the  hill  overlooking  the  Schuylkill.  They  were 
in  constant  operation. 


726 


EXHIBIT  OF  FURS  IN  MAIN  BUILDING. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 

GENERAL  JOSEPH  R.  HAWLEY , 

President  of  the  U.  S.  Centennial  Commission. 

w^fOSEPH  RUSSELL  HAWLEY  was  born  in  Richmond 
county,  North  Carolina,  on  the  31st  of  October,  1826. 
His  father,  a  Congregational ist  minister,  and  a  native 
of  New  York,  was  at  that  time  engaged  in  some  mis¬ 
sionary  work  in  North  Carolina,  but  in  a  few  years 
removed  to  central  New  York,  and  settled  at  Peterboro.  Here 
young  Hawley  grew  up,  gaining  his  education  at  the  free 
schools  of  the  district,  and  closing  it  at  Hamilton  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1847.  Having  resolved  to  become  a 
lawyer  he  began  the  study  of  his  profession  at  Cazenovia,  New 
York,  and  continued  it  at  Farmington,  Connecticut.  In  1850 
he  removed  to  Hartford,  Connecticut,  at  the  suggestion  of  his 
uncle,  David  Hawley,  a  well-known  city  missionary,  and  began 
the  practice  of  law  there.  He  had  a  hard  struggle  at  first,  in 
his  efforts  to  establish  himself  in  his  profession,  but  went  to 
work  with  an  energy  and  determination  that  finally  brought 
him  success.  He  continued  to  prosper,  and  five  years  after  his 
settlement  in  Hartford  he  was  able  to  marry,  and  on  Christmas 
day,  1855,  was  united  to  Harriet,  daughter  of  General  A.  Foote, 
of  Guilford,  Connecticut. 

Mr.  Hawley  early  distinguished  himself  in  Hartford  as  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  Free  Soil  party.  He  was  conspicuously 
active  in  State  conventions,  and  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  eloquent  and  forcible  speakers  in  his  party.  Although 
enjoying  a  successful  law  practice  his  preference  for  politics  led 

727 


728 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


him  a  few  years  later  to  abandon  his  profession  and  devote  him¬ 
self  to  journalism.  Associating  himself  with  Mr.  Faxon,  he 
bought  out  the  Hartford  Republican ,  and  changed  it  into  the 
Hartford  Evening  Press ,  of  which  he  assumed  the  editorship. 
The  new  journal  was  a  success  from  the  first,  and  Mr.  Hawley 
soon  found  himself  ranked  among  the  leading  journalists  of 
New  England,  a  position  which  he  maintained  with  ability  and 
profit  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war. 

Upon  the  receipt 
of  Governor  Bucking¬ 
ham’s  proclamation, 
after  the  fall  of  Fort 
Sumter,  Plawlcy  and 
two  friends  met  at 
the  office  of  the  Press 
and  signed  their 
names  to  an  enlist¬ 
ment  paper  as  volun¬ 
teers  in  the  1st  regi¬ 
ment.  A  public  meet¬ 
ing  was  held  at  Hart¬ 
ford  the  same  evening 
and  was  presided  over 
by  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  State. 
The  list  was  presented 
to  the  meeting  and 
was  at  once  filled  up, 
and  Company  A  of 
the  1st  regiment  was 
formed.  Hawley  was  made  first-lieutenant  of  this  company, 
which  was  mustered  into  the  service  for  three  months,  on  the 
22d  of  April,  1861.  The  colonel  of  the  regiment  being  pro¬ 
moted  soon  after,  Hawley  became  captain  of  his  company.  He 
exerted  himself  with  ardor  to  organize  and  equip  his  men,  and 
armed  them  with  Sharpe  rifles  at  his  own  expense.  His  regi¬ 
ment  was  promptly  sent  forward  to  Washington,  and  in  the 


GENERAL  J.  R.  HAWLEY,  PRESIDENT  OF  THE 
U.  S.  CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


729 


battle  of  Bull  Run,  which  soon  followed,  Captain  Hawley’s 
company  was  one  of  the  few  that  did  not  take  part  in  the  shame¬ 
ful  panic  and  flight. 

The  company  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  on  the  31st  of 
July,  1861,  their  term  of  enlistment  being  ended.  In  the  fol¬ 
lowing  month  the  6th  Connecticut  Regiment  was  organized  for 
three  years1  service,  and  of  this  body  Hawley  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-colonel.  Upon  reaching  Washington  the  regiment  was 
assigned  to  the  Department  of  the  South.  It  took  part  in  the 
attack  on  Fort  Wallace,  under  Colonel  Terry,  on  the  7th  of 
November;  in  the  reduction  of  Fort  Pulaski,  on  the  Savannah, 
in  April  and  May,  1862 ;  in  the  battle  of  James  Island,  on  the 
14th  of  June;  and  in  the  fight  at  Pocataligo,  on  the  22d  of 
October,  1862,  in  all  of  which  engagements  it  was  especially 
distinguished  for  gallantry.  During  this  period  Terry  had 
been  made  a  brigadier-general  and  Hawley  had  been  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  commanded  his  regiment  in  nearly 
all  these  affairs. 

Colonel  Hawley  commanded  his  regiment  during  the  opera¬ 
tions  of  General  Gilmore,  at  Morris’  island  and  Fort  Wagner, 
in  the  campaign  against  Charleston  in  the  spring  and  summer 
of  1863.  He  was  subsequently  placed  in  command  at  Fer- 
nandina,  Florida,  and  had  the  good  fortune  while  there  to 
secure  for  his  regiment  the  breech-loading  Spencer  rifle,  which 
was  ignored  by  the  War  Department  during  the  war,  but  which 
he  regarded  as  a  most  valuable  weapon.  On  the  19th  of 
February,  1864,  he  took  part  in  the  hard-fought  battle  of 
Olustee,  Florida. 

On  the  4th  of  May,  1864,  the  6th  Connecticut  was  trans^ 
ferred  to  the  Army  of  the  James,  where  Colonel  Hawley  was 
given  the  command  of  a  brigade  in  Terry’s  division.  He  par¬ 
ticipated  in  this  capacity  in  Butler’s  attack  on  Bermuda  Hun¬ 
dreds,  and  in  the  fights  at  Chester  Station,  Deep  Bottom,  Deep 
Run,  Chapin’s  Farm,  New  Market  Road,  Darbytown  Road, 
Charles  City  Road,  and  in  nearly  all  the  engagements  which 
occurred  north  of  the  James  river  during  the  year. 

In  September,  1864,  he  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-gen- 


730 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


eral  of  volunteers,  and  in  November  was  placed  in  command 
of  3000  Connecticut  troops,  and  sent  with  General  Butler  to 
New  York  to  maintain  order  in  that  city  during  the  Presiden¬ 
tial  election  of  that  year.  He  returned  to  the  army  when  the 
elections  were  over,  and  in  January,  1865,  took  part  in  the 
storming  and  capture  of  Fort  Fisher,  near  Wilmington,  North 
Carolina,  One  of  the  most  brilliant  operations  of  the  war. 

In  the  spring  of  1865  General  Terry  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  city  of  Richmond,  and  General  Hawley  was  at  his 
request  made  his  chief  of  staff.  He  held  this  position  until 
September  28th,  1865,  when  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
major-general  of  volunteers ;  and  on  the  15th  of  January,  1866, 
was  honorably  mustered  out  of  the  service.  In  quitting  the 
army  he  left  behind  him  the  reputation  of  a  brave  and  able 
officer,  who  had  rendered  good  service  to  his  country  and 
whose  every  promotion  had  been  won  by  the  faithful  and 
efficient  discharge  of  duty  in  the  field,  and  often  under  the 
most  trying  circumstances. 

Returning  home  he  was  nominated  by  the  Republican  party 
as  its  candidate  for  Governor  of  Connecticut,  and  in  April  was 
elected  over  Gbvernor  English  in  one  of  the  most  exciting  con¬ 
tests  ever  held  in  the  State.  He  held  the  office  for  one  term, 
and  then,  declining  a  renomination,  returned  to  his  editorial 
duties,  having  during  his  service  in  the  army  and  his  guberna- 
torial  term  retained  his  connection  with  the  Press,  which  had 
been  consolidated  with  the  Hartford  Courant  under  the  latter 
title.  Of  this  paper  General  Hawley  was  the  chief  proprietor 
and  editor.  In  1868  he  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Republican  Convention,  at  Chicago,  and  was  chosen  President 
of  that  body,  which  nominated  Grant  and  Colfax  for  the  Presi¬ 
dency  and  Vice-Presidency  of  the  United  States.  On  the  5th 
of  November,  1872,  he  was  elected  to  the  Forty-second  Con¬ 
gress,  and  was  re-elected  in  1874. 

General  Hawley  was  one  of  the  first  to  espouse  and  work  for 
the  project  of  an  International  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  both 
in  Congress  and  in  his  journal  gave  himself  heart  and  soul  to 
the  effort.  Upon  the  passage  of  the  act  of  Congress  organizing 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL.  EXHIBITION. 


731 


the  United  States  Centennial  Commission,  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Grant  a  Commissioner  from  Connecticut.  Upon  the 
first  meeting  of  that  body,  in  March,  1872,  General  Hawley 
was  chosen  President  of  the  Commission,  to  which  position  he 
has  since  been  regularly  re-elected.  The  ability  and  energy 
with  which  he  has  discharged  the  difficult,  burdensome  and 
often  delicate  duties  of  his  position  are  shown  in  the  magnifi¬ 
cent  success  with  which  his  labors  have  been  crowned. 

In  person  General  Hawley  is  about  five  feet  eight  or  nine 
inches  in  height,  with  a  stout,  well-built  figure.  His  face  in¬ 
dicates  firmness  and  decision  of  character,  and  the  expression 
of  his  clear  gray  eyes  is  straightforward  and  earnest.  You 
would  single  him  out  in  a  crowd  as  a  man  of  unusual  ability, 
and  as  a  man  utterly  incapable  of  an  equivocal  action. 

JOHN  WELSH, 

Chairman  of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance. 

John  Welsh  was  born  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  1805, 
and  was  bred  to  mercantile  pursuits.  He  is  seventy-one  years 
old,  and  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  well-known 
firm  of  J.  &  W.  Welsh,  general  shipping  and  commission  mer¬ 
chants,  on  Delaware  avenue,  near  Walnut  street.  He  is  one 
of  the  most  successful  merchants  of  Philadelphia,  and  for  half 
a  century  has  been  closely  and  honorably  identified  with  the 
business  interests  of  that  city. 

Mr.  Welsh  was  one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of  the  plan  for 
the  International  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  when  the  Board 
of  Finance  was  organized,  at  the  instance  of  the  Centennial 
Commission,  in  June,  1872,  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  it, 
and  was  unanimously  chosen  Chairman  of  the  Board.  In  this 
capacity  he  has  served  for  four  years,  and  has  discharged  his 
duties  with  signal  ability  and  fidelity.  The  general  financial 
business  of  the  Exhibition  has  been  managed  by  the  Board 
of  Finance.  Upon  this  body  devolved  the  task  of  making  the 
contracts  for  the  erection  of  the  Exhibition  buildings,  the 
proper  completion  of  the  same,  the  provision  of  the  thousand 


732 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and  one  tilings  necessary  to  the  complete  success  of  the  Exhi¬ 
bition,  and  the  raising  and  disbursing  of  the  revenue  necessary 
for  carrying  out  the  great  scheme. 

The  reader  will  thus  see  that  the  duties  of  Mr.  Welsh  have 
been  of  the  most  difficult  and  arduous  nature.  For  the  past 
two  years  he  has  devoted  his  whole  time  to  the  affairs  of  the 
Exhibition,  and  under  his  vigorous  and  able  management  they 
have  been  conducted  with  a  vigor,  promptness  and  success 

which  are  character^ 
istic  of  the  man.  The 
best  evidence  of  the 
high  esteem  in  which 
Mr.  Welsh  is  held  by 
the  solid  business  men 
of  the  city  is  shown 
in  the  eagerness  with 
which  the  leading 
capitalists  of  Phila¬ 
delphia  affixed  their 
names  as  sureties  to 
the  bonds  for  $500,- 
000, which  Mr. Welsh, 
in  connection  with  Mr. 
Fraley,  the  Treasurer 
of  the  Board  of  Fi¬ 
nance,  was  re 
to  give  for  the  faith¬ 
ful  disbursement  of 
the  sum  of  $1,500,- 
000,  appropriated  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  in  aid  of 
the  Exhibition.  His  popularity  with  his  fellow-citizens  generally 
was  shown  in  the  enthusiasm  with  which  he  was  greeted  by  the 
vast  throng  which  witnessed  the  inaugural  ceremonies  on  the 
10th  of  May. 

ALFRED  T.  G0SH0RN, 

Director-General  of  the  Exhibition. 

Alfred  T.  Goshorn  was  born  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1834. 


JOHN  WELSH,  CHAIRMAN  OF  THE  CENTENNIAL 
BOARD  OF  FINANCE. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


733 


He  received  his  early  education  at  the  common  schools  of  that 
city,  and  completed  his  studies  at  Hamilton  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  with  distinction.  He  studied  law,  and  in 
due  time  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession,  hut  soon 
left  the  bar  and  engaged  in  manufacturing,  becoming  subse¬ 
quently  the  proprietor  of  extensive  white  lead  works  near 
Cincinnati. 

He  entered  heartily  into  the  Exhibition  scheme,  and,  upon 
the  organization  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission, 
was  appointed  by 
President  Grant  a 
Commissioner  from 
Ohio.  At  the  first 
meeting  of  the  Com¬ 
mission  he  was  elect¬ 
ed  one  of  the  Vice- 
Presidents  of  that 
body  and  Director- 
General  of  the  Ex¬ 
hibition. 

The  Director-Gen¬ 
eral  is  the  chief  ex¬ 
ecutive  officer  of  the 
Exhibition.  Upon 
him  devolved  the 
trying  charge  of  su¬ 
pervising  the  work 
generally,  conducting 
negotiations,  corre¬ 
spondence,  and  leading  as  one  harmonious  body  to  the  objective 
point  of  success  an  army  of  artists,  contractors,  superintendents, 
clerks,  exhibitors,  railroad  companies  and  State  and  national 
com  miss iooers,  previous  to  the  opening  of  the  Exhibition,  and 
of  managing  all  the  daily  details  of  the  great  enterprise  after 
its  public  inauguration  and  during  the  Exhibition  period. 

Such  a  position  requires  executive  ability  of  the  highest 
I  order,  and  the  brilliant  success  with  which  General  Goshorn’s 


A.  T.  GOSHORN,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL  OF  THE 
EXHIBITION. 


734 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


labors  have  been  crowned  has  demonstrated  the  fact  that  he 
possesses  this  quality  in  an  eminent  degree. 

PROFESSOR  JOHN  L  CAMPBELL 
Secretary  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission. 

John  L.  Campbell  was  born  at  Salem,  Indiana,  on  the  13th 
of  October,  1827.  His  father  was  a  prominent  merchant  and 
manufacturer  of  southern  Indiana,  and  was  able  to  give  his  son 

an  excellent  education. 
The  young  man  entered 
Wabash  College  in 
1844,  and  graduated 
from  it  with  distinction 
in  1848.  In  1851  he 
was  appointed  principal 
of  the  Preparatory  De¬ 
partment  of  Wabash 
College,  and  held  this 
position  for  two  years, 
devoting  his  leisure  time 
to  the  study  of  the  law, 
receiving  his  license  to 
practise  in  1853. 

He  did  not  enter 
upon  a  legal  career, 
however,  for,  in  1853, 

PROFESSOR  J.  L.  CAMPBELL,  SECRETARY  OF  THE  WaS  aPP°jnte(^  PrO- 

united  states  CENTENNIAL  commission,  fessor  of  Mathematics, 

Natural  Philosophy 
and  Astronomy  in  Wabash  College,  and  accepted  the  position 
which  he  has  since  held  with  great  distinction  to  himself  and 
benefit  to  the  college. 

In  February,  1864,  Professor  Campbell,  at  the  especial  request 
of  Professor  Henry,  delivered  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at 
Washington,  the  address  on  the  life  and  teachings  of  Galileo,  in 
commemoration  of  the  three  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birth 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


735 


of  the  great  philosopher.  The  occasion  of  this  address  suggested 
to  Professor  Campbell  the  idea  of  commemorating  the  approach¬ 
ing  Centennial  of  American  Independence  with  an  International 
Exhibition  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  and  from  this  time  he 
brooded  over  the  scheme. 

In  1866  Professor  Campbell  was  appointed  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  to  West 
Point,  and  during  this  year  he  took  the  first  public  step  in  behalf 
of  the  Exhibition  scheme — a  plan  which  appears  about  this 
time  to  have  suggested  itself  to  the  other  gentlemen  mentioned 
in  an  earlier  part  of  this  work.  He  addressed  letters  to  the 
Hon.  Morton  McMichael,  Mayor  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  Hon. 
Henry  S.  Lane,  United  States  Senator  from  Indiana,  suggesting 
and  giving  an  outline  of  a  plan  for  the  Centennial  Exhibition 
of  1876,  at  Philadelphia.  These  gentlemen  cordially  responded, 
promising  cooperation.  Professor  Campbell,  thus  encouraged, 
continued  to  urge  his  scheme,  and  at  length  had  the  satisfaction 
of  seeing  it  an  accomplished  fact. 

Upon  the  organization  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission,  Mr.  Campbell  was  appointed  a  commissioner  from 
Indiana.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Commission,  on  the  4th 
of  March,  1872,  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  the  permanent  organization,  and  was  subsequently  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs,  a  position  of 
great  responsibility.  At  the  session  of  the  Commission  in  May, 
1873,  he  was  chosen  Permanent  Secretary  of  the  Centennial 
Commission,  and  has  since  then  discharged  the  burdensome 
duties  of  that  important  office. 

GENERAL  CHARLES  B.  NORTON, 

Secretary  of  the  Bureau  of  Revenue. 

Charles  B.  Norton  was  born  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and 
received  a  thorough  education  in  his  boyhood  and  youth.  Upon 
reaching  man’s  estate  he  adopted  journalism  as  his  profession, 
and  won  considerable  reputation  as  publisher,  editor  and  author. 
For  many  years  his  special  business  was  connected  with  the 


736 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


supplying  of  the  principal  libraries  of  the  United  States  with 
rare  and  valuable  works  from  foreign  countries.  In  this  busi¬ 
ness  he  made  many  trips  to  Europe,  visiting  and  inspecting  all 
the  important  libraries  of  the  old  world,  and  securing  many 
expensive  works  of  an  official  character  as  exchanges  with  those 
issued  in  this  country.  He  gained  a  practical  knowledge  of 


GENERAL  CHARLES  B.  NORTON,  SECRETARY  OF  THE  CEN¬ 
TENNIAL  BUREAU  OF  REVENUE. 


the  modern  languages  of  the  old  world,  and  made  the  acquaint¬ 
ance  of  most  of  the  prominent  literary  men  of  Europe. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  Mr.  Norton  gave  up  his 
business,  and  organized  a  regiment  of  twelve  hundred  men.  He 
was  elected  a  second  lieutenant,  and  took  part  with  his  command 
in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  was  subsequently  present  in 
nearly  every  battle  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  discharged 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


737 


the  duties  of  the  various  positions  filled  by  him  with  credit  to 
himself  and  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  superior  officers.  He  was 
soon  taken  from  the  line,  and  placed  on  the  staff  of  General 
Butterfield,  after  which  he  served  on  the  staffs  of  Generals  Mc¬ 
Clellan,  Porter  and  Barry.  He  was  brevetted  a  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  for  his  gallant  meritorious  services,  and 
remained  in  the  army  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

In  1867  General  Norton  was  appointed  by  President  Johnson 
a  commissioner  from  the  United  States  to  the  Paris  Exposition, 
and  at  the  same  time  received  a  special  military  appointment 
to  that  Exposition  from  the  State  of  New  York.  In  this  double 
■capacity  he  repaired  to  Paris,  where  he  fully  sustained  his 
previous  reputation.  He  devoted  himself  with  especial  care  to 
the  interests  of  the  American  exhibitors,  and  won  their  grateful 
esteem  by  his  services  in  their  behalf.  He  made  two  reports  on 
the  Exposition  :  one  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  on 
4‘  Munitions  of  War ;  ”  the  other  to  the  Governor  of  New  York 
on. the  “State  Exhibit  and  on  the  fortifications  of  the  city  of 
New  York.”  Of  these  reports  sixty  thousand  copies  were  printed 
and  circulated  by  the  general  government  and  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  the  author  received  many  flattering  letters  from 
foreign  governments  complimenting  him  upon  their  accuracy. 

General  Norton,  as  has  been  stated  in  an  earlier  portion  of 
this  work,  was  one  of  the  first  to  conceive  and  advocate  the 
plan  of  an  International  Exhibition.  As  soon  as  the  scheme 
began  to  take  a  definite  shape,  and  more  especially  after  its 
incorporation  by  act  of  Congress,  he  become  personally  identified 
with  the  great  undertaking.  His  services  and  experience  have 
been  of  the  greatest  value,  and  though  he  has  not  at  any  time 
held  any  very  high  official  position,  he  has  proved  his  efficiency  in 
every  department,  and  his  experience  has  been  made  use  of  with¬ 
out  stint  to  the  permanent  advantage  of  the  Exhibition.  He 
has  had  especial  charge  of  the  press  and  all  matters  connected 
with  the  publicity  of  this  great  enterprise,  and  by  his  universal 
■courtesy  and  his  readiness  to  give,  and  peculiar  capacity  for 
giving,  information  he  lias  made  many  friends,  and  has  rendered 
invaluable  service  to  the  Exhibition.  He  has  been  one  of  the 
47 


738 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


hardest  workers  in  the  undertaking,  and  has  been  content  to 
labor  in  private,  leaving  to  others  the  credit  of  his  work,  and 
satisfied  to  do  anything  that  could  in  the  least  contribute  to  the 
success  of  the  great  scheme.  Such  a  man  deserves  an  especial 
recognition  at  the  hands  of  his  fellow-citizens,  and  should 
receive  it.  Though  his  labors  have  not  always  been  apparent 
to  the  world,  they  have  been  of  the  highest  importance,  and  in 
nothing  have  the  Centennial  Commission  shown  their  good  sense 
more  strikingly  than  in  securing  for  the  great  work  before  them 
the  experience  and  services  of  this  able  and  accomplished 
gentleman. 

JOHN  L  SHOEMAKER. 

A  very  great  part  of  the  success  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition 
was  due  to  Mr.  John  L.  Shoemaker,  of  Philadelphia,  the  Coun¬ 
sel  and  Solicitor  of  the  Centennial  Commission.  He  was  the 
direct  cause  of  a  large  part  of  the  liberality  with  which  Phila¬ 
delphia  treated  the  Exhibition,  and  throughout  the  whole  work 
his  professional  judgment  was  constantly  relied  upon  by  tho 
Centennial  Commission. 

John  L.  Shoemaker  was  born  October  7th,  1832,  in  Upper 
Dublin  township,  Montgomery  county,  being  the  son  of  Jesse 
Shoemaker,  and  a  descendant  of  Peter  Shoemaker,  who  settled 
in  Germantown  in  1686,  and  built  the  first  house  in  that  settle¬ 
ment.  In  1853  Mr.  Shoemaker  entered  the  office  of  Charles 
M.  Wagner,  Esq.,  as  a  student  at  law,  and  also  the  Law  Depart¬ 
ment  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  with  honor 
in  1856.  In  October,  1857,  he  was  admitted  to  practise  in  the 
Courts  of  Common  Pleas,  Quarter  Sessions  and  District  Courts, 
and  in  March,  1858,  in  the  Supreme  Court.  In  the  fall  of  1861 
he  was  elected  to  Common  Council  from  a  Democratic  district, 
but  refused  to  accept  the  position,  deeming  the  election  returns 
incorrect,  and  wrote  a  letter  denouncing  the  frauds  with  the 
words,  “  I  belieye  it  to  be  my  moral,  legal  and  political  duty  to 
the  community,  to  my  party,  and  to  myself,  not  to  sustain  what 
seems  to  be  a  fraud.”  In  the  spring  of  1863  he  was  appointed 
to  a  position  of  importance  in  the  Provost  Marshal’s  office.  In 
October,  1866,  he  was  re-elected  to  Common  Council  from  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


739 


thirteenth  ward,  re-elected  in  June,  1868,  and  resigned  January 
1st,  1870,  and  took  his  seat  in  Select  Council,  to  which  he  had 
been  elected  in  the  fall  of  1869.  He  was  re-elected  to  Select 
Council  in  1872  and  again  in  1875,  and  was  chairman  of 
important  committees.  On  January  20th,  1870,  he  took  the 
first  practical  step  towards  carrying  out  Mr.  Campbells  idea  of 
the  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
Centennial  Committee  to  prepare  a  memorial  to  Congress. 
When  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission  met  March 
25th,  1872,  Mr.  Shoemaker  was  unanimously  elected  Counsellor 
and  Solicitor  of  the  Commission,  and  was  re-elected  in  1873, 
and  on  declination  of  Mr.  Biddle  was  again  re-elected  in  1876, 
and  during  that  time  rendered  valuable  service. 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  Exhibition,  to  the  success  of  which 
he  had  contributed  so  greatly,  Mr.  Shoemaker  was  seized  with  a 
dangerous  illness.  He  lingered  some  time,  and  died  on  the 
night  of  December  26th,  1876,  amid  the  universal  regret  of  his 
fellow-citizens. 

DANIEL  J.  MORRELL 

Daniel  J.  Morrell  was  born  at  Berwick,  Maine,  on  the 
8th  of  August,  1821.  His  youth  was  spent  on  a  farm,  and  he 
received  a  plain  common  school  education.  One  of  his  teachers 
was  Joseph  Hoag,  the  great  Quaker  preacher.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  years  Mr.  Morrell  entered  mercantile  life,  in  which  he 
spent  the  next  eighteen  years,  residing  during  this  time  in  New 
York  and  Philadelphia.  In  1855  he  was  made  manager  of 
the  Cambria  Iron  Works,  at  Johnstown,  Pennsylvania.  He 
achieved  a  marked  success  in  this  capacity,  and  has  acquired  the 
reputation  of  one  of  the  most  skilful  and  successful  manufac¬ 
turers  of  Pennsylvania. 

Mr.  Morrell  has  been  twice  elected  to  Congress.  On  the  9 i h 
of  March,  1870,  he  introduced  into  the  House  of  Representa¬ 
tives  the  bill  to  provide  for  the  celebration  of  the  one  hun¬ 
dredth  anniversary  of  American  Independence  by  an  Inter¬ 
national  Exhibition.  He  contributed  actively  to  the  adoption 
of  this  measure  by  the  House,  and  upon  the  organization  of' the 
United  States  Centennial  Commission,  under  this  Act  of  Con- 


740 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


gress,  Mr.  Morrell  was  chosen  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Com¬ 
mittee  of  the  Commission.  He  discharged  the  duties  of  this 
important  position  with  ability  and  credit,  and  greatly  con¬ 
tributed  bv  his  labors  to  make  the  Exhibition  the  great  success 
of  which  the  country  is  justly  proud. 

MRS.  E.  D.  GILLESPIE. 

To  Mrs.  Gillespie  is  chiefly  due  the  credit  of  originating,  organ¬ 
izing,  and  successfully  carrying  out  the  exhibition  of  the  work 
of  woman,  which  formed  so  prominent  a  feature  of  the  Centen¬ 
nial  Exhibition. 

Mrs.  Gillespie  comes  of  a  race  noted  for  energy  as  well  as 
ability.  She  is  the  daughter  of  William  J.  Duane,  who  was 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  Andrew  Jackson,  and  the  great- 
granddaughter  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  She  was  one  of  the  first 
to  conceive  the  plan  of  organizing  a  Woman’s  Department  of 
the  International  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  having  embraced 
the  enterprise  labored  with  unusual  energy  and  ability  to  make 
it  a  success.  The  Centennial  Commission  having  adopted  the 
scheme,  a  Woman’s  Executive  Committee  was  organized  in  1873, 
with  Mrs.  Gillespie  as  its  President.  Upon  this  Committee 
devolved  the  work  of  making  the  Woman’s  Department  of  the 
Exhibition  a  success,  and  the  labor  performed  by  it  was  simply 
enormous.  Through  the  efforts  of  this  Committee  subscriptions 
were  obtained  to  the  stock  of  the  Exhibition  to  the  amount  of 
$95,000.  The  additional  sum  of  $30,000  was  then  raised  by 
the  Committee  for  the  erection  of  the  beautiful  Woman’s  Build¬ 
ing,  for  the  display  of  woman’s  work  in  all  its  branches. 

Mrs.  Gillespie  performed  her  full  share  of  these  labors,  and 
upon  her  devolved  the  organization  and  direction  of  the  exhib  t 
contained  in  the  Woman’s  Building.  That  her  work  was  well 
done  was  shown  by  the  praise  which  her  department  received 
from  the  thousands  who  visited  it  during  the  Exhibition. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


THE  CELEBRATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  OF  JULY,  1876,  AT 
PHILADELPHIA. 

Arrangements  for  the  Great  Celebration — Action  of  the  Centennial  Commis¬ 
sion — Independence  Hall  Decorated — The  Centennial  Legion — The  Blue 
and  the  Gray — Brilliant  Scenes  in  Philadelphia — Ceremonies  of  July  1st — 
Congress  of  Authors — The  Great  Civic  Parade  of  July  3d — Ushering  in  the 
“Fourth” — The  Midnight  Celebration — Stirring  Scenes  —  Dawn  of  the 
Fourth — The  Military  Parade — A  Grand  Demonstration — The  Exercises  in 
Independence  Square — Other  Celebrations — Illumination  and  Fireworks. 

arrangements  for  the  proper  celebration  of  the  4th 
*'  11  of  July,  1876 — the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of 
American  independence — were  at  an  early  day  confided 
to  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission,  and  ex¬ 
tensive  preparations  were  made  to  conduct  them  on  a 
scale  of  splendor  worthy  of  the  glorious  occasion.  The  city  of 
Philadelphia  and  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  lent  their  cordial 
cooperation  to  the  effort  to  have  all  things  in  readiness  for  the 
Fourth,  and  the  work  went  forward  with  a  heartiness  and  vigor 
that  could  not  fail  of  success. 

It  was  wisely  resolved  by  the  Commission  that  as  the  Decla¬ 
ration  of  Independence  was  signed  in  Independence  Hall  and 
proclaimed  to  the  people  in  Independence  Square,  the  com¬ 
memorative  ceremonies  should  be  so  conducted  as  to  make  the 
venerable  building  the  grand  central  figure  of  all  the  demonstra¬ 
tions.  The  city  authorities  caused  the  building  to  be  hand¬ 
somely  draped  in  the  national  colors,  and  enormous  stands, 
covered  with  canvas  awnings  and  ornamented  with  flags  and 
streamers,  were  erected  in  Independence  Square  for  the  accom¬ 
modation  of  the  singers  and  invited  guests  who  were  to  take 

741 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


743 


part  in  tne  rejoicings.  A  new  bell  of  vast  proportions — the 
gift  of  a  patriotic  and  public-spirited  citizen — was  hung  in 
the  State  House  tower,  ready  to  join  its  deep  tones  to  the 
shouts  of  the  multitude  when  the  moment  of  rejoicing  should 
arrive. 

Being  anxious  that  the  Centennial  celebration  should  do  its 
share  in  cementing  the  reunion  of  the  Northern  and  Southern 
States,  the  Commission  began,  at  least  a  year  before  the  occasion, 
the  formation  of  a  “  Centennial  Legion,”  consisting  of  a  detach¬ 
ment  of  troops  from  each  of  the  thirteen  original  States.  The 
command  of  this  splendid  body  of  picked  troops  was  conferred 
upon  General  Ambrose  E.  Burnside,  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
General  Henry  Heth,  of  Virginia,  was  chosen  Lieutenant- 
Colonel.  Both  were  veterans  of  the  late  civil  war.  The  Le¬ 
gion  was  readily  made  up,  the  best  volunteer  commands  of  the 
original  States  being  eager  to  serve  in  it. 

For  a  week  previous  to  tlie  4th  of  July  crowds  of  people  be¬ 
gan  to  pour  steadily  into  Philadelphia.  Volunteer  organiza¬ 
tions  from  the  various  States  were  constantly  arriving,  and  were 
cither  encamped  at  various  points  in  and  around  the  Exhibition 
grounds  or  were  quartered  at  the  various  hotels.  The  city  was 
gayly  decorated  with  flags  and  streamers,  and  the  view  down 
any  of  the  principal  streets  was  brilliant  by  reason  of  the  clouds 
of  bunting  with  which  it  was  decorated.  The  principal  build¬ 
ings  were  almost  hidden  by  the  flags  which  adorned  them,  or 
were  ornamented  with  patriotic  inscriptions,  and  at  various 
points  on  Chestnut  street  triumphal  arches  were  erected.  By 
the  night  of  the  3d  of  July  it  was  estimated  that  at  least  250,000 
strangers  were  assembled  in  Philadelphia. 

The  Centennial  ceremonies  were  begun  on  the  morning  of 
Saturday,  the  1st  of  July.  The  leading  writers  of  the  Union 
had  been  invited  to  prepare  memoirs  of  the  great  men  of  our 
revolutionary  period,  which  were  to  be  deposited  among  the 
archives  of  the  State  House,  and  all  who  were  able  to  accept  the 
invitation  assembled  in  Independence  Hall  at  eleven  o’clock  on 
the  morning  of  July  1st,  1876,  where  they  were  joined  by  a 
number  of  invited  guests.  The  ceremonies  were  opened  by  an 


744 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


address  from  Colonel  Frank  M.  Etting,  the  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  the  Restoration  of  Independence  Hall,  and  a 
prayer  by  the  Rev.  William  White  Bronson.  Whittier’s  Cen¬ 
tennial  Hymn  was  then  sung  by  a  chorus  of  fifty  voices.  The 
names  of  the  authors  were  then  called,  to  which  each  responded 
in  person  or  by  proxy,  and  laid  his  memoir  on  the  table  in  the 
hall.  The  exercises  were  then  brought  to  a  close,  and  the  com¬ 
pany  repaired  to  the  stand  in  Independence  Square,  where  a 
large  crowd  had  assembled. 

The  ceremonies  in  the  square  were  begun  at  half-past  twelve 
o’clock  with  Helfrich’s  Centennial  Triumphal  March,  performed 
by  the  Centennial  Musical  Association.  Mr.  John  William 
Wallace,  the  president  of  the  day,  then  delivered  a  short  address, 
after  which  Whittier’s  Centennial  Hymn  was  sung  by  a  chorus 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty  voices,  and  Mr.  William  V.  McKean 
reviewed  at  some  length  the  great  historical  event  in  commemo¬ 
ration  of  which  the  ceremonies  were  held.  After  the  band  had 
played  “  God  Save  America,”  the  Hon.  Leverett  Saltonstall,  of 
Massachusetts,  delivered  an  address,  which  elicited  warm  ap¬ 
plause.  “The  Voice  of  the  Old  Bell,”  a  Centennial  ode,  was 
then  sung,  and  Governor  Henry  Lippitt,  of  Rhode  Island,  made 
a  short  speech.  The  band  followed  with  a  number  of  patriotic 
airs,  and  Mr.  Wallace  announced  the  unavoidable  absence  of 
General  John  A.  Dix,  and  introduced  in  his  place  Frederick 
De  Peyster,  President  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  who 
made  a  few  remarks.  After  a  Centennial  Ode,  by  S.  C.  Up- 
ham,  had  been  sung  by  the  chorus,  the  Hon.  Benjamin  Harris 
Brewster  delivered  an  eloquent  address,  at  the  close  of  which 
another  Centennial  Hymn,  by  William  Fennimore,  was  sung.. 
Senator  Frank  P.  Stevens,  of  Maryland,  then  said  a  few  words, 
after  which  the  “Star  Spangled  Banner”  was  sung,  and  the 
exercises  were  brought  to  a  close  by  a  prayer  from  Bishop 
Stevens. 

All  through  Sunday,  the  2d,  the  crowds  continued  to  pour 
into  the  city,  and  on  Monday,  3d,  the  streets  were  almost  im¬ 
passable.  Business  was  generally  suspended  from  the  1st  to  the 

5th  of  July. 

/ 


TiiJji  WiacOAOitt  to'iAiJi 


746 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  celebration  ushering  in  the  4th  of  July  was  began  on  the 
night  of  the.  3d.  A  grand  civdc  and  torchlight  procession  pa¬ 
raded  the  streets,  which  were  brilliantly  illuminated  along  the 
whole  line  of  march.  The  procession  began  to  move  about 
half-past  eight  o’clock  at  night,  and  consisted  of  deputations 
representative  of  the  various  trades  of  the  city,  the  Centennial 
•Commissioners  from  the  various  foreign  countries  taking  part 
in  the  Exhibition,  the  governors  of  a  number  of  the  States  of 
the  Union,  officers  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States, 
civic  and  political  associations,  and  officers  of  foreign  men-of- 
war  visiting  the  city.  Some  ~f  the  deputations  bore  torches, 
and  these  added  to  the  brilliancy  of  the  scene.  All  along  the 
line  fireworks  were  ascending  into  the  air,  and  cheer  after  cheer 
went  up  from  the  dense  masses  of  enthusiastic  spectators  which 
ill  led  the  sidewalks. 

The  illumination  of  the  streets  along  the  route  of  the  proces¬ 
sion  was  superb.  Chestnut  and  Broad  streets  flashed  resplen¬ 
dency  in  lines  of  fire  and  colored  lanterns.  The  dense  masses 
which  thronged  these  streets  stood  out  boldly  in  the  clear  light 
of  the  illumination,  and  the  long,  slow-moving  line  of  the  pro¬ 
cession  flowed  through  them  like  a  vast  river. 

Crowds  had  collected  around  Independence  Hall,  filling  the 
•street  before  it  and  the  square  in  the  rear  of  it.  An  orchestra 
and  chorus  were  stationed  on  the  stands  in  the  square  to  hail 
the  opening  of  the  Fourth  with  music.  The  movements  of  the 
procession  were  so  timed  that  the  head  of  the  column  arrived  in 
front  of  Independence  Hall  precisely  at  midnight.  The  crowd, 
which  had  been  noisy  but  good-natured,  was  hushed  into 
silence  as  the  hands  of  the  clock  in  the  tower  approached  the 
midnight  hour,  and  one  hundred  thousand  people  waited  in 
breathless  eagerness  the  strokes  which  were  to  usher  in  the 
glorious  day.  As  the  minute  hand  swept  slowly  past  the  hour 
there  was  a  profound  silence,  and  then  came  rolling  out  of  the 
lofty  steeple  the  deep,  liquid  tones  of  the  new  liberty  hell, 
sounding  wonderfully  solemn  and  sweet  as  they  floated  clown  to 
the  crowd  below.  Thirteen  peals  were  struck,  and  the  first 
tone  had  hardly  died  away  when  there  went  up  from  the  crowd 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


747 


such  a  shout  as  had  never  been  heard  in  Philadelphia  before. 
It  was  caught  up  and  re-echoed  all  over  the  city,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  musicians  and  singers  in  the  square  broke  into 
the  grand  strains  of  the  “Star  Spangled  Banner.”  All  the 
bells  and  steam  whistles  in  the  city  joined  in  the  sounds  of 
rejoicing,  and  fireworks  and  firearms  made  the  noise  tenfold 
louder.  When  the  “Star  Spangled  Banner”  was  ended  the 
chorus  in  Independence  Square  sang  the  “Doxology,”  in  which 
the  crowd  joined  heartily,  and  the  band  then  played  national 
airs. 

The  festivities  were  kept  up  until  after  two  o’clock,  and  it 
was  not  until  the  first  streaks  of  the  dawn  began  to  tinge  the 
•sky  that  the  streets  of  the  city  resumed  their  wonted  ap¬ 
pearance. 

The  lull  in  the  festivities  was  not  of  long  duration.  The 
day  was  at  hand,  and  it  threatened  to  be  mercilessly  hot,  as 
indeed  it  was.  As  the  sun  arose  in  his  full-orbed  splendor  the 
thunder  of  cannon  from  the  Navy  Yard,  from  the  heights  of 
Pairmount  Park,  and  from  the  Swedish,  Brazilian,  and  Ameri¬ 
can  war  vessels  in  the  Delaware,  and  the  clanging  of  bells  from 
every  steeple  in  the  city,  roused  the  few  who  had  managed  to 
snatch  an  hour  or  two  of  sleep  after  the  fatigues  of  the  night, 
and  by  six  o’clock  the  streets  were  again  thronged. 

In  view  of  the  extreme  heat  of  the  weather  the  military 
parade  had  been  ordered  for  an  early  hour  of  the  day.  At  a 
little  after  seven  o’clock  the  line  was  formed,  the  right  resting 
on  Chestnut  street,  facing  west,  in  the  following  order : 


Governor  Hartranft,  of  Pennsylvania,  Commander-in-Chief,  and  Aides. 
General  Bankson,  commanding  First  Division  N.  G.  P.,  and  Aides. 
Philadelphia  City  Troop. 

Black  Hussars. 

Keystone  Battery. 

JBrigadier-General  Thayer,  Second  Brigade,  First  Division,  N.  G.  P.,  and  Aides. 
Cadets  United  States  Military  Academy. 

United  States  Marines. 

Second  Brigade,  First  Division,  N.  G.  P. 

Third  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  Colonel  Ballier. 

Sixth  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  Colonel  Maxwell. 


748 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Gray  Invincibles  (Pa.),  Captain  Jones. 

First  Brigade,  First  Division,  N.  G.  P. 

Brigadier-General  Brinton  and  Staff. 

Second  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  Colonel  Lyle. 

United  Train  Artillery,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Detroit  National  Guards,  Captain  O’Keefe. 

First  Regiment  Pennsylvania  Infantry,  Colonel  Benson. 
Twenty-second  Regiment  New  York  N.  G.,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Camp. 
Albany  Zouave  Cadets,  Captain  Reynolds. 

Weccacoe  Legion,  Captain  Denny. 

B  Company  First  Regiment  N.  G.,  District  ot  Columbia. 

D  Company  Eighth  Regiment  N.  G.  P.,  of  Harrisburg. 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Grays. 

Pierce  Light  Guards  of  Boston. 

Centennial  Legion. 

Three  companies  Virginia  National  Guards,  Colonel  Ordway. 

Seventh  National  Guards,  New  York,  Colonel  Clark. 

Twenty-third  National  Guards,  New  York,  Colonel  Ward. 

Two  companies  First  Regiment  N.  G.  of  Vermont. 

Two  companies  Detroit  Independent  Cadets.. 

Visiting  troops  from  Texas. 

Cadets  of  Northern  Home. 

Girard  College  Cadets. 

Visiting  Governors  and  their  Staffs. 

The  Centennial  Legion ,  composed  of  detachments  from  the 
thirteen  original  States,  occupied  a  prominent  place  in  the  line. 
It  was  commanded  by  General  Henry  Heth,  of  Virginia,  and 
was  composed  as  follows  : 

Rhode  Island — Light  Infantry  Regiments. 

Georgia — Clinch  Rifles. 

New  Jersey— Phil  Kearney  Guards. 

Del  a  ware — A  m  eri  ca  n  R  i  fl  es. 

Maryland — Detachment  Fifth  Regiment. 

Massachusetts— Boston  Light  Infantry. 

South  Carolina — Washington  Light  Infantry. 

New  York — Old  Guard. 

North  Carolina — Fayetteville  Light  Infantry. 

New  Hampshire — First  New  Hampshire  Battery. 

Connecticut — New  Haven  Grays. 

Pennsylvania — State  Fencibles. 

Virginia — First  Light  Artillery  Blues. 

The  troops  numbered  about  ten  thousand  men,  rank  and  file,, 
and  the  whole  column  was  under  the  chief  command  of  General 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


749 


Hartranft,  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  gallant  veteran  of 
the  civil  war.  The  command  was  made  up  of  troops  who 
during  that  bloody  struggle  had  fought  each  other  gallantly, 
and  who  had  now  come  to  testify  their  devotion  to  their  com¬ 
mon  country,  and  to  show  to  the  world  that  in  trusting  its 
defence  to  its  well-regulated  militia  the  American  republic  is 
stronger  than  the  most  powerful  monarchies  of  the  old  world. 

At  half-past  eight  the  column  began  to  move  down  Chestnut 
street  towards  Independence  Hall,  in  front  of  which  the  troops 
were  reviewed  by  General  W.  T.  Sherman,  the  Commanding 
General  of  the  armies  of  the  United  States;  the  Secretary  of 
War;  Prince  Oscar,  of  Sweden;  Lieutenant-General  Saigo,  of 
the  Imperial  army  of  Japan;  the  officers  of  the  Swedish  men- 
of-war  in  the  harbor;  the  governors  of  several  of  the  States; 
and  General  Hawley,  the  President  of  the  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission. 

As  the  troops  passed  along  they  were  greeted  with  enthu¬ 
siastic  cheers  by  the  crowds  on  the  street.  The  Centennial 
Legion  and  the  troops  from  the  Southern  States  were  the 
objects  of  an  especially  hearty  demonstration.  The  route 
chosen  was  a  short  one,  the  extreme  heat  forbidding  an  ex¬ 
tended  parade,  and  by  ten  o’clock  the  military  ceremonies 
were  over. 

As  soon  as  the  parade  was  ended  the  crowd  turned  into 
Independence  Square,  which  was  soon  filled.  The  approaches 
to  the  building  by  way  of  Chestnut  and  Sansom  streets  were 
kept  clear  by  the  police,  in  order  that  those  who  were  entitled 
to  seats  on  the  stand  might  reach  their  places.  Four  thousand 
persons  were  given  seats  on  the  stand,  and  a  vast  crowd  filled 
the  square.  As  the  invited  guests  appeared  and  took  their 
seats  on  the  platform  the  prominent  personages  were  cheered 
by  the  crowd.  The  Emperor  of  Brazil  received  a  welcome 
that  was  especially  noticeable  for  its  heartiness. 

It  was  hoped  that  the  President  of  the  United  States  would 
be  present  and  preside  over  the  ceremonies;  but  General  Grant 
declined  the  invitation  to  do  so,  which  it  was  at  once  his  privi¬ 
lege  and  his  duty  to  accept,  and  remained  in  Washington, 


woman’s  centennial  concert  garden,  broad  street. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


751 


preferring  his  selfish  ease  to  a  little  patriotic  exertion  and 
exposure  to  the  heat  on  this  grandest  of  his  country’s  festivals. 
His  absence  was  generally  remarked  and  severely  condemned 
by  his  countrymen. 

At  a  few  minutes  after  ten  o’clock  General  Hawley,  the 
President  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission,  ap¬ 
peared  at  the  speaker’s  stand  and  signalled  to  the  orchestra  to 
begin.  The  opening  piece,  which  was  an  overture  entitled 
“The  Great  Republic,”  based  on  the  national  air,  “Hail 
Columbia,”  and  arranged  for  the  occasion  by  Professor  George 
F.  Bristow,  of  New  York,  was  rendered  in  fine  style  by  the 
orchestra  under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  P.  Gilmore.  As  the 
music  ceased  General  Hawley  again  came  forward  and  intro¬ 
duced  as  the  presiding  officer  of  the  day  the  Hon.  Thomas  W. 
Ferry,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  who  was  received 
with  loud  cheers.  After  a  few  remarks  appropriate  to  the 
occasion  Vice-President  Ferry  presented  to  the  audience  the 
Right  Reverend  William  Bacon  Stevens,  D.  D.,  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Bishop  of  Pennsylvania,  whom  he  introduced  as  the 
ecclesiastical  successor  of  the  first  chaplain  of  the  Continental 
Congress.  The  bishop  was  in  his  canonical  robes,  with  prayer 
book  in  hand.  He  delivered  a  solemn  and  impressive  prayer, 
during  the  utterance  of  which  the  whole  audience  stood  with 
uncovered  heads,  silent  and  attentive,  unmindful  of  the  blazing 
sun  which  poured  down  upon  them. 

When  the  prayer  was  ended  the  “Hymn,  ‘ Welcome  to  All 
Nations/  words  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  music,  ‘  Keller’s 
Hymn/”  was  sung.  The  Vice-President  then  announced  that 
Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia,  a  grandson  of  the  patriot  of 
the  Revolution,  who  offered  the  resolution  in  Congress  that 
“these  United  Colonies  are  and  of  right  ought  to  be  free  and 
independent  States,”  would  read  the  Declaration  of  Independ¬ 
ence  from  the  original  manuscript,  which  the  President  had 
intrusted  to  the  mayor  of  Philadelphia.  The  faded  and 
crumbling  manuscript,  held  together  by  a  simple  frame,  was 
then  exhibited  to  the  crowd  and  was  greeted  with  cheer  after 
cheer.  Richard  Henry  Lee,  a  soldierly-looking  Virginian, 


752 


THE  IEEUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


then  came  forward  and  read  the  Declaration  ;  but  the  en¬ 
thusiasm  of  the  crowd  was  too  great  to  permit  them  to  listen 
to  it  quietly. 

At  the  close  of  the  reading  the  orchestra  performed  a  musical 
composition  entitled  “A  Greeting  from  Brazil,”  a  hymn  for  the 
first  Centennial  of  American  Independence,  composed  by  A. 
Carlos  Gomez,  of  Brazil,  at  the  request  of  His  Majesty  Dom 
Pedro  II.,  Emperor  of  Brazil.  It  was  received  with  cheers  by 
the  crowd,  which  were  repeated  for  the  Brazilian  Emperor, 
whose  hearty  interest  in  the  Centennial  celebrations  and  the 
Exhibition  had  made  him  a  favorite  in  Philadelphia. 

Mr.  John  Welsh,  Chairman  of  the  Centennial  Board  of 
Finance,  then,  at  the  suggestion  of  Vice-President  Ferry,  in¬ 
troduced  Bayard  Taylor,  the  poet  of  the  dav,  who  recited  a 
noble  ode,  which  was  listened  to  with  deep  attention,  the 
audience  occasionally  breaking  out  into  applause.  When  the 
poem  was  ended  the  chorus  sang  “Our  National  Banner,”  the 
words  by  Dexter  Smith,  of  Massachusetts,  the  music  by  Sir 
Julius  Benedict,  of  England. 

As  the  music  died  away  the  Vice-President  introduced  the 
Hon.  William  M.  Evarts,  of  New  York,  the  orator  of  the  day. 
Mr.  Evarts  was  greeted  with  hearty  cheers,  after  which  he 
proceeded  to  deliver  an  eloquent  and  able  address,  reviewing 
the  lessons  of  the  past  century  and  dwelling  upon  the  great 
work  America  has  performed  for  the  world. 

When  Mr.  Evarts  retired  from  the  speaker’s  stand  General 
Hawley  gave  the  signal  to  the  leader  of  the  orchestra,  and  the 
“Hallelujah  Chorus,”  from  “The  Messiah,”  was  sung;  after 
which  the  vast  audience,  at  the  request  of  tbe  Vice-President, 
joined  in  the  One  Hundredth  Psalm,  with  which  the  mem¬ 
orable  ceremonies  came  to  an  end. 

During  the  day  the  Humboldt  Statue  and  the  Catholic  Total 
Abstinence  Fountain,  in  the  Exhibition  grounds,  were  dedi¬ 
cated  with  appropriate  ceremonies. 

At  night  the  city  was  brilliantly  illuminated,  and  a  magnifi¬ 
cent  display  of  fireworks  was  given  by  the  municipal  authorities 
<at  old  Fairmount. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  REGATTA. 


Arrangements  for  the  Regatta — The  Prizes — Sketch  of  the  Schuylkill  Navy — 
Programme  of  the  Races — Biographical  Sketch  of  Commodore  James  M. 
Ferguson — Description  of  the  Races — The  Winners. 

«NE  of  the  most  prominent  features  of  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  was  the  Grand  International  Regatta  of 
the  rowing  clubs  of  the  world,  which  was  begun  on 
the  Schuylkill  during  the  latter  part  of  August.  As 
was  expected,  it  was  the  most  imposing  demonstration 
of  its  kind  that  has  ever  taken  place. 

The  course  over  which  the  races  were  rowed  is  one  of  the 
best  in  the  world.  The  river  is  broad,  deep,  and  still,  and 
without  an  obstacle  to  interrupt  the  contestants  in  their  efforts. 

The  leading  boat  clubs  of  the  United  States  and  British 
provinces  were  present,  and  the  English  universities,  and  the 
city  of  London,  the  chief  boating  centre  of  the  world,  were 
fairly  and  handsomely  represented  by  picked  crews  which 
offered  a  generous  but  active  competition  to  the  American 
oarsmen. 

The  races  were  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  United  States 
Centennial  Commission,  which  awarded  the  prizes  to  the  suc¬ 
cessful  contestants.  These  consisted  of  medals  of  gold,  silver 
and  bronze,  vases,  punch-bowls,  etc.,  and  are  as  handsome  in 
both  design  and  execution  as  the  silversmith’s  art  can  make 
them.  The  gold  medal  was  for  the  winning  crew,  silver  for  the 
second  in  the  race,  and  the  bronze  for  all  the  participants. 

The  regatta  brought  together  the  boating  men  of  the  world ; 
and  as  these  are  amateurs  and  men  of  the  better  walks  of  life — 


48 


753 


754 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


755 


many  of  them  gentlemen  of  wealth  and  culture — it  was  one 
of  the  pleasantest  and  most  beneficial  features  of  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion. 

The  members  of  the  Schuylkill  Navy  entered  with  enthusi¬ 
asm  into  the  arrangements  for  the  regatta,  and  contributed 
more  than  liberally  to  the  expenses  of  the  fete,  which,  unlike 
the  Exhibition  itself,  brought  no  pecuniary  return  to  its  pro¬ 
jectors.  Besides  furnishing  quarters  in  their  own  boat-houses 
to  the  boats  of  visiting  crews,  they  erected  temporary  boat¬ 
houses  in  the  park,  which  furnished  ample  accommodations  to 
all  who  came  to  take  part  in  the  races. 

Great  credit  is  due  to  the  navy  as  a  whole  for  its  generous 
support  of  the  regatta,  but  the  man  who  is  entitled  to  the  chief 
praise  is  James  M.  Ferguson,  the  able  and  efficient  Commodore 
of  the  Schuylkill  Navy,  who  was  the  first  to  conceive  the  plan 
of  an  international  regatta  as  one  of  the  features  of  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion,  and  to  whose  energy,  pluck  and  determination  the  success 
of  the  scheme  is  mainly  due. 

James  M.  Ferguson  was  born  at  Cookstown,  in  the  county  of 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  on  the  1st  of  August,  1834,  and  comes  of  that 
North  of  Ireland  Presbyterian  stock  which  built  up  western 
Pennsylvania  and  Americanized  itself  by  its  gallant  services 
during  the  Bevolution.  His  father  was  a  linen  merchant,  but 
becoming  unfortunate  in  business,  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1847.  One  week  after  the  arrival  of  the  family  in 
Philadelphia,  the  father  was  laid  to  his  eternal  rest,  and  the 
subject  of  this  memoir,  a  lad  of  thirteen,  was  sot  to  work  to 
earn  his  own  living.  He  was  placed  in  a  wholesale  notion 
house  in  Philadelphia,  but  did  not  remain  there  long.  He  was 
anxious  to  become  a  printer,  and  soon  entered  the  office  of 
William  S.  Young  as  an  apprentice. 

In  this  office  he  was  a  fellow-apprentice  with  many  young 
men  who  have  since  become  distinguished  in  journalism. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  John  Bussell  Young,  manag¬ 
ing  editor  of  the  New  York  Herald;  H.  J.  Murdoch,  of  the 
United  Presbyterian ,  of  Pittsburgh  ;  Major  John  M.  Carson,  of 
the  Washington  Republican.  He  succeeded  so  well  in  his 


756 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY" 


efforts  to  learn,  that,  before  his  apprenticeship  expired,  his  em¬ 
ployer  released  him  to  allow  him  to  take  charge  of  the  office  of 
the  Westminster  Herald ,  of  New  Wilmington,  Pennsylvania. 
He  had  a  double  object  in  securing  this  position.  It  not  only 
gave  him  an  independent  position,  but  enabled  him  to  enjoy 
the  benefits  of  a  two  years’  course  of  study  at  Westminster 
College.  During  this  time  he  attended  regularly  to  his  duties 


COMMODORE  JAMES  M.  FERGUSON. 


in  the  printing  office,  and  maintained  an  enviable  position  in 
his  classes  at  college.  At  the  close  of  his  collegiate  term  he 
removed  to  Pittsburgh,  and  became  the  publisher  of  the  United 
Presbyterian ,  one  of  the  most  influential  journals  of  that  denomi¬ 
nation  in  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Ferguson  was  anxious  to  return  to  the  city  of  his  boy¬ 
hood,  and  an  opportunity  was  soon  offered.  He  purchased  an 
interest  in  the  Christian  Instructor ,  a  weekly  paper  published  by 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


757 


his  old  employer,  and  at  the  same  time  established  the  Youth's 
Ecangelist,  a  semi-monthly  for  Sabbath  school  children.  Under 
his  able  and  energetic  management  these  papers  were  soon 
placed  upon  an  assured  footing  of  success.  In  January,  1870, 
he  entered  into  partnership  with  S.  A.  George  in  the  business 
of  printing,  electrotyping,  and  stereotyping,  the  firm-title  being 
S.  A.  George  &  Co.  He  is  still  a  partner  in  this  house,  which 
possesses  one  of  the  largest  and  most  perfectly  appointed  print¬ 
ing  establishments  in  the  United  States. 

Soon  after  his  return  to  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Ferguson  became 
a  member  of  the  Quaker  City  Barge  Club,  one  of  the  rowing 
organizations  of  the  Schuylkill  Navy.  The  war  put  an  effectual 
damper  upon  all  enterprises  of  this  kind,  but  upon  the  return 
of  peace  the  public  interest  in  boating  matters  began  to  revive. 
Mr.  Ferguson  was  quick  to  perceive  this,  and  exerted  himself 
with  characteristic  energy  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  Schuyl¬ 
kill  Navy.  He  was  especially  active  in  organizing  and  carrying 
out  the  regattas  of  the  navy,  and  his  services  were  so  highly 
appreciated  by  his  comrades  that  early  in  1868  he  was  elected 
to  the  post  of  Vice-Commodore  of  the  navy.  His  administra¬ 
tion  of  this  office  gave  such  marked  satisfaction  that  in  1869  he 
was  elected  Commodore.  At  the  close  of  1869  business  engage¬ 
ments  compelled  him  to  decline  a  re-election  as  Commodore,  but 
he  was  still  the  representative  of  his  club  in  the  naval  board. 
At  the  urgent  solicitation  of  the  members  of  the  navy,  he 
accepted  the  position  of  Vice-Commodore  a  second  time  in  1872; 
and  in  August,  1873,  upon  the  resignation  of  Commodore  Coxe, 
was  unanimously  elected  Commodore  once  more,  and  has  held 
that  position  ever  since. 

As  early  as  the  fall  of  1873  Commodore  Ferguson  conceived 
the  plan  of  a  grand  International  Rowing  Regatta  on  the 
Schuylkill  in  1876,  and  at  once  set  to  work  to  bring  the  navy 
to  the  support  of  his  scheme.  In  this  he  was  successful,  and  at 
the  meeting  of  the  naval  board  in  March,  1874,  he  was  author¬ 
ized  to  visit  Europe  and  invite  the  principal  rowing  clubs  of 
the  old  world  to  take  part  in  the  proposed  regatta.  He  sailed 
in  July.  Upon  reaching  Europe,  Commodore  Ferguson  visited 


758 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  leading  rowing  associations  and  extended  to  them  the  invi¬ 
tation  of  which  he  was  the  bearer.  He  was  everywhere  received 
with  marked  cordiality,  and  brought  back  home  the  gratifying 
assurances  of  the  hearty  cooperation  of  these  associations  in  the 
regatta. 

Upon  his  return  home  he  gave  himself  with  renewed  energy 
to  the  effort  to  bring  the  scheme  to  success.  It  was  his  personal 
effort  that  induced  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission  to 
adopt  it,  and  make  it  a  part  of  the  programme  of  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion,  and,  as  Mr.  Lynch,  of  the  Centennial  Commission, 
declared  in  a  recent  public  speech,  “  If  the  regatta  is  the  grand 
success  it  promises  to  be,  it  will  chiefly  be  due  to  the  indomit¬ 
able  energy,  pluck  and  determination  of  Commodore  Ferguson, 
who  conceived  it  and  carried  it  to  triumph  in  the  face  of  every 
obstacle.” 

In  person,  Commodore  Ferguson  is  a  little  above  the  medium 
height,  with  a  compactly  knit,  active  figure,  light  sandy  hair 
and  whiskers,  and  clear  unfaltering  eyes,  which  glow  with  the 
genial  light  of  the  warm  and  generous  nature  which  has 
endeared  him  to  his  host  of  friends  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic. 

The  most  active  preparations  were  made  for  the  International 
Regatta  by  the  gentlemen  having  it  in  charge,  and  no  efforts 
were  spared  to  make  the  occasion  the  most  memorable  aquatic 
carnival  ever  held.  The  course  was  carefully  marked  off  with 
flags  and  buoys,  and  the  distances  measured  with  exactness.  A 
grand  stand  was  erected  at  Rockland,  the  finishing  point,  and 
another  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Schuylkill.  The  starting 
point  was  immediately  below  the  bridge  of  the  Reading  Rail¬ 
road,  at  the  Falls  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  the  “  finish  ”  at  Rock¬ 
land,  just  above  the  Columbia  bridge.  The  stands  and  the 
banks  of  the  river  were  thronged  with  spectators  daily,  the 
crowds  frequently  numbering  as  many  as  one  hundred  thousand 
persons,  and  the  utmost  good  nature  and  enthusiasm  prevailed. 
The  winning  crews  were  greeted  with  deafening  cheers  as  they 
came  in,  and  were  made  to  feel  that  the  sympathies  of  the  vast 
throng  were  heartily  with  them.  The  regatta  was  in  all  re- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


759 


spects  a  brilliant  success,  and  the  result  more  than  rewarded 
the  generous  efforts  of  its  projectors. 

The  regatta  was  opened  on  Monday,  August  28th,  and  closed 
on  Wednesday,  September  6th,  1876.  The  amateur  races  oc¬ 
cupied  the  first  five  days,  and  the  professional  races  the  last 
three  days.  The  result  of  the  amateur  races  was  as  follows : 

Final  Heat  Four-Oared  Shells. 

1.  Beaverwyck,  Albany,  New  York — Bow,  J.  T.  McCor¬ 
mick  ;  2,  J.  H.  McEntee;  3,  R.  T.  Gorman;  stroke,  T.  J. 
Gorman.  Time,  9.06  minutes. 

2.  London  Rowing  Club,  England — Bow,  R.  H.  Labat;  2, 

F.  S.  Gulston  ;  3,  A.  Trower ;  stroke,  J.  Howell.  Time,  9.06 J 
minutes. 

3.  Watkins,  New  York — Bow,  A.  McLafferty ;  2,  F.  Stoll ; 
3,  A.  Tyrell*  stroke,  F.  Wakeman.  Time,  9.16  minutes. 

Single  Sculls— Final  Heat. 

1.  C.  E.  Courtney,  Union  Springs,  New  York.  Time, 
10.48 J  minutes. 

2.  J.  McCartney,  Friendship,  New  York.  Time,  11.12 
minutes. 

Pair  Oars— Final  Heat. 

1.  Northwestern,  Illinois — Bow,  J.  Killorin;  stroke,  H. 
Smith.  Time,  10.02  minutes. 

2.  Atalanta,  New  York — Bow,  W.  H.  Downs;  stroke,  J.  E. 
Eustis.  Time,  10.16  minutes. 

Intercollegiate. 

1.  Yale  College,  New  Haven,  Connecticut— Bow,  R.  J. 
Cook;  2,  W.  W.  Collin;  3,  D.  H.  Kellogg ;  stroke,  J.  Ken¬ 
nedy.  Time,  9.10f  minutes. 

2.  Columbia  College,  New  York  City — Bow,  E.  E.  Sage ;  2, 

G.  Griswold ;  3,  C.  S.  Boyd ;  stroke,  J.  T.  Goodwin.  Time, 
9.20  minutes. 

3.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  England— Bow,  J.  A. 
Jamieson;  2,  G.  S.  N.  Man;  3,  W.  B.  Close;  stroke,  J.  T. 
Penrose.  Time  not  taken. 


Ui|M 


760 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Double  Sculls— Final  Heat. 

1.  Union  Springs,  New  York — Bow,  F.  E.  Yates;  stroke, 
C.  E.  Courtney.  Time,  9.52J  minutes. 

2.  Atalanta,  New  York — Bow,  P.  C.  Ackerman ;  stroke,  H. 
W.  Rodger.  Time,  9.54  minutes. 

The  result  of  the  professional  races  was  as  follows : 

Whaleboat  Race. 

1.  Whaleboat  Vesta,  time  25.51  minutes.  2.  Whaleboat 
Centennial,  time  26.01  minutes.  3.  Whaleboat  Sixth  Ward, 
time  26.03  minutes. 

Final  Heat  Four-Oared  Shells. 

The  committee  having  decided  that  the  four-oared  shells 
should  be  the  first  race  of  the  last  day  of  the  regatta,  the  two 
crews,  the  Thames  and  the  Halifax,  drew  up  towards  the  start¬ 
ing  point,  the  former  having  the  best  position — the  west — and 
the  latter  placed  some  distance  towards  the  east.  Both  crews  made 
a  remarkably  fast  stroke,  the  Englishmen  forty-eight  to  the 
minute,,  and  their  opponents  forty-six.  The  race  was  severe  and 
sharp  from  the  start,  but  the  colonists,  by  the  middle  of  the 
island,  had  a  lead  of  half  a  length.  They  then  dropped  to 
forty -two  and  the  London  to  forty-four.  Opposite  Sedgeley  the 
cockneys  sheered  into  the  west  shore,  and  Halifax  increased  the 
lead  to  a  length  and  a  half.  At  the  willows  a  half  more  had 
been  gained,  London  still  keeping  up  to  forty-four  and  Halifax 
dropping  to  thirty-six.  Before  the  mile-post  the  former  pulled 
directly  into  the  latter's  wash,  and  spurted,  making  a  great 
effort  to  reach  their  leaders.  They  gained  half  a  length  and 
were  pulling  up  gradually,  and  there  was  every  appearance  of  a 
foul.  Before  they  could  come  close  enough  for  this  purpose  the 
Halifax  people  pulled  over  to  the  east  shore  to  make  the  turn. 
London,  who  were  a  length  behind  when  the  stake-boats  were 
reached,  straightened  up  at  least  a  length  and  a  half  ahead,  and 
now  the  struggle  commenced.  Both  crews  drew  away  towards 
the  west  shore,  and  putting  forth  every  bit  of  strength  there 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


761 


was  in  them,  pulled  for  home.  Halifax  gained  so  rapidly  that 
it  was  hardly  conceivable  that  they  had  the  best  four  in  Eng¬ 
land  ahead  of  them,  and  just  here  it  was  where  the  mistake  was 
made  by  their  bow  oar ;  he  did  not  straighten  up  quite  soon 
enough,  and  got  into  London’s  water,  and  as  they  neared  them 
the  latter  refused  to  give  an  inch,  and  a  foul  necessarily  fol¬ 
lowed.  An  appeal  was  made  by  both  crews,  and  they  must 
have  understood  the  umpire  to  say  “  Go  on,”  as  after  drawing 
apart  London  started,  and  had  covered  two  lengths  before  the 
Halifax  men  seemed  to  understand  the  situation.  Then, 
buckling  to  their  work,  they  followed  their  opponents  and  at 
each  stroke  neared  them. 

When  the  tug  came  the  Londoners  were  not  there,  and  as 
soon  as  the  fishermen  put  the  nose  of  their  boat  in  front  they 
ceased  rowing  and  paddled  over  the  remainder  of  the  course. 
Below  Columbia  bridge  both  crews  were  listened  to  by  the 
umpire,  and  he  then  gave  the  race  to  the  Thames  crew  on  a  foul. 

Final  Heat— Single  Sculls. 

There  is  but  little  to  say  about  this  race,  except  that  Hanlon, 
of  Toronto,  won  from  the  start  from  Brayley,  of  St.  John’s. 
The  latter  pulled  a  most  plucky  stern  chase,  but  he  is  evi¬ 
dently  not  the  equal  of  his  younger  and  more  scienced  opponent. 
The  time  for  the  winner  was  21.09  minutes;  Brayley,  21.1 6 J. 

Pair  Oar— Final  Heat. 

It  was  hardly  looked  forward  to  as  a  good  race  between 
Green  and  Thomas  and  the  Faulk ner-Began  pair,  after  the  hot 
work  the  former  had  had  in  the  first  race.  Still  the  English¬ 
men  for  three-quarters  of  a  mile  put  forth  all  the  power  that 
was  in  them,  and  pulled  away  up  to  fifty,  the  Bostonians  only 
making  forty-four,  and  at  this  rate  they  led  from  the  start,  and 
by  the  time  the  willows  were  passed,  the  Londoners  slackened 
up,  and  never  made  an  attempt  to  win  the  race,  contenting 
themselves  with  second  money.  Faulkner-Began  covered  the 
three  miles  in  21.20  minutes. 


CHAPTER  XXI  Y. 


THE  LIVE-STOCK  DISPLAYS. 

Arrangements  for  the  Display  of  Live-stock — Regulations  of  the  Bureau  of 
Agriculture,  governing  these  Exhibits — Description  of  the  Grounds — The 
Horse  Show — The  Noted  Animals — The  Dog  Show — A  Fine  Collection  of 
Canines — The  Cattle  Show — A  Superb  Exhibit — Display  of  Sheep,  Swine 
and  Goats — Description  of  the  Animals — The  Poultry  Show — The  Scene 
in  the  Pomological  Annex. 

HE  arrangements  for  the  display  of  live-stock,  in  con¬ 
nection  with  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  were  intrusted 
by  the  Executive  Committee  to  the  Bureau  of  Agri¬ 
culture.  The  following  regulations  for  these  displays 
were  thereupon  issued  by  the  Chief  of  the  Agricul¬ 
tural  Department,  with  the  approval  of  the  Director-General 
of  the  Exhibition : 

United  States  Centennial  Commission.  International  Exhibi¬ 
tion,  Philadelphia,  1876.  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 

1.  Live-Stock. — The  live-stock  display  at  the  International 
Exhibition  will  be  held  within  the  months  of  September,  Octo¬ 
ber,  and  Xovember,  1876;  the  periods  devoted  to  each  family 
being  as  follows : 

Horses,  mules,  and  asses,  from  September  1st  to  14th. 

Dogs,  from  September  4th  to  8th. 

Horned  cattle,  from  September  21st  to  October  4th. 

Sheep,  swine,  and  goats,  from  October  10th  to  18th. 

Poultry  will  be  exhibited  from  October  27th  to  November 
6  th. 

2.  Animals  to  be  eligible  for  admission  to  the  International 
Exhibition  must  bo,  with  the  exception  of  trotting  stock,  walk¬ 
ing  horses,  matched  teams,  fat  and  draught  cattle,  of  such  pedi- 

762 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


763 


gree  that  the  exhibitor  can  furnish  satisfactory  evidence  to  the 
Chief  of  Bureau,  that — 

As  applied  to  thoroughbred  horses,  as  far  back  as  the  fifth 
generation  of  ancestors  on  both  sides,  they  are  of  pure  blood, 
and  of  the  same  identical  breed. 

As  to  short-horned  cattle,  they  are  registered  in  either  Allen’s, 
Alexander’s,  or  the  English  herd-books. 

As  to  Holsteins,  Herefords,  Ayrshires,  Devons,  Guernseys, 
Britan nys,  Kerrys,  and  other  pure  breeds,  they  are  either  im¬ 
ported  or  descended  from  imported  animals  on  both  sides. 

As  to  Jerseys,  that  they  are  entered  in  the  Herd  Register  of 
the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club,  or  in  that  of  the  Royal  Agri¬ 
cultural  Society  of  Jersey. 

As  to  sheep  and  swine,  they  are  imported  or  descended  from 
imported  animals,  and  that  the  homebred  shall  be  of  pure  blood 
as  far  back  as  the  fifth  generation. 

3.  The  term  breed,  as  used,  is  intended  to  comprehend  all 
family  divisions  where  the  distinction  in  form  and  character 
dates  back  through  years  of  separation;  for  instance,  it  is  held 
that  the  progeny  of  a  pure-blood  Jersey  and  a  pure-bred 
Guernsey  is  not  a  thoroughbred,  but  a  crossbred  animal,  and 
as  such  is  necessarily  excluded. 

4.  In  awarding  prizes  to  animals  of  pure  blood,  the  judges 
will  take  into  consideration  chiefly  the  relative  merits  as  to  the 
power  of  the  transmission  of  their  valuable  qualities;  a  cardinal 
object  of  the  Exhibition  being  to  promote  improvement  in 
breeding  stock. 

5.  In  case  of  doubt  relative  to  the  age  of  an  animal,  satisfac¬ 
tory  proof  must  be  furnished,  or  the  animal  will  be  subject  to 
examination  by  a  veterinary  surgeon ;  and  should  the  state  of 
dentition  indicate  that  the  age  has  not  been  correctly  stated,  the 
person  so  entering  as  an  exhibitor  will  be  prohibited  from  ex¬ 
hibiting  in  any  class. 

6.  The  forms  of  classification  for  awards,  as  given  under 
each  head,  are  intended  (excepting  in  the  case  of  trotting  stock, 
walking  horses,  matched  teams,  fat  and  draught  cattle)  to 
apply  to  the  animals  of  any  pure  breed  that  are  entered  for 
competition. 


764 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


7.  The  Exhibition  being  open  to  the  world,  it  is  of  the  first 
importance  that  the  best  of  their  kind  only  be  brought  forward, 
as  the  character  of  the  stock  will  be  judged  by  the  general 
average  of  those  exhibited. 

8.  Exhibitors  will  be  expected  to  furnish  their  own  attend¬ 
ants,  on  whom  all  responsibility  of  the  care  of  feeding,  watering, 
and  cleaning  the  animals,  and  also  of  cleaning  the  stalls  will  rest. 

9.  Forage  and  grain  will  be  furnished  at  cost  prices,  at 
depots  conveniently  located  within  the  grounds.  Water  can  be 
had  at  all  hours,  ample  facilities  being  provided  for  its  convey¬ 
ance  and  distribution  throughout  the  stock-yards. 

10.  Exhibitors  must  supply  all  harness,  saddlery,  vehicles, 
and  other  appointments,  and  all  such  must  be  kept  in  their 
appointed  places. 

11.  The  Commission  will  erect  ample  accommodation  for  the 
exhibition  and  protection  of  live-stock,  yet  contributors  who 
may  desire  to  make  special  arrangements  for  the  display  of  their 
stock,  will  be  afforded  facilities  at  their  own  cost.  Fractious 
animals,  whether  stallions,  mares  with  foals,  or  bulls,  will  be 
provided  with  stalls  of  suitable  character. 

12.  All  stalls  will  be  regularly  and  distinctly  numbered; 
corresponding  numbers  on  labels,  of  uniform  character,  will  be 
given  to  each  exhibitor;  and  no  animal  will  be  allowed  to  pass 
from  its  stall  without  its  proper  number  attached. 

13.  Numbers  alone  will  distinguish  stock  in  the  show-yards, 
preceding  the  awards  of  prizes. 

14.  The  judges  of  live-stock  will  make  examination  of  all 
animals  on  the  opening  day  of  each  serial  show,  and  will  for 
that  day  have  exclusive  entrance  to  the  show-yard. 

15.  No  premium  will  be  awarded  an  inferior  animal,  though 
there  be  no  competition. 

16.  All  animals  will  be  under  the  supervision  of  a  veter¬ 
inary  surgeon,  who  will  examine  them  before  admission,  to 
guard  against  infection,  and  who  will  also  make  a  daily  inspec¬ 
tion  and  report.  In  case  of  sickness,  the  animal  will  be  removed 
to  a  suitable  enclosure  especially  prepared  for  its  comfort  and 
medical  treatment. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


765 


17.  When  animals  are  taken  sick,  the  exhibitors  may  either 
direct  the  treatment  themselves,  or  allow  the  veterinary  surgeon 
appointed  by  the  Commission  to  treat  the  case.  In  this  latter 
event,  the  exhibitor  will  be  charged  for  all  expenses  incurred. 
All  possible  care  will  be  taken  of  animals  exhibited,  but  the 
Commission  cannot  be  held  responsible  for  any  injury  or 
accident. 

18.  A  ring  will  be  provided  for  the  display  and  exercise  of 
horses  and  cattle. 

19.  On  the  last  day  of  each  serial  show,  a  public  auction 
may  be  held  of  such  animals  as  the  exhibitors  may  desire  to 
sell.  Animals  may  be  sold  at  private  sale  at  any  time  during 
their  exhibition.  During  the  period  of  a  serial  show,  no  animal, 
even  in  the  event  of  being  sold,  will  be  allowed  to  be  definitely 
removed. 

20.  An  official  catalogue  of  the  animals  exhibited  will  be 
published. 

21.  Exhibitors  of  thoroughbred  animals  must,  at  the  time 
of  making  their  entries,  file  with  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  a 
statement  as  to  their  pedigree,  affirmed  or  sworn  to  before  an 
officer  authorized  to  take  affidavits,  and  the  papers  so  filed  shall 
be  furnished  to  the  jury  of  experts. 

22.  The  ages  of  live-stock  must  be  calculated  up  to  the 
opening  day  of  the  exhibition  of  the  class  to  which  they  belong. 

23.  Sheep  breeders,  desiring  to  exhibit  wool,  the  products 
of  the  flocks,  will  display  not  less  than  five  fleeces. 

24.  All  animals  must  be  entered  according  to  the  prescribed 
rules  as  given  in  forms  of  entry,  which  forms  will  be  furnished 
on  application  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 

Breeding  Horses. — Mares  entered  as  breeding  animals  must 
have  had  foals  within  one  year  of  the  show ;  or,  if  in  foal,  cer¬ 
tificates  must  be  furnished  to  that  effect. 

All  foals  exhibited  must  be  the  offspring  of  the  mare  with 
which  they  are  at  foot. 

Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for : 

Pure  bred  turf  stallions,  six  years  and  over. 

Pure  bred  turf  stallions,  over  four  years  and  under  six  years. 


766 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Pure  bred  turf  stallions,  over  two  years  and  under  four  years. 

Pure  bred  turf  mares,  six  years  and  over. 

Pure  bred  turf  mares,  over  two  and  under  six  years. 

Awards  will  be  made  for : 

Trotting  stallions,  six  years  and  over. 

Trotting  stallions,  over  four  years  and  under  six. 

Trotting  stallions,  over  two  years  and  under  four. 

Pure  bred  draught  stallions,  six  years  and  over. 

Pure  bred  draught  stallions,  over  four  years  and  under  six. 

Pure  bred  draught  stallions,  over  two  years  and  under  four. 

Pure  bred  draught  mares,  six  years  and  over. 

Pure  bred  draught  mares,  over  two  and  under  six  years. 

Trotting  brood  mares,  six  years  and  over. 

Trotting  fillies,  over  four  years  and  under  six. 

Trotting  fillies,  over  two  years  and  under  four. 

Running  and  Trotting  Horses — Shall  be  judged  accord¬ 
ing  to  their  record  up  to  August  15th,  1876,  due  regard  being 
had  to  present  condition. 

Awards  will  be  made  for  : 

Running;  horses  having;  made  fastest  record. 

Trotting  stallions  having  trotted  a  mile  within  two-thirty. 

Mares  and  geldings  having  trotted  a  mile  within  two- 
twenty-five. 

Walking  Horses. — Fast-walking  horses,  whether  bred  for 
agricultural  purpose  or  the  saddle,  will  compete  in  the  ring  for 
awards. 

Matched  Teams. — Awards  will  be  made  for  : 

Matched  teams  having  trotted  a  mile  in  two-thirty-five. 

Matched  stallions  for  heavy  draught,  over  sixteen  hands  high, 
and  over  1500  pounds  weight  each. 

Matched  geldings  for  heavy  draught,  over  sixteen  hands 
high,  and  over  1500  pounds  weight  each. 

Matched  mares  for  heavy  draught,  over  fifteen  hands  high, 
and  over  1400  pounds  weight  each. 

Matched  mules  for  heavy  draught,  over  fifteen  and  a  half 
hands  high,  and  over  1300  pounds  weight  each. 

Breeding  Asses.  —  Awards  will  be  made  to  respective 
breeds  of: 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


767 


Pure  bred  jacks,  over  six  years. 

Pure  bred  jacks,  over  three  years  and  under  six. 

Pure  bred  she-asses,  over  six  years. 

Pure  bred  she-asses,  over  three  years  and  under  six. 

Neat  Cattle. — No  cow  will  be  eligible  for  entry  unless 
accompanied  with  a  certificate  that,  within  fifteen  months  pre¬ 
ceding  the  show,  she  had  a  living  calf,  or  that  the  calf,  if  born 
dead,  was  born  at  its  proper  time. 

No  heifer  entered  as  in  calf  will  be  eligible  for  a  prize  unless 
accompanied  with  a  certificate  that  she  has  been  bulled  before 
the  first  of  April,  or  presents  unmistakable  proof  of  the  fact  to 
the  j  udges. 

No  bull  above  one  year  old  can  be  entered  unless  he  have  a 
ring  in  nose,  and  the  attendant  be  provided  with  a  leading- 
stick,  which  must  be  used  whenever  the  animal  is  taken  out  of 
stall. 

Awards  will  be  made  for  the  best  herd  of  each  respective 
breed,  consisting  as  follows : 

One  bull. 

Four  cows,  none  under  fifteen  months. 

Neat  cattle,  of  each  respective  breed,  will  compete  individually 
for  awards. 

Bulls,  three  years  and  over. 

Bulls,  over  two  years  and  under  three  years. 

Bulls,  over  one  year  and  under  two  years. 

Cows,  four  years  and  over. 

Cows,  over  three  years  and  under  four  years. 

Cows  or  heifers  in  calf,  over  two  years  and  under  three  years. 

Yearling  heifers. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  bull  of  any 
breed. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  cow  of  any 
breed. 

Fat  and  Draught  Cattle. — Animals  entered  as  fat  and 
draught  cattle  need  not  be  of  pure  blood,  but  will  compete  on 
individual  merits. 

Fat  cattle  must  be  weighed ;  and,  in  general,  those  will  be 


768 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


judged  best  which  have  the  greatest  weight,  with  the  least  sur¬ 
face  and  offal. 

Awards  will  be  made  for : 

Best  fatted  steer  of  any  age  or  breed. 

Best  fatted  cow  of  any  age  or  breed. 

Most  powerful  yoke  of  oxen. 

Most  rapidly-walking  yoke  of  oxen. 

Most  thoroughly  trained  yoke  of  oxen. 

Most  thoroughly  trained  team  of  three  or  more  yokes  of 
oxen. 

Breeding  Sheep. — All  sheep  offered  for  exhibition  must  be 
accompanied  with  a  certificate  to  the  effect  that  they  have  been 
shorn  since  the  first  of  April,  and  the  date  given. 

If  not  fairly  shorn,  or  if  clipped  so  as  to  conceal  defects,  or 
with  a  view  to  improve  the  form  or  appearance,  they  will  be 
excluded  from  competition. 

Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for : 

The  best  pen  of  five  animals  of  same  flock,  and  including  one 
ram  ;  the  ewes  all  having  had  living  lambs  the  past  spring. 

Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for : 

Rams,  two  years  and  over. 

Shearling  rams. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  ram,  respec¬ 
tively,  of  long,  middle,  and  fine-wooled  breeds. 

Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for: 

Ewes,  in  pens  of  three,  all  having  had  living  lambs. 

Shearlings,  in  pens  of  three. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  pen  of  three 
breeding  ewes,  respectively,  of  long,  middle,  and  fine-wooled 
breeds. 

Fat  Sheep. — Fat  sheep  entered  for  competition  must  be 
weighed ;  and,  in  general,  those  will  be  judged  best  which  have 
the  greatest  weight,  with  the  least  surface  and  offal. 

Awards  will  be  made  for: 

Pen  of  three  best  fatted  sheep  of  each  breed. 

Pen  of  three  best  fatted  sheep  of  any  breed. 

Breeding  Swine. — Every  competing  sow  above  one  year 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL,  EXHIBITION. 


7G9 


old  must  have  had  a  litter  or  be  in  pig,  and  the  owner  must 
bring  proof  of  these  facts,  if  required. 

If  a  litter  of  pigs  be  sent  with  a  sow,  the  young  pigs  must  be 
sucklings — the  offspring  of  the  sow,  and  must  not  exceed  the 
age  of  three  months. 

Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for: 

The  best  pen  of  one  boar  and  two  breeding  sows. 

For  pen  of  sow  and  litter. 

Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for : 

Boars,  two  years  old  and  over. 

Boars,  one  year  old  and  under  two  years. 

Boars,  between  nine  months  and  one  year. 

Breeding  sows,  two  years  old  and  over. 

Breeding  sows,  one  year  old  and  under  two  years. 

Pen  of  three  sow  pigs  between  nine  months  and  one  year. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  boar  of  any 
breed. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  best  sow  of  any  breed. 

Fat  Swine. — Fat  swine  entered  for  competition  must  be 
weighed;  and,  in  general,  those  will  be  judged  best  which  have 
the  greatest  weight,  with  the  least  surface  and  offal. 

Awards  will  be  made  for : 

Pairs  of  best  fatted  hogs  of  each  breed. 

Pairs  of  best  fatted  hogs  of  any  breed. 

Dogs. — Benches  will  be  furnished  free  of  charge.  Exhibitors 
may  themselves  assume  the  costs  of  attendance  upon  their 
animals ;  but,  to  provide  for  them  who  cannot  conveniently  at¬ 
tend  the  Exhibition,  the  Commission  will  assume  the  expenses 
of  feeding  and  daily  care  free  of  charge. 

Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for  : 

Dogs  of  two  years  and  over. 

Dogs  of  one  year  and  under  two. 

Pups. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  dog  of  any 
breed  displayed  by  a  foreign  exhibitor. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  homebred  dog 
of  any  breed. 

49 


770 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for: 

Bitches  of  two  years  and  over. 

Bitches  of  one  year  and  under  two. 

Bitch  pups. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  bitch  of  any 
breed  displayed  by  a  foreign  exhibitor. 

A  sweepstake  award  will  be  made  for  the  best  homebred 
bitch  of  any  breed. 

Poultry. — Poultry  can  only  be  exhibited  in  coops  made 
after  specifications  furnished  by  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture. 

The  Commission  will  furnish  coops  and  attendance  free  of 
charge. 

Awards  will  be  made  to  respective  breeds  for : 

Pairs  of  one  year  and  over  of  chickens,  turkeys,  ducks, 
geese,  swans,  pigeons,  guineas,  and  ornamental  birds. 

For  pairs  under  one  year. 

Fish. — Living  fishes  will  be  displayed  in  both  fresh  and 
salt-water  aquaria. 

Awards  will  be  made  for  : 

Largest  display  of  fish  of  each  species. 

Largest  display  of  fish  of  all  species. 

A.  T.  Goshory, 

Bur  yet  Laydreth,  Director-General. 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Agriculture . 

Philadelphia,  March  22 d,  1876. 

The  grounds  assigned  to  the  live-stock  displays  were  situated 
about  five  hundred  yards  south  of  the  main  Exhibition  enclos¬ 
ure.  They  comprised  twenty  acres  in  the  form  of  a  trapezium 
with  the  wider  end  in  front,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Penn¬ 
sylvania  Kailroad,  on  the  south  by  Westminster  avenue,  on  the 
east  by  Forty-first  street,  and  on  the  west  by  Belmont  avenue. 
They  were  surrounded  by  a  high  wooden  fence,  containing 
three  groups  of  entrances  similar  to  those  at  the  main  Exhibition 
enclosure.  Two  of  these  groups  were  on  Belmont  avenue,  and 
the  other  at  the  corner  of  Westminster  avenue  and  Forty-first 
street.  The  buildings  and  improvements  cost  over  $25,000. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


771 


There  were  826  stalls  for  cattle  and  540  stalls  for  dogs.  All 
these  were  comprised  in  twenty-nine  frame  buildings,  each  170 
by  14  feet  in  size,  and  having  a  roof  projecting  four  feet  on  each 
side  and  end.  Eighteen  of  these  sheds  were  on  the  northern 
border  of  the  grounds,  perpendicular  to  the  fence,  and  the  eleven 
others  on  the  southern  border,  in  the  same  position  with  respect 
to  the  fence.  The  offices  of  the  superintendent  and  the  judges 
were  in  a  frame  building  fronting  on  Belmont  avenue,  and 
two  stands  for  the  judges  were  erected  in  the  centre  of  the  large 
area  between  the  sheds.  This  area  was  left  open  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  exercising  the  animals  and  of  exhibiting  their  perform¬ 
ances  to  the  judges  and  the  spectators. 

The  Horse  Show. — The  exhibition  of  horses,  mules,  and  asses 
was  opened  in  accordance  with  the  official  programme  on  the 
1st  of  September,  but  was  not  fairly  in  operation  until  several 
days  later.  It  was  in  many  respects  a  surprise  to  the  visitors, 
being  on  the  whole  much  better  than  was  anticipated. 

The  palm  was  worthily  borne  off  by  the  Canadian  exhibitors, 
whose  stalls  were  located  immediately  on  the  left  of  the  entrance, 
their  display  being  the  best  arranged  and  to  the  farmer  the 
most  valuable  and  instructive  on  the  grounds.  The  animals 
here  exhibited  consisted  mainly  of  Clydesdale  and  English 
draught  horses,  which  are  a  specialty  of  Canadian  stock-raising. 
There  are  two  branches,  if  we  may  so  express  it,  of  the  Clydes¬ 
dale  breed.  One  of  these  is  known  as  the  English  Clyde,  the 
other  as  the  Scotch.  Both  branches  are  originally  from  Scot¬ 
land,  but  the  English  breeders  have  made  certain  modifications 
in  the  horse.  Both  branches  were  well  represented  at  the  Ex¬ 
hibition.  All  the  animals  exhibited  there  in  the  imported  class 
were  of  the  very  best  specimens  of  the  breed,  and  it  is  rather  a 
difficult  matter  to  select  particular  horses  for  special  mention. 
The  chief  praise,  among  the  Clydesdales,  however,  was  given 
to  Royal  Tom,  an  English-bred  horse,  four  years  old,  and 
weighing  2133  pounds.  He  was  a  rich  mahogany  bay,  and  so 
evenly  and  symmetrically  built  that  while  standing  in  his  stall 
his  immense  size  was  scarcely  noticeable.  When  brought  out 
with  other  horses  in  the  ring,  however,  the  young  giant  at  once 


772 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


showed  his  magnificent  proportions  in  their  true  light.  He  was 
a  very  compact,  closely  coupled  and  ribbed  horse,  with  broad, 
flat  legs,  exceptionally  clean  for  a  horse  of  his  great  size.  He 
wore  upon  his  collar  twelve  medals,  won  by  him  at  fairs  in 
England,  and  has  never  yet  been  beaten  at  such  an  exhibition. 

A  very  fine  specimen  of  the  Scotch-bred  Clyde  was  seen  in 
Scotsman,  a  light  bay  four  years  old,  and  weighing  2000 
pounds.  He  was  not  so  compactly  built  as  Royal  Tom,  and 
was  not  so  fine  in  the  characteristic  points  of  the  breed,  but  was 
still  a  magnificent  young  draught  stallion.  In  the  same  row  of 
stables  were  two  very  fine  specimens  of  the  Lincolnshire,  or 
English  draught  horse.  One  of  these  was  Simon  Pure,  a 
beautiful  blood  bay,  of  excellent  style,  but  somewhat  more 
leggy  and  lighter  limbed  than  the  Clydesdale,  but  rangy  and 
possibly  more  active.  The  other  was  Lord  Dufferin,  a  re¬ 
markably  smooth  two-year  old.  He  is  of  a  rich  brown  color, 
very  compactly  built,  and  entirely  free  from  blemish  ;  an  ex¬ 
ceedingly  promising  young  horse,  a  little  smaller  than  some 
specimens  of  the  breed,  but  making  up  in  quality  what  he 
lacks  in  size. 

In  the  next  range  of  sheds  were  shown  the  practical  results 
of  the  infusion  of  this  draught  blood  in  the  exhibit  of  cross-bred 
stallions  and  mares — an  exhibit  of  the  greatest  value  to  breeders 
and  farmers.  Here  were  to  be  seen  horses  of  great  size,  but  of 
more  active  and  graceful  build  than  their  somewhat  clumsy 
sires.  One  of  the  handsomest  draught  stallions  on  the  ground 
was  Lord  Logan,  one  of  those  cross-bred  or  grade  stallions, 
three  years  old,  of  a  rich  blood  bay,  smooth  limbs,  devoid  of 
the  exaggerated  hairy  fetlock  which  marks  the  pure  Clydesdale, 
and  more  rangy  and  free  in  action,  with  a  weight  of  2000 
pounds.  Especially  noteworthy  among  these  grades  were  three 
mares  exhibited  by  George  Doidge,  of  Columbus,  Ontario. 
They  were  fillies  of  extraordinary  size  and  attracted  especial 
attention  from  those  interested  in  the  breeding  of  horses. 

In  the  next  row  of  sheds  were  displayed  stallions  of  the 
breed  especially  raised  for  coach  purposes,  called  by  various 
names,  and  produced  by  no  very  exact  course  of  breeding.  The 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


773 


most  noted  of  these  were  exhibited  by  Mr.  Long,  of  Lansing, 
Ontario,  and  were  styled  by  him  Cleveland  Boys.  One  of  these 
was  Lord  Zetland,  bred  by  the  nobleman  of  that  name,  of 
the  celebrated  thoroughbred  Voltigeur  by  a  grade  mare;  the 
other  was  Emperor,  bred  by  the  late  Emperor  Napoleon  III. 
out  of  the  thoroughbred  Esculape.  These  horses  are  of  large 
size,  with  blooded  heads,  clean  and  sinewy  limbs,  and  well 
adapted  for  carriage  service,  being  stylish  and  of  excellent 
action,  but  not  very  fast.  They  will  scarcely  supersede  the 
trotting  stallion  with  Americans  as  breeders  of  carriage  horses. 
The  Canadians  exhibited  very  few  thoroughbreds  or  trotters, 
and  only  two  Percheron  stallions,  which,  though  fair  animals, 
were  not  as  handsome  specimens  as  could  be  found  in  the 
United  States  exhibit. 

Passing  the  Canadian  exhibit,  we  come  next  to  the  exhibit 
of  horses  from  the  United  States.  First  of  all  we  noticed  a 
row  of  sheds  devoted  mainly  to  the  display  of  the  Chestnut 
Grove  Stock  Farm,  of  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  which  exhibited 
horses  of  all  kinds.  We  noted  the  very  handsome  imported 
four-year-old  draught  stallion  Oxford,  a  Clydesdale  of  pure 
type;  Highland  Golddust,  a  beautiful  chestnut  sorrel  stallion, 
a  splendid  specimen  of  the  well-known  Golddust  trotting  stock, 
and  several  other  stallions  and  geldings  of  approved  trotting 
and  draught  strains.  Crossing  to  the  other  side  of  the  grounds 
we  came  to  the  stables  devoted  to  the  thoroughbred  and  trotting 
stock  exhibited  by  our  own  breeders.  In  the  first  stall  we 
found,  in  strong  contrast  with  the  draught  stallions  described 
on  the  Canadian  side,  the  beautiful  but  small  Jenifer  Arabian, 
a  very  light  gray,  almost  white,  and  a  strong  exponent  of  the 
points  of  that  poetic  breed,  delicate  in  all  his  proportions,  but 
perfection  in  form.  We  noticed,  in  passing,  the  very  handsome 
stallion  Andes,  out  of  Bonnie  Scotland,  and  the  beautiful 
blood-brown  stallion  Bingaman,  out  of  Asteroid,  active  as  a 
deer  and  playful  as  a  kitten,  with  beautiful  limbs,  and  grand 
muscles  playing  with  easy  grace  under  his  sleek  and  supple 
skin.  Governor  Hartranft,  of  Pennsylvania,  exhibited  four 
fine  stallions,  which  were  among  the  most  notable  on  the 


774 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


grounds.  Two  of  them  were  aged  horses — one,  Tom  Allen, 
out  of  the  celebrated  Ethan  Allen,  a  strong-limbed,  serviceable 

trotter,  well  up  in  the 
points  of  the  Allen  stock  ; 
the  other,  Montgomery, 
out  of  Alexander’s  Ab¬ 
dallah,  the  very  aristoc¬ 
racy  of  trotting  pedi¬ 
grees,  and  a  very  good 
example  of  the  strain. 
The  others  were  promis¬ 
ing  colts.  Among  the 
trotting  stallions  particu¬ 
lar  curiosity  was  excited 
by  Graphic  No.  36,  a 
two-year  old  colt,  out  of 
the  stallion  Smuggler, 
whose  wonderful  per¬ 
formances  during  the 
past  summer  have  made 
him  the  sensation  of 
the  hour.  Graphic  is  a 
rangy,  heavy-limbed  colt, 
and  looks  as  if  he  would 
be  a  goer.  The  best- 
known  trotting  stallion 
on  exhibition  wasThomas 
Jefferson,  a  noble  black 
horse  of  wonderful 
beauty,  whose  long  tail 
actually  trails  upon  the 
ground,  and  whose  per- ' 
formances,  under  the 

ITED  BY  GALLOWAY  &  GRAFF,  IN  THE  MAIN  skilflll  reinS  of  Blldd 

building.  Doble,  are  matters  of 

turf  history.  The  next  most  notable  horse  was  Mr.  F.  G. 
Wolbert’s  stallion  Bismarck,  out  of  Hambletonian.  Bismarck 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


775 


is  sixteen  and  a  quarter  hands  high,  of  a  rich  bay  color, 
closely  coupled  with  broad,  flat  legs  of  enormous  range,  and 
muscles  of  exceptional  size.  He  has  no  record,  but  could 
doubtless  establish  one  low  down  in  the  twenties.  There  were 
a  number  of  other  exceedingly  fine  horses,  but  none  of  national 
reputation. 

After  the  trotters  and  runners  came  the  United  States  dis¬ 
play  of  draught  horses.  Prominent  among  these  was  the 
exhibit  of  James  A.  Perry,  of  Wilmington,  Illinois,  which 
consisted  of  imported  Percheron  horses.  At  the  head  of  his 
stud  was  the  Duke  de  Chartres,  probably  the  finest  Percheron 
stallion  ever  imported,  light  dapple-gray  in  color,  sixteen  and 
a  half  hands  high,  weight  2050  pounds,  limbs  and  muscles  of 
enormous  size,  but  perfect  symmetry,  and,  despite  his  immense 
size,  active  as  a  mustang.  Mr.  Perry  also  showed  Holland,  a 
horse  of  great  size  and  power,  and  especially  noteworthy  as  to 
color,  being  a  rich  dapple-brown,  which  is  somewhat  rare  in 
this  breed,  which  runs  mostly  to  grays.  J.  J.  Parker,  of  West 
Chester,  Pennsylvania,  made  an  excellent  display  of  Percherons 
of  the  smaller,  and,  as  some  hold,  the  purer  type,  horses  ranging 
from  1200  to  1500  pounds.  He  exhibited  two  colts  which  were 
very  interesting  to  breeders.  They  were  the  offspring  of  the 
delicate  thoroughbred  Jenifer  Arabian  and  the  somewhat  coarse 
but  purebred  Percheron  mares.  These  colts  were  too  young  to 
judge  of  the  result  as  yet,  but  Mr.  Parker  deserves  the  thanks 
of  breeders  for  making  the  experiment.  Mr.  George  Murray, 
of  Racine,  Wisconsin,  exhibited  the  largest  Clydesdale  on  the 
grounds — Donald  Dinnie,  a  horse  of  enormous  size,  but  of  fine 
quality  as  well.  Our  local  breeders  were  well  represented. 
William  Meikle,  of  Indiana,  Pennsylvania,  exhibited  three 
Clydesdales  of  recent  importation  ;  Charles  S.  Taylor,  of  Bur¬ 
lington,  New  Jersey,  exhibited  the  Clydesdale  stallion,  Sam¬ 
son,  a  very  handsome  brown  four-year  old ;  and  also  an  ex¬ 
ceedingly  fine  Clydesdale  mare,  Mayfield.  The  smallest  animal 
on  the  grounds  was  the  Arabian  Jack,  exhibited  by  Louis 
Lienau,  a  little  creature  not  much  larger  than  a  Newfoundland 
dog,  but  exceedingly  attractive  in  its  quaint  ugliness. 


776 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


At  ten  o’clock  in  the  morning  and  again  at  four  o’clock  in 
the  afternoon,  during  each  day  of  the  horse  show,  the  animals 
were  led  out  in  the  ring,  and  were  there,  either  in  harness,  or 
under  the  charge  of  attendants,  put  through  the  performances 
best  calculated  to  show  their  speed  and  display  their  most 
attractive  and  valuable  qualities.  The  sight  at  such  times  was 
beautiful  and  inspiriting,  and  drew  large  numbers  of  persons  to 
witness  it.  Prominent  among  the  animals  exhibited  in  the 
ring  was  a  team  of  beautiful  dapple-gray  horses,  the  property 
of  Mr.  A.  R.  Murdoch.  Their  aggregate  weight  was  3500 
pounds.  Especial  admiration  was  excited  by  two  milk-white 
mares,  twin-sisters,  granddaughters  of  Dan  Rice’s  old  horse 
Excelsior. 

The  number  of  entries  at  the  horse  show  was  246,  of  which 
170  were  American.  The  remainder  belonged  to  Canada. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  the  judges  of  the  horse  exhi¬ 
bition  : 

John  R.  Viley,  Lexington,  Kentucky ;  Dr.  J.  W.  Weldon, 
New  York  ;  Basil  Duke,  St.  Louis,  Missouri ;  Colonel  E.  T. 
Stowell,  Cornwall,  Vermont;  George  Murray,  Racine,  Wis¬ 
consin;  Thaddeus  Holt,  Macon,  Georgia;  Thomas  D.  Dewey, 
Owossa,  Michigan;  Milo  Smith,  Clinton,  Iowa;  General  T. 
G.  Williams,  Austin,  Texas;  S.  P.  Brown,  Washington,  Dis¬ 
trict  of  Columbia  ;  A.  McAllister,  Springfield  Furnace,  Penn¬ 
sylvania;  S.  H.  Tewksbury,  Portland,  Maine;  John  Miller, 
Columbus,  Ohio ;  F.  Parrington,  England,  and  Dr.  Tetu, 
Quebec. 

The  horse  show  was  well  patronized,  the  attendance  and  the 
interest  in  it  increasing  each  day.  It  was  formally  closed  on 
the  14th  of  September. 

The  Dog  Show. — The  dog  show  was  opened,  according  to 
arrangement,  on  the  morning  of  the  4th  of  September,  and  was 
closed  on  the  evening  of  the  8th.  It  was  a  perfect  success,  and 
was  pronounced,  by  competent  judges,  the  most  complete  and 
satisfactory  exhibition  of  its  kind  ever  held.  The  entries  num¬ 
bered  722,  of  which  681  were  American,  twenty-six  English 
and  Irish,  and  fifteen  Canadian  dogs.  The  collection  embraced 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


777 


sporting  and  fancy  dogs,  imported  and  domestic  English  and 
Irish  Jordan  setters,  and  pointers  of  fifty  pounds  weight  over 
and  under.  Harriers,  beagles,  Chesapeake  Bay  dogs,  Irish 
water  spaniels,  and  a  large  variety  of  hounds  and  terriers  of  all 
sizes  and  colors  made  up  the  list,  with  a  liberal  display  of  New¬ 
foundlands,  St.  Bernard’s,  mastiffs,  bull-dogs,  poodles,  etc.  The 
different  breeds  were  classified  according  to  sections,  and  by 
reference  to  the  catalogue  the  visitor  was  enabled  to  familiarize 
himself  with  the  distinguishing  characteristics  of  the  breeds. 
With  the  list  of  entries  was  incorporated  a  description  of  typical 
characteristics,  and  a  scale  of  points  such  as  is  made  use  of  in 
judging  dogs  in  England. 

“  Long  before  the  visitor  reaches  the  show/’  wrote  the  cor¬ 
respondent  of  the  New  York  Tribune ,  “  he  is  greeted  with  such 
a  medley  of  dog  voices  as  he  has  assuredly  never  heard  before. 
From  the  deep  bay  of  the  fox  hound  to  the  sharp  yelp  of  the 
terrier,  from  the  full  tone  of  the  English  mastiff  to  the  uncer¬ 
tain  squeak  of  the  poodle,  there  are  numberless  gradations,  with 
variations  for  each  mood  of  the  dog  mind.  Setters  are  more 
largely  represented  than  any  other  variety  of  the  dog  race,  and 
there  are  many  fine,  highly  bred  animals  here.  There  are 
some  excellent  red  Irish  setters  here,  including  a  few  that  are 
valued  at  two  hundred  guineas  apiece,  and  some  black-and-tan 
Gordon  setters  so  finely  marked  that  they  would  form  fine  sub¬ 
jects  for  the  animal  painter.  Many  English  setters  are  exhib¬ 
ited,  and  some  of  them  not  only  show  the  points  of  good  dogs, 
but  have  pedigrees  of  remarkable  extent.  Most  noticeable 
among  the  latter  are  two  dogs  recently  imported  from  England, 
late  the  property  of  Edward  Laverack,  of  Shropshire.  They  are 
descended  from  stock  which  Mr.  Laverack  obtained  in  1825, 
and  which,  it  was  supposed,  had  been  pure  for  thirty-five  years. 
He  has  kept  a  continuous  strain  of  pure  blood  since  that  time. 
The  pedigree  of  the  two  dogs  for  nine  generations  is  shown, 
and  the  number  of  names  in  it  is  adapted  to  give  a  person  an 
enlarged  idea  of  the  dimensions  of  the  graveyard  which  might 
contain  the  bones  of  his  ancestors.  There  are  comparatively 
few  pointers,  but  some  are  good  animals.  Some  Irish  terriers 


778 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


are  shown  of  a  very  high  strain  of  blood,  as  may  be  judged 
from  the  price,  two  hundred  guineas  in  gold,  asked  for  one  or 
two  of  the  best.  Very  curious  in  appearance  are  the  Irish  water 
spaniels,  with  long  curly  top-knots  and  shaggy  ears.  There  are 
quite  a  number  of  Duchshunds,  a  medium-sized  dog,  with  singu¬ 
lar  crooked  forelegs.  Among  the  other  canines  are  English 
fox-terriers,  used  to  unearth  the  fox  when  the  hounds  have  run 
him  into  his  burrow ;  many  Skye  terriers,  Scotch  terriers, 
black-and-tan  terriers,  poodles,  and  lap-dogs,  Spitz  dogs,  Sibe¬ 
rian  bloodhounds,  a  fine  English  mastiff,  English  and  Italian 
greyhounds,  Chesapeake  Bay  duck  dogs,  vicious-looking  bull- 
terriers,  English  pug  dogs,  sheep  dogs,  and  two  queer  hairless 
Mexican  hounds.” 

The  attendance  upon  the  dog  show  was  large,  many  of  the 
visitors  being  ladies.  The  judges  and  their  specialties  were  as 
follows:  John  E.  Long,  Detroit,  Michigan,  pointers  and  span¬ 
iels;  Col.  T.  G.  Skinner,  New  York,  hounds;  Dr.  L.  H. 
Twaddell,  Philadelphia,  non-sporting  dogs;  John  Swain,  Bal¬ 
timore,  Maryland,  English  setters;  George  Drolet,  Montreal, 
Canada,  Irish  and  Gordon  setters.  Among  the  more  prominent 
awards  were  the  following  : 

The  Forest  and  Stream  prize  to  Ailleen,  owned  by  Frank 
Roan  ;  prize  for  Duchshunds  to  Dr.  L.  H.  Twaddell’s  Unser 
Fritz;  Turf \  Field}  and  Farm  prize  for  fox  hounds  to  J. 
Shaner’s  Dandy  and  Chip ;  C.  L.  Westcott’s  prize  to  J.  E. 
Long’s  Juno;  John  Krider’s  prize  to  J.  Ayre’s  Glen  ;  Captain  A. 
A.  H.  Clay’s  prize  to  Bess ;  the  Chicago  Field’s  prize  to  Rufus  2d. 
The  Philadelphia  cup  for  the  best  setter  in  the  show  was  awarded 
to  Paris,  owned  by  L.  H.  Smith,  of  Strathroy,  Ontario,  Canada. 
The  cup  for  the  best  imported  English  setter,  over  one  and 
under  two  years,  was  awarded  to  L.  H.  Smith’s  Llewellin. 
The  Detroit  Gun  Club  cup  was  awarded  to  Juno,  owned  by 
J.  E.  Long,  of  Detroit.  The  Philadelphia  sportsman’s  cup  for 
pointers  was  awarded  to  G.  A.  Strong’s  Pete. 


OP  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


779 


The  Cattle  Show. 

The  display  of  horned  cattle  began  on  the  21st  of  September, 
and  lasted  until  the  4th  of  October.  Though  the  entries  were 
light  at  first  they  increased  daily,  until  they  finally  numbered 
550  head  of  cattle,  so  that  the  exhibition  may  be  fairly  consid¬ 
ered  a  success.  It  attracted  many  visitors,  especially  those 
interested  in  the  raising  of  cattle. 

Among  the  animals  on  exhibition  were  four  large  buffaloes 
from  Colorado,  which  were  especially  noticed  by  reason  of  their 
immense  size.  The  largest  animal  displayed  was  the  General 
Grant,  whose  weight  was  almost  five  thousand  pounds.  There 
were  also  shown  two  steers,  one  from  Kentucky,  the  other  from 
Canada,  whose  weight  was  almost  equal  to  that  of  the  General. 
Two  rows  of  sheds  were  set  apart  for  draught  cattle,  of  which  a 
fine  display  was  made.  All  the  oxen  on  exhibition  were  thor¬ 
oughly  trained  to  the  voice  of  the  driver,  and  the  greater  part 
of  them  belonged  to  the  finest  breeds  of  this  country.  Among 
the  entries  were  150  Jersey  milch  cows  from  various  parts  of 
the  United  States,  and  12  from  England  ;  about  70  Shorthorns 
from  Canada  and  Pennsylvania,  principally  for  beef;  50  Ayr- 
shires,  for  dairy  purposes ;  a  large  number  of  Devons,  intended 
for  both  the  dairy  and  the  meat  market;  and  a  number  of  fine 
specimens  of  Hereford,  Galloway,  Kerry,  Holstein,  and  Dutch 
breeds,  most  of  which  were  bred  for  the  market.  The  display 
of  fat  cattle  for  beef  was  also  fine,  although  the  entries  from 
each  State  were  small.  A  number  of  the  more  valuable  Short¬ 
horns  were  imported  from  England  by  a  well-known  Kentucky 
cattle-raiser.  They  were  valued  at  from  $4000  to  $9000 
apiece,  and  one  of  them,  a  gigantic  bull,  was  valued  at  $10,000. 

On  the  4th  of  October  a  number  of  the  Shorthorn  or  Jersey 
cattle  were  sold  at  auction,  the  cattle  show  being  over.  The 
prices  were  fair,  the  sale  opening  with  the  disposal  of  the  heifer 
Cassandra  for  $180,  and  the  roan  bull  Lord  Cranham  for  $100. 


780 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  Display  of  Sheep,  Swine,  and  Goats 

Began  on  the  10th  of  October,  and  lasted  until  the  18th.  The 
entries  were  as  follows  :  sheep,  400;  swine,  375.  The  Ameri¬ 
can  animals  were  exhibited  by  prominent  breeders  in  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Connecticut,  Maryland,  New  Jersey, 
Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  and  Virginia.  Can¬ 
ada  sent  a  considerable  number  of  sheep  of  the  breeds  of  Cots- 
wolds,  Leicester,  Southdowns,  and  Oxford-downs,  and  some 
fine  swine  of  the  Suffolk,  Yorkshire,  Berkshire,  Essex,  and 
Chester  white  breeds.  Among  the  Southdowns  were  some  of 
the  most  valuable  specimens  of  sheep  in  existence,  some  of 
which  were  valued  as  high  as  $6000  apiece.  One  of  the  largest 
was  a  breeding  ram  weighing  four  hundred  pounds,  whose  hire 
for  a  single  season  is  about  $250  gold.  Mr.  Russell  Swan  wick, 
of  England,  exhibited  some  noticeable  Cots  wold  sheep,  the 
average  weight  of  which  reached  the  rare  figure  of  three  hun¬ 
dred  pounds,  a  weight  not  often  attained  by  this  breed. 

Among  the  swine  herds  Mr.  T.  S.  Cooper,  of  Pennsylvania, 
exhibited  the  finest  animals.  These  were  imported  Berkshires, 
all  of  which  are  said  to  have  carried  off  premiums  at  various 
European  exhibitions.  The  heaviest  hog  in  the  display  was 
exhibited  by  Messrs.  Shaner,  Ashbridge  &  Walter,  of  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  who  exhibited  some  splendid  Chester 
whites. 

The  Poultry  Shov\ — The  exhibition  of  poultry  was  held  in 
the  Pomological  Annex  to  the  Agricultural  Building,  and  was 
opened  on  the  27th  of  October  and  closed  on  the  6th  of  Novem¬ 
ber.  The  large  hall  was  specially  fitted  up  for  the  occasion 
with  long  rows  of  coops.  Above  these  were  placed  a  number 
of  cages  containing  Canaries.  The  entries  of  chickens  and  birds 
amounted  to  more  than  six  thousand,  but  the  fowls  present  fell 
short  of  this  number.  The  finest  displays  were  from  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
Rhode  Island  and  Michigan.  A  considerable  number  of  fine 
fowls  from  Canada  and  England  were  also  on  exhibition.  The 
majority  of  the  States  of  the  Union  were  well  represented,  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


781 


the  visitor  was  afforded  a  fair  idea  of  the  excellence  and  variety 
of  the  fowls  raised  in  this  country. 

The  exhibition  was  under  the  charge  of  J.  E.  Diehl,  Esq.,  the 
Vice-President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Poultry  Association,  who 
acted  as  Superintendent. 

Of  the  fowls  and  birds  on  exhibition  our  limits  will  allow  us 
to  speak  but  briefly.  The  Light  Brahmas  attracted  particular 
attention.  They  were  large,  beautiful  chickens,  with  all  the 
perfect  marks  of  that  breed.  Immediately  to  the  south  of  the 
coops  containing  them  were  a  number  of  coops  of  fine  Bantams. 
Of  the  large  Cochin  Chinas  there  were  several  varieties.  Some 
of  them  were  pure  white,  others  pure  black,  and  others  again 
of  the  buff  varieties.  Dr.  H.  H.  Lowrie,  of  Plainfield,  New 
Jersey,  exhibited  three  handsome  white  Leghorns.  Mr.  Mc¬ 
Laren,  of  Meadville,  Pennsylvania,  sent  some  silver  duck¬ 
winged  Game  chickens;  whilst  Benson  &  Burpee  displayed 
sixty  cases  of  fine  fowls,  among  which  were  pure  white  and 
black  Leghorns,  black  Spanish  chickens,  and  black  Ham  burgs 
with  red  combs  and  white  wattles.  There  were  also  some  beau¬ 
tiful  silver  and  gold-spangled  Hamburgs,  and  golden-pencilled 
and  silver-pencilled  Hamburgs.  G.  H.  Warren,  of  New  York 
Mills,  and  G.  F.  Seavey,  of  Massachusetts,  exhibited  some 
beautiful  golden  and  silver  Sebright  fowls — very  beautiful  ban¬ 
tams,  spotted  all  over  the  body,  wings,  tail  and  neck.  Probably 
the  most  attractive  exhibit  to  the  ordinary  visitor,  as  well  as  to 
the  poultry  fancier,  consisted  of  a  number  of  pairs  of  silver 
Pheasants  from  Pennsylvania  and  Connecticut.  These  were 
of  a  very  rare  breed,  and  were,  without  doubt,  the  most  beauti¬ 
ful  fowls  in  the  Exhibition. 

Turkeys  were  well  represented,  a  number  of  varieties  of  do¬ 
mestic  and  wild  fowls  being  shown.  The  black,  light  and  dark 
bronze  and  white,  and  the  wild  turkey  had  each  its  well-selected 
representative. 

Among  the  ducks  we  may  notice  the  Haven  duck,  large, 
dark-colored  and  beautifully  marked  ;  the  Cayuga  duck,  pure 
black,  even  to  the  bills,  legs  and  feet ;  and  the  Aylsbury  or  the 
Centiary,  pure  white,  and  equal  in  size  to  the  Cayuga.  W.  A. 


782 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


Burpee  exhibited  a  curious  duck,  hatched  in  the  spring  of  1876, 
and  perfect  in  every  way  except  that  its  feet  instead  of  being 
webbed  were  perfect  chicken’s  feet.  This  duck  could  swim  as 
well  as  any  other,  notwithstanding  this  defect. 

There  were  two  Egyptian  geese  on  exhibition.  They  were 
very  handsome  and  attracted  much  attention.  The  breast  is  of 
black,  white  and  gray,  spotted  like  canvas ;  the  back  of  a 
reddish-brown,  black  and  gray  mixed;  and  there  is  a  reddish- 
brown  ring  around  the  throat,  with  the  same  tinge  in  different 
shades  on  the  neck  and  head.  There  were  also  several  varie¬ 
ties  of  the  Toulouse,  China,  Bremen,  Hong-Kong  and  Wild 
goose. 

The  display  of  pigeons  was  very  extensive  and  very  fine, 
comprising  some  of  the  best  and  rarest  breeds,  besides  such  fav¬ 
orites  as  Tumblers,  Jacobins,  Fan-tailed  and  Crested  birds, 
Cameras,  Turbets,  Antwerps,  and  numerous  others.  One  dis¬ 
play  of  a  breed  which  has  been  increased  in  size,  until  the  birds 
are  almost  as  large  as  common  chickens,  attracted  exceptional 
attention. 

There  were  also  exhibited  a  number  of  swallows,  African, 
Chinese  and  English  owls,  magpies,  starlings  and  Canary 
birds. 

A  fine  display  was  made  of  patent  incubators,  and  other  ap¬ 
paratus  for  the  better  care  and  raising  of  chickens. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


THE  STATE  DAYS. 

Arrangements  for  the  State  Celebrations— New  Jersey  Day  — An  Inspiriting 
Spectacle — Connecticut  Day — Massachusetts  Day — New  York  Day — A 
Grand  Ovation  to  the  Governor  of  the  Empire  State — Scenes  and  Incidents 
in  the  Grounds — Pennsylvania  Day — The  Grandest  Celebration  of  All — A 
Gala  Day  at  the  Exhibition — The  Governor’s  Deception — The  Fireworks 
— Rhode  Island  Day — The  Italian  Day — Inauguration  of  the  Columbus 
Monument — New  Hampshire  Day — Delaware,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  Day 
— The  Fireworks — The  Delaware  Celebration — Reception  by  the  Governor 
of  Maryland — The  Virginia  Celebration — The  Tournament — The  Ball — 
Crowning  the  Queen  of  Love  and  Beauty — Ohio  Day — Magnificent  Tribute 
to  the  Governor  of  Ohio — The  Merchants’  Reunion — Vermont  Day. 

X  order  to  add  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  Exhibition, 
and  more  especially  to  carry  out  the  design  of  making 
it  a  means  of  celebrating  the  Centennial  period  of  our 
National  history,  the  Executive  Committee  at  an  early 
day  determined  to  inaugurate  a  series  of  “  State  Days,” 
on  each  of  which  a  special  celebration  should  be  held  in  the 
Exhibition  grounds  in  honor  of  the  State  of  the  Union  to 
which  the  day  should  be  assigned.  It  was  decided  that  the 
ceremonies  on  these  occasions  should  consist  of  an  address  de¬ 
voted  to  a  review  of  the  history  and  progress  of  the  State  hold¬ 
ing  the  celebration,  a  reception  by  the  Governor  of  such  State 
at  the  State  building  in  the  Exhibition  grounds,  and  such  other 
festivities  as  should  be  decided  upon  by  the  committee.  It  was 
understood  that  these  celebrations  would  of  necessity  be  con¬ 
fined  to  the  States  nearest  Philadelphia,  as  it  would  be  com¬ 
paratively  easy  for  their  people  to  be  present  in  force  on  such 
occasions.  The  more  remote  States  by  reason  of  their  distance 
would  find  it  impossible  to  take  part  in  these  festivals.  Ar¬ 
rangements  were  promptly  entered  into  between  the  Centennial 

783 


784 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Commission  and  the  authorities  of  the  States  desiring  to  engage 
in  these  celebrations,  and  the  utmost  enthusiasm  was  displayed 
by  all  parties  in  carrying  out  the  programmes  decided  upon. 

New  Jersey  Day. 

The  first  State  to  engage  in  these  special  celebrations  was 
New  Jersey.  Thursday,  the  24th  of  August,  was  the  day 
selected  by  the  State  authorities,  and  for  several  weeks  previous 
to  that  date  energetic  efforts  were  made  to  induce  such  a  num¬ 
ber  of  the  people  of  New  Jersey  to  be  present  at  the  Exhibition 
that  the  occasion  should  be  an  event  memorable  in  the  history 
of  the  State.  New  Jersey  had  done  so  much  to  make  the 
Exhibition  a  success,  and  had  given  it  such  warm  and  efficient 
support  at  its  most  critical  periods,  that  it  was  peculiarly  appro¬ 
priate  that  this  generous  commonwealth  should  open  the  series 
of  State  festivals. 

Thursday,  August  24th,  was  bright  and  fair.  All  through  the 
morning  trains  were  arriving  from  points  in  New  Jersey, 
bringing  thousands  of  visitors,  and  other  thousands  came  by 
way  of  Camden,  the  Delaware  river  ferries,  and  the  city  car 
lines.  By  eleven  o’clock  the  grounds  were  thronged  and  the 
various  buildings  of  the  Exhibition  were  filled  with  a  merry, 
eager  crowd  of  “  Jersey  folks,”  bent  on  seeing  the  beauties  and 
wonders  of  the  “Centennial.” 

At  ten  o’clock  the  New  Jersey  Reception  Committee,  consist¬ 
ing  of  native  Jerseymen  residing  in  Philadelphia,  assembled  at 
the  Centennial  depot  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  to  act  as 
an  escort  to  Governor  Bedle  and  party,  who  were  to  come  from 
Trenton.  The  Committee  was  constituted  as  follows : 

E.  C.  Knight,  Chairman ;  Hon.  Morton  McMichael,  Dr. 
Joseph  Pancoast,  Hon.  B.  H.  Brewster,  Samuel  Bispham, 
Samuel  E.  Stokes,  J.  B.  Lippincott,  Richard  J.  Dobbins,  Fur¬ 
man  Sheppard,  Edward  Browning,  James  H.  Stevenson,  John 
W.  Stokes,  Louis  A.  Godey,  Dr.  E.  C.  Jayne,  and  Joseph  H. 
Campion. 

The  unusual  demand  upon  the  transportation  facilities  of  the 
road  threw  all  the  morning  trains  behind  time,  and  it  was  not 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


785 


until  after  eleven  that  the  arrival  of  the  train  containing  the 
gubernatorial  party  was  announced  by  the  cheers  of  the  crowd 
around  the  depot.  As  Governor  Bedle  and  his  party  alighted 
from  the  train  they  were  met  by  the  Reception  Committee,  the 


chairman  of  which  greeted  them  with  a  brief  address  of  wel¬ 
come,  to  which  the  Governor  made  an  appropriate  response. 

The  company  with  their  escort  now  formed  in  line,  and  pro¬ 
ceeding  across  the  street,  entered  the  grounds  through  the  gate 
adjoining  the  Board  of  Finance  head-quarters.  Here  were  drawn 
50 


786 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


up  in  two  lines  on  either  side  the  chiefs  of  the  departments  of 
the  Centennial  management,  with  President  John  Welsh,  of  the 
Centennial  Board,  Thomas  Cochran,  Clement  L.  Biddle,  Amos 
R.  Little,  and  other  members.  Headed  by  the  great  First 
Brigade  Band  of  forty-five  pieces,  then  playing  at  the  Centen¬ 
nial,  the  procession  filed  around  the  Bartholdi  fountain  and  up 
to  the  Judges’  Hall.  The  following;  is  a  list  of  the  more 
prominent  among  the  visitors  in  line,  and  subsequently  in 
attendance  at  the  Jersey  State  Building  : 

Governor  Bedle  and  lady ;  Hon.  Abram  Browning,  the  orator 
of  the  day ;  ex-Governors  Parker  and  Newell ;  ex-United  States 
Senator  Stockton;  Hon.  A.  L.  Runyon,  State  Comptroller; 
Major-General  Mott,  keeper  of  the  State  Prison ;  Vice-Chancel¬ 
lor  Dodd ;  Supreme  Court  Judges  Van  Sickle,  Reed  and  Dixon; 
Speaker  of  the  State  Senate  General  Sewell,  and  State  Senators 
Leon  Abbctt  and  lady,  John  Hill,  Dayton,  Thorne,  Potts, 
Schultze,  Jarrard,  Kirk  and  Hopper ;  Speaker  of  the  New 
Jersey  Assembly  Carsealler,  and  Assemblyman  Sidney  B. 
Berans;  Hons.  Orestes  Cleveland  and  J.  G.  Stevens,  New 
Jersey  Centennial  Commissioners-at-large ;  aides-de-camp  to 
the  Governor,  Colonels  Garretson,  Hendrickson,  Spencer,  Hoy, 
Holcombe  and  Vredenburg;  Adjutant-General  Stryker;  Quar¬ 
termaster-General  Perrine;  Judge  John  T.  Nickerson,  United 
States  District  Court ;  State  Treasurer  Wright;  Ashbel  Welch, 
Esq.,  ex-President  of  United  Companies  of  New  Jersey  ;  Super¬ 
intendent  J.  A.  Anderson,  of  Belvidere  division ;  General  N.  N. 
Halstead;  Hon.  Alexander  Wurtz,  ex-State  Senator,  and  Ben¬ 
jamin  F.  Lee,  Clerk  of  New  Jersey  Supreme  Court.  The  pro¬ 
cession  also  included  the  Reception  Committee,  members  of  the 
Centennial  management,  and  many  Jersey  men  who  had  previ¬ 
ously  arrived  on  the  grounds,  General  Hawley  and  President 
Welsh  accompanying  Governor  Bedle  and  Mr.  Browning 
respectively. 

When  the  audience  had  assembled  in  the  Judges’  Hall, 
which,  for  the  first  time  in  its  history,  was  entirely  filled,  Gov¬ 
ernor  Bedle  introduced  the  orator  of  the  day,  the  Hon.  Abram 
Browning.  Mr.  Browning  then  delivered  an  eloquent  and 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


787 


instructive  address,  in  which  he  reviewed  the  history  and  pro¬ 
gress  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  explained  its  agricultural, 
industrial  and  commercial  resources.  He  was  listened  to  with 
marked  attention,  and  was  frequently  applauded. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  address,  the  company  formed  in  line 
and  marched  from  Judges’  Hall  to  the  splendid  New  Jersey 
State  Building,  on  Belmont  avenue.  This  building  and  the 
grounds  around  it  were  thronged  with  people  awaiting  the 
arrival  of  the  Governor.  From  every  spire  of  the  building 
above  the  red  tiled  roof  floated  the  national  colors.  The  sur¬ 
rounding  structures  gayly  flaunted  their  bunting,  bands  of 
music  at  the  adjoining  restaurants  gave  forth  their  sweetest 
strains,  and  Machinery  Hall  chimes  rang  out  their  peals  of 
melody  in  honor  of  “  Jersevtnen’s  day.”  Every  county  in  the 
State,  from  Sussex  to  Cape  May,  and  from  Hudson  to  Camden, 
was  represented  in  the  thronging  multitude  which  from  nine  A.M. 
till  evening  tested  the  strength  and  capacity  of  the  spacious 
structure,  and  surged  restlessly  through  and  around  it.  The 
procession  from  Judges’  Hall,  headed  by  the  First  Brigade 
Band,  arrived  at  the  building  at  fifteen  minutes  after  one  o’clock, 
when  many  of  the  State  officials  were  escorted  into  the  private 
rooms  of  the  State  Commissioners.  Soon  after,  Governor 
Bedle  appeared  in  the  main  hall  of  the  building,  and  mounting 
a  chair  addressed  the  crowd.  A  formal  reception  was  held  by 
the  Governor  at  the  close  of  his  speech,  and  lasted  until  three 
o’clock,  the  citizens  of  the  State  present  and  many  strangers 
being  severally  presented  to  his  Excellency.  This  reception 
brought  the  ceremonies  to  a  close. 

The  attendance  during  the  day  was  as  follows :  paying  vis¬ 
itors,  56,326 ;  free,  10,727 ;  total,  67,053.  The  receipts  were 
$28,063.75. 

Connecticut  Day. 

The  day  selected  by  the  authorities  of  Connecticut  for  their 
State  celebration  at  the  Exhibition  was  Thursday,  September 
7th.  Several  days  previous  to  this  the  Third  and  Fourth 
Regiments  of  Connecticut  Volunteers  arrived  in  Philadelphia, 
and  went  into  camp  in  Fairmount  Park,  near  the  Exhibition 


788 


TPIE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


grounds.  On  the  6th,  Governor  Ingersoll  arrived  from 
Hartford. 

The  7th  of  September  was  an  exceedingly  disagreeable  day. 
A  dull  and  cheerless  rain  fell  all  through  the  day,  and  com¬ 
pelled  the  abandonment  of  a  portion  of  the  ceremonies  that  had 
been  determined  upon.  In  spite  of  this,  however,  the  crowd 
of  visitors  poured  steadily  through  the  gates,  and  long  before 
twelve  o’clock  the  principal  buildings  and  all  the  main  avenues 
were  thronged. 

At  one  o’clock  Governor  Ingersoll  held  an  informal  reception 
at  the  Connecticut  State  Building,  on  State  avenue,  which  was 
largely  attended.  It  was  estimated  that  fully  ten  thousand 
citizens  of  Connecticut  were  present  at  the  Exhibition  during 
the  day. 

The  total  attendance  was  as  follows:  paying  visitors,  64,059; 
free,  10,985;  receipts,  $30,853.75. 

Massachusetts  Day. 

Thursday,  September  14th,  was  Massachusetts  day.  The 
chief  interest  of  the  occasion  centred  about  the  Massachusetts 
building,  on  State  avenue.  All  the  surrounding  buildings, 
American  and  foreign,  displayed  their  bunting,  while  from  the 
cupola  of  the  Massachusetts  house  floated  the  old  Pine  Tree 
flag,  an  emblem  of  colonial  days,  with  the  national  colors  from 
the  flagstaff  in  front,  and  a  pretty  collection  of  many  colored 
ensigns  tastefully  arranged  above  the  main  entrance.  The 
doorways  of  the  interior  were  decorated  with  flags.  During 
the  afternoon  an  orchestra,  stationed  in  the  hall,  furnished  the 
music  for  the  occasion,  while  from  the  towers  of  Machinery 
Hall  the  chimes  rang  out  the  national  airs,  and  gave  a  salute 
on  the  bells  thirteen  times,  in  honor  of  the  day. 

At  one  o’clock  Governor  Bice,  attended  by  his  staff,  took  his 
stand  in  the  Governor’s  room  of  the  building,  and  held  a  formal 
reception,  which  was  largely  attended.  The  people  were  pre¬ 
sented  to  his  Excellency  by  Commissioner  A.  L.  Coolidge.  The 
visitors  entered  by  the  main  door,  and,  passing  through  the 
hall,  repaired  to  the  Governor’s  room.  After  paying  their 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION.  789 

respects  to  his  Excellency  they  passed  through  the  press  and 
reading-room,  and  made  their  exit  from  the  building  by  wav 
of  the  rear  door  of  the  hall,  the  passage  ways  being  kept  open 
by  a  detail  of  the  Centennial  Guard. 

Eui  ltijj  the  reception,  the  Sons  of  Massachusetts,  an  organ i- 


MASSACHUSETTS  STATE  BUILDING. 


zation  of  Massachusetts  men  residing  in  New  York  city,  and 
!ed  by  Colonel  Frank  E.  Howe,  presented  a  handsome  flag  to 
the  State  through  the  Governor.  The  presentation  was  made 
in  an  appropriate  address  by  Mr.  Nathan  Appleton,  of  Boston, 
and  was  acknowledged  in  fitting  terms  by  Governor  Rice. 


790 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


After  the  reception  was  over,  the  Governor,  his  staff,  and  the 
members  of  the  executive  council  dined  in  the  State  building. 

At  night  the  Governor  was  serenaded  at  the  Transcontinental 
hotel,  where  he  was  lodging. 

It  was  estimated  that  fully  ten  thousand  visitors  from  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  were  present  in  the  grounds  during  the  day. 

The  cash  admissions  to  the  grounds  were  85,795;  the  free 
admissions,  12,073;  total,  97,868.  Receipts,  $41,193. 

New  York  Day. 

The  21st  of  September  was  set  for  New  York  day,  the  fourth 
of  the  series  of  State  Centennial  celebrations.  The  day  was 
bright  and  clear,  .and  at  an  early  hour  throngs  of  visitors 
began  to  pour  through  the  gates  into  the  Exhibition  grounds. 
By  noon  it  was  evident  that  the  occasion  would  be  memorable 
as  drawing  the  largest  attendance  since  the  opening  of  the 
Exhibition,  and  by  one  o’clock  the  crush  was  tremendous. 
Thousands  came  in  from  New  York  city  and  other  points  in 
the  Empire  State  during  the  morning,  and  each  arriving  train 
over  the  New  York  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  was 
crowded  to  its  utmost  capacity. 

At  one  o’clock  Governor  Tilden  reached  the  main  entrance 
to  the  Exhibition  grounds  in  a  carriage,  and  was  received  by 
the  Centennial  authorities  and  escorted  to  the  New  York  State 
Building.  His  arrival  was  greeted  with  deafening  cheers,  and 
he  was  followed  by  a  vast  multitude  eager  to  do  honor  to  the 
chief  magistrate  of  the  Empire  State.  The  Governor  was  ac¬ 
companied  by  ex-Governor  Bigler,  of  the  Centennial  Board  of 
Finance,  and  was  followed  by  about  forty  members  of  the 
United  States  Centennial  Commission,  headed  by  General 
Hawley  and  Commissioner  Beckwith,  of  New  York.  Gover¬ 
nor  Tilden  acknowledged  the  hearty  greeting  of  the  crowd  by 
repeatedly  bowing  from  his  carriage. 

Upon  reaching  the  New  York  building,  Governor  Tilden  at 
once  entered  it  and  took  his  stand  in  the  principal  parlor.  The 
formal  reception  immediately  began.  The  visitors  were  pre¬ 
sented  to  the  Governor  by  Mr.  Frank  Leslie,  President  of  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 


791 


New  York  Centennial  Commission.  As  the  people  received 
the  Governor’s  recognition,  they  passed  out  by  a  door  and 
stairway  in  the  rear  of  the  building.  After  the  lapse  of  a  con¬ 
siderable  time  it  was  found  that  to  receive  the  increasing  mass 


NEW  YORK  STATE  BUILDING. 


of  people  on  the  outside,  who  were  then  being  admitted  through 
the  front  entrance  at  the  rate  of  twenty  per  minute,  would  re¬ 
quire  the  time  allotted  to  the  ceremony  to  be  extended  several 
hours.  An  intimation  was  also  given  privately  that  the  floor 


792 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


of  the  building  was  hot  of  sufficient  strength  to  stand  the  un¬ 
usual  weight  being  put  upon  it.  It  was  accordingly  suggested 
to  Governor  Tilden  to  repair  to  the  portico  and  address  the 
multitude  gathered  around  the  edifice.  This  suggestion  being 
acquiesced  in  by  the  Governor,  the  formal  reception  was 
brought  to  a  close,  and  the  Governor,  descending  to  the 
portico,  was  introduced  by  General  Hawley,  who  said :  “  Fel¬ 
low-citizens,  you  anticipate  what  I  have  to  say.  I  have  the 
great  honor  of  presenting  to  you  to-day  his  Excellency,  Gov¬ 
ernor  Tilden,  of  New  York.”  When  the  cheers  with  which 
he  was  greeted  had  subsided,  Governor  Tilden  said : 

“Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  My  right  arm  is  not  wearied 
with  the  hearty  grasp  of  the  thousands  who  have  seized  it  with 
the  force  of  a  single  shake  [A  voice:  There  are  40,000  here 
who  can’t  get  in],  but  your  committee  have  warned  me  that 
the  ceremony  could  not  possibly  be  brought  within  the  time 
allotted  to  them,  and  have  therefore  instructed  me  to  make  my 
acknowledgments  to  you  en  masse.  Ladies  and  gentlemen,  I 
tender  to  you  my  cordial  salutation,  one  and  all.  I  have  come 
here  to-day  to  perform  an  official  duty,  to  put  the  moral  power 
and  the  official  authority  of  the  great  State  of  New  York  by 
the  side  of  Pennsylvania,  to  testify  our  appreciation  and  our 
sympathy.  In  behalf  of  five  millions  of  people  I  thank  you 
for  your  kind  attendance,  and  I  thank  you  for  your  expressions 
of  respect,  and,  tendering  to  you  my  cordial  and  complete  salu¬ 
tation,  one  and  all,  I  bid  you  adieu.” 

The  ceremonies  of  the  day  now  came  to  a  close,  and  Gov¬ 
ernor  Tilden,  accompanied  by  Colonel  Frederick  A.  Conk  ling 
and  Henry  Havemeyer,  Esq.,  of  the  State  Board  of  Centennial 
Commissioners,  left  the  New  York  building  for  a  tour  through 
the  grounds.  They  were  followed  by  a  large  crowd  of  people 
who  repeatedly  gave  loud  cheers  for  Governor  Tilden.  The 
party  entered  Machinery  Hall,  through  which  they  passed,  and 
then  proceeded  to  the  Main  Building  and  Memorial  Hall,  and 
returned  to  the  New  York  house  by  way  of  the  Government 
Building. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


793 


A  battalion  of  the  New  York  City  Police  was  drawn  up  in 
front  of  the  State  building  awaiting  the  Governor’s  return.  As 
he  approached  the  men  came  to  a  present  arms.  The  Governor 
passed  through  the  ranks,  inspecting  the  force,  and  then  as¬ 
cended  to  the  portico.  Superintendent  Walling,  in  charge  of 
the  force,  introduced  the  Governor  to  the.  men,  who  received 
him  with  three  cheers.  The  Governor  thereupon  addressed 
them  briefly,  congratulating  them  upon  their  proficiency  in 
drill  and  discipline,  after  which  the  patrolmen  passed  in  review 
before  him.  Shortly  after  this  the  Governor  entered  his  car¬ 
riage  and  left  the  grounds. 

It  was  estimated  that  forty  thousand  persons  from  the  State 
of  New  York  were  present  during  the  day. 

The  total  attendance  was  as  follows :  Cash  admissions,  122,- 
003;  free  admissions,  12,585;  total,  134,588.  The  receipts 
were  $59,986. 

Pennsylvania  Day. 

Thursday,  the  28th  of  September,  was  set  apart  by  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  authorities  for  the  celebration  of  the  State  of  Pennsyl¬ 
vania.  The  day  was  particularly  well  chosen,  inasmuch  as  it 
was  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  adoption  of  the  first 
Constitution  of  Pennsylvania.  It  was  declared  by  special 
proclamation  of  the  Governor  of  the  State  to  be  a  legal  holiday, 
and  in  all  parts  of  the  State  preparations  were  set  on  foot  and 
enthusiastically  carried  out  to  make  it  the  most  memorable 
occasion  in  the  history  of  the  Exhibition.  It  was  not  doubted 
that  the  State  which  had  been  the  mainstay  of  the  Exhibition 
in  all  its  trials,  and  which,  more  than  any  other,  had  carried  it 
through  to  success,  would  eagerly  avail  itself  of  this  opportunity 
of  testifying  emphatically  and  unitedly  its  approval  of  the  man¬ 
ner  in  which  the  great  enterprise  had  been  carried  out. 

With  the  rising  of  the  sun  on  the  morning  of  September  the 
28th  the  city  of  Philadelphia  was  astir.  Business  was  generally 
suspended,  and  thousands  of  citizens  and  visitors  sojourning  in 
the  city  took  the  early  trains  for  the  Exhibition.  All  through 
the  day  the  steam  and  horse  railroads,  and  the  various  vehicles 


79  i 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


engaged  in  the  work  of  transporting  passengers,  were  crowded 
to  their  utmost  capacity.  Trains  were  arriving  all  the  forenoon 
from  distant  points  in  the  State,  each  bringing  hundreds  of 
visitors  to  swell  the  great  throng. 

The  entrances  to  the  Exhibition  grounds  were  opened  at 
half-past  eight  o’clock,  and  immediately  there  was  a  rush  for 
the  turn-stiles.  This  continued  without  intermission  for  several 
hours.  By  ten  o’clock  the  crowd  had  settled  down  into  a  steady 
stream,  and  the  turn-stiles  revolved  with  the  regularity  of 
water-wheels,  receiving  and  discharging  an  unbroken  stream  of 

humanity,  and  the 
constant  shower  of 
half  dollars  fall¬ 
ing  into  the  cash- 
boxes  soon  showed 
that  the  day  was  to 
be  a  success  finan¬ 
cially  as  well  as 
in  other  respects. 
At  one  o’clock  the 
reports  from  the 
turn-stiles  showed 
that  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five 

SUGAR  BOWL  PRESENTED  BY  REED  &  BARTON  TO  THE  thousand  paying 

emperor  of  japan.  visitors  had  passed 

the  gates,  and  still  the  crowd  kept  pouring  in. 

“No  pen,  however  inspired,”  says  the  Philadelphia  Press ,  in 
its  account  of  the  celebration,  “could  adequately  describe  the 
scene  presented  inside  the  Centennial  grounds  an  hour  after  the 
gates  were  opened.  If  the  whole  world  was  not  centred  there, 
it  was  very  evident  that  a  considerable  portion  of  a  State  had 
converged  to  a  focus,  and  though  every  broad  avenue  was  alive 
with  humanity,  the  multitudes  seemed  to  double  every  hour. 
The  Main  Building,  being  the  nearest  and  chief  point  of  attrac¬ 
tion  to  the  main  entrance,  soon  became  uncomfortably  crowded, 
and  the  tens  of  thousands  of  delighted  guests  surged  on  and  on, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


795 


until  every  open  structure  on  the  grounds  was  filled,  and  every 
wide  avenue  turned  into  a  gay  boulevard.  Among  these 
thronging  thousands  all  classes  of  society  possible  to  find  in  a 
single  State  were  represented,  from  the  most  highly  cultured  to 
the  most  ignorant,  from  the  wealthiest  to  the  poorest ;  but 
though  high  and  low  were  mingled  together  in  a  seemingly 
inseparable  mass,  the  best  of  good  nature  prevailed,  and  all  so¬ 
cial  distinctions  were  forgotten  in  the  common  feeling  of  love 
for  the  old  Keystone  State.  Usually  nearly  the  whole  number 
of  daily  visitors  are  in  the  grounds  at  one  o’clock,  but  yesterday 
they  continued  to  arrive  until  very  much  later,  and  at  three 
o’clock  in  the  afternoon  the  scene  was  indescribably  brilliant. 
In  addition  to  the  immense  numbers  of  visitors  who  came  as 
individuals,  there  were  many  thousands  belonging  to  permanent 
or  temporary  organizations  who  came  in  a  body.  Many  of 
these  were  the  employes  of  large  firms,  and  in  most  cases, 
where  their  admission  fee  was  paid  by  their  employers,  they 
proceeded  to  the  grounds  in  a  body,  and  remained  together  for 
some  hours  afterwards.  The  men  from  the  Baldwin  Locomo¬ 
tive  Works  were  there  in  full  force,  and  presented  a  very 
creditable  appearance.  The  Veteran  Corps  of  the  First  Infan¬ 
try,  N.  G.,  under  Colonel  Charles  S.  Smith,  and  Company  D, 
of  the  First  Regiment,  acted  as  an  escort  to  the  Governor  dur¬ 
ing  the  day,  and  their  handsome  uniforms  added  greatly  to  the 
beauty  of  the  grand  spectacle.  They  were  accompanied  by  the 
First  Regiment  Band.  The  Battalion  of  Patriarchs,  I.  O.  O.  F., 
was  headed  by  the  Weccacoe  Band.  The  Junior  Order  of 
United  American  Mechanics,  the  students  of  Girard  College, 
with  their  excellent  band,  the  children  of  the  Soldiers’  Orphans’ 
Institute,  and  the  Lincoln  Institution,  and  the  members  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention,  all  marched  through  the  grounds  in 
a  body  at  different  times,  and  thus  one  excitement  followed 
another  until  the  two  hundred  thousand  visitors  wearied  from 
mere  excess  of  enjoyment.  What  lent  a  peculiar  charm  to  the 
scene  was  the  presence  of  a  large  number  of  school  children, 
and  although  the  little  ones  must  have  endured  much  incon- 
venience  making  their  way  through  the  crowd,  it  was  evident, 


796 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


from  their  beaming  faces,  that  the  day  was  one  of  intense  de¬ 
light.  The  fiftieth  graduating  class  of  the  Central  High  School 
arrived  at  the  grounds  about  one  o’clock,  and  proceeding  to 
Belmont,  renewed  old  friendships  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  grand 
banquet.  As  the  shadows  grew  longer  there  was  a  general 
movement  toward  the  gates;  but  it  at  once  became  so  evident 
that  only  a  small  portion  of  the  outpouring  throng  could  be  trans¬ 
ported  away  at  one  time  that  thousands  returned,  in  order,  as  they 
fondly  hoped,  to  avoid  the  rush,  and  also  gain  at  least  another 
hour  of  enjoyment  amid  the  splendors  of  the  occasion.” 

Various  entertainments  were  offered  to  the  visitors  during 
the  day.  There  were  concerts  and  musical  recitals  at  the  music 
stand  in  the  Main  Building,  and  performances  upon  the  great 
organs.  The  various  exhibitors  of  musical  instruments  gave 
performances  at  their  respective  stands.  The  chimes  of  Machin¬ 
ery  Hall  were  rung  at  frequent  intervals,  patriotic  and  other 
airs  being  executed  upon  the  bells  by  Professor  Widdowes. 
The  little  folks  were  amused  by  the  frequent  ascent  of  paper 
balloons  from  the  open  space  in  the  rear  of  Agricultural  Hall. 
The  day  was  glorious,  the  beautiful  autumn  weather  being  all 
that  could  be  desired. 

At  ten  o’clock  in  the  morning  Governor  Hartranft  left  his 
quarters  at  the  Globe  Hotel,  accompanied  by  a  number  of  dis¬ 
tinguished  citizens  of  the  State,  and  proceeded  to  the  Exhibition 
grounds,  under  the  escort  of  the  First  Regiment  of  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  Infantry.  The  Governor’s  party  and  his  escort  entered 
the  Exhibition  grounds  by  the  principal  gates  on  Belmont 
avenue,  and  proceeded  at  once  to  the  Pennsylvania  State 
Building.  There  they  were  formally  received  by  General 
Hawley,  Director-General  Goshorn,  and  Mr.  John  Welsh,  on 
behalf  of  the  Centennial  authorities,  and  were  at  once  conducted 
to  the  Judges’  Hall,  where  the  ceremonies  of  the  day  were  to 
take  place.  The  building  was  beautifully  decorated  inside  with 
the  flags  of  all  nations,  the  colors  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania 
being  tastefully  draped  over  the  doorway.  A  raised  platform, 
with  a  canopy  of  the  national  colors,  covering  a  beautiful  and 
mammoth  cactus,  was  reserved  for  the  Governor  and  the  dis- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


797 


tinguished  gentlemen  who  accompanied  him.  The  hall  was 
densely  crowded  in  all  parts,  and  the  audience  listened  patiently 
and  attentively  to  the  numerous  addresses  that  were  made. 

The  ceremonies  were  opened  by  the  Hon.  Morton  McMichael, 
who  introduced,  as  the  presiding  officer  of  the  day,  Governor 
John  F.  Hartranft,  who  was  received  with  loud  cheers.  Gov¬ 
ernor  Hartranft  acknowledged  this  greeting  in  a  brief  but 
eloquent  address,  and  introduced  to  the  audience  General  Joseph 
R.  Hawley,  the  President  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Com¬ 
mission.  General  Hawley  in  fitting  terms  expressed  the  obliga¬ 
tion  of  the  Centennial  Commission  and  of  the  whole  country  to 
the  people  of  Pennsylvania  for  the  part  they  had  taken  in  the 
Exhibition.  He  was  followed  by  Mr.  John  Welsh,  President 
of  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance,  whose  address  was  brief 
and  to  the  same  effect.  Governor  Hartranft  then  introduced  to 
the  audience  the  Hon.  Benjamin  Harris  Brewster,  the  orator 
of  the  day,  who  delivered  a  lengthy  and  able  oration,  reviewing 
the  first  century  of  the  history  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  fre¬ 
quently  applauded.  Addresses  were  then  made  by  ex-Governor 
Bigler,  ex-Governor  Pollock,  Senator  Cameron,  Justice  Strong, 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  and  ex-TJnited  States 
Senator  Scott.  At  the  close  of  Senator  Scott’s  remarks,  Governor 
Hartranft  declared  the  ceremonies  at  an  end,  and  the  audience 
dispersed. 

In  the  afternoon  Mrs.  Gillespie  and  the  other  ladies  of  the 
Women’s  Centennial  Executive  Committee  held  a  reception  in 
Judges’  Hall,  which  was  largely  attended,  many  of  the  most 
distinguished  men  of  the  country  being  present. 

In  the  afternoon  Governor  Hartranft  held  a  reception  at  the 
State  building.  The  building  had  been  elaborately  decorated 
both  inside  and  out.  The  walls  were  festooned  with  United 
States  flags,  and  similar  flags  waved  from  every  turret,  window, 
and  other  possible  point  on  the  roof.  The  entrance  was  hung 
with  bunting,  and  in  the  west  room  was  placed  over  the  large 
portrait  of  the  Governor  the  word  “  Welcome.”  A  number  of 
distinguished  persons  gathered  in  the  building  early  in  the 
afternoon,  and  the  grounds  without  were  thronged  with  a  dense 
crowd. 


798 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Shortly  after  two  o’clock  the  Veteran  Corps  of  the  First  Penn¬ 
sylvania  Regiment,  which  had  acted  as  the  Governor’s  escort  dur¬ 
ing  the  day,  marched  up  the  Avenue  of  the  Republic,  preceded 
by  Company  D,  of  the  First  Regiment,  and  headed  by  Beck’s 
Band.  At  the  southwest  corner  of  the  building  the  troops 
turned  and  marched  along  the  south  side,  to  the  west,  where 
they  entered  the  building,  and  cleared  a  passage-way  for  the 
Governor,  who,  accompanied  by  his  staff,  came  in  at  the  eastern 
or  main  entrance.  Proceeding  to  the  Governor’s  room,  Governor 
Hartranft  received  the  Centennial  authorities  and  a  number  of 
other  distinguished  gentlemen. 

The  public  reception  was  now  begun.  The  first  to  be  pre¬ 
sented  to  the  Governor  were  the  Soldiers’  Orphans,  from  the 
State  Schools,  who  passed  in  review  before  his  Excellency,  and 
were  cordially  received  by  him,  each  being  greeted  with  a  hearty 
handshake  and  a  pleasant  smile.  The  officers  and  men  of  the 
Keystone  Battery  next  filed  in  and  paid  their  respects  to  the 
Governor.  Then  came  the  Mayor  and  the  Select  and  Common 
Councils  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia;  and  finally  the  escort  of 
troops,  which  had  accompanied  the  Governor,  filed  by  and  shook 
hands  with  him.  The  doors  were  now  thrown  open  to  the 
people,  and  until  five  o’clock  they  passed  by  in  rapid  succession, 
nearly  all  managing  to  take  his  Excellency  by  the  hand.  It 
was  estimated  that  at  least  10,000  persons  were  received  by  the 
Governor.  During  the  reception  the  Corinthian  Quartette,  of 
the  American  Vocal  Union,  rendered  several  songs.  Promptly 
at  five  o’clock  the  doors  of  the  State  building  were  closed,  and 
the  Governor,  retiring  to  his  own  room,  held  an  informal  recep¬ 
tion  of  his  staff  officers,  and  a  number  of  lady  visitors.  His 
Excellency  then  repaired  with  his  escort  to  the  Philadelphia 
City  building,  at  the  eastern  side  of  the  grounds,  and  paid  his 
respects  to  the  Mayor  of  the  city. 

At  three  o’clock  Mayor  Stokley  held  a  formal  and  largely 
attended  reception  at  the  Philadelphia  building,  near  Horticul¬ 
tural  Hall. 

There  was  now  a  lull  in  the  festivities,  and  the  crowds  flocked 
to  the  various  restaurants  to  obtain  their  evening  meal,  or  scat- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


799 


tered  themselves  about  the  grounds.  The  eating-houses  were 
filled  to  such  an  extent  that  it  was  almost  impossible  for  the 
guests  to  receive  attention  at  the  hands  of  the  waiters.  The 
utmost  good  humor  prevailed,  however,  and  all  through  the 
day  there  was  no  rowdyism,  no  violence  or  misbehavior  on  the 
part  of  the  vast  crowd  within  the  grounds. 

Towards  nightfall  the  people  began  to  drift  steadily  towards 
George’s  Hill,  and  by  six  o’clock  the  slopes  of  the  hill  and  the 
tops  of  the  surrounding  buildings  were  densely  crowded.  The 
crowd  continued  to  grow  larger  until  half-past  seven,  the  hour 
for  beginning  the  display  of  fireworks,  which  was  to  conclude 
the  celebration  of  the  day.  At  least  175,000  people  were 
gathered  within  the  Exhibition  grounds  at  this  hour,  and 
as  many  more  were  assembled  in  the  streets  and  the  Park  out¬ 
side  of  the  enclosure.  The  display  was  in  charge  of  Messrs. 
Brock  &  Co.,  of  London,  and  was  one  of  the  finest  ever  wit¬ 
nessed  in  this  country. 

The  display  began  promptly  at  half-past  seven  o’clock. 
From  the  first  salute  of  aerial  maroons  to  the  final  display  of 
variously-colored  rockets,  the  interest  of  the  crowd  never  flagged. 
The  simultaneous  illumination  of  the  entire  grounds  by  mag¬ 
nificent  colored  lights  was  the  first  feature  of  the  entertainment, 
and  was  peculiarly  effective.  There  were  several  set  pieces, 
embodying  devices  emblematic  of  heroic  deeds  and  suggestive 
of  patriotic  purposes.  One  was  a  portrait  of  Washington, 
another  a  device  in  red,  white  and  blue,  containing  the  words 
“  Welcome  to  All  Nations.”  Large  balloons,  having  dazzling 
artificial  lights,  were  sent  heavenward.  As  they  drifted  off 
toward  the  northeast,  colored  fireworks  were  discharged  with 
fine  effect.  The  bursting  of  the  large  shells  in  mid-air,  setting 
fire  innumerable  stars  of  every  color  and  tint,  so  lit  up  the 
grounds  that  the  effect  was  suggestive  of  dazzling  sunlight. 
Mostly  all  of  the  large  rockets  happily  burst  just  as  their  down¬ 
ward  course  was  begun,  thus  sending  their  showers  of  stars 
toward  the  gazers  below  with  indescribable  effect.  The  pro¬ 
gramme  included  nearly  every  variety  of  fireworks,  from  the 
most  simple  devices  to  the  most  intricate  combinations  of  the 


800 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


kind  that  human  ingenuity  and  skill  have  ever  devised.  The 
scene  was  peculiarly  impressive.  This  was  especially  true 
toward  the  last  of  the  programme  and  at  its  close.  A  calcium 
light  of  the  utmost  power  had  been  arranged  on  the  top  of 
Machinery  Hall,  and  as  its  illuminating  rays  were  turned  toward 
different  portions  of  the  grounds  in  succession,  the  effect  was 
imposing  in  the  extreme.  The  dazzling  artificial  light  shone 
upon  the  lake,  fountain,  and  the  waving  trees,  and  the  result 
was  one  of  awe  and  grandeur.  The  spray  of  the  fountain 
seemed  like  spray  of  burnished  silver ;  the  trees,  already  as¬ 
suming  the  varied  and  beautiful  tints  of  autumn,  seemed  like 
a  weird  fancy  picture  instead  of  a  beautiful  reality.  When  the 
final  bouquet  of  rockets  had  been  fired  from  George’s  Hill  and 
the  enthusiastic  Pennsylvanians  turned  toward  the  points  of 
exit  at  the  end  of  Machinery  Hall,  their  upturned  faces,  sug¬ 
gesting  hope,  energy,  and  unfailing  courage,  were  typical  of  the 
towering  strength  and  resources  of  the  Keystone  State. 

The  celebration  was  now  at  an  end,  and  the  crowd  made  a 
rush  for  the  gates,  which  were  flung  open  wide,  in  order  to 
allow  the  people  to  pass  out.  The  street  and  steam  cars  and  all 
the  other  available  vehicles  were  soon  filled,  but  it  was  long 
after  midnight  before  the  depots  and  the  streets  around  the  Ex¬ 
hibition  were  cleared. 

The  total  attendance  was  as  follows :  Cash  admissions, 
257,168;  free,  17,751;  total,  274,919.  The  receipts  w7ere 
$118,673.75. 

Rhode  Island  Day. 

Thursday,  October  5th,  the  day  appointed  for  the  Rhode 
Island  celebration,  was  cold  and  raw,  but  in  spite  of  this  the 
Exhibition  grounds  were  crowded  at  an  early  hour.  The  State 
building,  on  the  slopes  of  George’s  Hill,  was  handsomely 
decorated  with  flags  and  bunting,  and  was  visited  by  thousands 
of  people  during  the  day. 

At  half-past  eleven  o’clock  General  Hawley,  accompanied  by 
Generals  Bradley  and  Lewis  Merrill  and  Commodore  Calhoun, 
of  his  staff,  and  Mr.  John  Welsh,  President  of  the  Centennial 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


801 


Board  of  Finance,  repaired  to  the  United  States  Hotel,  where 
Governor  Lippett  was  lodging,  and  escorted  the  Governor  and 
his  staff  to  Gate  A,  where  a  number  of  the  members  of  the 
Centennial  Commission  and  the  Board  of  Finance  were  waiting 
to  receive  them.  A  procession  was  then  formed,  and  headed 
by  a  detachment  of  the  Centennial  Guard  and  the  band  of  the 
First  Brigade  of  the  First  Division,  the  visitors  proceeded  along 
Belmont  avenue  to  State  avenue,  where  they  turned  off  towards 
George’s  Hill  and  the  Rhode  Island  State  Building. 

As  the  State  building  was  too  small  to  accommodate  much  of 


RHODE  ISLAND  STATE  BUILDING. 


an  audience,  and  moreover  had  but  one  entrance,  it  was  decided 
that  Governor  Lippett  should  hold  his  reception  on  the  porch. 
The  guards  at  the  head  of  the  procession  soon  cleared  a  passage¬ 
way  through  the  crowd,  and  the  Governor  and  his  companions 
advanced  to  the  porch  of  the  building.  Here  General  Hawley 
welcomed  his  Excellency  and  his  attendants  in  the  heartiest 
manner,  and  was  answered  by  Governor  Lippett  with  happy 
effect. 

At  the  close  of  his  Excellency’s  speech,  the  reception  of 
visitors  began.  The  Governor  standing  on  the  steps  of  the 
building  received  the  people  one  by  one  as  they  came  up  in 
51 


802 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


line,  and  as  each  one  paid  his  respects  to  the  Governor  he 
passed  over  to  the  west  side  of  the  building.  The  reception 
ended  at  three  o’clock.  Governor  Lippett  and  party  then  re¬ 
paired  to  Machinery  Hall,  where  they  were  received  by  Mr. 
George  H.  Corliss,  Centennial  Commissioner  from  Rhode 
Island,  who  explained  to  them  the  construction  and  working 
of  the  great  engine. 

The  attendance  during  the  day  was  as  follows :  Cash  admis¬ 
sions,  89,060;  free,  11,886;  total,  100,946.  The  receipts  were 
$44,496. 


The  Italian  Day. 

One  of  the  most  memorable  celebrations  connected  with  the 
Exhibition  took  place  on  Thursday,  October  12th,  on  which 
day  the  Italian  residents  of  the  United  States  presented  to  the 
city  of  Philadelphia  the  magnificent  marble  statue  of  Christo¬ 
pher  Columbus,  which  now  ornaments  the  West  Park.  The 
day  was  the  386th  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  the  New 
World  by  Columbus. 

The  various  Italian  civic  and  military  organizations  of 
Philadelphia  and  other  cities  which  decided  to  take  part  in  the 
ceremonies  assembled  in  South  Eighth  street  on  the  morning 
of  the  12th  of  October,  and  proceeded  up  Eighth  street  to 
Chestnut,  and  thence  to  Fifth,  where  they  were  reviewed  by  his 
Honor  the  Mayor,  after  which  the  Mayor  and  members  of  both 
branches  of  City  Councils  entered  carriages  and  took  the  place 
in  line  assigned  to  them  in  accordance  with  the  programme. 
Chief  Marshal  J.  Ratto,  Esq.,  headed  the  line  and  was  followed 
by  a  platoon  of  twenty-four  reserve  officers,  commanded  by 
Lieutenant  Crout.  The  visiting  Columbus  Guard  (Bersaglieri), 
of  New  York,  came  next,  headed  by  the  Black  Hussar  Band 
dismounted.  The  riflemen  numbered  about  seventy  men,  and 
made  a  handsome  appearance,  the  officers  having  an  abundance 
of  green  ostrich  feathers  in  their  low-crowned  hats,  while  those 
of  the  privates  and  non-commissioned  officers  were  black.  The 
red,  white,  and  green  of  Italy,  together  with  the  stars  and 
stripes,  were  borne  by  the  color-bearers.  Following  these  came 


KEYSTONE  SODA  WATER  APPARATUS,  EXHIBITED  BY  CHARLES  LIPPIN- 
COTT  &  CO.,  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


803 


804 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  Columbus  Monument  Association  in  barouches,  and  then 
the  Mayor  and  members  of  Councils.  Attired  in  their  hand¬ 
some  winter  uniform,  the  State  Fencible  Band  preceded  the 
Italian  Beneficial  Society  of  Philadelphia,  who  carried  a  hand¬ 
some  blue  banner,  with  the  proper  inscription.  Delegations 
from  New  York,  Washington,  Boston,  Baltimore,  and  other 
cities  were  in  one  body,  and  bore  at  the  front  the  banner  of  the 
Boston  Mutual  Relief  and  Beneficial  Society,  on  which  was 
an  elegant  painting  in  oil  representing  the  landing  of  Columbus. 
The  Italian  Colony  of  Philadelphia,  and  G.  Garibaldi  Society, 
of  New  York,  brought  lip  the  rear  of  the  line.  The  line  of 
march  was  up  Fifth  to  Arch,  thence  to  Broad,  to  Fair  mount 
avenue,  through  the  Park  to  Girard  avenue,  to  Belmont  avenue, 
and  to  the  Globe  Hotel,  where  Governor  Hartranft  and  staff 
were  in  waiting  to  accompany  them  to  the  site  of  the  monument. 

The  movement  to  erect  a  monument  to  Christopher  Columbus 
originated  in  Philadelphia  about  two  years  ago,  when  the  Co¬ 
lumbus  Monument  Association  was  organized,  the  call  for  aid 
in  the  enterprise  being  heartily  responded  to,  not  only  by  the 
various  Italian  societies  in  the  country,  but  by  individuals  who 
made  personal  contributions.  Professor  Sal  la,  of  Florence,  Italy, 
being  applied  to,  sent  over  a  design  for  a  monument,  which 
was  adopted,  and  the  artist  began  his  work  at  once.  It  arrived 
in  this  country  in  July,  1876,  but  as  the  officers  of  the  associa¬ 
tion  desired  to  have  it  placed  in  position  not  more  than  a  few 
days  before  the  time  fixed  for  its  dedication,  it  was  not  con¬ 
veyed  to  the  grounds  until  needed,  when  it  was  erected  on 
the  site  originally  selected  for  it.  The  entire  monument  cost 
$18,000,  and  stands  twenty-two  feet  from  the  ground,  the 
statue  of  Columbus  being  ten  feet  in  height,  and  the  pedestal 
twelve  feet.  The  base  is  seven  feet  long  by  six  feet  in  width. 
The  figure  represents  Columbus  in  the  costume  of  his  age  and 
clime,  standing  on  a  ship’s  deck;  near  his  feet  being  an  anchor, 
coils  of  rope,  and  a  sailor’s  dunnage  bag;  his  right  hand  rest¬ 
ing  on  a  globe  fifteen  inches  in  diameter,  with  the  New  World 
outlined  on  the  front  face,  and  supported  by  a  hexagonal 
column.  His  left  is  gracefully  extended,  and  holds  a  chart  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


805 


what  was  once  an  unknown  sea.  The  head  of  the  statue  is 
bare,  and  the  physiognomy  about  as  represented  in  the  bust  of 
the  great  navigator  at  Genoa.  The  statue  faces  east,  and  on 
the  front  cap  of  the  pedestal  are  the  words :  “  Presented  to  the 
City  of  Philadelphia  by  the  Italian  Societies.”  Beneath  this  is 
a  medallion  representing  the  landing  of  Columbus.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  cap  is  inscribed:  “ Dedicated  October  12th, 
1876,  by  the  Christopher  Columbus  Monument  Association,  on 
the  Anniversary  of  the  Landing  of  Columbus,  October  12th, 
1492.”  Underneath  is  the  Genoese  coat-of-arms  and  the  words: 
“  In  Commemoration  of  the  First  Century  of  American  Inde¬ 
pendence.”  On  the  remaining  two  sides  of  the  pedestal  are  the 
coats-of-arms  of  Italy  and  the  United  States. 

The  military  escort  to  Governor  Hartranft  formed  on  Girard 
avenue  east  of  Belmont  avenue  at  about  two  o’clock.  It  con¬ 
sisted  of  the  following  regiments  and  organizations  of  the  First 
Brigade,  headed  by  General  Brinton  and  staff:  First  Regiment, 
Colonel  Benson;  Second  Regiment,  Colonel  Lyle;  Weccacoe 
Legion,  Captain  Denny;  Washington  Grays,  Captain  Zane; 
First  City  Troop,  Captain  Fairman  Rogers,  acting  as  personal 
escort  to  the  Governor.  The  military  marched  up  Belmont 
avenue,  and  halted  opposite  the  Globe  Hotel,  at  which  point 
Governor  Hartranft  took  his  place  in  the  line.  At  about  three 
o’clock,  the  procession  from  the  city  having  in  the  meantime 
arrived,  marching  through  the  Exhibition  gates  at  the  Belmont 
avenue  entrance,  the  line  proceeded  along  the  avenue  to  its 
junction  with  Fountain  avenue,  the  site  of  the  monument. 

The  monument  was  veiled  with  two  large  American  and 
Italian  colors,  and  around  its  base  had  been  erected  a  platform 
capable  of  accommodating  about  one  hundred  persons,  the  space 
in  front  being  enclosed  and  supplied  with  seats  for  invited 
guests.  The  rear  of  the  stage  was  festooned  with  American  and 
Italian  colors,  studded  with  the  coats-of-arms  of  all  nations, 
and  from  all  sides  waved  green,  red,  and  white  Italian  ban¬ 
nerets  and  red,  white,  and  blue  streamers.  A  force  of  guards, 
under  Captain  Snyder,  were  in  attendance  to  prevent  the 
anxious  multitude  from  pressing  too  closely  upon  the  speakers’ 


806 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


stand.  At  half-past  three  o’clock  the  military  had  taken 
position  in  a  semi-circle  skirting  the  crowd,  with  the  First  City 
Troop  in  the  centre.  Governor  Hartranft,  Mayor  Stokley,  and 
Baron  Blanc,  the  Italian  minister,  advanced  to  the  stage,  fol¬ 
lowed  at  intervals  by  the  officers  of  the  Italian  societies,  the 
orators  appointed  for  the  occasion,  and  the  Fairmount  Park 
Commission.  Governor  Cheney,  of  New  Hampshire,  with  his 
staff,  in  full  uniform,  also  appeared  on  the  platform,  and  the 
Black  Hussars’  Band,  of  Philadelphia,  were  assigned  a  position 
in  front. 

After  an  overture  by  the  band,  the  exercises  were  opened  by 
Mr.  Charles  S.  Keyser,  of  Philadelphia,  with  whom  the  sug¬ 
gestion  of  the  memorial  statues  in  the  Park  originated  several 
years  since,  and  who  has  long  been  identified  with  the  work. 
Mr.  Keyser  officiated  in  the  conduct  of  the  ceremonies,  and 
introduced  Mr.  Alonzo  M.  Viti,  Honorary  Consul  of  Italy, 
and  Member  of  the  Royal  Commission  to  the  International 
Exhibition.  Mr.  Viti  briefly  stated  the  motives  which  had  led 
to  the  presentation  of  the  statue,  and  at  the  close  of  his  remarks 
the  statue  was  formally  unveiled  by  Governor  Hartranft  and 
Baron  Blanc,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten¬ 
tiary,  from  his  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  to  the  United  States, 
and  Royal  Commissioner  to  the  International  Exhibition.  As 
the  two  gentlemen,  standing  on  either  side  of  the  platform, 
pulled  vigorously  at  the  halyards,  the  colors  entwined  around 
the  statue  slowly  rose  from  the  marble  and  floated  on  the  breeze 
from  the  top  of  the  flagstaffs  to  which  they  had  been  drawn, 
and  disclosed  to  the  cheering  multitude  the  beautiful  effigy  of 
the  great  discoverer.  The  Italian  hymn  was  given  by  the 
band,  followed  by  the  Star-Spangled  Banner,  and  a  salute  of 
artillery  was  fired  from  a  battery  stationed  on  George’s  Hill. 
An  address  was  then  delivered  by  Governor  Hartranft,  after 
which  Mr.  Nunzio  Finelli,  the  President  of  the  Columbus 
Monument  Association,  formally  presented  the  statue  to  the 
Commissioners  of  Fairmount  Park.  The  address  of  acceptance 
was  delivered  by  the  Hon.  Morton  McMichael,  President  of  the 
Park  Commission.  Brief  addresses  from  a  number  of  distin¬ 
guished  gentlemen  present  closed  the  ceremonies. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


807 


New  Hampshire  Day. 

Thursday,  October  12th,  the  day  of  the  Italian  celebration, 
was  also  celebrated  as  “New  Hampshire  Hay.”  The  pro¬ 
gramme  of  each  festival  was  so  arranged  that  the  New  Hamp¬ 
shire  ceremonies  were  over  before  those  of  the  Italian  societies 
began. 

At  a  quarter  to  eleven,  in  the  morning,  Governor  Cheney 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE  STATE  BUILDING. 


and  staff,  the  latter  being  in  full  uniform,  with  the  Amoskeag 
Veteran  Corps,  numbering  ninety-six  men,  in  Continental  uni¬ 
form,  commanded  by  Colonel  Wallace,  as  the  Governor’s  body¬ 
guard,  the  entire  party  being  escorted  by  the  cadets  of  the  Vir¬ 
ginia  Military  Institute,  numbering  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
five  youths,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Scott  Ship,  left  the 
United  States  Hotel,  where  the  gubernatorial  party  were  quar¬ 
tered,  marched  up  Elm  avenue,  entered  the  Exhibition  grounds 
by  the  main  entrance,  and  were  there  received  by  a  detachment 


808 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


of  the  Centennial  Guard,  under  Major  E.  H.  Butler,  who 
escorted  the  body  to  the  New  Hampshire  building. 

Presidents  Hawley  and  Welsh  acted  as  the  escort  of  Gov¬ 
ernor  Cheney,  the  three  proceeding  on  foot,  followed  by  the 
Governor’s  staff,  members  of  the  Centennial  Commission  and 
Board  of  Finance,  and  several  thousand  citizens  of  New  Hamp¬ 
shire,  the  escort  of  military  and  police  taking  the  lead.  The 
march  was  enlivened  by  the  music  of  Brown’s  Cornet  Band,  of 
the  Veteran  Corps.  In  the  vast  throng  that  soon  surrounded 
the  State  building  it  is  estimated  that  there  were  between 
6000  and  7000  people  from  New  Hampshire.  The  rest  of  the 
crowd  were  mainly  New  Englanders  also,  of  whom  it  is  esti¬ 
mated  that  there  were  upward  of  13,000  in  the  city.  The 
Veterans  having  drawn  up  to  guard  the  front  of  the  building, 
Presidents  Hawley  and  Welsh,  accompanying  Governor  Cheney, 
appeared  on  the  porch  of  the  latter,  and  were  received  with 
great  applause. 

General  Hawley  now  came  forward,  and  in  a  few  character¬ 
istic  remarks  welcomed  the  Governor  and  people  of  New  Hamp¬ 
shire  to  the  Exhibition,  and  introduced  to  the  throng  gathered 
about  the  building  his  Excellency,  Governor  Cheney,  of  New 
Hampshire,  who  was  received  with  hearty  cheers.  The  Gov¬ 
ernor  in  a  brief  address  expressed  his  appreciation  of  the  cordial 
welcome  given  to  himself  and  the  people  of  his  State.  A 
prayer  was  then  offered  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Powers,  of  Manches¬ 
ter,  after  which  the  Governor  introduced  the  Hutchinson 
Family,  who  sang  the  well-known  song  called  “  The  Old 
Granite  State.”  Governor  Cheney  then  introduced  to  the  au¬ 
dience  Professor  E.  D.  Sanborn,  of  Dartmouth  College,  who 
delivered  a  lengthy  oration  on  the  history  of  New  Hampshire. 
Brief  addresses  followed  from  ex-Governor  Straw  and  others, 
after  which  the  Governor  took  his  stand  in  the  reception-room 
and  the  formal  reception  of  visitors  began.  It  lasted  a  little 
more  than  an  hour,  and  at  its  close  Governor  Cheney  and  staff, 
with  most  of  the  distinguished  gentlemen  present,  proceeded 
to  the  Columbus  Monument,  and  assisted  in  the  ceremonies 
there 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


809 


The  attendance  on  the  12th  of  October  was  as  follows :  Cash 
admissions,  101,541  ;  free,  11,881 ;  total,  113,422.  The  re¬ 
ceipts  were  $50,536. 

Delaware,  Maryland  and  Virginia  Day. 

The  19th  of  October,  the  anniversary  of  the  surrender  of  the 
army  of  Lord  Cornwallis  to  General  Washington  at  Yorktown, 
was  set  apart  for  the  joint  celebration  of  the  States  of  Delaware, 
Maryland  and  Virginia.  The  State  government  of  Virginia 


“OLD  VIRGINIA  ”  BUILDING. 


declined  to  take  part  in  the  celebration,  so  that  the  participation 
of  the  “  Old  Dominion  ”  in  it  was  purely  informal.  It  was  re¬ 
solved  by  the  authorities  having  the  affair  in  charge  that  the 
occasion  should  be  one  of  the  most  memorable  in  the  history  of 
the  Exhibition,  and  extensive  preparations  were  made  for  it. 
A  display  of  fireworks  was  announced  for  the  night  of  the  18th 
of  October,  while  the  19th  was  to  be  taken  up  with  the  State 
celebrations  and  a  grand  tournament  and  ball. 

The  Fireworks. — The  second  grand  display  of  fireworks  was 
given  on  the  night  of  the  18th  of  October,  on  George’s  Hill, 
by  Messrs.  Brock  &  Co.,  of  London.  It  was  witnessed  by 
about  60,000  persons  within  the  grounds  and  a  much  larger 


810 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


number  outside.  Precisely  at  seven  o’clock  the  grounds,  upon 
which  both  the  mist  and  darkness  had  settled,  were  suddenly 
made  brilliant  by  the  imultaneous  appearance  of  several  hun¬ 
dred  lights  of  many  colors  fixed  to  short  poles.  This  lasted 
over  five  minutes,  during  which  one  hundred  large  rockets,  the 
contents  of  fifty  five-inch  shells,  and  six  large  magnesium  bal¬ 
loons  shot  high  into  the  air.  Then  followed  the  simultaneous 
flight  of  fifty  five-inch  shells,  that  showered  thousands  of  tur¬ 
quoise  and  ruby  stars  over  the  heads  of  the  spectators  and 
veiled  the  fireworks  of  nature  in  the  heavens.  Then  ascended 
one  hundred  brilliant  tourbillions,  thirty  large  rockets,  with 
twinkling  stars ;  a  fountain  of  fire  that  rose  as  if  from  Vesu¬ 
vius  to  the  height  of  one  hundred  feet;  a  battery  of  fifty  mines 
of  saucissons;  seven  pigeons  flying  along  wires  to  and  from 
their  cote;  two  figures  seventy  feet  in  width  and  sixty  feet  in 
height;  portraits  of  President  Welsh  and  Director-General 
Goshorn,  in  a  burning  condition,  and  one  about  half  the  size  of 
one  of  the  others  ;  a  portrait  of  General  Hawley ;  a  volley  of 
one  hundred  eight-inch  shells,  sending  innumerable  and  daz¬ 
zling  fire-balls  of  every  variety  of  color  up  against  the  sky. 

A  representation  of  Independence  Hall,  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  long  and  one  hundred  feet  high,  the  greater  part  of  it 
being  hidden  from  most  of  the  spectators  by  its  own  smoke; 
a  volley  of  one  hundred  mines  of  saucissons ;  the  simultaneous 
discharge  of  fifty  ten-inch  shells,  and  the  flight  of  fifty  large 
rockets,  each  of  which  liberated  twin  parachutes  carrying  several 
thousand  feet  high  and  over  two  miles  from  the  starting  point; 
fiery  representations  of  balloon  baskets,  which  then  burst  and 
showered  down  countless  stars  of  red,  green,  blue,  white,  purple 
and  other  colors.  These  were  doubtless  seen  for  forty  miles  or 
more  on  all  sides.  Then  followed  a  grand  salvo  of  shells  fired 
in  rapid  succession,  and  causing  a  many-colored  shower  of  such 
vastness  and  dazzling  bewilderment  as  to  cause  in  the  case  of 
many  persons  no  small  degree  of  fright.  It  seemed  as  if  all 
the  stars  of  a  hundred  heavens  were  concentrated  in  that  shower. 

Next  came  the  grandest  and  most  successful  of  the  fixed 
pieces — a  great  cascade  of  fire  two  hundred  and  ten  feet  long 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


811 


and  one  hundred  feet  high.  To  describe  it  is  to  say  that  a  real 
cascade,  if  flame-colored,  could  not  have  been  more  natural¬ 
looking.  Hardly  less  imposing,  and  far  more  startling  and 
dazzling,  was  the  finale — a  bouquet  of  two  thousand  large 
rockets.  When  the  last  spark  had  died  away  a  powerful  calcium 
light  was  thrown  over  the  grounds  from  the  north  central  tower 
of  Machinery  Hall,  and  the  chimes  rang  out  “  Home,  Sweet 
Home,”  the  gates  were  thrown  open,  and  the  crowd  dispersed. 

The  Delaware  Celebration. — Thursday,  October  19th,  was  a 
beautiful  day,  and  as  bright  and  balmy  as  the  loveliest  Indian 
summer  weather  could  make  it.  About  eleven  o’clock  the  State 
authorities  of  Delaware,  and  the  city  officials  of  Wilmington, 
arrived  at  the  main  entrance  to  the  Exhibition  grounds,  where 
they  were  received  by  the  officials  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition, 
and  escorted  by  them  to  the  Delaware  State  Building,  adjoining 
the  Maryland  building  on  the  east,  and  which,  like  the  latter, 
was  profusely  and  tastefully  decorated  with  State  and  national 
colors.  Above  each  building  floated  the  flag  of  its  State,  and 
the  Delaware  structure  displayed  the  coats-of-arms  of  the  Old 
Thirteen.  The  procession  entered  the  grounds  and  marched  to 
the  building  in  the  following  order :  detachment  of  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  Guards,  Major  E.  H.  Butler  commanding ;  First  Brigade 
Band,  Carl  Heinemann,  leader ;  Governor  Cochran,  accompanied 
by  Presidents  Hawley  and  Welsh  of  the  Commission  and  Board 
of  Finance,  and  escorted  by  the  American  Rifles  of  Wilming¬ 
ton,  numbering  seventy-five  men  ;  the  State  and  national  officials 
of  Delaware  and  the  city  authorities  of  Wilmington  ;  Governor 
Cochran’s  staff;  Colonel  George  Truitt  Maxwell,  Chief  Mar¬ 
shal;  Firemen’s  Centennial  Association  of  Wilmington;  State 
Centennial  Commissioners,  members  of  the  United  States  Cen¬ 
tennial  Commission  and  Board  of  Finance,  and  the  people  of 
Delaware,  who  dropped  in  the  line  along  the  way  until  their 
number  exceeded  five  thousand. 

The  line  having  drawn  up  along  State  avenue,  in  front  of  the 
Delaware  building,  where  some  ten  thousand  people  had  as¬ 
sembled,  the  gubernatorial  party  arrived  upon  the  porch,  and 
were  greeted  with  cheering,  after  which  General  Hawley,  on 


812 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


behalf  of  the  Centennial  management,  welcomed  Governor 
Cochran  and  all  the  people  of  Delaware.  He  referred  to  the 
part  which  that  State  bore  in  the  work  of  founding  the  govern¬ 
ment,  and  to  the  propriety  of  its  holding  such  a  celebration  as 
the  present.  Governor  Cochran  then  addressed  the  assemblage. 

When  Governor  Cochran  ended  his  speech,  the  Hon.  William 
G.  Whitely  was  introduced  by  Chief- Justice  Comegys.  Mr. 
Whitely  delivered  an  address,  giving  a  history  of  Delaware 
from  its  first  settlement  to  the  present  day. 

Mr.  Whitely’s  address  being  ended,  Governor  Cochran  began 
his  reception  of  visitors,  first  receiving  the  respects  of  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  Commission,  Board  of  Finance,  and  other  prominent 
officials  of  the  Exhibition.  The  guests  were  introduced  by 
Colonel  Maxwell,  chief  of  staff.  As  many  as  could  shake 
hands  with  his  Excellency  in  an  hour  and  a  quarter,  at  the  rate 
of  about  forty-five  a  minute,  did  so.  By  this  time  their  neigh¬ 
bors  of  Maryland  had  assembled  in  such  numbers  and  become 
so  enthusiastic  that  the  Delaware  building  began  to  grow  deserted, 
all  attention  being  drawn  to  the  former  quarter. 

The  Maryland  Celebration. — At  a  quarter  past  twelve  o’clock 
the  participants  in  the  Maryland  celebration  entered  the  Exhi¬ 
bition  grounds  by  the  main  entrance,  and  proceeded  to  the 
Maryland  State  Building  in  the  following  order :  Detachment 
of  the  Centennial  Guard,  under  Major  E.  H.  Butler;  First 
Brigade  Band,  Governor  Carroll  and  staff,  on  horseback,  the 
staff  being  in  full  uniform  and  the  Governor  in  citizen’s  dress;  the 
Second  Brigade,  Maryland  National  Guard,  under  General 
James  R.  Herbert,  and  composed  of  the  Fifth  and  Sixth  Regi¬ 
ments,  commanded,  respectively,  by  Colonel  H.  T.  Loney  and 
Colonel  Clarence  Peters.  As  the  procession  entered  the  grounds 
it  was  reviewed  by  Presidents  Hawley  and  Welsh,  with  other 
representatives  of  the  Centennial  Commission  and  Board  of 
Finance,  who  afterwards  fell  in  line  at  the  head  of  the  people 
of  Maryland,  who  brought  up  the  rear  of  the  line.  Governor 
Carroll  and  staff  halted  in  front  of  the  Maryland  building  and 
reviewed  the  military,  which  marched  past  and  up  George’s  Hill, 
the  First  Brigade  Band  performing  martial  and  patriotic  airs. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


813 


The  marching  of  the  Fifth  was  noticeably  fine,  and  elicited 
great  applause. 

The  Governor  and  staff  then  dismounted,  and  were  received 
by  President  Welsh  and  other  members  of  the  Board  of  Finance, 
who  escorted  the  gubernatorial  party  to  the  porch  of  the  Mary¬ 
land  building,  amid  the  strains  of  “  Maryland,  My  Maryland/’ 
by  the  First  Brigade  Band,  their  favorite  air ;  and  the  noble 
form  of  their  Governor,  who  now  confronted  them  from  the 
porch,  aroused  the  enthusiasm  of  the  people  to  its  highest  pitch, 
and  their  cheers  drowned  the  music.  Then  followed  a  medley 
of  “Away  Down  South  in  Dixie,”  “Yankee  Doodle,”  and 
kindred  airs  by  the  band,  after  which  Governor  Cochran,  who 
had  stolen  a  few  moments  from  his  own  celebration,  arrived, 
under  the  escort  of  General  Hawley,  to  pay  his  respects  to  Gov¬ 
ernor  Carroll.  Governor  Hartranft,  who,  all  the  morning,  had 
been  everywhere  that  he  should  be,  and  done  everything  that 
he  could  do  for  the  honor  of  the  visitors,  fell  in  at  this  point, 
and  made  it  a  gubernatorial  trio.  Presently  the  members  of 
the  Centennial  Commission  and  Board  of  Finance,  most  of  them 
accompanied  by  ladies,  and  several  foreign  gentlemen,  including 
Mr.  Wu  Ying  Ding,  the  Chinese  mandarin  (in  full  native  cos¬ 
tume),  arrived  and  entered  the  building,  after  which  the  oratory 
began. 

General  Hawley,  addressing  Governor  Carroll,  said  that  the 
United  States  Centennial  Commission  and  Board  of  Finance, 
likewise  all  connected  with  the  management  of  the  Centennial, 
bade  him  and  his  people  a  most  hearty  welcome.  Maryland, 
said  he,  had  a  glorious  share  in  the  events  celebrated  during 
this  Centennial  year,  and  her  sister  States  do  not  forget  what 
she  has  done  for  the  honor  of  the  star-spangled  banner.  “  I  am 
here,”  he  continued,  “  to  bid  you  a  heartier  welcome  than  lan¬ 
guage  can  express.  I  need  not  say  that  the  Governor  of  Mary¬ 
land  deserves  all  the  esteem  that  Americans  can  give  a  faithful 
citizen  and  an  able  executive  officer ;  nor  can  Americans  soon  for¬ 
get  his  illustrious  great-grandsire,  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrollton, 
the  man  who  signed  his  post-office  address  to  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.”  [Great  applause.]  Governor  Carroll  then  arose, 


814 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


and,  when  the  loud  and  long-continued  applause  which  greeted 
him  had  subsided,  made  a  brief  but  eloquent  reply  to  General 
Hawley,  thanking  him  and  the  Centennial  authorities  for  the 
welcome  he  and  the  people  of  Maryland  had  received  at  their 
hands. 

Governor  Denison,  Commissioner  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
was  then  introduced  by  General  Hawley.  He  was  glad  to  be 
there  to  represent  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  he  believed  that 
if  it  were  possible  for  Americans  to  feel  a  greater  love  for  their 
country  than  they  possess,  the  vast  multitude  of  citizens  present 
would  go  home  so  impressed  by  what  they  had  seen  and  heard 
this  day  that  they  would  be  better  patriots  than  ever  before. 
Mr.  J.  G.  L.  Findlay,  the  orator  of  the  day,  was  then  intro¬ 
duced,  and  spoke  at  great  length  on  the  history  and  resources  of 
Maryland. 

The  Hon.  Thomas  Wilson,  Commissioner  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  who  was  then  introduced,  said  that  it  was  proper 
that  the  Centennial  celebration  of  Maryland  and  the  District 
of  Columbia  should  be  held  jointly.  The  latter  is  bone  of 
Maryland’s  bone,  and  flesh  of  her  flesh.  Maryland  gave  part 
of  herself  that  she  might  live.  “All  hail,  then,  to  our  mother 
State  of  Maryland.”  The  speaker  then  delivered  an  eloquent 
and  thorough  history  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  of  the 
foundation  and  progress  of  the  city  of  Washington. 

After  the  close  of  Mr.  Wilson’s  address,  Governor  Carroll 
took  his  stand  in  the  reception-room,  where  over  five  thousand 
persons  desirous  of  giving  his  hand  a  friendly  shake  availed 
themselves  of  the  opportunity  to  do  so,  they  being  introduced 
to  him  by  Adjutant-General  Frank  A.  Bond,  chief  of  the 
gubernatorial  staff.  About  three  o’clock  Governor  Carroll  was 
obliged  to  welcome,  en  masse,  the  thousands  awaiting  outside  to 
grasp  his  hand.  Then  he  and  his  staff  proceeded  on  horseback 
to  witness  the  great  tournament,  which  had  begun  some  time 
previously  on  the  eastern  slope  of  George’s  Hill. 

The  Virginia  Celebration . — The  Virginia  celebration  was  en¬ 
tirely  informal,  there  being  no  official  representation  of  the 
State  at  the  Exhibition.  At  the  Virginia  building  there  was 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


815 


open  house  and  lunch  for  all  visitors  from  the  old  Dominion 
who  wished  to  partake  of  it.  The  number  of  Virginians  pres¬ 
ent  on  the  grounds  was  about  5000.  In  addition  to  these 
there  were  about  800  visitors  from  West  Virginia,  who  rendez¬ 
voused  at  their  State  building,  but  took  no  part  in  the  ceremo¬ 
nies  of  the  day. 

The  Tournament. — The  great  feature  of  the  day  was  the 
Tournament,  a  novel  sight  in  Philadelphia.  The  following  is 
the  Philadelphia  Times ’  graphic  description  of  it : 

Sixty  thousand  persons  stood  on  the  slope  of  George’s  Hill 
yesterday  afternoon  to  look  at  the  Centennial  Tournament. 
And  a  pretty  sight  they  made.  Full  half  of  them  were  ladies, 
in  bright  dresses  and  gay  ribbons ;  here  a  knot  of  uniformed 
police;  there  a  party  of  eager  sight-seers,  be-badged  all  over 
with  blue  ribbons  and  gilt  letters.  Everywhere  a  patient,  quiet 
crowd,  waiting  in  the  hot  sun  for  the  show  to  begin.  Farther 
down  the  hill,  toward  the  west  end  of  Machinery  Hall,  were 
ten  thousand  more,  perched  on  every  available  elevation,  cover¬ 
ing  the  pedestals  of  the  Catholic  fountain,  crowding  the  towers 
of  the  large  buildings,  and  crunching  along  over  the  gravel 
roofs  of  the  neighboring  structures.  The  high  elevator,  at  the 
top  of  the  hill,  was  alive  with  people,  and  the  Exhibition  fence, 
in  a  semi-circle  of  half  a  mile  or  more,  was  ornamented  with  a 
fringe  of  human  faces. 

This  great  crowd  had  gathered  to  see  a  genuine  Southern 
tournament.  The  like  of  it  never  was  seen  in  Philadelphia 
before.  It  was  arranged  by  men  who  first  saw  the  light  below 
Mason  and  Dixon’s  line ;  it  was  carried  through  by  them,  and 
to  them  was  to  belong  the  credit  or  discredit  of  the  day,  as 
events  might  determine.  A  tournament  down  South  is  every¬ 
body’s  holiday.  Not  so  very  far  down  South  either,  for  it  is 
only  in  Maryland  and  Virginia  that  the  tourney  grows  to  its 
full  height :  in  the  far  South  it  is  not  much  better  known  than 
in  the  North ;  and,  very  appropriately,  nearly  everybody  who 
was  interested  in  the  management  of  yesterday’s  pageant  was 
from  either  Maryland  or  Virginia. 

There  were  fifteen  knights,  representing  the  thirteen  original 


816 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


States,  the  Union,  and  the  Centennial,  and  the  day’s  work 
before  them  was  to  ride  over  a  given  course,  thrust  their  spears 
through  diminutive  rings  and  enjoy  the  plaudits  of  the  multi¬ 
tude.  The  course  proper,  at  the  foot  of  George’s  Hill,  was 
about  three  hundred  yards  long;  at  intervals  of  fifty  yards 
were  three  arches,  fifteen  feet  high  by  ten  or  twelve  feet  wide. 
From  the  horizontal  bar  forming  the  top  of  each  frame  hung  a 
wooden  rod,  ending  in  a  piece  of  iron  a  foot  or  more  in  length, 
and  from  each  of  these  three  iron  endings  was  suspended  a 
small  red  ring,  an  inch  and  a  half  or  thereabouts  in  diameter. 
The  rules  of  the  tournament  required  that  each  knight  should 
ride  at  a  full  run,  and  that  each  knight’s  spear  should  be  at 
least  six  feet  long.  Every  rider,  then,  must  start  a  hundred 
yards  or  more  from  the  first  ring,  control  his  horse,  poise  his 
spear,  and  be  in  perfect  condition  when  the  first  arch  was 
reached.  To  knock  a  ring  from  its  frail  fastening  availed  the 
knight  nothing ;  a  breath  of  wind  or  a  touch  with  the  lance 
would  do  that ;  but  each  rider  must  thrust  his  spear  through 
the  ring,  or  through  all  three  of  them,  if  he  could,  and  bring  it 
still  impaled  upon  his  spear,  to  be  laid  at  the  feet  of  the  judges. 
The  rings  used  yesterday  were  much  smaller  than  is  customary. 
Three  inches  in  diameter,  and  even  four  inches,  is  not  an  un¬ 
usual  size,  and  a  two-inch  ring  is  considered  uncommonly  diffi¬ 
cult  to  capture.  But  the  rings  used  yesterday  were  smaller 
than  any  of  these;  bringing  into  play  all  the  nerve  and  skill 
that  the  riders  possessed,  and  this  fact  was  not  appreciated  by 
the  seventy  thousand  spectators,  who  could  not  know  the 
extreme  difficulty  of  impaling  so  small  a  ring  when  going  at 
full  speed. 

At  two  o’clock  the  judges  were  in  their  stand,  and  the 
knights  stood  waiting  for  the  word.  Colonel  Skinner,  Doctor 
Morgan,  C.  M.  Barton,  General  Torbert,  and  H.  J.  Smith  had 
been  appointed  judges,  and  the  knights  were  H.  Crozier,  repre¬ 
senting  New  Hampshire;  E.  H.  McFarland,  Jr.,  representing 
Massachusetts;  ¥m.  P.  Bryan,  representing  Connecticut;  Geo. 
V.  Bacon,  representing  New  York;  C.  D.  Chapman,  represent¬ 
ing  New  Jersey ;  H.  M.  Perry,  representing  Pennsylvania ;  B. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


817 


L.  Kane,  representing  Delaware ;  R.  W.  Hereford,  representing 
Maryland ;  P.  A.  Scaggs,  representing  Virginia ;  J.  M.  Hardy, 
representing  North  Carolina ;  F.  Nelson  Jarboe,  representing 
South  Carolina;  J.  A.  Fox,  representing  Georgia;  Charles 
White,  Jr.,  representing  the  Centennial ;  and  A.  B.  Suit,  repre¬ 
senting  the  Union,  The  knights,  however,  were  not  genuine 
representatives  of  the  States  that  they  were  supposed  to  repre¬ 
sent,  and  thus  the  tournament  lost  the  element  of  rivalry 


WEST  VIRGINIA  STATE  BUILDING. 


between  the  thirteen  States  that  might  otherwise  have  added  to 
its  interest.  Nearly  every  one  of  the  contestants  was  from 
either  Maryland  or  Virginia.  Hardy,  representing  North 
Carolina,  is  a  North  Carolinian,  and  nobody  would  accuse 
Chapman  of  being  anything  but  a  Jerseyman,  but  these  were 
about  the  only  exceptions.  Chief  Marshal  Suit  had  garnered 
in  the  amateur  knights  from  Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  to 
them  the  spectators  are  chiefly  indebted  for  their  day’s  amuse¬ 
ment.  William  P.  Bryan,  for  example,  who  represented  Con- 
52 


818 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


necticut,  is  from  Prince  George’s  county,  Maryland  ;  J.  A.  Fox, 
the  knight  of  Georgia,  is  a  Virginian ;  Charles  White,  Jr.,  the 
Centennial  knight,  is  a  Marylander ;  and  A.  B.  Suit,  knight  of 
the  Union,  and  the  chief  marshal’s  youthful  son,  is  a  Virginian. 

The  chief  marshal,  after  brushing  the  Centennial  dust  from 
the  shoulders  of  his  velvet  coat,  and  readjusting  his  broad,  red 
sash,  mounted  his  charger  and  announced  that  he  was  ready  for 
the  fray.  The  knights,  at  the  bidding  of  the  four  mounted 
heralds  in  gorgeous  uniforms  of  crimson,  green,  and  gold,  with 
hoarse  voices  and  shining  trumpets,  then  drew  up  in  line  in 
front  of  the  judges’  stand,  with  hats  in  hand,  to  listen  to  an 
introductory  speech  by  Colonel  J.  J.  Stewart,  of  Baltimore. 
The  colonel  told  them  of  the  honor  and  glory  of  knighthood 
and  chivalry,  but  he  took  longer  to  tell  it  than  the  crowd 
thought  necessary  or  expedient,  and  at  the  end  of  five  minutes 
or  so  the  whole  hill-side  broke  out  into  a  roar,  and  when  the 
colonel  kept  on,  in  spite  of  the  warning,  he  was  interrupted 
with  cries  of  “  sit  down,”  and  “  cut  her  short,  old  man,”  but 
he  finished  his  speech,  and  the  fifteen  knights  cantered  down  to 
the  west  end  of  the  course,  and  waited  each  for  his  turn  to 
exhibit  his  skill  for  his  State,  his  true  love,  and  his  honor. 

Colonel  Suit  sat  with  dignity  upon  the  back  of  a  fine  steed 
that  insisted  upon  elevating  a  pair  of  shining  shoes  every  time 
the  band  struck  up  a  lively  note.  The  colonel  took  his  place 
beside  the  centre  arch  and  shouted  “Knight  of  New  Hamp¬ 
shire,  prepare  to  charge !  ”  The  assistant  marshal  next  below 
him  in  the  line  repeated  the  words,  and  “Knight  of  New 
Hampshire,  prepare  to  charge,”  rang  down  the  course  from 
mouth  to  mouth.  Another  assistant  marshal,  in  another  huge 
crimson  sash  and  a  cocked  hat,  raised  his  gloved  hand  and  the 
heralds,  at  the  signal,  struck  a  note  on  their  bugles.  The 
Knight  of  New  Hampshire  prepared  to  charge.  He  started  out 
on  a  trot,  struck  a  gallop  and  then  spurred  his  horse  into  a  run. 
Not  such  a  fast  run,  however,  as  he  might  have  struck  if  he 
had  entered  as  fully  as  his  rider  into  the  spirit  of  the  occasion. 
Still  he  was  on  a  run,  and  that  was  all  that  the  rules  required. 
The  spear  was  poised,  the  rider’s  eye  was  on  the  goal,  and  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


819 


first  ring  rolled  in  the  dust.  The  second  ring  followed  it;  but 
the  third  was  nicely  impaled  upon  the  lance,  and  “  Knight  of 
New  Hampshire,  one  ring,”  the  judges  announced.  Massachu¬ 
setts  did  not  do  so  well.  Massachusetts,  unfortunately,  had  a 
very  frisky  gray  horse,  that  had  an  unpleasant  habit  of  shying 
off  at  the  slightest  provocation,  and  the  result  was  that  the  Bay 
State’s  gallant  knight  went  back  to  his  post  without  having  to 
stop  to  tell  the  judges  how  many  rings  he  had  taken.  Rhode 
Island  did  better — a  little  better — taking  one  ring.  Connecti¬ 
cut  took  one  ring,  and  New  York  the  same.  Then  came  the 
representative  of  the  Keystone  State.  He  was  arrayed  in  gor¬ 
geous  shining  armor.  But  the  Keystone  and  the  armor  came 
to  grief,  for  never  a  ring  crowned  his  efforts.  New  Jersey’s 
little  representative,  on  the  smallest  and  friskiest  of  mustang 
ponies,  took  two  rings,  and  earned  them  well,  for  he  was  a 
skilful  and  daring  rider,  and  poised  his  spear  with  the  practised 
eye  of  a  genuine  knight.  Delaware’s  representative,  who  was  a 
Baltimorean,  rode  slowly  up  to  the  first  arch,  slowly  up  to  the 
second,  slowly  up  to  the  third  and  took  all  three  rings.  Mary¬ 
land’s  knight,  also  riding  slowly,  took  one  ring.  Virginia 
took  one.  North  Carolina’s  representative,  handsomely  equipped 
with  a  suit  of  golden  armor,  and  looking  every  inch  a  knight — 
a  fearless  and  accomplished  rider,  and  all  over  a  man — a  native 
of  the  State  that  he  represented,  dashed  up  to  the  first  arch 
with  such  speed  that  he  carried  away  the  rod  from  which  the 
ring  was  suspended.  But  not  dismayed  by  this,  he  kept  up 
his  speed  and  laid  before  the  judges  the  two  remaining  rings. 
He  asked,  with  apparent  justice,  that  he  might  be  allowed  a 
trial  at  one  more  ring,  to  atone  for  the  breaking  of  the  arch, 
and  the  judges  replied  that  he  should  have  dropped  his  lance 
when  the  ring  came  down.  “It  is  not  knightly  to  drop  your 
spear,”  the  knight  replied,  and  the  crowd  heard  him  and 
cheered  him.  The  judges,  however,  offered  to  let  him  give  up 
his  two  rings  and  try  at  all  three  rings  again,  but  this  the 
knight  very  wisely  declined.  South  Carolina’s  man,  riding 
very  fast  and  very  gracefully,  took  all  three  of  the  rings. 
Georgia  took  none.  The  Knight  of  the  Union,  a  smooth-faced 


820 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


little  boy,  mounted  on  the  smallest  of  gray  ponies,  galloped  up 
to  the  first  arch,  stopped,  dodged  his  spear  at  the  ring,  missed 
it,  galloped  up  to  the  second,  dodged  at  the  ring,  missed  it, 
galloped  up  to  the  third,  dodged  at  the  ring,  missed  it,  and 
cantered  back  to  the  start  amidst  the  shouts  of  the  multitude. 
The  Knight  of  the  Centennial  did  better,  taking  two  rings. 

This  ended  what,  in  a  horse  race,  would  be  called  the  first 
heat.  There  were  three  such  trials,  giving  each  knight  a  chance 
at  nine  rings.  The  knight  who  brought  home  the  most  rings 
was  to  be  winner  of  the  tournament,  and  winner,  of  course,  of 
the  first  prize.  Each  trial  was  very  nearly  a  repetition  of  the 
first.  The  North  Carolina  man  carried  away  another  stick, 
and  the  Massachusetts  steed  shied  otf  again,  the  judges  giving 
his  rider  another  chance  for  the  rings. 

While  the  second  trial  was  in  progress,  an  array  of  uniformed 
horsemen  filed  across  the  brow  of  the  hill,  and  a  few  minutes 
later  a  uniformed  courier  galloped  over  the  course  and  announced 
“  Governor  Carroll,  of  Maryland.”  He  was  followed  shortly 
by  the  Governor  and  his  staff,  the  former  mounting  the  judges’ 
stand,  where  Governor  Hartranft  soon  appeared.  The  band 
played  “My  Maryland”  and  “Hail  Columbia,”  and  the  mul¬ 
titude  cheered. 

Delaware  at  length  carried  off  the  honors,  through  the  prowess 
and  skill  of  her  Baltimorean  champion,  and  when  the  knights 
were  drawn  up  in  line  before  the  judges’  stand,  to  hear  the 
decisions,  there  was  such  a  glimmering,  and  glittering,  and 
shining  of  fancy  costumes  as  would  make  a  fortune  for  any 
shop  that  sold  cotton  velvets  and  gilt  facings.  Then  the 
knights  went  over  to  the  Transcontinental  to  supper.  The  fol¬ 
lowing  is  the  record : 


RINGS. 

knights.  ls£  trial.  2 d  trial.  3d  trial.  Total. 

New  Hampshire .  1  1  3  5 

Massachusetts . .  0  0  1  1 

Rhode  Island. .  112  4 

Connecticut .  13  2  6 

New  York .  1  0  1  2 

Pennsylvania .  0  1  1  2 

New  Jersey .  2  1  2  5 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


821 


RINGS. 

knights.  1st  trial.  2 d  trial.  3d  trial.  Total. 

Delaware .  3  2  3  8 

Maryland .  1  2  2  5 

Virginia .  1  1  1  3 

North  Carolina .  2  0  1  3 

South  Carolina .  3  12  6 

Georgia .  0  2  0  2 

The  Union .  0  1  1  2 

Centennial.. .  2  13  6 


The  Knight  of  Pennsylvania  was  then  allowed  another 
chance  at  one  ring,  the  centre  ring,  in  his  first  trial,  having 
been  misplaced.  He  won  the  ring,  raising  Pennsylvania’s 
score  to  three. 

The  Knights  of  Connecticut,  South  Carolina,  and  the  Cen¬ 
tennial,  having  each  six  rings,  then  competed  for  the  second 
prize,  with  the  following  result ;  Connecticut,  one  ;  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  one;  Centennial,  two.  In  a  further  trial  between  Con¬ 
necticut  and  South  Carolina,  the  former  made  two  rings  and 
the  latter  one. 

New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  and  Maryland,  having  five 
rings  each,  then  rode  for  the  third  prize,  New  Hampshire  tak¬ 
ing  one  ring  additional,  New  Jersey  two,  and  Maryland  three. 

The  prizes  were,  therefore,  won  in  the  following  order : 

RINGS. 


First  prize,  Delaware .  8 

Second  prize,  Centennial . 6 

Third  prize,  Connecticut .  6 

Fourth  prize,  South  Carolina. . . .  6 

Fifth  prize,  Maryland .  5 


The  standing  of  the  other  knights  was  announced  as  follows : 
New  Jersey,  five  ;  New  Hampshire,  five  ;  Rhode  Island,  four; 
Pennsylvania,  three ;  Virginia,  three ;  North  Carolina,  three ; 
New  York,  three;  Georgia,  two;  Union,  two,  and  Massachu¬ 
setts,  one. 

The  prizes  contested  for  by  the  knights  consisted  of  gold  and 
silver  tea-sets,  elegant  bronzes,  richly  carved  pitchers,  breech- 
loading  rifles,  etc. 

The  crowning  of  the  Queen  of  Love  and  Beauty,  by  the  sue- 


822 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


cessful  knight,  took  place  in  the  evening,  at  the  Judges’  Hall, 
and  was  witnessed  by  a  large  audience.  The  tickets  to  this 
ceremony  were  sold  at  five  dollars  a  piece,  the  money  being 
used  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  tournament.  The  hall  was 
handsomely  decorated,  a  throne  having  been  erected  on  the 
south  side,  the  platform  brilliantly  illuminated  with  candelabra, 
upheld  by  bronze  figures  of  knights  and  pages,  and  bordered 
by  pyramids  of  rare  exotics.  The  balconies  were  early  filled 
with  ladies  and  gentlemen,  and  by  eight  o’clock  the  throng  of 
visitors  increased  so  rapidly  that  it  was  found  necessary  to 
bring  the  first  floor  into  requisition.  At  half-past  eight  o’clock 
the  Reception  Committee  entered,  with  General  A.  T.  A.  Tor- 
bert,  master  of  ceremonies,  and  Hon.  J.  F.  Stewart,  the  orator, 
and  were  soon  afterwards  followed  by  the  knights,  marshals, 
and  heralds.  These,  with  the  exception  of  the  five  successful 
knights,  who  were  escorted  to  the  platform,  took  positions  at 
the  back  of  the  throne,  and  then  the  arrival  of  the  Queen  of 
Love  and  Beauty,  Miss  Perkins,  of  Buckingham  county,  Vir¬ 
ginia,  and  her  Maids  of  Honor,  Miss  Griffith,  of  Maryland ; 
Miss  Holland,  of  Florida  ;  Miss  Taylor,  of  Delaware,  and  Miss 
Bladen,  of  Philadelphia,  was  announced.  All  eyes  were  turned 
toward  the  entrance,  and  in  a  moment  afterwards  the  Queen  and 
her  attendants,  all  attired  in  white  satin,  appeared,  and  with 
their  young  faces  illuminated  by  the  rays  of  a  calcium  light, 
and  beaming  with  joyous  anticipation,  advanced  to  the  throne, 
which  now,  surrounded  with  fair  ladies,  gallant  knights, 
heralds,  pages,  and  marshals,  presented  a  picture  of  rare  mag¬ 
nificence.  The  Hon.  J.  F.  Stewart  was  again  introduced,  and 
delivered  a  brief  address  appropriate  to  the  occasion,  after 
which  the  victor  of  the  tournament  placed  upon  the  head  of 
the  Queen  a  silver  crown.  The  Maids  of  Honor  were  next 
crowned  by  the  four  remaining  knights,  and  then  began  the 
reception,  the  participants  in  the  tournament  being  first  pre¬ 
sented.  The  names  of  the  successful  contestants  were  after¬ 
wards  read  by  Horace  J.  Smith,  Esq.,  and  the  prizes  awarded. 
The  novel  ceremonial  concluded  with  the  coronation  ball, 
which  was  heartily  enjoyed  by  all  who  were  so  fortunate  as 
to  be  present. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


823 


The  attendance  on  the  19th  of  October  was  as  follows:  Cash 
admissions,  161,355 ;  free,  15,052;  total,  176,407.  The  receipts 
were  $80,367.50.  The  day  thus  ranks  next  to  the  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  celebration  in  the  number  of  persons  present. 

Ohio  Day. 

Thursday,  October  26th,  was  assigned  to  the  State  of  Ohio 
for  her  special  celebration.  Governor  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 
arrived  in  Philadelphia  on  the  afternoon  of  the  25th,  and  took 
up  his  quarters  at  the  Transcontinental  Hotel,  opposite  the 
Exhibition. 

On  the  morning  of  the  26th  large  crowds  poured  into  the 
Exhibition  grounds,  and  by  ten  o’clock  a  dense  mass  of  people 
had  assembled  around  the  Ohio  State  Building  for  the  purpose 
of  doing  honor  to  the  Governor  of  the  Buckeye  State.  It  was 
estimated  that  at  least  30,000  people  of  Ohio  were  present  on 
the  occasion.  The  Ohio  building  was  gayly  decorated  with 
flags  and  bunting,  and  presented  a  handsome  and  attractive 
appearance. 

At  eleven  o’clock  Governor  Hayes,  accompanied  by  his 
staff,  left  the  Transcontinental  Hotel,  and  repaired  to  the  main 
entrance  to  the  Exhibition  grounds  on  Belmont  avenue.  He  was 
met  there  by  General  Hawley,  Director-General  Goshorn,  Presi¬ 
dent  John  Welsh,  and  members  of  the  Centennial  Commission. 

A  procession  was  formed  headed  by  the  First  Regiment  band 
and  a  platoon  of  Centennial  Guards.  As  it  passed  down  along 
Belmont  avenue  the  chimes  rang  out  a  welcome,  the  crowds 
along  the  line  cheered  lustily,  and  the  scene  was  an  inspiring 
one.  When  Governor  Hayes  appeared  on  the  east  portico  of 
the  Ohio  building,  among  the  distinguished  people  surround¬ 
ing  him  were  Hon.  Benjamin  F.  Wade,  Hon.  Amos  Townsend, 
Hon.  R.  C.  Parsons,  General  George  McCook,  ex-Governor 
Edward  F.  Noyes,  General  Bucklin,  Hon.  Edwin  D.  Morgan, 
Governor  Hartranft,  and  others.  The  appearance  of  the  Gov¬ 
ernor  was  the  signal  for  prolonged  cheers,  and  when  the 
applause  had  in  a  measure  subsided,  General  Hawley  came 
forward  and  introduced  Governor  Hayes  to  the  multitude. 


824 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


The  Governor  was  received  with  enthusiastic  cheers,  and  when 
these  had  died  away  delivered  an  eloquent  address,  which  wTas 
frequently  applauded.  The  Governor  then  took  his  stand  in 
the  reception-room,  and  the  people  filed  in  rapidly,  took  him 


OHIO  STATE  BUILDING. 


by  the  hand,  and  passed  out.  The  reception  continued  for  two 
hours,  and  was  marked  by  the  greatest  enthusiasm. 

Shortly  after  two  o’clock  it  became  apparent  that  it  would  be 
impossible  to  admit  all  who  wished  to  pay  their  respects  to  the 
Governor  of  Ohio,  even  should  the  reception  be  prolonged  until 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


825 


nightfall.  Governor  Hayes  therefore  yielded  to  the  suggestions 
of  the  State  managers  and  brought  the  ceremony  to  a  close.  He 
then  ascended  to  the  balcony,  and  addressed  the  throng  without, 
thanking  them  for  their  attentions  to  him,  and  expressing  his 
regret  that  he  was  not  able  to  greet  each  one  personally.  The 
announcement  of  their  disappointment  was  received  by  the 
thousands  below  in  the  best  of  humor,  the  Governor  was  again 
heartily  cheered,  and  as  he  retired  the  crowd  began  slowly  to 
disperse.  At  fifteen  minutes  before  three  o’clock  the  Governor, 
accompanied  by  Director-General  Goshorn,  left  the  building  and 
took  the  cars  on  the  steam  railway  for  the  Memorial  Hall  station, 
where  he  alighted  and  passed  through  the  Main  Building.  At 
about  four  o’clock,  while  making  a  tour  of  the  buildings  and 
grounds,  under  the  escort  of  Mr.  Goshorn  and  several  members 
of  the  gubernatorial  staff,  Governor  Hayes  arrived  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Municipal  building,  at  which  the  commercial 
exchanges  of  other  cities  were  being  entertained  at  lunch  by 
their  Philadelphia  brethren.  At  the  door  of  the  building  the 
Governor  and  his  companions  hesitated,  and  were  on  the  point 
of  withdrawing,  when,  upon  the  solicitation  of  Mayor  Stokley, 
the  party  were  induced  to  enter.  Governor  Hayes  was  pre¬ 
sented  to  the  company  by  Mr.  E.  Harper  Jeffries,  of  Philadel¬ 
phia,  and  received  with  hearty  applause.  The  Governor  re¬ 
sponded  in  acknowledgment  of  the  cordiality  of  his  reception, 
which,  he  said,  he  construed  to  have  been  tendered  not  as  a  com¬ 
pliment  to  himself  as  an  individual,  but  to  the  office  of  the  chief 
executive  of  the  great  State  of  Ohio.  Addressing  Mayor  Stok¬ 
ley,  he  added,  that  the  pleasure  of  meeting  so  many  of  the  rep¬ 
resentative  men  of  the  business  interests  of  the  country  was  an 
unexpected  one,  and  that  as  he  had  been  honored  with  an  intro¬ 
duction,  his  only  purpose  was  to  pay  his  respects  to  the  gentle¬ 
men  present.  He  thanked  the  people  of  Philadelphia,  through 
their  Mayor,  for  the  generous  manner  in  which  they  had  greeted 
the  name  of  Ohio,  and  the  welcome  they  had  extended  to  her 
executive,  and  closed  by  saying  that  whatever  may  be  the  result 
of  the  present  ephemeral  political  strife,  we  would  all  remember 
that  we  are  Americans.  The  Governor’s  brief  remarks  were 


826 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


interspersed  with  rounds  of  cheers,  which  were  renewed  upon 
their  conclusion.  Mayor  Stokley  followed  in  some  pertinent 
remarks,  and  the  visitors  in  a  short  time  withdrew  to  continue 
their  trip  through  the  enclosure. 

The  26th  of  October  was  also  the  occasion  of  a  reunion  of 
the  merchants  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union.  The  cere¬ 
monies  were  held  in  the  Exhibition  grounds.  The  Commercial 
Exchange,  of  Philadelphia,  met  at  its  own  building,  and  at  the 
roll-call  there  were  600  names  answered  to.  The  Drug  Ex¬ 
change  also  met  at  the  Commercial  Exchange  building,  and  the 
entire  body,  and  200  members  were  present.  Both  bodies  took 
the  cars  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  for  the  Exhibition,  where 
they  were  joined  by  the  Philadelphia  Stock  Brokers,  300  in 
number,  and  the  Grocers’  Association,  with  75  members. 

As  a  grand  national  reunion  of  the  great  capitalists  of  the 
great  cities  of  the  Union,  the  day  was  a  remarkable  occasion. 
There  were  thousands  of  those  whose  successful  mercantile  ven¬ 
tures  have  given  them  high  standing  in  moneyed  circles — of 
men  who  are  known  to  be  leaders  in  matters  of  finance  and 
commerce. 

At  the  Centennial  depot  they  waited  until  several  delegations 
from  other  cities  swelled  the  gathering.  First  came  the  Balti¬ 
more  Corn  and  Flour  Exchange,  500  in  number ;  then  followed 
the  Commercial  Exchange,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware,  100; 
Trenton  Board  of  Trade,  200.  The  great  excursion  from  New 
York  came  in  two  sections,  numbering  1,200,  and  composed  of 
the  following  bodies : 

The  Produce  Exchange,  the  Cheap  Transportation  Exchange, 
the  Cotton  Exchange,  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  the  Stock  Ex¬ 
change.  The  entire  body  then  formed  in  line,  and  headed  by 
Graffulla’s  band,  and  escorted  by  President  Welsh  and  the 
Board  of  Finance,  proceeded  to  the  Pennsylvania  State  Building. 

It  was  about  quarter  after  twelve  o’clock  when  the  visitors, 
accompanied  by  the  Philadelphia  delegation,  arrived  at  the 
Pennsylvania  State  Building,  but  long  before  they  even  put  in 
an  appearance  upon  the  grounds,  a  crowd  had  collected  on  the 
lawn  before  the  structure,  and  filled  the  spacious  apartments  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


827 


the  pavilion.  It  was  some  little  time  before  the  visitors  had 
been  comfortably  positioned  in  front  of  the  main  entrance ;  but 
when  all  were  comfortably  located,  Governor  Hartranft,  Hon. 
John  Welsh,  and  several  members  of  the  Centennial  Board  of 
Finance  emerged  from  the  Governor’s  private  apartment,  and 
took  up  a  position  on  the  portico.  The  very  presence  of  this 
distinguished  party  threw  the  vast  assemblage  into  a  spasm  of 
vociferous  applause,  which  reverberated  to  the  very  confines  of 
the  international  city. 

When  quiet  was  restored  the  Hon.  John  Welsh  stepped  to 
the  front  of  the  portico  and  introduced  Mr.  George  W.  Mears, 
the  President  of  the  Philadelphia  Commercial  Exchange,  who, 
on  behalf  of  the  mercantile  bodies  of  Philadelphia,  welcomed 
the  visitors  to  the  city  and  the  Exhibition.  Mr.  J.  L.  N.  Stark, 
President  of  the  New  York  Produce  Exchange,  then  responded, 
and  Governor  Hartranft  was  called  upon,  and  replied  in  a  few 
words. 

At  the  conclusion  of  Governor  Hartranft’s  address  the  pro¬ 
cession  was  reformed,  with  the  Philadelphia  delegation  in  ad¬ 
vance,  and  headed  by  McClurg’s  band,  moved  down  Fountain 
avenue  and  across  the  Horticultural  plateau  to  the  Municipal 
building,  where  a  collation  had  been  prepared  for  the  entertain¬ 
ment  of  both  hosts  and  guests.  Arriving  at  the  drab-colored 
pavilion,  the  Philadelphia  boards  halted  and  allowed  the  visit¬ 
ing  associations  to  pass  through  and  enter  the  building  in 
advance.  On  account  of  the  rather  contracted  quarters  of  the 
structure  erected  to  represent  the  city,  it  was  necessary  to  admit 
the  delegations  in  tantalizingly  small  sections,  but  the  bands  in 
attendance  enlivened  the  waiting  moments  with  musical  selec¬ 
tions,  and  in  a  little  less  than  two  hours  all  were  bountifully 
served.  The  reception  here  was  entirely  informal,  the  members 
of  the  various  organizations  gradually  dividing  into  groups,  and 
sauntering  off  to  view  the  manifold  attractions  of  the  Exhibi¬ 
tion.  At  a  little  after  three  o’clock,  Governor  Hartranft  arrived 
at  the  Municipal  building,  but  after  bowing  his  acknowledg¬ 
ments  to  the  hearty  applause  with  which  he  was  greeted,  retired 
to  an  ante-room  to  rest  from  the  fatigues  of  the  day.  An  hour 


828 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


later  the  Governor  left  the  building  and  took  a  carriage  for  the 
city,  and  by  six  o’clock  the  visiting  delegations  were  all  on  their 
way  to  their  homes. 

The  attendance  on  the  26th  of  October  was  as  follows :  Cash 
admissions,  122,300;  free,  13,361;  total,  135,661.  The  re¬ 
ceipts  were  $61,029.50. 

Vermont  Day. 

The  27th  of  October  was  observed  as  Vermont’s  day.  Gov¬ 
ernor  Fairbanks,  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  State,  being  unable 


VERMONT  STATE  BUILDING. 


to  attend  through  illness,  deputed  ex-Governor  John  B.  Page 
to  represent  him.  The  Vermont  State  Building,  which  was 
located  on  the  Avenue  of  the  Republic,  just  west  of  the  Penn¬ 
sylvania  building,  was  handsomely  decorated.  At  ten  o’clock 
ex-Governor  Page  held  a  reception  at  the  State  building,  which 
was  attended  by  about  two  thousand  citizens  of  Vermont.  From 
the  State  building  the  guests  marched  to  Judges’  Hall,  where  at 
eleven  o’clock,  Hon.  Henry  Clarke,  by  appointment  of  the 
Governor  of  Vermont,  delivered  the  formal  address.  The 
orator  stated  that  the  State  was  the  first  to  be  admitted  into  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


829 


Union  formed  by  the  original  thirteen,  and  proceeded  to  review 
her  history  from  Colonial  days  down  to  the  present  time. 

The  attendance  during  the  day  was  as  follows :  Cash  admis¬ 
sions,  95,553;  free,  12,517  ;  total,  108,080.  The  receipts  were 
.$47,485. 


flowers’  centennial  oil-cup,  exhibited  in  machinery  hall. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 


THE  RECORD  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 

Statement  of  Leading  Events  Connected  With  and  Growing  Out  of  the 

Exhibition. 

OR  the  convenience  of  the  reader  we  give  here  a  brief 
summary  of  the  principal  events  connected  with  the  six 
months’  career  of  the  great  Exhibition. 

May  10 thy  1876. — The  Formal  Opening  of  the  Ex¬ 
hibition.  The  admissions  were:  Cash,  76,172;  free, 
110,500. 

May  1 5th. — Opening  of  the  International  Billiard  Tourna¬ 
ment,  at  Horticultural  Hall.  This  was  the  most  successful 
affair  of  its  kind  ever  given,  the  highest  run  ever  made  in  one 
inning  (251)  being  accomplished  by  William  Sexton. 

May  1 6th. — The  General  Assembly  of  the  United  Presbyte¬ 
rian  Church  met  in  Philadelphia. 

On  the  same  day  the  Volunteer  Firemen’s  National  Conven¬ 
tion  assembled  in  the  same  city. 

May  23 d. — The  Grand  Temple  of  the  Order  of  True  Temp¬ 
lars  of  Pennsylvania  convened  at  Philadelphia. 

May  2Ath. — The  Judges  of  Award  of  the  International 
Centennial  Exhibition  entered  upon  their  duties. 

May  30th. — Formal  opening  of  the  Bankers’  Centennial 
Pavilion,  in  the  Exhibition  grounds.  The  ceremonies  were 
elaborate,  and  were  attended  by  numbers  of  bankers  from  all 
parts  of  the  Union. 

May  30th—  Anniversary  of  the  American  Sunday-School 
Union  celebrated  in  Philadelphia. 

Reunion  of  the  Grand  Encampment  of  Knights  Templar 
830 


THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


831 


of  the  United  States.  Largely  attended  by  knights  from  all 
parts  of  the  Union. 

Meeting  of  the  American  Social  Science  Association  at  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

The  National  Convention  of  the  Baptist  Social  Unions  met 
at  Philadelphia. 

May  31s£. — Grand  Celebration  in  Philadelphia  by  the 
Grand  Commandery  of  Knights  Templar  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Meeting  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Medical  Society  at 
Philadelphia. 

June  1st. — Grand  Parade  of  the  Knights  Templar  of  the 
United  States.  Over  6,000  knights  in  line. 

June  2 d. — Visit  of  the  Massachusetts  Press  Association  to 
the  Exhibition. 

June  6th . — American  Medical  Association  met  at  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

June  7th. — Reunion  of  the  Army  of  the  James,  held  at  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Music. 

Opening  of  the  American  Brewers’  Sixteenth  Annual  Con¬ 
gress  at  Msennerchor  Hall. 

June  8th. — Reunion  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto¬ 
mac  at  the  Academy  of  Music  at  Philadelphia. 

June  10th. — National  Convention  of  Civil  Engineers  met  at 
Philadelphia. 

June  12th. — Meeting  of  the  Association  of  Superintendents 
of  Asylums  and  Hospitals  for  the  Insane,  at  Philadelphia. 

Women’s  National  Temperance  Union  met  at  Philadelphia. 

June  18th. — International  Temperance  Conference  opened  at 
Philadelphia. 

Meeting  of  Good  Templars  State  Lodges  at  Philadelphia. 

June  14 tli. — National  Association  of  Stove  Manufacturers  met 
at  Philadelphia. 

The  National  Division  of  Sons  of  Temperance  of  North 
America  began  its  sessions  at  Philadelphia. 

Ministerial  Temperance  Conference  held  at  Philadelphia. 

June  15 th. — Dedication  of  the  Ice  Water  Temperance  Foun- 


832 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


tain  in  the  Exhibition  grounds,  by  the  National  Division  of 
Sons  of  Temperance. 

Meeting  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Good  Templars  of  the 
United  States,  at  Philadelphia. 

June  20 th. — National  Convention  of  Mining  Engineers  met 
at  Philadelphia. 

June  22 d. — Meeting  of  the  Manufacturing  Chemists’  National 
Association,  at  Philadelphia. 

June  24th. — Meeting  of  the  Grand  Encampment  of  the 
Knights  of  Malta,  at  Philadelphia. 

June  26th. — Meeting  of  the  National  Religious  Amendment 
Association,  at  Philadelphia. 

World’s  Homoeopathic  Convention  opened  at  Philadelphia. 

Convention  of  German  Free-Thinkers  held  at  Philadelphia. 

June  21th. — Meeting  of  the  National  and  State  Encampments 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

June  28 th. — Meeting  of  the  National  Law  Congress,  at 
Philadelphia. 

Reunion  of  the  28th  and  147th  Regiments  of  Pennsylvania 
Volunteers  and  Knapp’s  Battery,  at  Philadelphia. 

June  30 th. — The  Ten  Days’  Encampment  of  the  West  Point 
Cadets  in  the  Exhibition  grounds  opened. 

July  1st. — Congress  of  Authors  held  at  Independence  Hall. 

July  2d. — National  Convention  of  Catholic  Young  Men’s 
Associations  held  at  Philadelphia. 

July  3 d. — International  Typographical  Union  met  at  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

Commercial  Travellers’  Association  began  its  sessions  at 
Philadelphia. 

July  4th. — Grand  celebration  at  Philadelphia  of  the  one  hun¬ 
dredth  anniversary  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States 
of  America.  For  description  of  this  celebration  see  Chapter 
XXII  of  this  work. 

Reunion  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  at  Philadelphia. 

Reunion  of  the  Veterans  of  the  War  of  1812-15  at  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

The  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Fountain  and  the  Humboldt 
Monument  in  the  Exhibition  grounds  formally  dedicated. 


maillard’s  exhibit  of  fine  confections  in  agricultural  hall. 

53 


833 


834 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


July  6th. — Meeting  of  the  International  Conference  of 
Delegates  of  the  Societies  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  at  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

July  11th. — The  International  Arbitration  Convention  met 
at  Philadelphia. 

July  1 6th. — Encampment  of  the  Columbus  (Ohio)  Cadets  on 
the  Exhibition  grounds. 

July  2 hth. — Pennsylvania  State  Dental  Society  met  at  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

July  28th. — Encampment  of  Knights  Templar  at  Ridley 
Park,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Maryland  Commandery. 

August  1st. — Convention  of  Antiquarian  and  Historical  So¬ 
cieties  met  at  Philadelphia. 

August  7th. — Pennsylvania 
Militia  encamp  at  Camp  An¬ 
thony  Wayne,  in  Fairmount 
Park. 

August  1 1  th. — Grand  pa¬ 
rade  and  review  of  the  Penn¬ 
sylvania  Militia. 

August  15th. — International 
Chess  Tournament  held  at 
Philadelphia. 

Meeting  of  the  Photograph- 

CREAM  JUG,  PRESENTED  BY  REED  &  BAR-  erg,  Association,  at 

TON  TO  THE  EMPEROR  OF  JAPAN. 

Philadelphia. 

American  Association  of  Instructors  of  the  Blind  met  at 
Philadelphia. 

Grand  Lodge  of  Knights  of  Pythias  of  Pennsylvania  met  at 
Philadelphia. 

August  16th. — Convention  of  the  Caledonian  Club  of  North 
America  held  at  Philadelphia. 

August  22 d. — Opening  of  the  International  Rowing  Regatta 
on  the  Schuylkill.  For  an  account  of  the  Regatta  see  Chapter 
XXIII. 

Supreme  Lodge  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  assembles  at. 
Philadelphia.  Grand  Parade  of  the  Order. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


835 


August  24th. — New  Jersey  Day.  Paid  admissions,  56,325 ; 
total,  67,052.  Receipts  $28,063.75. 

August  2 8th. — Reunion  and  parade  of  Swiss  Citizens  of  the 
United  States  at  the  Exhibition  grounds. 

September  1st. — Opening  of  the  Live-Stock  Displays  of  the 
Centennial  Exhibition.  The  Horse  Show  begun. 

September  2 d. — Encampment  of  the  Connecticut  Militia  near 
the  Exhibition  grounds. 

September  Atli. — Meeting  of  the  International  Medical  Con¬ 
gress  at  Philadelphia. 

International  Convention  of  Archaeologists  met  at  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

September  6th.— Parade  of  the  Volunteer  Firemen  of  Phila¬ 
delphia. 

September  7th. — Connecticut  Day.  Cash  admissions,  64,059; 
total,  75,044.  Receipts,  $30,853.75. 

September  9th. — Meeting  of  the  California  Pioneer  Society  at 
Philadelphia. 

September  1 1th. — Meeting  of  the  National  Pomological  So¬ 
ciety  at  Philadelphia. 

September  12th. — Grand  Council  of  the  Improved  Order  of 
Red  Men  held  at  Philadelphia. 

September  13 th. — National  Convention  of  American  For¬ 
esters  held  at  Philadelphia. 

September  14 th. —  Massachusetts  Day.  Cash  admissions, 
85,795;  total,  97,868.  Receipts,  $41,193. 

September  19 th. — Grand  Lodge  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows  met  at  Philadelphia. 

September  20 th. — Parade  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Odd  Fel¬ 
lows  at  Philadelphia. 

September  21st. — New  York  Day.  Cash  admissions,  122,003; 
total,  134,588.  Receipts,  $59,986. 

September  23 d. — Convention  of  Aperians  (honey-raisers)  held 
at  Philadelphia. 

Welsh  National  Eistedfodd  in  session  at  Philadelphia. 

National  Carriage  Builders*  Association  in  session  at  Phila¬ 
delphia. 


836 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


September  27th. — Formal  announcement  of  Awards  by  the 
Centennial  Commission  at  Judges’  Hall. 

September  28th.  —  Pennsylvania  Day.  Cash  admissions, 
257,168;  total,  274,919.  Receipts,  $118,673.75.  Grand  dis¬ 
play  of  fireworks  at  night  in  the  Exhibition  grounds. 

October  4 th . — Dedication  of  the  Hall  of  the  Patriotic  Sons 
of  America  at  Philadelphia. 

Conference  of  Librarians  of  the  United  States  in  session  at 
Philadelphia. 

October  5th. — Rhode  Island  Day.  Cash  admissions,  89,060; 
total,  100,946.  Receipts,  $44,496. 

October  12 th. — New  Hampshire  Day.  Cash  admissions, 
101,541;  total,  118,422.  Receipts,  $50,536. 

The  Columbus  Statue  in  the  Exhibition  grounds  dedicated 
by  the  Italian  Societies  of  the  United  States. 

October  13 th. — Cadets  of  the  Virginia  Military  Institute  en¬ 
camp  on  the  Exhibition  grounds. 

October  17 th. — State  Council  of  the  Order  of  United  Ameri¬ 
can  Mechanics  met  at  Philadelphia. 

American  Dairymen’s  Association  met  at  Philadelphia. 

October  18 th. — Grand  display  of  fireworks  in  the  Exhibition 
grounds  at  night. 

October  19 th. — Delaware,  Maryland  and  West  Virginia 
Day.  Cash  admissions,  161,355;  total,  176,407.  Receipts, 
$80,367.50. 

October  2 8th. — Ohio  Day.  Cash  admissions,  122,300;  total, 
135,661.  Receipts,  $61,029.50. 

Reunion  of  the  Merchants  at  Judges’  Hall,  in  the  Exhibition 
grounds. 

November  2d. — Bishop  Allen’s  monument  in  the  Exhibition 
grounds  dedicated. 

November  9 th. — Farewell  reception  and  banquet  by  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  Commission  and  Board  of  Finance.  Grand  Interna¬ 
tional  display  of  fireworks  at  night. 

November  10 th. — Formal  Close  of  the  International  Centen¬ 
nial  Exhibition. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

THE  ANNOUNCEMENT  OF  THE  AWARDS. 

Ceremonies  at  Judges’  Hall — Announcement  of  the  Awards  granted  by  the 
Commission — Character  of  the  Awards — Description  of  the  Medals — List  of 
the  Principal  Awards  in  Each  Class. 

HE  awards  of  medals  and  diplomas  to  successful  com¬ 
petitors  in  the  Centennial  Exhibition  were  announced 
in  Judges’  Hall  with  appropriate  ceremonies  on  the 
evening  of  the  27th  of  September.  No  event  during 
the  course  of  the  Exhibition  was  looked  forward  to 
with  as  much  interest  by  the  exhibitors  as  this  one.  At  times 
many  of  them  were  impatient  at  the  unavoidable  delays  and 
disposed  to  murmur  at  the  management  of  this  important 
branch  of  the  work;  but  the  manner  in  which  the  judges  per¬ 
formed  their  duties,  the  discrimination  with  which  their 
reports  were  prepared,  and  the  enhanced  value  of  their  awards 
over  those  made  at  any  former  International  Exhibition,  finally 
caused  all  dissatisfaction  to  disappear.  Gratification  at  the 
success  of  the  new  American  system  of  awards  was  universal. 
Judges’  Hall  was  beautifully  decorated  for  the  occasion.  Par¬ 
titions  had  been  removed,  greatly  enlarging  the  seating  capacity 
of  the  room  and  adding  greatly  to  its  beauty.  The  flags  of  the 
leading  nations  of  the  world  were  arranged  in  festoons  around 
the  galleries,  and  curious  lanterns  from  the  Chinese  department 
were  suspended  between  the  columns.  The  rostrum  in  the  rear 
of  the  platform  was  covered  with  flowers  and  rare  plants,  over 
which  there  was  a  canopy  of  American  flags.  Marble  statues 
were  placed  in  the  corners  of  the  room,  vases  from  the  Main 
Building  in  the  corridor,  and  one  of  the  century  vases  in  silver 
in  the  open  space  in  front  of  the  platform. 


837 


838 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


General  Lewis  E.  Merrill,  U.  S.  A.,  acted  as  master  of  cere¬ 
monies,  and  announced  as  they  entered  the  following-named 
bodies  of  gentlemen  :  The  Centennial  Commission,  the  Board 
of  Finance,  and  the  United  States  Government  Board  ;  General 
Walker,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Awards  and  the  Board  of 
Judges;  the  Director-General  of  the  Exhibition  and  the  Foreign 
Commissioners;  the  officers  of  the  Centennial  Guard,  the  Presi¬ 
dents  of  the  Centennial  Commission  and  the  Board  of  Finance, 
and  the  Governors  of  States  and  the  Diplomatic  Corps.  After 
these  had  all  passed  to  the  places  assigned  them,  prayer  was 
offered  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  A.  Board  man,  of  Philadelphia, 
in  response  to  which  the  Temple  Quartette  of  Boston  sang  a 
selection  from  Schubert’s  Mass  for  male  voices. 

United  States  Commissioner  Daniel  J.  Morrell,  who  presided, 
then  made  a  short  address. 

The  music  which  followed  consisted  of  selections  from  the 
national  airs  of  many  countries,  performed  by  the  Centennial 
orchestra.  As  the  music  of  each  nation  was  recognized  the 
audience  rose  to  its  feet  in  honor  of  the  country  thus  represented, 
and  the  airs  of  France,  England,  and  Germany  were  loudly 
applauded. 

Director-General  A.  T.  Goshorn  then  delivered  a  short  ad¬ 
dress.  His  allusions  to  the  Foreign  Commissioners  and  the 
Board  of  Judges  were  received  with  warm  applause.  He  said 
in  substance  as  follows: 

This  Exhibition  is  not  a  new  competition  of  rival  manufacturers  and  trades¬ 
men.  It  brings  together  nationalities  and  leads  to  extended  relations;  pro¬ 
motes  the  acquisition  and  diffusion  of  a  better  knowledge  of  national  resources 
and  products,  and  of  national  methods  and  industries.  It  creates  and  enlarges 
mutual  respect  and  esteem,  softens  prejudices,  and  contributes  to  the  preserva¬ 
tion  of  harmony  and  peace — the  noblest  aim  of  civilization.  The  benefits  of 
this  assembling  of  the  representatives  of  every  civilized  country  with  their 
products  will  be  better  understood  and  more  fully  appreciated  after  the  Exhi¬ 
bition  itself  has  passed  away.  We  are  in  the  presence  of  the  productions  ot 
science,  art,  invention,  skill,  and  labor,  fitted  to  improve  the  material  and 
moral  condition  of  man.  We  are  at  the  same  time  in  the  presence  of  higher 
influences.  The  united  attention  and  thought  of  many  leading  minds  of  the 


840 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


civilized  world,  for  the  time  being,  centre  here,  and,  by  their  representatives* 
preside  over  this  institution  ;  opinions  of  many  and  diverse  minds  thus  in¬ 
contact  become  by  attrition  and  discussion  more  developed  and  perfected  in 
themselves,  and  in  turn  flow  back  through  the  various  channels  to  reanimate 
and  quicken  the  sources  of  their  origin.  We  learn  here  what  science  and 
art  have  done  for  the  comfort  and  elevation  of  man,  and  are  reminded  that 
the  discoveries  and  inventions  during  the  era  which  this  Exhibition  commem¬ 
orates  are  the  most  remarkable  and  useful  recorded  in  history. 

No  feature  in  this  enterprise  has  produced  a  more  profound  impression  than 
the  individual  character  and  qualifications  of  the  gentlemen  selected  for  these 
commissions,  and  who  are  intrusted  with  most  delicate  and  difficult  duties.. 
In  addition  to  the  required  knowledge  and  experience,  they  have  displayed  calm 
consideration  and  forbearance,  vigilant  attention,  and  the  most  friendly  and 
lively  zeal  for  the  success  of  the  work.  It  is,  therefore,  gentlemen  of  the 
foreign  commissions,  that  I  seize  this  opportunity  for  my  associates  and  my¬ 
self,  and  on  behalf  of  the  exhibitors  from  the  United  States,  to  express  to  you 
with  the  warmest  feelings  the  high  sense  we  entertain  of  your  important  ser¬ 
vices  and  the  large  degree  in  which  we  are  indebted  to  you  for  the  measure  of 
success  which  has  crowned  our  efforts. 

With  equal  earnestness  and  sincerity  and  pleasure  I  refer  to  the  eminent, 
body  of  men,  both  foreign  and  American,  combining  among  them  superior 
attainments  in  every  department  of  human  knowledge,  selected  to  examine 
and  express  their  opinions  upon  the  qualities  and  merits  of  the  products  and. 
subjects  forming  this  Exhibition.  The  task  imposed  on  them  was  in  some  of 
its  features  new  and  untried.  They  were  desired  to  express  opinions  indi¬ 
vidually  and  in  writing  upon  the  qualities  and  merits  of  individual  products,, 
and  to  affirm  their  opinions  by  their  respective  signatures.  Most  obviously 
this  was  asking  the  performance  of  a  task  at  once  difficult  and  delicate,  and. 
the  assumption  of  great  responsibility.  The  good-will,  earnestness,  and  zeal, 
with  which  they  accepted  this  onerous  charge  and  entered  upon  the  work 
gave  assurances  to  the  Centennial  Commission  that  have  been  to  them  a  source 
of  gratification  and  of  confidence.  Their  work  is  now  completed  and  will  soon 
be  given  to  the  public,  which  is  in  the  end  the  final  arbiter  and  ultimate 
judge.  It  is  not  competent  for  me  to  anticipate  that  verdict,  but  I  may  allude 
to  some  of  the  elements  on  which  it  must  of  necessity  be  founded. 

It  has  been  the  duty  of  the  Centennial  Commission  to  examine,  appreciate* 
and  confirm  in  legal  form  12,000  or  more  of  the  recommendations  of  the 
judges  for  awards.  In  the  progress  of  this  labor,  the  commission  have  been 
impressed  with  the  spirit  of  impartiality,  fairness,  and  earnestness  which  per¬ 
vades  the  work.  They  have  been  equally  impressed  with  the  evidences  of 
trained  skill  and  acute  discrimination  and  with  the  manifestations  of  special 
and  general  knowledge  throughout.  Surely  it  cannot  fail  that  the  people  and 
nations  represented  here  will  in  due  time  acquire,  from  the  useful  and  reliable 
information  conveyed  by  the  reports  of  the  judges,  a  better  and  fuller  knowl¬ 
edge  of  their  own  products  and  of  the  products  of  each  other.  In  the  full 
confidence  that  the  wishes  and  aims  of  the  Centennial  Commission  in  adopting, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


841 


this  method  of  awards  will  be  thus  happily  realized  and  appreciated  both  by 
exhibitors  and  the  public,  I  have  now  the  honor  to  express  to  you,  gen* 
tlemen  of  the  Board  of  Judges,  on  behalf  of  the  Centennial  Commission, 
our  thanks  for  the  signal  aid  and  great  benefits  in  this  department,  which 
you  have  conferred  on  the  exhibitors. 

And  now,  gentlemen,  in  a  few  weeks  the  object  for  which  we  came  here- 
will  be  accomplished.  The  Exhibition,  which  has  been  the  source  of  so  much 
pleasure  and  instruction,  and  which  has  excited  the  admiration  of  millions  of 
visitors,  will  soon  pass  into  the  records  of  history.  The  circumstances  that 
suggested  it  were  of  a  peculiar  and  interesting  character.  Connected  with  the 
centenary  commemoration  of  one  of  the  most  important  political  events  in  the 
history  of  the  world,  and  from  its  inception  having  been  free  from  merely* 
commercial  or  mercenary  motives,  it  was  organized  and  has  been  conducted 
with  the  single  view  of  erecting  a  monument  dedicated  to  the  fruits  of  peace, 
that  will  be  remembered  for  all  time  with  pride  and  pleasure.  Inaugurated 
in  a  spirit  of  fraternity  and  good-will,  it  was  intended  to  afford  to  the  people 
of  this  country  and  all  other  countries  an  opportunity  to  see  and  study  the 
elements  that  have  conduced  to  the  national  welfare.  We  acknowledge  our 
indebtedness  to  the  exhibitors  from  foreign  countries,  and  to. the  exhibitors 
from  the  United  States  who  have  co-operated  with  zeal  and  most  faithfully  to 
render  the  Exhibition  successful  in  all  of  its  departments.  The  work  has  been 
great — the  difficulties  many — but  we  trust  the  future  will  bring  returns  of  a 
fruitful  harvest. 

After  the  singing  of  a  quartet  from  “Les  Enfants  de  Paris  ” 
by  Adolphe  Adams,  General  Hawley  briefly  explained  the  work 
of  the  Judges  and  of  the  Centennial  Commission  in  preparing 
the  awards,  as  follows  : 

Gentlemen:  We  have  reached  another  interesting  step  in  the  progress  of 
the  International  Exhibition  of  1876.  The  importance  of  the  work  which 
culminates  this  evening  has  been  felt  by  the  Commission  from  the  beginning. 
It  has  never  been  thought  possible  to  devise  or  carry  out  a  system  of  award 
that  would  render  absolute  justice,  or  obviate  criticism  ;  but  it  was  believed  that 
we  could,  by  the  plan  with  which  you  are  familiar,  get  nearer  that  result  than 
did  our  predecessors  in  other  exhibitions. 

We  departed  from  the  usual  system  of  international  juries  and  called  to  our 
assistance  125  judges  from  the  United  States,  and  an  equal  number  from 
foreign  nations,  all  selected  for  their  known  character  and  qualifications.  Our 
method  also  dispensed  with  graduated  medals.  It  required  written  reports 
recommending  awards  based  upon  merit,  the  elements  of  merits,  in  the  lan¬ 
guage  of  the  Commission,  including  “considerations  relating  to  originality,  in¬ 
vention,  discovery,  utility,  quality,  skill,  workmanship,  fitness  for  the  purpose 
intended,  adaptation  to  public  wants,  economy  and  cost.”  The  articles  exhibited 
were  classified  in  twenty-eight  groups,  and  to  each  of  these  groups  a  competent 
number  of  judges,  foreign  and  American,  was  assigned.  They  entered  upon  their 


the  illustrated  history 


842 

duties  May  24.  Each  group  chose  a  president  and  secretary,  and  called  to  its 
aid  such  reporters  and  experts  as  were  needed. 

The  rules  required  that  the  report  upon  each  article  or  subject  should  be 
signed  by  some  one  judge  and  countersigned  by  at  least  a  majority  of  his  asfO- 
ciates  in  that  group.  No  limitation  has  been  imposed  upon  the  number  ot  the 
awards.  It  is  apparent  that  of  twenty  articles  submitted,  each  might  be  worthy 
of  honor  for  the  peculiar  merit,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  it  might  happen  that 
none  would  deserve  special  mention. 

The  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Awards,  General  F.  A.  Walker,  represented  the 
Commission  in  its  relations  with  the  judges,  interpreting  and  applying  the 
rules  and  conveying  the  decisions  of  the  Commission  upon  questions  that  arose 
from  time  to  time.  He  classified  the  reports  and  prepared  them  for  eonsidera- 


THE  STEVENS  PARALLEL  VISE,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


lion  by  the  Commission.  That  body  has  read  every  one  of  the  reports  either 
in  committee  of  the  whole  or  in  large  sub-divisions  thereof.  The  task  is  not 
quite  complete,  a  few  reports  are  not  ready  for  our  examination.  Final  action 
upon  others  is  delayed  bv  reason  of  such  oversights,  alleged  violations  of  the 
rules,  duplications,  overlappings,  or  technical  error  as  may  be  expected  in  so 
large  a  mass  of  work  bv  250  gentlemen  working  in  twenty-eight  groups.  The 
Commission  has  formally  approved  reports  and  awarded  thereon  its  uniform 
medal  and  diploma.  The  lists  of  awards  that  we  present  this  evening  are 
classified  by  nationalities.  The  lists  given  to  the  press  are  arranged  under 
their  several  groups.  The  preparation  of  diplomas,  medals,  and  certified 
copies  of  the  full  reports  in  each  case  must  necessarily  be  a  work  of  more  time. 
It  was  deemed  just  to  the  exhibitors  to  announce  the  principal  fact  as  speedily 
<as  possible. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


843 

Among  the  many  to  whom  we  feel  personally  grateful  stand  prominently  the 
tens  of  thousands  of  exhibitors.  While  commercial  and  purely  material  mo¬ 
tives  and  considerations  are  appealed  to  in  order  to  induce  their  participation, 
it  is  quite  evident  that  a  large  number  are  hereon  the  occasion  somewhat  pecu¬ 
liar,  not  alone  from  the  United  States,  but  from  many  nations,  chiefly  that  they 
may  testify  their  good-will  in  our  festival  year  in  the  country  [loud  applause]; 
and  there  are  many  purely  governmental  exhibits  to  competitive  examination 
that  will  nevertheless  receive  the  highest  of  awards,  the  continuing  gratitude 
•of  the  whole  American  people.  The  special  manifestations  of  friendly  inter¬ 
est  .and  cordial  good-will  presented  by  many  sovereigns  can  never  be  forgotten, 
and  they  will  do  much  to  perpetuate  international  friendships.  [Applause.] 

As  the  names  of  the  several  countries  were  called  and  their 
representatives  came  forward  to  receive  their  lists  they  were 
greeted  with  lond  applause.  Especially  was  this  true  in  the 
•cases  of  Brazil,  Egypt,  France,  Germany,  Japan,  Russia,  Tur¬ 
key,  Great,  Britain  and  Victoria,  and  the  United  States.  In 
some  instances  the  whole  audience  rose  to  its  feet,  and  the  slap¬ 
ping  of  hands  and  shouts  of  “  Bravo  ”  continued  for  several 
seconds.  The  exercises  of  the  evening  were  closed  by  the  sing¬ 
ing  of  Dudley  Buck’s  Serenade  by  the  Temple  Quartette  Club 
and  Music  by  the  First  Brigade  Band. 

The  method  of  awards  adopted  by  the  American  Centennial 
Commission  differs  from  the  preceding  systems.  It  dispenses 
with  the  international  jury,  and  substitutes  a  body  of  judges, 
one-half  foreign,  chosen  individually  for  their  high  qualifica¬ 
tions.  It  dispenses  also  with  the  system  of  awards  by  gradu¬ 
ated  medals,  and  requires  of  the  judges  written  reports  on  the 
inherent  and  comparative  merits  of  each  product  thought 
worthy  of  an  award,  setting  forth  the  properties  and  qualities, 
presenting  the  considerations  forming  the  grounds  of  the  award, 
and  avouching  each  report  by  the  signature  of  their  authors. 
Thus  the  volumes  of  reports  will  form  a  complete  encyclopaedia 
of  the  Exhibition,  which  can  be  consulted  on  all  disputed  ques¬ 
tions  as  to  the  relative  merits  of  objects  of  like  character,  and 
will  be  an  authority  to  settle  the  quarrels  of  rival  manufacturers 
and  inventors  about  the  value  of  their  premiums. 

The  medals  awarded  by  the  Commission  were  of  bronze, 
round  in  shape,  four  inches  in  diameter,  very  chaste  in  appear¬ 
ance,  and  the  largest  of  the  kind  ever  struck  in  the  United 


844 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


States.  The  stamps  were  engraved  by  Henry  Mitchell,  of 
Boston,  and  the  medals  were  struck  at  the  United  States  Mint 
at  Philadelphia.  In  the  centre  of  the  face  is  a  female  figure,, 
representing  America,  seated  on  an  elevation,  and  holding  a 
crown  of  laurels  over  the  emblems  of  industry  that  lie  at  her 
feet.  At  equal  distances  apart  on  the  outside  zone  of  the  face 


CENTENNIAL  AWARD  MEDAL — (OBVERSE). 


are  four  other  female  figures  in  bas-relief,  which  with  appro¬ 
priate  symbols  represent  America,  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa, 
respectively.  The  reverse  side  has  in  the  centre  the  words : 
“  Awarded  by  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission, n 
and,  on  the  outside  zone:  “ International  Exhibition  at  Phila¬ 
delphia.  MDCCCLXXVI” — all  in  raised  letters.  The  zone 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 


845 


on  each  face  is  separated  from  the  inner  area  by  a  wreath 

-of  laurels.  . 

All  the  medals  of  award  were  of  the  same  size,  weight, 
material,  and  design.  About  twelve  thousand  were  presented 
to  deserving  exhibitors. 

The  list  given  below  embraces  but  a  small  portion  oi  the 


awards  granted  by  the  Centennial  Commission.  A  complete 
list  would  more  than  fill  a  volume  of  the  size  of  this 
one,  and  the  list  would  be  made  up  largely  of  the  names  of 
exhibitors  from  foreign  countries,  in  which  American  readers 
would  have  no  special  interest.  It  is  to  be  understood  that 
these  awards  of  medals  are  evidences  merely  of  merit,  not 


846 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


superiority;  the  reports  made  subsequently  indicate  whose 
exhibit  in  each  group  is  held  in  highest  esteem  by  the 
judges. 

Group  I. — The  First  Group  embraced  every  character  of 
mineral  ores  and  combustibles,  metals  and  metallurgical  prod¬ 
ucts,  and  the  various  tools  and  apparatus  for  mining.  No  less 
than  616  awards  were  made.  Among  the  American  exhibitors 
were  the  following : 

Coffin,  Redington  &  Co.,  New  York,  Fine  Silica  for  Polishing. 

E.  D.  Dougherty,  Tennessee,  Colored  Marble. 

Gilson,  Clement  &  Woodpin,  Rutland,  Vermont,  Statuary  Marble. 

Anthracite  Fuel  Company,  Rondout,  New  York,  Compressed  Coal. 

Albany  and  Rensselaer  Iron  and  Steel  Company,  Troy,  New  York,  Besse¬ 
mer  Steel  and  Wrought  Iron  Rails,  Bars,  Forgings,  Axles,  Spikes,  Nails,  and 
Horseshoes. 

Lackawanna  Iron  and  Coal  Company,  Scranton,  Pennsylvania,  Bessemer- 
Pig  Iron  and  Wrought  Iron  Bars. 

James  C.  Jackson,  New  York,  Exhibit  of  Castings  made  by  novel  methods. 

Tatliam  &  Brother,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Sheet  Lead  and  Tin-lined 
Lead  and  Iron  Pipes. 

Edwin  P.  Ball,.  Chicopee,  Massachusetts,  Steam  Stamping  Machine  for 
Crushing  Ores  and  Rocks. 

J.  E.  Mitchell,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Grindstones  and  Fixtures. 

Sheldon  &  Slosson,  West  Rutland,  Vermont,  Block  of  Statuary  Marble. 

M.  M.  Manly  &  Son,  Pennsylvania  Rolled  Iron  Hand  Rail. 

Madison  County  Pottery  Company,  Richmond,  Kentucky,  Pottery. 

George  M.  Mowbray,  North  Adams,  Massachusetts,  Apparatus  for  Blasting; 
Mines,  Electric  Battery,  Fuses,  etc. 

George  K.  Tyson,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Phosphor-Bronze. 

Hastings  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Gold  Leaf  and  Dental  Foil. 

Yale  Lock  Manufacturing  Company,  Stamford,  Connecticut,  Nickel  Anodes. 

Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad  Company,  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  Iron 
Rails  and  Rail  Piles. 

Group  II. — Medals  were  bestowed  upon  285  exhibitors  in 
the  Second  Group,  which  embraced  all  articles  of  pottery,  glass¬ 
ware,  artificial  stone,  brick,  terra-cotta  work,  tiles  for  roofing 
or  pavement,  majolica,  and  pallissey  ware,  porcelain  for  the 
table,  window,  mirror,  and  table  glass,  and  machinery  for  mak¬ 
ing  all  such  articles.  Among  the  exhibitors  on  the  list  of 
awards  are  the  following:: 

o 

Galloway  &  Graff,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Artistic  Terra-Cotta. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


847 


Joseph  H.  Moore,  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  White  Granite  Table  Wares,  Bis- 
quit  and  Parian. 

Boston  and  Sandwich  Glass  Company,  Boston,  Flint  Glass  Table  Wares,  etc* 

II.  C.  Fox  &  Sons,  Philadelphia,  Druggists’  and  Perfumers’  Glass  Wares. 

Ilomer  Brooke,  New  York,  Presses  for  Glass. 

The  Brick  Enamelling  Company,  Philadelphia,  Enamelled  Brick,  in  a  variety 
of  col  ors. 

Wm.  Chambers,  Philadelphia,  Brick-making  Machine — operates  by  expres¬ 
sing  the  Clay. 

Tne  Fire  Proof  Building  Company,  New  York  City,  Fire  Proof  Hollow 
Block  of  Tcil  Lime  Composition  for  Building  Purposes. 

J.  Goebel  &  Co.,  New  York  City,  Crude  and  Burned  German  Clay,  and 
Glass-melting  Pots  made  from  same. 

Poland  &  Sproglc,  New  York  City,  Artificial  Carburettcd  Stone. 

J.  B.  Doblcman,  Greenpoint  Flint  Works,  Uracil]  E,  luu  Yuli  ITfil 
Glass  Table  Yi arcs,  etc. 

Whitall,  Tatum  <f:  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Chemists’,  Druggists’  and  Perfumers’ 
Wares  of  Lime  and  Green  Glass. 

Group  III — The  Third  Group  embraced  chemicals  and 
pharmaceutical  preparations,  and  the  apparatus  for  manufactur¬ 
ing  them,  and  748  exhibitors  received  medals.  Of  these  the 
most  noticeable  houses  in  the  list  are  ffiven  below : 

o 

E.  B.  Benjamin,  New  York,  Chemicals  and  Chemical  Apparatus. 

Avcriil  Chemical  Paint  Company,  New  York,  Ready  Prepared  Paints. 

Brooklyn  White  Lead  Company,  New  York,  Lead  Colors. 

Joseph  Burnett  &  Co.,  Boston,  Cologne,  Flavor  Extracts,  etc. 

Colgate  &  Co.,  New  York,  Fancy  Soaps  and  Perfumery. 

Francis  &  Loutrcl,  New  York,  Copy  able  Printing  Ink. 

Lockwood,  Brooks  &  Co.,  Boston,  Inks  and  Mucilage. 

Henry  Maillard,  New  York,  Confectionery. 

George  Mather  &  Sons,  New  York,  Printing  Inks. 

Maynard  &  Noyes,  Boston,  Inks. 

McKeone,  Van  Ilaagen  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Soaps. 

Enoch  Morgan  &  Son,  New  York,  Sapolio  Soap. 

Charles  Pfizer  &  Co.,  New  York,  Chemicals. 

RestdorfF,  Bettman  &  Co.,  New  York,  Dressings  for  Ladies’  Shoes. 

Robinson  &  Pratt,  Philadelphia,  Printing  Inks,  etc. 

Crosse  &  Blackwell,  London,  Vinegar. 

T.  W.  Masury  &  Son,  New  York,  Colors. 

T.  &  E.  Atkinson,  London,  Perfumery  and  Toilet  Soaps. 

Group  IV. — Group  IV.  included  animal  and  vegetable  prod¬ 
ucts,  such  as  milk,  cream,  butter,  cheese,  honey,  flour,  starch, 
wines,  malt  liquors,  etc.,  and  the  machinery  for  their  prepara- 


848 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


tion.  The  awards  number  1,129,  two-thirds  of  them  being  to 
foreign  exhibitors.  Of  the  American  exhibitors  the  following 
received  medals : 

American  Condensed  Milk  Company,  New  York,  Condensed  Milk. 

T.  Kingsford  &  Son,  Oswego,  New  York,  Starch. 

William  Barnett,  Philadelphia,  Starch. 

Glen  Cove  Starch  Company,  Long  Island,  Starch. 

J.  J.  Wood  &  Co.-,  United  States,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Starch. 

E.  T.  Cowdery  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mixed  Pickles,  Gerkins,  Catsups. 

P.  Lorillard  &  Co.,  New  York,  Tobacco  in  all  its  forms  (except  cigars). 

L.  Schepp,  New  York,  Desiccated  Cocoanut,  Preserved  Fruit. 

E.  C.  Hazard  &  Co.,  New  York,  Preserved  Vegetables. 

George  V.  Hecker&  Co.,  New  York,  Flour  from  Winter  Wheat. 

Rumford  Chemical  Works,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  Baking  Powder. 

John  G.  Borden,  Brewster’s,  New  York,  Preserved  Extracts. 

E.  C.  Hazard  &  Co.,  New  York,  Preserved  Extracts. 

Gordon  &  Gil  worth,  New  York,  Preserved  Extracts. 

Crosse  &  Blackwell,  London,  England,  Pickles,  Sauces,  and  Preserved 
Fruit 

Group  V. — Group  V.  was  devoted  to  the  display  of  fish  and 
fish  products,  and  apparatus  for  fishing,  fish  culture,  etc.  The 
awards  are  incomplete,  but  number  229,  very  few  of  which  are 
to  American  exhibitors.  Among  those  named  are  the  fol¬ 
lowing  : 

Mrs.  J.  H.  Slack,  Bloomsbury,  New  Jersey,  Combination  Hatching-Boxes. 

C.  F.  Orvis  &  Co.,  Manchester,  Vermont,  the  Orvis  Reel. 

A.  B.  Shipley  &  Sons,  Philadelphia,  Artificial  Flies,  Rods,  Reels,  etc. 

Conroy,  Bassett  &  Malleson,  New  York,  Artificial  Flies,  Bass  Lines,  Fine 
Rods,  etc. 

American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston  and  New  York,  Trammel. 
Nets,  Gill  Nets,  Purse  Nets,  and  Lines. 

W.  R.  Lewis  &  Bros.,  Boston,  Canned  Salmon,  Mackerel,  Lobster,  and 
dams. 

Max  Ams,  New  York,  Pickled  Eels,  Caviar,  Pickled  Salmon,  Anchovies,  etc. 

J.  W.  Carley,  New  York,  Preserved  Oysters,  specimens  of  Oysters  and 
Clams. 

Eugene  G.  Blackford,  New  York,  Live  Fish  in  Aquaria,  with  Fish  in  Re¬ 
frigerators. 

Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  New  York,  Canned  Lobsters,  Mackerel,  etc. 

John  Winslow  Jones,  Portland,  Me.,  Fresh  Mackerel  and  Canned  Lobster,. 

Joseph  F.  Tobin,  New  York,  Whalebone. 

Hapgood  &  Co.,  San  Francisco,  Canned  Salmon. 


TERRA-COTTA  VASE,  EXHIBITED  BY  GALLOWAY  &  GRAFF,  IN  THE 
MAIN  BUILDING. 


54 


849 


850 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Educational  Department,  Ontario,  Canada,  Prepared  Fish. 

General  Collection  of  Bermuda,  Bermuda  Fish,  alive,  including  Parrot 
Fish. 

General  Exhibit  of  Bermuda,  Shells,  Corals,  Sponges,  Sea  Fans,  Echmo- 
doems,  etc. 

Brazilian  Commission,  Turtle  Oil  and  Turtle  Butter. 

Museum  of  Bergen,  Norway,  Collection  of  Mammals,  Fishes,  Crustaceans,  etc. 

Board  of  Commerce,  Bergen,  Norway,  Salted  Herring  and  Cod,  Cod  Boes, 
Ling  Cask. 

Fabrica  Progressa,  Povora  de  Yarini,  Portugal,  Conger  Eel  in  Oil,  Oysters 
in  Oil,  Shad  in  Oil. 

Board  of  Commerce,  Alesund,  Norway,  Fishing  Tackle,  Lines,  Nets,  etc. 

President  Vienna  Commission,  Vianna  del  Castello,  Portugal,  Lamprey  in 
Oil. 

Royal  Swedish  Commission,  Blekinger,  Salted  Gotland  Herring,  Eels,  do. 
Cod,  etc. 

Commissioners  from  Tasmania,  Brown  Trout. 

Gloucester  Fishing  Exhibit,  Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  General  Collection 
of  Fishing  Implements,  Models  of  Boats. 

Massachusetts  Marine  Exhibition,  Boats  for  Fishermen  and  Fishing  Vessels. 

Maryland  Centennial  Commission,  Maryland,  Model  of  Fish-Hatching 
House,  Models  of  Boats,  etc.,  etc. 

C.  C.  Brand,  Norwich,  Connecticut,  Whaling  Gun  with  Bomb  Projectile. 

E.  B.  and  T.  Macy,  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  Whaling  Gear. 

Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middletown,  Connecticut,  Fishing  Boat,  Fit¬ 
tings,  etc. 

Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Anglers’  Implements,  Hooks,  etc. 

A.  Voss,  Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  Bait  Mill. 

Kelsey  &  Hosmer,  Sandusky,  Ohio,  Fishing  Dressing  Machine. 

White  Manufacturing  Company,  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  Fishing  Lamps. 

Jonathan  Buck,  Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  Fisherman’s  Clothing. 

J.  F.  Carter,  Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  Fisherman’s  Oil  Clothing. 

Thaddeus  Norris,  Philadelphia,  Fishing  Rods. 

Alden  Sea  Food  Company,  New  York,  Dried  Turtle,  Dried  Cod,  Dried 
Clams. 

Group  VI. — Under  this  head  were  exhibits  of  timber,  worked 
timber,  parts  of  buildings,  forestry,  ship  timber,  seeds,  nuts,  etc. 
The  awards  numbered  150,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most 
noticeable  : 

Peter  Henderson  &  Co.,  New  York,  Field  and  Garden  Seeds. 

James  M.  Thorburn  &  Co.,  New  York,  Garden  Seeds  and  Tree  Seeds. 

A.  L.  Fanchese  &  Co.,  New  York,  Marble  Mantels. 

Fisher  &  Bird,  New  York,  Marble  Mantels. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


851 


Group  VII. — Furniture,  upholstery,  wooden-ware,  baskets, 
mirrors,  washing-machines,  and  like  articles  were  embraced  in 
the  seventh  group.  The  awards  numbered  307.  The  following 
American  houses  among  many  others  received  medals: 

Charles  Zinn  &  Co.,  New  York,  Basket  and  Willow-Ware. 

Peter  C.  Doreraus,  New  York,  Sofa  Spring-Bed  and  Lounge. 

Demorest,  Joyce  &  Co.,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  Opera  Chairs. 

Adolph  Thiery,  Philadelphia,  Mantel  and  Pier  Mirrors,  Chairs,  etc. 

Hertz  &  Co.,  New  York,  a  completely  furnished  Bed-room,  comprising  rich 
Maple,  Mahogany,  and  Amaranth  Bedsteads,  etc. 

The  Hartford  Woven  Wire  Mattress  Company,  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
Woven  Wire  Mattresses,  etc. 

Reed  &  Barton,  Taunton,  Massachusetts,  Casket  Trimmings. 

Wakefield  Rattan  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Rattan  Furniture. 

Group  VIII. — In  Group  VIII.  were  embraced  cotton,  linen 
and  other  fabrics,  including  the  materials  and  the  machinery, 
and  of  these  there  were  sixteen  different  classes.  The  awards 
numbered  384,  including  the  following: 

H.  W.  Johns,  New  York,  Asbestos  Fibre  and  Fabric. 

Woven  AVire  Mattress  Company,  Hartford,  Connecticut,  Wire  Mattresses. 

Wakefield  Rattan  Company,  Wakefield,  Massachusetts,  Rattan  Goods. 

American  Linoleum  Manufacturing  Company,  New  York,  Linoleum  Floor 
Cloths. 

Group  IX. — In  this  group  were  exhibits  of  wool  and  silk 
fabrics,  including  the  materials  and  the  machinery,  woven  and 
felted  goods  of  wool,  and  mixtures  of  wool.  The  awards  num¬ 
bered  595,  from  which  list  the  following  American  exhibitors 
have  been  selected : 

M.  A.  Furbush  &  Sons,  Philadelphia,  Carding  Machine. 

Jesse  Eddy’s  Sons,  Fall  River,  Massachusetts,  Fancy  Cassimeres. 

John  and  James  Dobson,  Philadelphia,  Carpets,  Blankets,  Overcoatings. 

George  H.  Gilbert  Manufacturing  Company,  Ware,  Massachusetts,  Flannels, 
Blankets. 

American  Silk  Label  Company,  New  York,  Silk  Labels. 

George  Crompton,  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  Looms. 

Danforth  Locomotive  and  Machine  Works,  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  Silk 
Machine. 

James  Roy  &  Co.,  West  Troy,  New  York,  Shawls. 

John  Bromley  &  Sons,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Carpets. 

United  States  Bunting  Company,  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  Woollen  Bunting 
Damasks. 


852 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


W.  H.  Horstmann  &  Sons,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Dress,  Carriage  and 
Upholstery  Trimmings. 

B.  B.  Tilt  &  Son,  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  Figured  Silk  and  Silk  Looms. 

John  N.  Stearns  &  Co.,  New  York,  Figured  and  Twilled  Silks. 

Dexter,  Lambert  &  Co.,  New  York,  Silk  Goods. 

Cheney  Bros.,  Hartford,  Connecticut,  Silks  and  Silk  Ribbons. 

Group  X. — Group  X.  embraced  all  articles  of  clothing,  furs, 
India-rubber  goods,  ornaments  and  fancy  articles,  and  the 
awards  made  numbered  537,  the  larger  part  of  which  went  to 
foreign  exhibitors.  Of  the  American  exhibitors  the  most  not¬ 
able  were  as  follows: 

W.  A.  Drown  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Umbrellas  and  Parasols. 

Celluloid  Manufacturing  Company,  Newark,  New  Jersey,  Brushes,  Jew¬ 
elry,  etc. 

Althof,  Bergmann  &  Co.,  New  York,  Mechanical  Toys. 

Fred.  Julius  Kaldenburg,  New  York,  Pipes. 

F.  Grote  &  Co.,  New  York,  Turned  Ivory,  etc. 

Schuyler,  Hartley  &  Graham,  New  York,  Military  Hats  and  Caps. 

Schuyler,  Hartley  &  Graham,  New  York  City,  Society  Goods. 

New  York  Belting  and  Packing  Company,  New  York  City,  Emery  Vul¬ 
canite. 

John  Wanamaker  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Civil  and  Military 
Clothing. 

Devlin  &  Co.,  New  York  City,  Civil  and  Military  Clothing. 

Madame  Demarest,  New  York  City,  Fashions,  Paper  Patterns,  Dress-Cutting 
System,  and  Shirt  and  Stocking  Suspenders. 

Goodyear  Rubber  Company,  New  York,  Rubber  Goods. 

Group  XI. — Included  in  Group  XI.  were  all  articles  of  jew¬ 
elry,  watches,  silver  ware,  bronzes.  The  exhibitors  numbered 
only  150,  of  whom  only  twenty-six  were  Americans.  Of  these 
the  principal  ones  receiving  the  recognition  of  a  medal  were  as 
follows : 

Mitchell,  Vance  &  Co.,  New  York,  Bronze,  Marble,  Zinc,  and  Imitation  of 
Bronze. 

Gorham  Manufacturing  Company,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  Silverware. 

Gorham  Manufacturing  Company,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  The  Century 
Vase,  in  Solid  Silver. 

Tiffany  &  Co.,  New  York,  Jewelry  and  Jewelled  Watches,  Silver  Work* 

Robbins  &  Appleton,  New  York,  Gold  and  Silver  Watch  Cases. 

Reed  &  Barton,  Taunton,  Massachusetts,  Silver-Plated  Goods. 

Reed  &  Barton,  Taunton,  Massachusetts,  a  large  Nickel-Plated  Vase. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


853 


Group  XII. — “ Leather  and  manufactures  of  leather,  includ¬ 
ing  boots  and  shoes,  trunks,”  etc.,  were  the  class  of  articles  ex¬ 
hibited  as  Group  XII.  TJie  awards  announced  numbered  215, 
almost  wholly  to  American  exhibitors,  the  principal  of  whom 
are  given  below : 

Dana,  Moffet  &  Co.,  New  York,  Harness  and  Russet  Leather  in  Variety. 

S.  Halsey  &  Son,  Newark,  New  Jersey,  Patent  and  Carriage  Leather,  and 
one  Hide  of  Oil-Top  Leather. 

Henry  G.  Ely  &  Co.,  New  York,  Buff,  Pebbled,  Glazed,  and  Split  Leather. 

Hubner  &  Keller,  New  York,  Oak-Tanned  Calf  Skins. 

Kees  &  Thorne,  New  York,  Hemlock  Sole  Leather. 

Chatfield,  Underwood  &  Co.,  New  York,  Belt  Leather. 

W.  F.  Breed,  Dole  &  Co.,  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  Shoes,  Slippers  and  Gaiters. 

Barrous  &  Boyd,  New  York,  Shoes  and  Slippers. 

J.  G.  Bruzzell  &  Co.,  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  Shoe  Machinery. 

Edwin  C.  Burt,  New  York,  Ladies’  Fine  Made  Shoes. 

Schultz,  Southwick  &  Co.,  New  York,  Union  Crop  Sole  Leather. 

Hoyt  Brothers,  New  York,  Hemlock  Sole  Leather. 

American  Cable  Screw  Wire  Company,  New  York,  Standard  Screw  Wire 
Machine,  for  Uniting  the  Soles  to  the  Uppers  of  Boots  and  Shoes. 

Bay  State  Shoe  and  Leather  Company,  New  York,  Men’s,  etc.,  Women’s, 
etc.,  Boots  and  Shoes,  Sewed,  Pegged,  etc. 

Dawley  &  Derby,  New  York,  Lasts,  Boot  Trees,  etc. 

Kenny  &  McPartland,  New  York,  Shoes. 

E.  B.  Sdmpson,  New  York,  Shoe  Machinery. 

Group  XIII. — The  paper  industry  was  exhibited  as  Group 
XIII.,  and  embraced  such  manufactures  as  stationery,  printing 
paper,  blank  books,  playing  cards,  wall  paper,  etc.,  besides  the 
machinery  and  apparatus  for  printing,  such  as  printing  presses, 
type-casting  machines,  stereotyping  apparatus,  book-binding  and 
envelope  'machines,  etc.  The  awards  numbered  239.  The 
chief  exhibitors  to  whom  awards  were  announced  are  the  fol¬ 
lowing: 

Tiffany  &  Co.,  New  York  city,  Wedding  Stationery. 

Esterbrook  Steel  Pen  Company,  Camden,  New  Jersey,  Steel  Pens. 

Porter  &  Bainbridge,  New  York  city,  Visiting  and  Wedding  Cards  and  . 
Papeteries. 

Hoe  &  Co.,  New  York,  General  Exhibit  of  Printers’  Presses,  and  Materials 
for  Printers’  Use. 

J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Bookbinding  and  Printing. 

H.  O.  Houghton  &  Co.,  Riverside  Press,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  Book¬ 
binding. 


854 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York,  Bookbinding. 

B.  O.  Woods  &  Co.,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Amateur  Printing  Presses. 

Porter  &  Coates,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Books. 

J.  R.  Osgood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Books. 

Scribner,  Armstrong  &  Co.,  New  York,  Books. 

G.  P.  Putnam  &  Sons,  New  York,  Books. 

Harper  Brothers,  New  York,  Books. 

Francis  &  Loutrel,  New  York,  Blank  Books. 

R.  Hoe  &  Co.,  New  York,  Newspaper  Press. 

Group  XIV. — Group  XIV.  included  all  apparatus  for  heat¬ 
ing,  lighting,  ventilation,  water  supply  and  drainage,  such  as 
stoves,  fire-places,  kitchen  ware,  gas  fixtures,  water-pipes,  etc. 
The  number  of  exhibitors  was  small,  there  being  only  49 
awards,  of  which  nearly  all  were  to  Americans.  Among  these 
were  the  following : 

W.  H.  Jackson  &  Co.,  New  York,  Grates  and  Fenders  for  Open  Fires  and 
Fire  Places. 

Wakefield  Earth  Closet  Company,  New  York,  Earth  Closets,  Cabinet  Closets. 

Tuttle  &  Bailey,  New  York,  Vertical  Wheel  Registers  for  Heating  and 
Ventilation. 

Jacob  H.  Polhamus,  New  York,  Refrigerating  Cupboard  and  Safe. 

Smith  Refrigerator  Company,  Albany,  New  York,  Dry  Air  Refrigerator. 

W.  S.  Carr  &  Co.,  New  York,  Bath-Room  Furniture. 

Lewis  W.  Leeds,  New  York,  Improved  Methods  of  Ventilation  and  Heat¬ 
ing  (diagrams). 

William  G.  Creamer,  New  York,  Car  Lamps. 

Group  XV. — This  group  was  devoted  to  builders*  hardware, 
edge  tools,  cutlery,  etc.,  and  awards  to  the  number  of  214  were 
made.  Among  them  I  observed  the  following  large  American 
houses  named  as  receivers  of  medals : 

J.  L.  Mott,  Iron  Works,  New  York,  Fountains,  Vases,  and  Statuary. 

The  Meriden  Cutlery  Company,  Meriden,  Connecticut,  Table  Cutlery. 

Yale  Lock  Manufacturing  Company,  Stanford,  Connecticut,  Time,  Safe, 
Door,  and  other  Locks. 

Hall’s  Safe  and  Lock  Company,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Safes. 

Herring  &  Co.,  United  States,  New  York,  Fire  and  Burglar-proof  Safes. 

Marvin  Safe  and  Scale  Company,  New  York,  Fire  and  Burglar-proof  Safes 
and  Combination  Locks. 

Group  XVI. — “  Military  and  sporting  arms,  weapons,  appa¬ 
ratus  of  hunting  explosives,  etc.,”  was  the  title  of  Group  XVI., 
and  in  this  department  only  70  exhibitors  appeared.  The  prin¬ 
cipal  awards  to  American  exhibitors  were  made  to  the  following: 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


855 


E.  Remington  &  Sons,  Ilion,  New  York,  Fire-arms  and  Ammunition. 

Merwin,  Culbert  &  Co.,  New  York,  Pocket  Revolvers. 

Clark  &  Sneider,  Baltimore, 

Maryland,  Breech-loading  Guns. 

Sharpe’s  Rifle  Company,  Bridge¬ 
port,  Connecticut,  Breech-loading 
Hunting  Rifle. 

E.  Remington,  Ilion,  New  York, 

Breech-loading  Guns  and  Target 
Rifle. 

Colt’s  Patent  Fire-arms  Manufac¬ 
turing  Company,  Hartford,  Connec¬ 
ticut,  Colt’s  Revolver. 

Richard  J.  Gatling,  Hartford, 

Connecticut,  The  Gatling  Gun. 

South  Boston  Iron  Company,  Bos¬ 
ton,  Massachusetts,  Condensed 
Bronze  Cannon  and  Howitzer. 

Group  XVII.  —  Pleasure 
and  travelling  carriages, 
carts,  wagons,  sleighs,  and  all 
other  manner  of  vehicles  and 
their  accessories,  such  as  fit¬ 
tings,  robes,  rugs,  etc.,  were 
named  under  Group  XVII., 
and  150  exhibi¬ 
tors  were  given 
awards.  The 
principal  Ameri¬ 
can  exhibitors 
thus  distin¬ 
guished  were 
follows : 

L.  P.  Tibbals,  New 
York,  Children’s  Car¬ 
riages. 

J.  A.  Conover,  New 
York,  Children’s  Car- 

’  TUMBLER  DRAINER,  AND  WATER-JET,  EXHIBITED  BY 

nages  and  Wooden  charles  lippincott  &  co.,  in  machinery  hall. 
Horses. 


Peters  &  Calhoun  Company,  Newark,  New  Jersey,  Harness,  Saddles,  etc. 
C.  M.  Moseman  and  Co.,  New  York,  Fire  Engine  Harness. 


856 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


J.  B.  Brewster  &  Co.,  New  York,  Carriages. 

Wood  Brothers,  New  York,  Carriages. 

C.  T.  Reynolds  &  Co.,  New  York,  Carriage  Varnishes. 

Group  XVIII. — “  Railway  plant,  rolling  stock  and  appa¬ 
ratus,  and  road  engines”  was  the  title  of  this  group.  The  ex¬ 
hibitors  were  only  66  in  number,  and  of  these  42  were  Amer¬ 
icans.  The  awards  to  the  latter  most  worthy  of  notice  were  as 
follows : 

Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railroad  Company,  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  Loco¬ 
motives. 

New  York  Central  Railroad  Company,  New  York,  Postal  Car. 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  Altoona,  Pennsylvania,  United  States 
Postal  Car. 

Pullman  Palace  Car  Company,  Chicago,  Illinois,  Hotel,  Parlor,  and  Sleep¬ 
ing  Car. 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  Altoona,  Pennsylvania,  Railroad  Track. 

John  Stevenson  Company,  New  York,  Street  Tramway  Cars. 

Group  XIX. — This  group  was  devoted  to  the  exhibition  of 
models  of  vessels  and  apparatus  of  transportation,  including 
life-boats  and  salvage  apparatus,  propeller  wheels,  ropes,  steer¬ 
ing  apparatus,  and  even  balloons  and  their  apparatus.  The  ex¬ 
hibitors  were  few,  and  only  30  awards  were  made.  Among 
them  were  the  following  to  leading  American  exhibitors 

Irving  Grinnell,  New  Hamburg,  New  York,  Ice  Yacht. 

C.  &  R.  Poillon,  New  York,  Model  of  Schooner  Yacht  Sappho. 

A.  H.  Hark  &  Co.,  New  York,  Flax  Twines. 

Lawrence  Waterbury  &  Co.,  New  York,  Manilla  Rope. 

John  A.  Roebling’s  Sons  &  Co.,  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  Wire  Ropes. 

E.  Waters  &  Sons,  Troy,  New  York,  Paper  Boats. 

New  York  Safety  Steam  Power  Company,  New  York,  Steam  Yacht. 

Group  XX. — Under  this  head  were  grouped  motors,  hydrau¬ 
lic  and  pneumatic  apparatus,  such  as  boilers,  water-wheels, 
shafting,  belting,  pumps,  pneumatic  railways  and  tubes,  hydrau¬ 
lic  jacks,  presses,  fire-engines,  and  the  like.  Contrary  to  gen¬ 
eral  expectation  the  exhibitors  in  this  group  were  numerous, 
and  351  awards  were  made.  Included  among  those  to  Amer¬ 
ican  exhibitors  are  the  following : 

Hartford  Pump  Company,  Hartford,  Connecticut,  Compressed  Air  Pump. 

Babson  &  Dwight,  New  York,  Self-Regulating  Fire  Escape. 

Chard  &  Howe,  New  York,  Lubricating  Cup  and  Compound. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


857 


John  A.  Roebling’s  Sons  &  Co.,  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  Wire  Rope,  Rig¬ 
ging,  etc. 

Rumsey  &  Co.,  Seneca  Falls,  New  York,  Pumps,  Hydraulic  Rams. 

Hubbard  &  Aller,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  Steam  Pumps. 

Otis  Brothers  &  Co.,  New  York,  Passenger  Elevator,  etc. 

John  T.  Noye  &  Son,  Buffalo,  New  York,  Turbine. 

Blake  Hose  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Fire  Hose. 

Wells  Balance  Engine  Company,  New  York,  Double  Piston  Engine. 

Richard  Dudgeon,  New  York,  Hydraulic  Jacks  and  Punches. 

Vulcanized  Fibre  Company,  Wilmington,  Delaware)  Pipes. 

Champion  Fire  Extinguisher  Company,  Louisville,  Kentucky,  Chemical 
Engines,  Hook  and  Ladder  Trucks. 

Babcock  Manufacturing  Company,  New  York,  Chemical  Engines  and  At¬ 
tachments. 

William  K.  Platt  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Fire  Extinguishers. 

Rumsey  &  Co.,  Seneca  Falls,  New  York,  Hand  Fire-Engine. 

Yale  Lock  Manufacturing  Company,  Stamford,  Connecticut,  Safety  Hoisting 
Machines,  etc. 

Morris,  Tasker  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Wrought-Iron  Tubes, 
Tools,  and  Brass  Work. 

Grffith  &  Wedge,  Zanesville,  Ohio,  Vertical  Portable  Engine. 

Group  XXI. — Machine  tools,-  whether  of  wood,  metal,  or 
stone,  were  embraced  in  this  group.  The  awards  numbered  160, 
and  of  these  100  went  to  American  exhibitors,  including  the 
following: 

Stevens’  Patent  Vise  Company,  New  York,  Parallel  Vises. 

Knickerbocker  Ice  Company,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Ice  Tools. 

Henry  Disston  &  Sons,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Circular  and  other  Saws. 

John  W.  Griffiths,  New  York,  Wood -bending  Machine. 

Simonds  Manufacturing  Company,  Fitchburg,  Massachusetts,  Circular  Saws. 

S.  A.  Wood’s  Machine  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Wood-working 
Machinery. 

Clough  &  Williams,  New  York,  Machine  for  making  Cork  Handles  of  Wire. 

Old  Colony  Rivet  Works,  New  York,  Planing  and  Shaping  Machine. 

American  Saw  Company,  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  Punching,  Shearing,  and 
Pressing  Machines. 

John  Roach  &  Son,  New  York.  Wrought-Iron  Forgings. 

Group  XXII. — This  embraced  machines,  apparatus,  and  im¬ 
plements  used  in  sewing  and  making  clothing,  lace,  ornamental 
objects,  pins,  etc.  There  were  only  forty-eight  exhibitors.  Of 
the  American  exhibitors  the  following  received  awards : 

American  Watch  Company,  Waltham,  Massachusetts,  Watchmaking  Ma¬ 
chinery  and  a  System  of  Watchmaking. 


858 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


T.  C.  Page,  Chicopee  Falls,  Massachusetts,  Lamb  Knitting  Machine. 

Remington  Sewing  Machine  Company,  Ilion,  New  York,  Buttonhole  Sew¬ 
ing  Machine. 

The  Singer  Manufacturing  Company,  Elizabeth,  New  Jersey,  Sewing  Ma¬ 
chines  for  Stitching  Buttonholes. 

Wilcox  &  Gibbs  Sewing  Machine  Company,  New  York,  Sewing  Machines. 

The  Howe  Machine  Company,  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  Shuttle  Sewing 
Machines. 

Wilson  Sewing  Machine  Company,  Chicago  Illinois,  Wilson’s  Family  Sew¬ 
ing  Machine. 

The  Weed  Sewing  Machine  Company,  Hartford,  Connecticut,  Shuttle  Sew¬ 
ing  Machine. 

Wheeler  &  Wilson  Sewing  Machine  Company,  Bridgeport,  Connecticut, 
Sewing  Machines  for  Leather. 

Wheeler  and  Wilson  Manufacturing  Company,  Bridgeport,  Connecticut, 
Sewing  Machines. 

The  Singer  Manufacturing  Company,  Elizabeth,  New  Jersey,  Family  Sew¬ 
ing  Machines. 

Group  XXIII. — In  this  department  were  grouped  all  “  agri¬ 
cultural  machines,  implements  of  agriculture,  horticulture,  and 
gardening.”  Of  the  260  awards  made  three-fourths  were  to 
American  exhibitors,  principal  among  whom  I  notice  the 
names  of  the  following  : 

Wheeler,  Millick  &  Co.,  Albany,  New  York,  Horse  Hay  Rake. 

R.  H.  Allen  &  Co.,  New  York,  Sugar  Land  Plows,  Cultivators,  etc. 

Blymer  Manufacturing  Company,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Sugar  Machinery. 

A.  J.  Nellis  &  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  Patent  Process  of  Chilling  Steel. 

A.  J.  Nellis,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  Hay  Fork,  Gripping  Claw,  etc. 

J.  Tingley,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Hand  Power  Churn. 

A.  B.  Farquhar,  York,  Pennsylvania,  Cotton  Cultivator. 

George  Barnes  &  Co.,  Syracuse,  New  York,  Knives  and  Sickles. 

I.  C.  Hoadley  &  Co.,  Lawrence,  Massachusetts,  Portable  Farm  Engines. 

Walter  A.  Wood,  Hoosac  Falls,  New  York,  Harvester. 

Walter  A.  Wood,  Hoosac  Falls,  New  York,  Self-Binding  Reapers. 

Pennock  Manufacturing  Company,  Kennett  Square,  Pennsylvania,  Double 
Arm  Hay  Forks. 

A.  J.  Nellis  &  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  Iron  Tie  for  Binding  Cotton. 

R.  H.  Allen  &  Co.,  New  York,  Horticultural  Implements. 

Walter  A.  Wood,  Hoosac  Falls,  New  York/Sweep  Rake  Reapers. 

Group  XXIV. — Embraced  in  this  group  were  the  instru¬ 
ments  and  apparatus  of  hygiene,  medicine,  surgery,  prothesis, 
etc.  Of  132  exhibitors  to  whom  awards  were  made,  I  find  the 
following  to  be  the  most  prominent  American  manufacturers : 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


859 


McKisson  &  Robbins,  New  York,  Pharmaceutical  Preparations. 

Crandall  &  Son,  New  York,  Crutches. 

Robert  Shoemaker  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Drugs  and  Fluid 
Extracts. 

J.  B.  Seely,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Trusses. 

Elastic  Truss  Company,  New  York,  Trusses. 

Group  XXV. — Embraced  in  this  department  were  exhibits 
of  “instruments  of  precision,  research,  experiment,  and  illustra¬ 
tion,  including  telegraphy  and  music.”  There  were  321  awards, 
the  principal  American  exhibitors  receiving  medals  being  the* 
following : 

George  Steck  &  Co.,  New  York,  Grand,  Square,  and  Upright  Pianos. 

Decker  Brothers,  New  York,  Grand,  Square,  and  Upright  Pianos. 

Bacon  &  Karr,  New  York,  Square  and  Upright  Pianos. 

Burdett  Organ  Company,  Erie,  Pennsylvania,  Reed  Organs. 

Mason  and  Hamlin  Organ  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Reed  Organs 
and  Harmoniums. 

Wm.  Knabe  &  Co.,  Baltimore,  Concert,  Grand,  Square,  and  Upright  Pianos. 

James  W.  Queen  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Mathematical  and 
Drawing  Instruments,  Microscopes. 

Albert  Weber,  New  York,  Grand,  Square,  and  Upright  Pianos. 

Holmes  Burglar  Alarm  Telegraph  Company,  New  York,  Burglar  Alarm 
Telegraph. 

Peloubet,  Pelton  &  Co.,  New  York,  Reed  Organs. 

Atlantic  and  Pacific  Telegraph  Company,  Edison’s  American  Automatic 
Telegraph. 

Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  New  York,  Quadruplex  Electric  Tele¬ 
graph,  and  for  the  Phelps  Printing  Telegraph. 

American  District  Telegraph  Company,  Improved  Gravity  Battery,  District 
Telegraph  Apparatus. 

Chickering  and  Sons,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Concert,  Grand,  Upright,  and 
Square  Piano-Fortes. 

Steinway  &  Sons,  New  York,  Grand,  Square,  and  Upright  Pianos. 

Group  XXVI. — Only  163  exhibitors,  of  whom  only  18  were 
Americans,  furnished  displays  for  Group  XXVI.,  which  was 
devoted  to  the  illustration  of  architecture  and  engineering.  The 
American  exhibitors  who  received  awards  were  as  follows : 

Thomas  H.  Speakman,  Philadelphia,  Combined  Wire  and  Wood  Fence  for 
Farm  Use. 

J .  Herbert  Shedd,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  a  Hydrant  with  all  the  neces¬ 
sary  Appurtenances.. 

State  of  Massachusetts,  New  England,  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children. 


860 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


State  of  Ohio,  State  Building. 

State  of  Massachusetts,  State  Hospital  for  Insane. 

Michigan  Survey  Commission,  Michigan,  Geological  Charts. 

Kentucky  Survey  Commission,  Geological  Charts  and  Profiles. 

Q.  M.  Gen.  M.  C.  Meigs,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  Plans  of  two 
Large  Bridges. 

Prof.  Semper,  Plans  of  Town  Hall. 

State  of  Massachusetts,  Exhibit  of  Normal  Schools,  etc. 

United  States,  Exhibits  of  Engineering. 

Engineer  Corps,  United  States  Army,  Pontoon  Bridge  for  Advanced  Guard 
and  Army. 

United  States  Government,  Collective  Exhibit  Cliff  and  Cave  Dwellings. 

Group  XXVII. — As  this  department  embraced  the  exhibits 
in  Memorial  Hall  and  its  Annex,  and  the  Photographic  Hall, 
the  list  of  awards  is  simply  a  list  of  the  painters,  sculptors, 
photographers,  and  others  whose  works  have  been  submitted. 
Of  these  exhibitors  receiving  awards  for  other  than  purely  art 
reproductions,  the  following  list  will  be  interesting : 

American  Photo-Lithographic  Company,  Heliographs. 

W.  Kurtz,  New  York  City,  Photographs. 

Tiffany  &  Co.,  New  York,  Silver  Inlaid  with  Niello  and  Copper. 

J.  L.  Mott  &  Co.,  New  York  City,  Castings  in  Iron. 

Knoedler  &  Co.,  New  York,  Engravings,  Etchings,  etc. 

W.  E.  Marshall,  New  York  City,  Engraving. 

Continental  Bank  Note  Company,  Engravings. 

National  Bank  Note  Company,  Engravings. 

Prang  &  Co.,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Chromo-Lithography. 

John  Rogers,  New  York  City,  Sculpture. 

Gorham  &  Co.,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  RepoussS  Work  in  Silver. 

Tiffany  &  Co.,  New  York,  Repousse  Work  in  Silver  and  Iron. 

Cassell,  Petter  &  Galpin,  London,  Lithographs. 

*  London  Graphic  Company,  Drawings  and  Wood  Engravings. 

Group  XXVIII. — “  Education  and  Science  ”  was  the  title  of 
this  department,  and  it  embraced  a  large  number  of  subdivisions. 
There  were  672  exhibitors,  of  whom  the  following  are  particu¬ 
larly  worthy  of  mention  as  having  received  awards : 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York,  Various  Publications. 

A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.,  New  York,  School  Books,  Maps,  Charts. 

A.  T.  Bicknell  &  Co.,  New  York,  Books  for  Builders. 

Claxton,  Remsen  &  Haffelfinger,  Philadelphia,  Books. 

S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co.,  Chicago,  Illinois,  Publications. 

Harper  &  Brothers,  New  York,  Books. 


BRONZE  INKSTAND,  EXHIBITED  BY  NICHOLAS  MULLER’S  SONS 

861 


862 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  New  York,  Books. 

H.  O.  Houghton  &  Co.,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  Plain  and  Colored  Litho¬ 
graphic  Printing. 

Ivison,  Blakeman,  Taylor  &  Co.,  New  York,  School  and  College  Text 
Books. 

F.  Leypoldt,  New  York,  Publishers’  Weekly,  etc. 

Orange  Judd  &  Co.,  New  York,  Books,  etc. 

James  R.  Osgood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Books. 

The  Sons  of  Geo.  P.  Putnam,  New  York,  Books,  Literature,  and  History. 

Porter  &  Coates,  Philadelphia,  Books. 

J.  Sabin  &  Sons,  New  York,  Bibliographical  Publications. 

Scribner,  Armstrong  &  Co.,  New  York,  Books  and  Maps. 

L.  Prang  &  Co.,  Massachusetts,  System  of  Drawing  designed  by  W.  Smith, 
and  other  Publications  on  Art  Teaching. 

Kay  &  Brothers,  Philadelphia,  Law  Books. 

Lee  &  Sheppard,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Works  of  Charles  Sumner,  etc. 

Miss  E.  M.  Coe,  New  York,  Kindergarten  Work  and  Materials. 

J.  W.  Schemmerhorn  &  Co.,  New  York,  School  Apparatus,  Furniture,  and 
Health  Lift. 

Illustrated  London  News,  London,  Specimens  illustrating  the  Art  Depart¬ 
ment  of  The  Illustrated  Nevjs. 

Cassell,  Petter  &  Galpin,  London,  Illustrated  Books,  Publications,  Serials, 
etc.,  etc. 

The  Graphic  Newspaper,  London,  Illustrated  Newspaper. 

Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  Natural  Objects  and  Illustrations  of  Ob¬ 
jects,  representing  the  Flora  and  Fauna  of  California  and  other  portions  of  the 
country  traversed  by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad. 

University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Books  and  Apparatus  of  Instruc¬ 
tion. 

Institute  of  Technology,  Massachusetts,  Students’  Work. 

Catholic  Publication  Society,  Ecclesiastical  History. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 


THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  EXHIBITION. 


The  Fireworks  on  the  9th  of  November — The  Closing  Day — Unfavorable 
Weather — The  Attendance  at  the  Exhibition — The  Change  of  Programme 
— Ceremonies  in  Judges’  Hall — The  Music — Prayer  of  Rev.  Dr.  Seiss — 
Address  of  Hon.  D.  J.  Morrell — The  Te  Deum — Remarks  of  President 
John  Welsh — Address  of  Director-General  Goshorn — Speech  of  General 
Hawley — President  Grant  Declares  the  Exhibition  Closed — Stopping  the 
Machinery — Scene  in  Machinery  Hall. 

«HE  Centennial  Commission  resolved  at  an  early  day  to 
close  the  Exhibition  with  as  elaborate  and  appropriate 
ceremonies  as  those  which  had  marked  its  commence- 


■§  ment. 


On  the  night  of  the  9th  of  November,  a  grand  dis¬ 


play  of  fireworks  was  given  on  George’s  Hill  by  Messrs.  Brock 
&  Co.,  of  London,  and  Professor  Jackson,  of  Philadelphia. 
This  was  the  most  imposing  and  successful  pyrotechnic  display 
of  the  Exhibition,  and  was  witnessed  by  a  vast  multitude 
within  the  grounds  and  a  still  larger  throng  without  the 
enclosure. 

When  the  morning  of  Friday,  November  10th,  the  day  ap¬ 
pointed  for  the  formal  closing  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition 
arrived,  there  was  manifested  on  all  sides  a  feeling  of  mingled 
regret  and  pleasure — regret  that  the  grand  Exhibition,  with  all 
its  glories,  with  its  wealth  of  attractions,  its  mechanical  tri¬ 
umphs,  and  its  treasures  of  art,  would  be,  in  a  few  brief  hours, 
but  a  bright  page  in  a  glorious  history;  pleasure  that  now,  on 
its  closing  day,  the  country  could  point  with  pride  to  the  six 
months’  career  of  the  great  enterprise — a  half  year  without  a 
blot  on  its  record. 

The  morning  of  November  10th  opened  with  clouds  and 


863 


864 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


rain,  and  daring  the  day  a  cold,  disagreeable  storm  prevailed. 
In  spite  of  this,  however,  the  early  trains  and  street  cars  were 
crowded  with  visitors,  and  every  available  vehicle  was  pressed 
into  service  by  the  multitude.  As  soon  as  the  entrance  gates 
were  opened  there  was  a  rush  for  them  by  the  crowd  that  had 
gathered  about  them.  The  entire  force  of  the  Centennial 
National  Bank  was  actively  engaged  in  furnishing  the  required 
change,  and  the  turn-stile  keepers  were  compelled  by  sheer  force 


EXHIBIT  OF  FINE  CLOTHING  IN  THE  MAIN  BUILDING. 


of  necessity  to  accept,  without  close  scrutiny,  the  admission  fees 
from  the  good-natured,  pushing  throng.  This  stream  of  people 
continued  to  pass  through  the  turn-stiles  until  late  in  the  after¬ 
noon  without  intermission. 

It  had  been  intended  to  hold  the  closing  ceremonies  in  the 
open  air  at  the  western  end  of  the  Main  Building,  but  the 
steady  rain  which  fell  during  the  day  rendered  a  change  in  this 
part  of  the  programme  imperative.  Judges’  Hall  was  therefore 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


865 


chosen  as  the  most  suitable  place  for  these  exercises.  A  vast 
crowd  collected  around  the  hall,  and  the  disappointment  at  not 
being  able  to  witness  the  closing  ceremonies  was  general.  A 
broad  passage  way  was  kept  open  in  front  of  the  building  by 
two  long  lines  of  the  Centennial  Guard,  which  effectually 
^barred  the  entrance  of  any  one  unless  provided  with  the  proper 
card  of  admission. 

Twelve  o’clock  struck,  but  the  rain  continued  to  fall  steadily, 
and  there  were  no  signs  of  a  change  of  weather,  no  hope  that 
the  rain  would  cease  and  permit  the  ceremonies  to  take  place 
in  the  open  air.  Word  was  accordingly  sent  to  the  distin¬ 
guished  personages  to  repair  to  the  Judges’  Hall,  there  to 
participate  in  the  ceremonies  which  were  formally  to  close  the 
grand  Exhibition.  The  arrangements,  everything  considered, 
were  admirable.  The  First  City  Troop,  under  Captain  Fair- 
man  Rogers,  and  supported  by  a  strong  detachment  of  Cen¬ 
tennial  Guards,  kept  back  the  ever-increasing  crowds,  and 
formed  an  avenue  between  the  thousands  of  visitors  who  were 
at  least  determined  to  see  if  they  could  not  hear ;  and  carriage 
after  carriage  rolled  up  to  the  entrance,  and  their  occupants, 
provided  with  the  open  sesame  in  the  shape  of  a  ticket  marked 
“ Admit  to  the  Judges’  Pavilion,”  quickly  passed  into  the 
interior.  By  two  o’clock  all  the  visitors  had  arrived,  and 
were  in  the  places  assigned  them. 

On  the  platform  sat  President  Grant.  To  his  right  were 
General  Hawley,  Director-General  Goshorn,  Secretary  of  War 
J.  Donald  Cameron,  and  George  W.  Childs,  Esq.  To  the 
left  were  Commissioner  Daniel  J.  Morrell,  Secretary  of  State 
Hamilton  Fish,  Rev.  J.  H.  Seiss,  John  Welsh,  Esq.,  and 
General  Robert  Patterson.  Immediately  back  were  Governor 
Hartranft;  Governor  Rice,  of  Massachusetts;  Governor  Bedle, 
of  New  Jersey;  Governor  Cochrane,  of  Delaware;  Chief  Justice 
Waite,  Associate  Justices  Davis  and  Bradley,  and  Mayor 
Stokley.  Sir  Edward  Thornton,  the  British  Minister,  had 
donned  his  court  dress  to  do  honor  to  the  occasion.  General 
N.  P.  Banks,  displaying  unaffected  interest,  stood  near  her 
Majesty’s  envoy.  Thomas  A.  Scott  chatted  to  Bishop  Simp- 
55 


866 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


son,  whose  fine  features  were  lit  up  with  a  feeling  of  interest 
at  the  scene.  Asa  Packer,  millionnaire  and  philanthropist; 
Frederick  Fraley,  who  has  handled  the  Centennial  receipts 
with  the  ability  of  an  accomplished  financier;  U.  S.  Grant,  Jr., 
the  President’s  private  Secretary;  Aristarchi  Bey,  saturnine 
and  cynical  in  appearance;  Bayard  Taylor,  the  Centennial 
poet ;  ex-Governor  Straw,  of  New  Hampshire ;  Professor 
Blake,  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute;  S.  M.  Felton,  President 
of  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore  Railroad,  and 
others,  formed  a  background  which  was  thoroughly  repre¬ 
sentative  in  its  character.  To  the  right  sat  the  members  of 
the  staffs  of  the  Governors,  and  a  number  of  distinguished 
army  and  naval  officers,  and  on  the  left  were  accommodated 
the  Centennial  Commissioners,  the  members  of  the  Board  of 
Finance,  and  a  number  of  the  Diplomatic  Corps.  In  front, 
and  filling  every  vacant  seat,  were  the  privileged  personages 
admitted  to  witness  the  closing  scenes. 

At  two  o’clock  the  Centennial  Inauguration  March,  written 
by  the  great  German  composer,  Professor  Wagner,  for  the  open¬ 
ing  ceremonies  of  the  Exhibition,  preluded  the  formal  exercises, 
and  its  now  familiar  notes  were  greeted  with  enthusiastic  ap¬ 
plause.  When,  on  the  opening  day,  this  composition  was  for 
the  first  time  publicly  performed,  the  effect  was  rather  disap¬ 
pointing,  as  in  the  open  air  only  the  wind  instruments  could  be 
clearly  heard.  So  far  as  the  music  was  concerned  the  change 
of  programme  to  the  Judges’  Hall  proved  a  decided  advantage, 
for  the  massive  chords  of  the  “  Centennial  March  ”  rolled  out 
upon  the  air  in  waves  of  richest  harmony,  while  every  note  of 
the  most  intricate  evolutions  was  distinctly  marked.  General 
Hawley,  President  of  the  Centennial  Commission,  who  acted  as 
the  presiding  officer,  then  introduced  Rev.  Joseph  A.  Seiss,  who 
offered  the  following  fervent  prayer : 

i 

Almighty  God  !  who  hast  made  of  one  blood  all  nations  of  men 
for  to  dwell  on  all  the  face  of  the  earth,  we,  Thine  unworthy  ser¬ 
vants,  look  up  to  Thee  through  the  only  Mediator,  Jesus  Christ, 
Thy  Son.  We  worship  Thee  as  the  Creator,  the  Sustainer,  and  the 
Governor  of  all  things,  visible  and  invisible,  to  whom  all  homage 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


867 


is  due  from  all  creatures  in  all  places  of  Thy  boundless  dominion. 
We  offer  unto  Thee  our  thanks  for  Thine  unsearchable  goodness, 
and  humbly  pray  Thee  to  touch  us  with  a  right  sense  of  the  majesty 
of  Thy  glory  and  of  the  wealth  of  Thy  loving  kindness,  that  our 
hearts  may  ever  glow  with  reverence  and  affection  toward  Thee 
whensoever  we  contemplate  Thy  wonderful  works  toward  the  chil¬ 
dren  of  men. 

For  the  earth,  which  Thy  hands  have  fastened ;  for  its  continents 
and  seas,  its  islands,  lakes,  rivers,  mountains,  plains,  valleys,  and 
watersprings  ;  for  what  groweth  out  of  its  surface,  and  for  what  lieth 
in  and  beneath  its  soil ;  for  its  climates,  its  seasons,  its  zones,  and 
the  steady  continuity  of  all  that  pertains  to  it,  we  thank  Thee. 
For  the  human  race  which  Thou  hast  created ;  for  the  endowments 
with  which  Thou  hast  clothed  mankind  ;  for  their  preservation,  their 
progress,  their  spread,  and  their  redemption  ;  for  their  happiness  in 
this  life,  and  for  their  hopes  for  eternity,  we  thank  Thee. 

For  this  great  country,  for  the  richness  of  its  productions,  for  the 
variety  of  its  adaptations,  for  the  ampleness  of  its  extent,  and  for 
the  splendor  of  its  adornments,  we  thank  Thee.  For  the  mingled 
peoples  to  whom  Thou  hast  given  this  land,  for  their  virtues,  their 
intelligence,  their  adventure,  and  their  prosperity,  and  especially 
for  the  century  of  growth,  triumph,  and  ameliorating  power  in  their 
experiment  of  popular  governmeut,  O  King  of  the  world  !  we  thank 
Thee.  For  the  peaceful  coming  together  here  of  the  representatives 
of  the  nation,  for  this  exhibit  of  the  industries,  art,  genius,  and 
accomplishments  of  so  many  civilizations  and  sorts  of  men;  for  the 
display  of  the  products  of  so  many  lands  and  seas ;  for  the  comfort 
and  satisfaction  with  which  multiplied  thousands  have  eome  and 
gone  during  these  months ;  for  the  educating  force,  the  lessons  of 
wisdom,  and  the  increase  of  knowledge  thus  furnished  to  millions 
of  observers,  and  for  the  success  with  which  Thou  hast  favored  this 
undertaking  of  Thy  servants,  good  Lord,  we  thank  Thee. 

And  now,  as  this  spectacle  of  fraternal  converse  and  mutual 
teaching  comes  to  its  termination,  vouchsafe,  O  God !  to  crown  it 
with  Thy  blessing.  Whatsoever  has  been  displeasing  in  Thy  sight, 
pardon  and  forgive.  Whatsoever  has  been  in  harmony  with  Thy¬ 
self,  follow  with  Thy  continued  favor.  And  graciously  overrule  all 
to  the  good  of  our  country  and  of  the  whole  world. 

These  commissioners  and  representatives  of  the  nations  bring 
back  in  safety  to  their  homes,  laden  with  fruits  here  gathered,  to 
profit  and  enrich  the  souls  and  estates  of  their  peoples. 


868 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


These  officers  and  executives,  who  have  labored  so  long  and 
courageously  in  the  procurement,  organization,  and  guardianship 
of  the  public  benefit  so  happily  enjoyed,  reward  and  bless  for  their 
faithful  toil  and  great  achievement. 

These  articles,  exhibits,  and  teachings,  as  they  go  hence  into  all 
countries,  make  heralds  and  instruments  of  augmented  comfort, 
convenience,  elevation,  and  prosperity  to  the  communities  into  which 
they  come. 

This  new  and  friendly  intercourse  between  the  ends  of  the  earth 
make  potent  for  the  furtherance  of  kindly  brotherhood  among  man¬ 
kind,  the  progress  of  the  truth,  the  triumph  of  peace  and  salvation, 
and  the  upbuilding  of  whosoever  is  agreeable  to  Thy  own  sovereign 
will  and  purposes. 

And  as  our  own  dear  nation  now  starts  out  upon  the  unknown 
sea  of  a  new  century,  our  united  prayers  are  lifted  to  Thee,  O  God  ! 
beseeching  Thy  Divine  Majesty  to  be  gracious  to  this  youngest  child 
in  the  family  of  nationalities ;  that  Thou  wouldst  spread  Thy  pro¬ 
tecting  hand  over  it  in  its  dangers  ;  that  Thou  wouldst  forgive  its 
sins  and  indiscretions,  and  that  Thou  wouldst  guide  it  evermore  in 
safety. 

Its  President,  its  Governors,  its  Legislatures,  its  judges  and 
magistrates,  and  the  commanders  of  its  army  and  navy,  endow 
plenteously  with  the  spirit  of  wisdom,  justice,  faithfulness  and  de¬ 
votion.  Uphold  them  in  their  duties,  and  prosper  them  always  in 
whatsoever  is  right,  and  true,  and  good.  Fill  all  public  servants 
with  prudent  counsels,  trusty  speech,  sound  integrity  and  honest 
fear  of  the  Lord.  Send  down  upon  our  churches,  our  religious 
teachers,  our  schools,  and  all  our  means  of  education,  Thy  Holy 
Spirit,  that  intelligence,  virtue,  truth  and  piety  may  be  our  inherit¬ 
ance  forever. 

Give  grace  to  our  people  to  acknowledge  Thee,  the  only  true 
God,  by  whose  spirit  all  things  are  governed,  and  dispose  them 
toward  Thine  ordinances  and  commands,  that  they  may  dwell  to¬ 
gether  in  unity  and  concord,  and  in  all  godliness  and  honesty. 
.And  although  we  have  often  provoked  Thy  displeasure  and  de¬ 
served  Thy  punishments,  yet  we  beseech  Thee,  of  Thy  great  good¬ 
ness,  not  to  deal  with  us  after  our  sins,  but  to  defend  and  preserve 
unto  us  our  free  institutions  and  national  happiness.  Scatter,  by 
Thy  mighty  power,  every  cloud  that  rises  to  threaten  our  nation’s 
permanence  or  peace.  Ward  off  calamities  of  war  and  bloodshed, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


869 


and  all  moral  deterioration  and  decay,  and  graciously  protect  us 
against  discord  and  sedition  within,  and  against  invasion  and  spoli¬ 
ation  from  without,  that  our  precious  liberties  may  not  be  taken 
from  us,  but  descend  from  generation  to  generation. 

And  now,  O  God  of  Nations,  King  of  Glory,  Lord  of  Heaven 
and  Earth,  be  pleased  to  accept  the  thanks  and  petitions  which  we 
thus  present  before  Thy  Majesty,  and  graciously  hear  our  prayers. 

Mercifully,  also,  bestow  Thy  heavenly  benediction  upon  the  cere¬ 
monies  of  this  hour,  and  upon  Thy  servants  forever,  that  all  our 
works  begun,  continued,  and  ended  in  Thee  may  always  redound 
to  the  honor  of  Thy  holy  name,  through  Jesus  Christ,  Thy  Son, 
our  Lord  and  Saviour,  to  whom,  with  Thee  and  the  Holy  Ghost, 
ever  one  God,  be  glory  and  dominion,  world  without  end.  Amen. 

A  chorale  and  fugue  from  Bach  were  then  performed  by  the 
orchestra,  after  which  the  Hon.  D.  J.  Morrell,  Chairman  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commis¬ 
sion,  was  introduced  to  the  audience.  When  the  applause  which 
greeted  him  had  subsided  he  said : 

On  the  9th  day  of  March,  1870,  it  was  my  privilege  to  introduce 
in  Congress  a  bill  to  provide  for  holding  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia 
the  Exhibition  which  this  day  brings  to  a  close.  On  the  3d  of 
March,  1871,  that  bill  became  a  law,  but  not  without  opposition 
and  amendments,  which  took  from  it  all  provisions  for  carrying 
out  the  purpose  contemplated  by  the  act  itself.  On  the  4th  of 
March,  1872,  the  Centennial  Commission  met  and  organized,  and 
the  labor  of  preparing  for  the  Exhibition  was  commenced,  in  the 
face  of  obstacles  such  as  were  never  encountered  in  a  similar  un¬ 
dertaking. 

The  government  had  refused  aid  ;  local  jealousies  were  powerful ; 
the  newspapers  of  the  country,  with  few  exceptions,  were  lukewarm 
or  openly  hostile,  and  the  mass  of  the  people  could  not  be  interested 
in  an  event  which  seemed  far  away  in  the  future.  During  the  first 
year  of  the  life  of  the  Commission  doubt  everywhere  prevailed,  and 
I  am  ashamed  to  say,  I  shall  strive  to  forget,  and  I  hope  that  his¬ 
tory  will  not  record,  how  few  had  faith  in  the  success  of  our  enter¬ 
prise,  and  how  many  wise  and  eminent  citizens  rendered  a  hesitat¬ 
ing  support,  or  refused  to  commit  themselves  to  what,  to  them, 
seemed  a  hopeless  cause.  In  this  time  of  gloom  the  city  of  Phila¬ 
delphia  was  not  afraid  to  charge  itself  with  the  expenses  incident 


870 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


to  the  organization  and  labors  of  the  Commission,  and  in  this,  and 
all  other  official  acts,  her  municipal  authorities  have  shown  coura¬ 
geous  liberality. 

The  creation  of  the  Board  of  Finance  was  the  turning-point  in 
the  fortunes  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition ;  from  that  moment  its 
prospects  brightened,  and,  though  that  Board  was  confronted  with 
a  financial  panic  and  other  discouraging  events,  its  executive  offi¬ 
cers  moved  forward  in  the  confidence  that  “  knows  no  such  word  as 
fail.”  By  slow  and  laborious  stages  public  interest  was  aroused ; 


PRESS  FOE,  FINE  ILLUSTRATED  WORK,  EXHIBITED  BY  R.  HOE  &  CO.,  IN 
MACHINERY  HALL. 


the  Women’s  Centennial  Commission  labored  with  zeal  and  effi¬ 
ciency  ;  money  from  private  subscriptions  to  the  stock  of  the  Board 
of  Finance  flowed  into  the  treasury  ;  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  and 
the  city  of  Philadelphia  made  liberal  appropriations  for  the  uses 
of  the  Exhibition,  of  which  a  memorial  will  remain  to  future  Cen¬ 
tennials  ;  and,  when  success  was  assured,  the  National  Congress 
recognized  its  duty,  and  gave  us  material  aid. 

“As  a  woman  who  is  in  travail  hath  sorrow,”  but  afterwards 
“she  remembereth  no  more  her  anguish  for  the  joy  that  a  man  is 
born  into  the  world,”  so  the  pangs  of  this  great  labor  are  far  away 
and  lost  in  this  hour  of  its  triumph. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


871 


It  is  but  just,  however,  in  speaking  for  the  executive  officers  of 
the  Centennial  Commission,  that  I  should  point  the  future  historians 
of  the  Exhibition  to  the  great  difficulties  which  have  been  encoun¬ 
tered  and  overcome,  and  claim  from  them  a  charitable  criticism. 
In  comparing  this  work  with  that  which  has  been  done  elsewhere, 


I  beg  them  to  note  that  this  has  been  accomplished  by  the  volun¬ 
tary  agents  of  a  free  people,  clothed  with  no  official  or  titular  pres¬ 
tige  or  distinction,  and  without  Governmental  support. 

The  members  of  the  Commission  and  the  Board  of  Finance  have 
recognized  that  they  were  on  exhibition  as  fully  as  any  material 


872 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


object  enclosed  within  these  grounds  ;  that  thousands  of  eyes  would 
scan  their  every  act,  after  the  fashion  of  these  times,  which  is  to 
attribute  mercenary  or  corrupt  motives  to  all  engaged  in  the  exe¬ 
cution  of  public  trusts  ;  and  I  shall  esteem  above  the  prizes  the 
nation  has  won  in  the  Exhibition  an  award  from  that  higher  group 
of  judges  which  represents  the  conscience  of  the  world  that  this 
work  which  we  to-day  commit  to  history  is  free  from  taint,  that 
good  men  shall  say  it  was  honest.  The  managers  of  future  Centen¬ 
nial  celebrations  to  be  held  on  these  grounds  will  see  and  do  things 
more  wonderful  than  our  wildest  dreams,  and  the  remnants  of  our 
finest  things  may  be  exhibited  by  them  as  proofs  of  the  rudeness  of 
early  days ;  but  in  the  records  we  have  made  the  full  measure  of 
our  manhood  will  go  down  to  them  untouched  by  the  gnawing 
tooth  of  Time. 

Of  the  Exhibition,  now  to  be  numbered  with  the  things  of  the 
past,  it  is  difficult  to  speak.  The  nations  are  here  ;  they  have  made 
this  great  spectacle  what  it  is,  and  they  deserve  the  gratitude  of 
the  American  people.  While  they  have  taught  much,  they  have 
also  learned  something,  and  they  have  seen  in  the  crowds  of  American 
citizens,  of  all  occupations  and  conditions  of  life,  who  have  thronged 
these  grounds,  a  polite,  orderly,  self-respecting,  and  self-governing 
people.  So  far  as  their  representatives  have  entered  into  our  social 
life,  we  will  hope  that  they  have  found  that  what  may  be  lacking 
in  form  is  made  up  in  substance;  that  the  simplicity  of  republican 
manners  is  dignified  by  the  sentiment  of  good-will  to  men. 

The  Exhibition  was  opened  by  starting  in  motion  the  Corliss 
engine,  that  giant  of  wonder  to  all,  which  for  six  months,  with 
equal  pulse,  without  haste,  without  rest,  has  propelled  an  endless 
system  of  belts  and  wheels.  Silent  and  irresistible,  it  affects  the 
imagination  as  realizing  the  fabled  powers  of  genii  and  afrit  in 
Arabian  tales,  and,  like  them,  it  is  subject  to  subtle  control.  When 
these  our  ceremonies  here  are  ended,  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  by  the  motion  of  his  hand,  will  make  the  lightning  his  mes¬ 
senger  to  stop  the  revolution  of  its  wheels,  and  at  the  same  instant 
to  tell  the  world  that  the  International  Exhibition,  which  marked 
the  Centennial  of  American  national  life,  is  closed. 

When  Mr.  Morrell  ceased,  Theodore  Thomas  gave  a  signal 
to  the  Centennial  Chorus  in  the  western  balcony,  and  the  or¬ 
chestra  and  chorus  rendered,  with  fine  effect,  Dettingen’s  Te 
Deum. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


873 


The  next  speaker  was  Mr.  John  Welsh,  the  President  of  the 
Centennial  Board  of  Finance,  whose  appearance  was  the  signal 
for  the  most  enthusiastic  applause.  Several  moments  elapsed 
before  quiet  could  be  restored,  and  then  Mr.  Welsh  delivered 
the  following  address : 

Fellow-Citizens: — In  this  closing  scene  of  the  International 
Exhibition,  I  may  well  give  expression  to  the  grateful  emotions 
which  swell  my  heart,  that  all  who  have  shared  in  the  labor  of  its 
preparation  and  conduct,  in  your  approval  of  it  meet  their  coveted 
reward. 

The  predictions  of  evil  which  were  made  of  it — and  by  many 
in  high  places — have  not  been  realized.  The  nation  has  not 
been  dishonored.  The  good  name  of  its  people  has  not  been  im¬ 
perilled.  This  day  witnesses  that  the  noble  purpose  of  its  projectors 
has  been  accomplished. 

It  has  hallowed  the  Centennial  year  by  an  inspiration  of  the 
past.  The  circumstances  attendant  on  the  nation’s  birth  have  been 
recalled.  The  patriotic  impulses  of  the  people  have  been  quick¬ 
ened.  Their  loVe  for  their  country  has  been  strengthened. 

The  Exhibition  has  concentrated  here  specimens  of  the  varied 
products  of  the  United  States,  and  made  better  known  to  us  our 
vast  resources. 

It  has  brought  to  us  the  representatives  of  many  nations — men 
skilled,  accomplished  and  experienced — and  they  have  brought 
with  them  stores  of  treasures  in  all  the  forms  given  them  by  long- 
practised  industry  and  art.  And  others  are  here  from  new  lands, 
even  younger  than  our  own,  giving  full  promise  of  a  bright  and 
glorious  future. 

It  has  placed  side  by  side,  for  comparison,  the  industries  of  the 
world.  In  viewing  them  the  utilitarian  revels  in  the  realization 
that  man  is  striving  earnestly  to  make  all  things  contribute  to  his 
convenience  and  comfort ;  the  philosopher  stands  in  awe  at  their 
contemplation  as  he  dwells  upon  the  cherished  thought  of  the 
possible  unity  of  nations ;  and  he  who  looks  on  the  grandeur  of 
the  scene  from  a  spiritual  standpoint  is  filled  with  the  hope  that 
the  day  is  near  “  when  the  glory  of  the  Lord  shall  cover  the  earth 
as  the  waters  cover  the  sea.” 

It  has  taught  us  in  what  others  excel,  and  excited  our  ambition 
to  strive  to  equal  them. 


874 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


It  has  taught  others  that  our  first  century  has  not  been  passed  in 
idleness,  and  that,  at  least  in  a  few  things,  we  are  already  in  the 
advance. 

It  has  proved  to  them  and  to  us  that  national  prejudices  are  as 
unprofitable  as  they  are  unreasonable  ;  that  they  are  hindrances  to 
progress  and  to  welfare,  and  that  the  arts  of  peace  are  most  favor¬ 
able  for  advancing  the  condition,  the  power  and  the  true  greatness 
of  a  nation. 


It  has  been  the  occasion  of  a  delightful  union  among  the  repre- 


DRUM  ROLLER  PRINTING  PRESS,  EXHIBITED  BY  COTTRELL  &  BABCOCK. 


sentatives  of  many  nations,  marked  by  an  intelligent  appreciation 
of  each  other,  rich  in  instruction  and  fruitful  in  friendships. 

It  has  placed  before  our  own  people,  as  a  school  for  their  instruc¬ 
tion,  a  display — vast  and  varied  beyond  precedent — comprising  the 
industries  of  the  world,  including  almost  every  product  known  to 
science  and  to  art. 

It  has  made  the  country  and  its  institutions  known  to  intelligent 
representatives  of  all  nations.  They  have  had  access  to  our  homes, 
have  become  familiar  with  our  habits,  have  studied  our  systems  of 
education,  observed  the  administration  of  our  laws,  and  will  here- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


875 


after  understand  why  the  United  States  of  America  exerts  so  large 
an  influence  on  other  nations,  and,  consequently,  the  great  truth 
that  in  proportion  to  the  intelligence  and  freedom  of  a  people  is 
their  loyalty  to  their  government. 

It  has  concentrated  on  this  spot,  in  the  short  term  of  six  months, 
eight  millions  of  visitors,  who  have  enjoyed  all  its  rare  privileges 
without  a  disturbance  or  any  personal  hindrance  from  violence  or 
even  rudeness. 

It  has  exhibited  the  American  people  in  their  true  character,  re¬ 
spectful  of  each  other’s  rights,  considerate  of  each  other’s  conven¬ 
ience,  and  desirous  of  allowing  to  others  a  full  participation  in  their 
enjoyment. 

It  has  afforded  an  opportunity  to  show  that  the  administration 
of  an  exhibition  on  a  grand  scale  may  be  liberal  in  its  expenditure 
without  useless  extravagance  ;  that  its  laws  may  be  strictly  enforced 
with  impartiality  and  without  harshness  ;  that  its  regulations  may 
secure  the  efficiency  of  its  departments  and  uniformity  in  their 
action;  that  its  whole  course  has  been  free  from  financial  embar¬ 
rassment  or  even  a  payment  deferred ;  and  that,  notwithstanding 
every  part  of  its  machinery  was  in  constant  motion,  no  one  of  the 
immense  throng  within  the  limits  of  the  Exhibition  was  sensible  of 
its  restraint. 

It  has  shown  that  the  authorities  of  the  great  city  in  which  the 
Exhibition  has  been  held  have  been  actuated  by  a  single  eye  to  the 
promotion  of  the  public  convenience.  That,  under  their  supervi¬ 
sion,  facilities  of  every  kind  have  been  provided,  property  has  been 
protected,  good  order  has  been  preserved,  unusual  health  has  pre¬ 
vailed,  and  extortion  in  its  varied  forms  has  been  almost  unknown  ; 
these,  combined  with  the  unlimited  accommodations  for  visitors 
and  the  hospitality  of  its  citizens,  are  in  beautiful  harmony  with 
the  purposes  of  the  Exhibition.  Nor  has  the  State  of  Pennsylvania 
been  less  in  sympathy.  The  traditions  connected  with  its  soil  are 
its  priceless  heritage. 

The  International  Exhibition  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  reverential 
tribute  to  the  century  which  has  just  expired.  That  century  has 
been  recalled.  Its  events  have  been  reviewed.  Its  fruits  are 
gathered.  Its  memories  are  hallowed.  Let  us  enter  on  the  new 
century  with  a  renewed  devotion  to  our  country,  with  the  highest 
aims  for  its  honor  and  for  the  purity,  integrity  and  welfare  of  its 
people.  On  the  Exhibition  the  curtain  is  now  about  to  fall.  When 


876 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


it  has  fallen,  the  wonderful  creation,  in  the  beauties  of  which  we 
have  so  long  been  revelling,  will  have  passed  away.  Looking  round 
upon  it  now,  while  the  scene  still  glows  with  its  grandeur,  and  our 
senses  are  rejoicing  in  its  delights,  I  desire  to  assure  all  who  have 
contributed  towards  its  production  that  there  is  at  least  one  who 
bears  in  grateful  remembrance  whatever  they  have  done.  It  may 
have  been  an  humble  prayer,  the  earnings  of  hard  toil,  out  of  their 
abundance,  or  the  devotion  of  years  of  intelligent  labor — it  matters 
not.  The  little  brooks  and  the  rivers  alike  make  up  the  mighty 
ocean.  To  all — at  home  and  abroad — who  have  helped  us  for¬ 
ward  ;  to  the  Sovereigns  and  Governments  of  other  countries  who 
have  countenanced  and  encouraged  us ;  to  their  representatives  who 
have  worked  so  nobly  in  our  cause;  to  the  exhibitors  of  our  own 
and  other  lands,  who  have  done  more  than  can  be  expressed ;  to  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  of  America,  for  its  generous  and 
timely  aid ;  and  especially  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  for  his  unwavering  support  and  encouragement,  are  due 
the  grateful  acknowledgments  of  the  nation.  Would  that  I  were 
authorized  to  make  such  acknowledgments  here,  or  that  my  own 
had  the  value  in  them  to  make  them  acceptable  to  them  all,  from 
the  humblest  to  the  highest. 

And  now,  to  my  fellow-laborers  of  the  United  States  Centennial 
Commission,  and  of  my  more  immediate  associates  in  the  Centen¬ 
nial  Board  of  Finance,  I  need  only  say  that  our  work  has  its  place 
in  the  annals  of  the  nation.  If  the  memories  of  it  be  pleasant  to 
our  countrymen,  we  have  done  well. 

During  this  address  Mr.  Welsh  was  frequently  interrupted 
with  applause,  and  this  was  continued  after  he  took  his  seat. 
The  orchestra  then  rendered  Beethoven’s  beautiful  “  Sixth 
Symphony.”  The  Hon.  A.  T.  Goshorn,  Director-General  of 
the  Centennial  Exhibition,  was  next  introduced,  and  spoke  as 
follows : 

Mr.  President: — The  bright  sunlight  that  came  last  May  to 
greet  the  opening  hour  of  the  International  Exhibition  of  1876  was 
a  propitious  omen.  Those  who  had  labored  from  its  inception  to 
place  before  the  world  in  a  proper  manner  an  enterprise  in  which 
great  expectations  and  interests  were  concentrated,  were  encouraged 
and  strengthened  in  this  work.  It  has  since  prospered,  and  won 
the  favor  of  general  commendation. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


877 


Millions  of  people  have  come  hither  to  enjoy  the  teachings  of  a 
school  that  has  laid  the  foundations  for  more  liberal  thought  and 
for  more  extended  knowledge  of  the  social,  industrial,  and  political 
elements  that  contribute  to  the  welfare  of  man.  The  beneficial 
results  that  will  ensue  from  these  teachings  cannot  be  over¬ 
estimated. 


The  Exhibition  has  been  a  great  educator.  It  has  given  the 
people  of  other  nations  new  and  correct  ideas  of  the  resources  and 
industries  of  America.  It  has  given  the  people  of  America  enlarged 


FERRIS  &  MILES’  SHAPING  MACHINE,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 

information  of  the  arts,  products  and  wealth  of  the  participating 
nations.  It  has  also  augmented  and  strengthened  social  and  com¬ 
mercial  relations  between  nations  which  are  results  of  high  impor¬ 
tance,  and  may  be  considered  a  happy  consummation  of  the  objects 
of  this  international  work. 

Had  it  accomplished  less  than  this,  it  would  have  failed  of  the 
hopes  of  its  projectors. 

But  the  hour  has  arrived  when  we  must  dismantle  these  build¬ 
ings  and  take  our  departure. 

Having  been  for  almost  four  years  intimately  connected  with 


878 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  internal  and  external  administration  of  this  work,  I  feel  that  we 
have  abundant  cause  for  congratulation  that  the  close  of  our  labors 
terminate  in  the  midst  of  a  success  that  is  manifestly  satisfactory  to 
our  country  and  approved  by  the  patriotism  of  our  people.  In  this 
great  undertaking  we  have  had  from  the  beginning  the  zealous  co¬ 
operation  and  faithful  services  of  both  the  officials  and  the  exhib¬ 
itors  in  the  various  departments,  to  whom  we  are  pleased  in  this 
manner  and  on  this  important  occasion  to  acknowledge  our  indebt¬ 
edness. 

To  our  friends,  the  foreign  commissioners  and  foreign  exhibitors, 
I  am  glad  of  another  opportunity  to  express  and  repeat  our  most 
cordial  greetings  and  thanks  for  the  valuable  part  they  have  taken 
in  this  Exhibition.  Without  such  co-operation  it  would  not 
have  obtained  the  dignity  and  interest  which  has  so  profoundly 
affected  the  people  of  the  United  States.  Your  presence,  gentlemen, 
has  been  accepted  by  the  people  of  this  country  as  a  mission  of 
international  good-will  and  fraternal  intercourse.  I  pray  you,  there¬ 
fore,  to  carry  with  you  a  conviction  of  the  appreciation  and  friendly 
feelings  of  the  government  and  the  people  towards  you  for  your 
honorable  and  successful  co-operation. 

I  also  have  the  pleasure  to  congratulate  my  fellow-citizens,  the 
exhibitors  from  the  United  States.  You  have  contributed  abun¬ 
dantly  of  the  rich  products  of  the  soil  and  mines,  and  of  your  own 
ingenious  and  skilful  workmanship.  You  have  won  fresh  honors  in 
every  department,  and  have  revealed  and  made  better  known  to 
our  own  people  and  to  the  world  your  strength  and  progress,  and 
the  vast  resources  at  your  command.  Your  contributions  and 
intelligent  co-operation  entitle  you  to  claim  a  large  share  both  of 
the  credit  and  benefits  of  this  Exhibition. 

If  the  influences  of  this  Exhibition  should  discourage  all  inclina¬ 
tions  to  the  showy  and  superficial,  and  elevate  the  standard  of 
quality  and  workmanship,  and  thereby  add  to  the  intrinsic  merits 
and  values  of  our  products,  it  will  produce  its  legitimate  results 
and  justify  the  expenditures  of  thought  and  treasure  that  have  been 
lavished  upon  it. 

But  I  cannot  conclude  without  alluding  to  the  efficient  and 
faithful  work  of  my  co-officials,  and  of  my  personal  staff,  which 
commands  my  highest  acknowledgments  of  respect  and  esteem. 

The  amount  of  labor  and  thought  which  has  devolved  on  you, 
gentlemen,  can  never  be  known,  nor  need  it  be.  We  have  our 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


879 


record  in  the  consciousness  of  the  confidence  placed  in  us,  and  in 
the  support  we  have  always  received  from  the  United  States  Cen¬ 
tennial  Commission  and  Centennial  Board  of  Finance,  and  from 
the  numerous  contributors,  here  and  elsewhere,  who  laid  the  foun¬ 
dation  of  this  Exhibition,  and  from  the  public. 

And  now,  Mr.  President,  with  the  close  of  this  day  another  In¬ 
ternational  Exhibition  will  be  concluded  and  added  to  the  records 
of  the  past.  But  it  will  not  be  ended  ;  it  will  rather  have  only  be¬ 
gun.  The  real  Exhibition  we  have  striven  for  is  not  limited  to  the 
display  of  material  products,  which,  however  pleasing,  must  be 
brief.  The  teachings,  the  social  and  moral  influences,  the  improve¬ 
ment  in  the  productive  powers  of  genius  and  inventive  knowledge, 
constitute  in  part  the  object  and  aim.  May  these  be  fully  realized 
as  the  legitimate  results  of  this  Exhibition. 

As  the  Director-General  concluded,  chorus  and  orchestra 
burst  forth  in  the  glorious  “  Hallelujah,”  from  Handel's  “  Mes¬ 
siah.”  At  the  conclusion  of  the  chorus  General  Hawley  arose, 
and  after  the  enthusiastic  applause  with  which  he  was  greeted 
had  subsided,  spoke  as  follows  : 

The  final  day  of  the  Exhibition  has  arrived.  Four  years  and 
a  half  ago  the  Centennial  Commission  was  organized  under  the 
legislation  of  the  national  government  to  celebrate  the  Centennial 
Anniversary  of  our  national  independence  by  holding  an  Interna¬ 
tional  Exhibition  of  arts,  manufactures,  and  products  of  the  soil 
and  mine.  The  National  Congress  deemed  it  fitting  that  the  com¬ 
pletion  of  the  first  century  of  our  national  existence  should  be 
commemorated  by  a  presentation  of  the  national  resources  of  the 
country  and  their  development,  and  of  the  progress  in  those  arts 
which  benefit  mankind,  in  comparison  with  those  of  older  nations. 

Happily  the  United  States  was  and  is  at  peace  with  the  whole 
world.  International  Exhibitions  have  become  an  established  fea¬ 
ture  in  modern  civilization,  but  connected  with  this  were  features 
of  peculiar  and  local  interest.  They  have  not  interfered  with  its 
progress — indeed,  the  acceptances  of  other  nations,  and  the  very 
friendly  congratulatory  letters  addressed  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebration  of  the  Fourth  of 
July,  show  that  they  have  rather  given  an  opportunity  for  expres¬ 
sions  of  cordial  good-will  that  have  given  very  great  pleasure  to 


880 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  whole  American  people.  There  were  many  and  great  diffi¬ 
culties  in  the  path  of  the  enterprise,  the  usual  misapprehensions, 
the  disturbed  condition  of  the  business  and  finance  at  home  and 
abroad,  and  the  slow  conversion  of  a  public  sentiment  which,  in  the 
earlier  days,  feared  that  justice  might  not  be  done  to  American 
resources  and  capabilities.  We  recall  the  hours  of  uncertainty 
and  discouragement  solely  that  we  may  felicitate  ourselves  upon 
the  results  that  have  answered  the  hopes  and  predictions  of  the 
most  sanguine. 

The  Exhibition  has  given  us  a  better  comprehension  of  our  own 
position  and  progress.  We  expected  and  hoped  to  be  taught  our 
shortcomings  in  some  respects,  and  we  shall  profit  by  the  lessons. 
And  yet  I  gather  from  my  countrymen  that  they  are  not  a  little 
pleased  to  see  how  well  our  productions  in  every  department  have 
borne  the  comparison  to  which  they  have  been  subjected. 

Unquestionably  international  trade  and  commerce  will  be  pro¬ 
moted.  Our  manufacturers,  mechanics  and  artists  will  show  by 
their  work  that  they  have  been  close  students  of  the  admirable 
exhibits  from  abroad,  and  have  taken  advantage  thereby.  The 
ingenuity  and  excellence  of  our  mechanics  and  inventors  will  be 
made  better  known.  A  higher  benefit  has  been  wrought.  The 
bonds  of  peace  have  been  strengthened.  Interminable  ties  have  been 
created  that  will  be  strongly  felt  whenever  national  derangements 
are  threatened.  Our  people  are  so  widely  scattered,  and  their 
relations  have  been  so  seriously  disturbed,  that  every  patriot 
anxiously  desired  them  to  seize  the  great  occasion  to  know  each 
other  better  that  they  may  love  each  other  more.  What  has  been 
done  toward  this  is  one  of  your  most  valuable  labors.  The  concur¬ 
rent  and  almost  wholly  harmonious  testimony  of  our  critics  at  home 
and  abroad  permits  us  to  feel  that  wTe  have  been  on  the  whole 
largely  successful  in  all  our  work.  This  commendatory  judgment 
is  very  grateful  to  us. 

My  associates  have  given  expression  to  our  gratitude.  I  would 
gladly  add  to  what  they  have  said  if  I  could.  The  Commission 
thanks  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
National  Government,  and  especially  you,  sir,  our  honored 
President.  It  thanks  the  foreign  commissioners,  one  and  all,  most 
heartily.  It  thanks  the  exhibitors  of  all  nations.  It  thanks 
the  American  people,  whose  conduct  here  has  commanded  unbroken 
respect. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


881 


It  thanks  its  associate  corporation,  the  Board  of  Finance;  above 
all,  it  reverently  acknowledges  the  kind  favor  of  Heaven,  which  has 
so  smiled  upon  us  that  while  we  turn  somewhat  sadly  from  these 
scenes  of  great  labor  and  greater  pleasure,  all  who  have  been 
accredited  here  may  feel  they  have  done  something  towards  ad¬ 
vancing  the  world  to  the  better  day  coming.  God  be  praised  for 
the  past;  God  send  us  all,  individuals  and  nations,  a  happy  future. 
Mr.  President,  we  await  your  pleasure. 

At  the  conclusion  of  General  Hawley’s  address  the  audience 
and  chorus  united  in  singing  the  national  anthem,  “  My  coun- 


johnson’s  type  casting  machine,  in  machinery  hall. 

try,  ’tis  of  thee,”  the  full  orchestra  accompanying  the  voices. 
Never  was  the  sweet  hymn  sung  with  more  patriotic  fervor 
than  then  given,  for  as  the  simple  yet  majestic  melody  filled  the 
air  the  original  flag  of  the  American  Union,  first  displayed  by 
Commodore  Paul  Jones  on  the  “  Bon  Homme  Richard,”  was 
unfurled  from  a  window  above  the  stage,  and  as  its  hallowed 
folds  floated  in  the  air  all  eyes  gazed  upon  the  relic  with  rever¬ 
ence,  and  while  a  thousand  throats  sang  “America”  with  still 
deeper  feeling,  all  present  united  in  applauding  by  a  brisk 

clapping  of  hands  this  most  happy  addition  to  the  programme. 
56 


882 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


At  twenty-three  minutes  of  four  o’clock  General  Hawley  an¬ 
nounced  that  General  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  President  of  the  United 
States,  would  now  formally  close  the  Exhibition.  The  Presi¬ 
dent  here  arose  and  said  : 

“  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  : — I  have  now  the  honor  to  declare 
the  Exhibition  closed.” 

The  President  then  turned  to  the  left,  and  waved  his  hand 
as  the  signal  to  the  operator  at  the  telegraph  instrument,  imme¬ 
diately  behind  him,  to  give  the  signal  for  stopping  the  Corliss 
engine  and  the  machinery  in  the  hall.  Mr.  Robert  B.  Man- 
ley,  the  general  director,  touched  the  key,  and  the  characters 
“  7-6  ”  were  signalled  to  the  main  telegraph  office.  The  same 
current  caused  the  hammer  to  strike  the  special  gong  stationed 
alongside  the  Corliss  engine,  which  was  the  signal  to  stop,  and 
at  the  same  time  all  the  gongs  in  the  Machinery  Hall  felt  the 
effect  of  the  electrical  current,  and  gave  notice  to  the  exhibitors 
that  the  official  fiat  of  the  President,  that  the  Exhibition  had 
been  declared  closed,  was  promulgated.  At  the  instant  the  in¬ 
strument  ticked  in  the  main  telegraph  office,  the  following  des¬ 
patch  was  placed  on  the  wires  and  sent  to  London,  Liverpool, 
Paris,  and  the  principal  cities  of  Europe,  the  United  States, 
and  Canadas : 

International  Centennial  Exhibition  Grounds. 

Philadelphia,  November  10,  1876. 

The  President  has  this  moment  closed  the  International  Exhibi¬ 
tion — 3.37  p.  m.  W.  J.  Phillips,  Telegraph  Director, 

U.  S.  International  Exhibition. 

All  present  then  united  in  singing  the  long  metre  doxology 
to  the  words, 

u  Be  Thon,  O  God  !  exalted  high, 

And  as  Thy  glory  fills  the  sky, 

So  let  it  be  on  earth  displayed, 

Till  Thou  art  here  as  there  obeyed.” 

And  soon  afterwards  the  assemblage  dispersed.  A  large 
crowd  gathered  about  the  pavilion  to  witness  the  departure  of 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


883 


the  President,  who  stepped  into  his  carriage  at  about  four 
o’clock,  and  drove  back  to  the  residence  of  his  host,  Mr.  George 
W.  Childs.  Though  the  Exhibition  was  thus  formally  closed, 
only  a  small  proportion  of  the  exhibits  were  covered  up,  and 
the  grounds  remained  thronged  with  visitors  until  evening. 

Machinery  Hall  was  the  objective  point  of  not  less  than 
15,000  persons  at  about  two  o’clock,  at  which  hour  it  was  believed 
the  President  would  punctually  appear  in  front  of  that  mighty 
giant  of  mechanical  skill,  the  Corliss  engine,  and  seizing  the 
lever,  stop  the  motion  of  the  colossus.  In  this  speculation  just 
so  many  individuals  were  disappointed,  notwithstanding  which 
they  held  their  places,  or  passed  through  the  mazes  of  the  in¬ 
tricate  workshop.  Machinery  Hall  at  three  o’clock  was  packed 
with  impatient  humanity.  A  sea  of  upturned  faces  looked  in 
the  direction  of  the  iron  and  steel  giant  which  controlled  the 
ceaseless  revolving  wheels,  the  whirring  belts,  and  the  noisy 
operation  of  the  perfect  labyrinth  of  mechanism.  Never  before 
in  the  history  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  had  there  been  such 
a  jam  of  nervous,  anxious,  and  interested  observers.  It  was  to 
be  the  culminating  and  at  once  the  finishing  point  in  America’s 
great  exhibit.  The  great  engine  seemed  more  energetic  than 
ever.  Its  walking  beams  seemed  to  move  with  more  rapidity, 
and  the  monster  wheel  appeared  to  revolve  the  more  quickly 
as  if  conscious  of  the  fact  that  it  would  soon  rest  from  its  labors. 
Yet,  though  fancy  or  imagination  pictured  the  grim  colossus 
as  working  harder  than  ever,  its  movement  was  almost  noise¬ 
less.  The  sewing-machines  with  their  busy  hum  drowned  the 
laborious  efforts  of  the  giant.  Thus  the  work  continued,  and 
still  the  crowd  began  to  thicken.  All  awaited  the  President’s 
coming,  but  they  were  doomed  to  disappointment.  The  hand 
of  the  clock  pointed  to  four  o’clock.  It  lacked  but  a  few  min¬ 
utes  of  the  hour.  At  this  moment  two  engineers  took  their 
position  near  the  lever  of  the  engine,  and  their  eves  rested  on 
the  gong  which  was  to  notify  them  when  to  apply  the  subtle 
touch  which  should  end  the  work  of  the  machinery,  and  signal 
the  closing  of  the  Centennial.  A  moment  later  the  silvery  peal 
of  the  gong,  touched  by  an  invisible  wire,  gave  the  word,  and 


884 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


in  a  second  the  Corliss  engine  had  ceased  its  operations  and 
rested.  This  was  the  occasion  for  rapturous  applause,  oft  re¬ 
peated.  A  change  had  passed  over  Machinery  Hall.  The 
throbbings  of  the  great  leviathan  had  ceased,  and  with  them 
the  pulsations  of  all  other  machinery,  and  the  twenty-three 
miles  of  shafting  and  forty  odd  miles  of  belting. 

The  total  number  of  paying  visitors  on  the  closing  day  was 

106,474. 


RADIAL  DRILL,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 


STATISTICS  OF  ATTENDANCE. 


Causes  of  the  Early  Indifference  of  the  People  Towards  the  Exhibition — 
Gradual  Increase  in  the  Attendance — Statement  of  Admissions — The  Re¬ 
ceipts — The  State  Days — Other  Noted  Days — Comparison  of  the  “  Cen¬ 
tennial  ”  with  Other  Exhibitions — Statement  of  Exhibitors. 


OOKING  back  over  the  six  months’  career  of  the  Great 


Exhibition,  one  striking  fact  presents  itself — that  the 


Exhibition  had  to  make  its  way  slowly  into  public 
comprehension  and  favor.  The  American  people  had 


little  knowledge  of  what  a  World’s  Fair  really  was, 
and  asked  themselves  the  question,  “  Will  it  pay  to  go  to  the 
Centennial  ?  ”  many  times  before  they  decided  to  go.  There 
was  an  ignorance  and  an  indifference  throughout  the  country 
concerning  the  grand  undertaking  that  threatened  to  mar  its 
success.  With  a  few  notable  exceptions,  the  leading  newspapers 
outside  of  Pennsylvania  threw  cold  water  upon  the  Exhibition, 
and  the  public  had  to  get  its  impressions  from  the  papers. 
Certain  influential  journals  in  the  West  did  not  wake  up  to 
their  mistake  until  the  fair  had  been  three  months  in  progress, 
and  only  at  that  late  date  sent  their  correspondents  to  the 
Exhibition  and  began  to  publish  descriptive  letters.  On  the 
opening  day  Philadelphia  furnished  nine-tenths  of  the  visitors. 
There  were  76,172  paying  admissions — a  very  fair  beginning — 
but  the  attendance  fell  next  day  to  14,722,  and  the  day  after  to 
10,252.  On  the  16th  of  May  it  was  only  7,056.  The  highest 
figure  reached  in  that  month  was  41,111,  on  the  30th,  and  the 
average  for  the  month  was  19,946^  Thus  far  the  visitors  were 


885 


886 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


nearly  all  from  Philadelphia  and  the  neighboring  towns.  The 
pleasant  days  of  June  went  by  without  the  attendance  showing 
any  adequate  appreciation  by  the  public  of  the  manifold  attrac¬ 
tions  of  the  fair.  The  highest  attendance  was  39,386,  the  lowest 
20,343,  and  the  average  26,756.  By  the  end  of  the  month  the 
glowing  accounts  of  returning  visitors,  few  in  number  though 
they  were,  had  leavened  the  whole  lump  of  public  indifference  and 
created  a  general  desire  among  all  classes  to  make  a  pilgrimage  to 
Philadelphia.  The  ceremonies  on  the  Fourth  of  July  brought 
a  numerous  multitude  in  spite  of  the  severe  heat  that  prevailed. 
On  the  3d  the  paying  visitors  numbered  47,786,  on  the  4th, 
46,290,  on  the  5th,  51,825,  and  on  the  6th,  46,088.  Then  the 
attendance  ran  down  rapidly,  so  that  on  the  31st  it  was  only 
15,207.  The  average  for  the  month  was  24,481.  The  heated 
term  was  of  unprecedented  length  and  severity.  It  began  in 
June  and  lasted  until  late  in  August.  The  Exhibition  build¬ 
ings  were  like  ovens,  and  the  concrete  paths  through  the  grounds 
burned  the  feet  like  lava.  Every  day  many  visitors  were  pros¬ 
trated  and  carried  to  the  hospital.  Thousands  came  in  spite  of 
the  heat,  however,  because  their  midsummer  holiday  was  their 
only  opportunity.  In  August  the  largest  attendance  was  on 
Jersey  Day — 55,930;  the  smallest  was  22,141,  and  the  average 
33,655.  September  brought  the  hoped-for  throng.  On  the  1st, 
34,182  visitors  entered  the  gates;  on  the  5th,  50,209,  and  ex¬ 
cept  on  one  rainy  day  the  total  never  dropped  below  50,000 
thenceforth.  Connecticut  Day,  the  7th,  scored  64,059  ;  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Day,  the  14th,  78,977 ;  New  York  Day,  the  21st, 
117,941;  and  Pennsylvania  Day,  the  28th,  brought  the 
enormous  number  of  257,169  people  within  the  grounds.  The 
average  for  the  month  was  81 ,961.  In  October  the  average  ran 
up  still  higher,  being  89,789;  the  lowest  figure  was  65,865, 
and  the  highest,  reached  on  Delaware  and  Maryland  Day,  the 
•  19th,  was  161,355.  Rhode  Island  Day,  the  5th,  registered 
89,060;  New  Hampshire  Day,  the  12th,  101,541,  and  Ohio 
Day,  the  26th,  122,300.  During  November  the  attendance 
was  close  upon  100,000  every  day. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


887 


The  record  of  admissions  by  months  is  as  follows : 


Months. 

May . 

June . 

July . . 

August..... 
September. 
October.... 
November. 


Days. 

Paid. 

TotaL 

Receipts. 

...19 

378,980 

*613,495 

$189,490.35 

...26 

695,666 

952,177 

347,833.40 

...26 

636,518 

906,447 

318,199.25 

...27 

908,684 

1,175,314 

415,059.25 

....26 

2,130,991 

2,439,689 

928,056.00 

...26 

2,334,530 

2.663,879 

1,160,811.50 

...  9 

918,956 

1,038,391 

453,700.00 

159 

8,004,325 

9,789,392 

$3,813,749.75 

A  recapitulation  of  the  above  shows  the  following: 


Number  of  days  open.. 

Paid  admissions.... . . 

Free  admissions . 

Total  admissions... . 

Grand  total  of  receipts. 


159 

8,004,325 

1,785,067 

9,789,392 

$3,813,749.75 


The  State  Days. 

The  State  day  celebrations  at  the  Exhibition  are  conspicuous 
in  the  records  of  the  admissions  as  the  best  paying  days.  The 
following  is  a  complete  list  of  these  days,  with  the  cash  and 
total  admissions  and  receipts  : 


New  Jersey,  August  24 . 

Connecticut,  September  7  — 
Massachusetts,  September  14. 


Paid. 

Total. 

Receipts. 

.  56,325 

67,052 

$28,063.75 

.  64,059 

75,044 

30,853.75 

85,795 

97,868 

41,193.00 

122,003 

134,588 

59,986.00 

257,169 

274,919 

118,673.75 

89,060 

100,946 

44,496.00 

101,541 

118,422 

50,536.00 

,161,355 

176,407 

80,367.50 

,122,300 

135,661 

61,029.50 

Other  Noted  Days. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  other  large  days  during  the 
Exhibition  period  : 


*  Including  110,500  officially  estimated  free  admissions  on  Opening  Day. 


888 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Opening  Day..., 

Paying  Visitors. 

.  76,172 

October  27... 

Paying  Visitors. 

.  95,563 

September 

9... 

.  99,984 

November  1... 

. 107,715 

September 

20... 

. 101,498 

November  2... 

. 115,298 

September 

30... 

. 103,385 

November  8.., 

.  90,588 

October 

18..., 

. 124,777 

November  9.., 

. 176,755 

October 

25... 

. 106,986 

November  10.. 

. 106,474 

Attendance  at  other  Exhibitions. 

The  attendance  at  the  various  International  Exhibitions  pre¬ 
ceding  our  own,  show  the  following  comparison  : 


Year.  Place.  Days  Open.  Visitors.  Receipts. 

1851— London . 141  6,089,195  $2,120,000.00 

1855— Paris  . 200  5,162,330  640,497.00 

1862— London  . 171  6,211,103  2,044,650.00 

1867— Paris . 210  8,806,969  2,103,675.00 

1873— Vienna . 186  7,254,687  1,032,090.00 


1876— Philadelphia . 159  9,789,392  3,813,749.75 

In  the  case  of  all  the  European  Exhibitions,  the  greatest  day 
was  either  the  closing  one,  or  near  it,  and  at  Paris  and  Vienna 
the  greatest  number  of  visitors  was  on  Sunday.  The  greatest 
attendance  on  any  one  day  at  previous  Exhibitions,  as  compared 
with  “  Pennsylvania”  Day  here,  is  thus  given  : 


Philadelphia . 257,286,  on  Thursday,  September  28,  1876. 

Paris . 173,923,  on  Sunday,  October  27,  1867. 

Vienna . 135,674,  on  Sunday,  November  2,  1873. 

Paris . 123,017,  on  Sunday,  September  9,  1855. 

London . 109,915,  on  Tuesday,  October  7,  1851. 

London  .  67,891,  on  Thursday,  October  30,  1862. 


The  total  number  of  exhibitors  in  the  Centennial  Exhibition 
reached  30,864,  and  were  distributed  among  fifty  countries  of 
the  world.  The  United  States  headed  the  list  with  8,175  ex¬ 
hibitors;  Spain  and  her  colonies  came  next  with  3,822;  Great 
Britain  and  her  dependencies  sent  3,584  exhibitors ;  and 
Portugal  stands  fourth  with  2,462. 

The  classification  embraces  seven  different  departments, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


889 


among  which  the  exhibitors  are  distributed  as  follows,  the  first 
column  giving  the  number  of  exhibitors  in  each  department 
from  the  United  States,  and  the  second  column  the  number  in 
each  department  for  the  entire  Exhibition  : 


Departments. 

American  Exhib’s. 

Total  Exhib’s. 

1 — Mining  and  Metallurgy . 

.  644 

2,129 

2 — Manufactures . 

8,760 

3 — Education  and  Science . 

.  381 

2,490 

4 — Art . 

. 1,784 

4,900 

5 — Machinery . 

. 1,606 

2,260 

6 — Agriculture  . 

. 1,474 

10,217 

7 — Horticulture . 

.  40 

108 

Total . 8,175  30,864 


Previous  to  1851  there  had  been  numerous  national  exhibi¬ 
tions  in  different  European  cities,  some  of  which  brought  to¬ 
gether  a  very  considerable  number  of  exhibitors.  In  all  of 
these  national  affairs  France  kept  the  lead  in  the  number  of  ex¬ 
hibitors,  there  being  2,447  exhibitors  in  that  held  in  1834; 
3,381  in  1859;  3,960  in  1844;  and  4,494  in  1849.  The  only 
national  exhibition  held  outside  of  France  which  approached 
these  figures  in  the  number  of  exhibitors  was  that  held  in 
Berlin  in  1844,  in  which  all  the  different  countries  of  Germany 
were  represented,  the  number  on  that  occasion  reaching  3,040. 

The  following  statement  gives  the  total  number  of  exhibitors, 
and  the  number  of  American  exhibitors  at  each  of  the  Inter¬ 
national  Expositions  which  have  been  held  since  the  system 
was  inaugurated  in  1861  at  London  : 


1851 — London . 

American  Exhib’s. 

Total  Exhib’s. 

13,937 

1853— New  York . 

. 2,083 

4,685 

1855 — Paris . 

.  144 

20,839 

1862 — London . 

.  228 

28,653 

1867 — Paris .  . 

.  705 

42,217 

1873 — Vienna . 

.  922 

42,584 

1876 — Philadelphia . 

. 8,175 

30,864 

890 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  number  at  Paris  and  Vienna 
largely  exceeded  that  at  our  own  Exhibition,  while  it  in  turn 
surpasses  the  two  London  Expositions  and  the  Paris  Exposition 
of  1855. 


TERRA  COTTA  VASE,  EXHIBITED  IN  MAIN  BUILDING. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 


WHAT  WAS  ACCOMPLISHED. 


Benefits  conferred  upon  the  American  People  by  the  Exhibition — Effects  upon 
Foreign  Nations — Views  of  General  Hawley — What  Director-General  Gos- 
horn  Thinks  the  Exhibition  has  Accomplished — Views  of  President  John 
Welsh — Statements  of  Mr.  John  Sartain,  Captain  Albert,  Mr.  Burnett 
Landreth,  Mr.  Miller,  and  General  Francis  A.  Walker  concerning  their 
respective  Departments. 

HEN  we  come  to  estimate  the  results  of  the  great  Exhi¬ 
bition  we  are  at  a  loss  to  say  how  far-reaching  they  may 
be.  It  is  certain  that  as  a  nation  we  have  gathered  a 
rich  harvest  of  culture  and  of  material  benefits,  and 
that  through  the  influence  of  the  Exhibition  abroad  we 
have  acquired  a  recognition,  never  before  accorded  us,  as  a 
country  of  the  most  diversified  and  active  industries,  and  the 
highest  civilization.  The  culture  obtained  by  the  millions  of 
our  people  who  have  found  in  the  fair  a  mine  of  information 
and  suggestion,  must  have  a  beneficial  effect  upon  the  national 
character.  A  tour  through  the  halls  and  grounds  was  like  a 
journey  around  the  world,  giving  an  insight  into  the  life  and 
thought  of  all  manner  of  men,  and  lifting  the  visitor  above  the 
narrow  limits  of  his  surroundings,  so  that  his  horizon  stretched 
out  to  embrace  the  whole  human  race.  Bigotry,  conceit,  and 
local  pride  vanished  as  the  great  panorama  of  the  achievements 
of  mankind,  of  all  races  and  in  all  climes,  passed  before  his 
eyes.  Apart  from  this  general  and  cosmopolitan  culture  in 
which  all  participated,  each  found  valuable  fruits  of  knowledge 
adapted  to  his  own  need.  The  farmer  saw  new  machines, 
seeds,  and  processes  ;  the  mechanic,  ingenious  inventions  and 
tools,  and  products  of  the  finest  workmanship;  the  teacher,  the 
educational  aids  and  systems  of  the  world ;  the  man  of  science, 

891 


892 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  wonders  of  nature  and  the  results  of  the  investigations  of 
the  best  brains  of  all  lands.  Thus  each  returned  to  his  home 
with  a  store  of  information  available  in  his  own  special  trade  or 
profession. 

The  material  benefits  accruing  from  the  Exhibition  are  mani¬ 
fold,  and  will  be  realized  for  years  to  come  as  well  as  in  the 


FRENCH  BURR  MILL,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


near  future.  An  immediate  gain  is  the  modification  of  the 
rigors  of  the  prevalent  hard  times.  Undoubtedly  the  setting 
in  motion  of  millions  of  people,  each  with  money  to  spend, 
has  had  an  effect  in  breaking  the  lethargy  that  has  stifled  enter¬ 
prise  in  the  business  world  and  in  causing  the  hopeful  begin¬ 
nings  of  a  revival  of  trade  which  we  have  been  witnessing  this 
fall.  Many  improvements  in  manufactures  and  the  introduc- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


893 


tion  of  new  branches  of  industry  will  soon  follow  as  the  result 
of  the  study  by  inventors,  skilled  mechanics,  and  men  of  enter¬ 
prise  of  the  products  of  the  globe.  They  have  discovered  that 
many  articles  which  we  have  been  buying  from  other  countries 
can  be  profitably  made  here,  and  that  many  which  we  already 
make  can  be  improved  in  quality  or  in  the  element  of  taste, 
or  produced  at  lower  cost,  so  as  to  command  new  markets, 
and  the  result  will  be  a  still  wider  development  of  our  national 
industries. 

In  the  eyes  of  the  nations  of  the  world  we  have  attained  a 
rank  never  accorded  to  us  before,  and  this  will  prove  of  great 
material  as  well  as  moral  benefit.  The  good  opinion  of  neigh¬ 
bors  is  as  valuable  to  a  country  as  to  an  individual.  We  were 
regarded  as  a  smart,  half-cultured  people,  of  immense  energy 
and  remarkable  ingenuity,  but  deficient  in  the  higher  graces 
and  achievements  of  civilization,  and  depending  upon  the  Old 
World  for  all  finer  grades  of  manufactures.  The  reports  of 
foreign  commissioners,  jurors,  journalists,  and  travellers,  all 
concurring  in  expressions  of  surprise  and  admiration  at  the 
excellence  of  our  manufactures,  our  schools,  our  railroads,  our 
newspapers,  and  the  soundness  of  our  social  life,  have  greatly 
modified  public  opinion  abroad,  and  gone  far  towards  intro¬ 
ducing  more  just  views  of  us.  Those  who  mingled  much  in 
foreign  circles  at  the  Exhibition  know  that  the  astonishment  and 
wonder  of  our  visitors  from  abroad  at  our  resources  and  accom¬ 
plishments  was  great  and  universal. 

The  close  of  the  great  Exhibition  was  naturally  a  period  of 
congratulation  by  those  who  had  projected  it  and  carried  it 
through  to  success.  Prominent  among  those  deserving  honor 
was  General  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  President  of  the  United  States 
Centennial  Commission,  who  from  its  organization  was  the 
head  of  the  legislative  body  that  governed  the  Exhibition, 
establishing  the  system  upon  which  it  was  conducted,  and  super¬ 
vising  in  a  general  way  its  execution.  His  force  of  character 
and  enthusiastic  devotion  to  the  enterprise  enabled  him  to  fuse 
a  rather  incongruous  body  into  a  homogeneous  whole,  to  keep 
the  designs  of  a  few  self-seeking  and  unfit  men  subordinate  to 


894 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


the  general  unselfish  and  patriotic  purpose  of  the  majority,  and 
to  secure  on  nearly  all  questions  that  have  arisen  a  wise  decis¬ 
ion.  As  the  official  head  of  the  Centennial  organization  on 
occasions  of  celebration  and  ceremonies,  and  in  its  dealings  with 
Congress  and  public  bodies  and  dignitaries,  his  eloquence  and 
zeal  were  invaluable  in  exciting  interest  in  the  great  under¬ 
taking  and  enforcing  conviction  as  to  the  grandeur  and  national 
importance  of  its  aims  and  results. 

On  the  closing  day  General  Hawley  thus  summed  up  some 
of  the  results  of  the  Exhibition  : 

People  ask  me  if  the  Exhibition  has  equalled  our  expectations. 
I  answer  by  saying  that  it  did  not  go  beyond  or  even  up  to  our 
dreams,  grand  as  it  is,  but  that  it  was  better  than  we  had  reason  to 
expect  a  year  before  it  opened.  The  estimates  of  the  Commission¬ 
ers  as  to  the  attendance  ran  from  5,000,000  to  10,000,000.  The 
paid  admissions  have  been  about  8,000,000.  So  far  as  the  financial 
side  is  concerned  we  have  reason  for  gratification.  If'  the  apparent 
prosperity  which  prevailed  when  the  enterprise  was  begun  had  con¬ 
tinued,  it  is  impossible  to  say  how  great  the  attendance  would  have 
been.  We  are  well  aware  that  mere  extent  and  multitudes  of  visi¬ 
tors  do  not  make  a  great  Exhibition,  and  we  but  accept  the  judg¬ 
ment  of  foreigners  and  Americans  qualified  by  knowledge  of  other 
Exhibitions,  when  we  say  that  it  is  the  largest,  best  situated,  best 
arranged,  best  managed,  and  most  successful  Exhibition  ever  held. 
We  were  early  met  by  the  objection  urged  by  Charles  Sumner  and 
others,  that  monarchical  countries  would  not  take  part  in  an  aflaii 
which  had  somewhat  of  a  character  of  a  family  celebration  of  the 
success  of  republican  ideas,  but  our  invitations  were  accepted  by 
foreign  nations  in  the  kindest  spirit,  and  they  evidently  exerted 
themselves  to  make  fine  displays.  Of  course,  commercial  motives 
influenced  their  action,  more  or  less;  but  it  is  delightful  to  believe 
that  something  was  due  to  genuine  good-will.  Uncle  Sam  appears 
to  be  one  of  the  most  popular  members  of  the  brotherhood  of 
nations. 

It  must  be  that  such  a  gathering  as  we  have  had  here  will 
have  large  influence  upon  international  commerce  and  friendship. 
Reflect  that  commissioners  from  thirty  governments  are  making  re¬ 
ports  of  their  examinations,  and  especially  on  the  American  features, 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


895 


and  that  these  reports  will  be  published  as  official  documents.  In 
addition,  125  foreign  judges,  especially  qualified  by  their  examina¬ 
tions,  are  reporting  their  observations  to  their  countrymen.  Further¬ 
more,  every  newspaper  in  the  world  has  published  descriptions  and 
accounts  of  the  Exhibition,  so  that,  to  use  a  commercial  phrase,  the 
United  States  have  been  advertised  to  an  immense  extent.  The 
world  knows  a  great  deal  more  about  us  than  it  ever  did  before. 
With  scarcely  a  single  exception  our  foreign  guests  have  mani¬ 
fested  satisfaction  and  pleasure  at  their  stay  in  the  country.  Many 
have  had  false  impressions  removed  as  to  the  character  of  our 
people  and  their  moral  elevation.  The  perfect  good  behavior  of  the 
8,000,000  visitors  is  beyond  praise.  The  American  people  never  in 
the  hundred  years  of  their  history  appeared  to  so  great  an  advan¬ 
tage  as  this  summer. 

In  one  respect  only  the  Exhibition  did  not  quite  come  up  to  our 
anticipations.  We  were  anxious  to  see  Virginia,  Georgia,  Louisiana, 
Texas,  and  other  Southern  States  with  unbounded  natural  resources 
present  themselves  here  as  Kansas,  Colorado,  Arkansas,  and  others 
have  done,  and  we  hoped  to  see  them  in  general  joining  more 
heartily  in  the  social  and  semi-political  features  of  the  year.  Mary¬ 
land,  Delaware,  Mississippi,  Arkansas,  Tennessee,  and  Kentucky, 
among  the  Southern  States,  expended  money  in  assisting  to  make 
the  fair,  and  found  their  advantage  in  it.  It  would  have  delighted 
us  if  all  had  done  the  same.  Had  the  Governor  of  Virginia  ap^ 
pointed  a  day  for  his  people  to  meet  here,  he  would  have  received 
the  warmest  greeting  he  ever  saw  in  his  life.  The  masses  of  the 
American  people  desired  to  make  long  strides  in  the  Centennial 
year  toward  perfect  reconciliation.  Divine  Providence  gave  us  a 
splendid  opportunity  to  shake  hands.  There  has  been  a  great  deal 
done,  but  I  wish  there  had  been  more.  It  has  been  four  and  a  half 
years  since  the  Commission  organized.  It  has  had  many  dark  days. 
It  began  with  no  funds,  and  with  no  machinery  for  raising  any. 
The  jealousy  of  States  and  localities  was  very  discouraging.  The 
American  people  two  and  three  years  ago  were  in  a  fault-finding 
mood.  It  was  a  time  of  investigation,  criticism,  and  general  dis¬ 
satisfaction.  The  press  was  indifferent  or  unjustly  critical  toward 
the  Exhibition  project.  This  was,  I  am  bound  to  say,  because  the 
project  proposed  to  put  us  before  the  world  in  an  attitude  where  we 
should  be  closely  examined,  and  there  was  great  skepticism  as  to 


896 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


whether  the  Exhibition  could  be  well  managed.  In  the  end  we 
gained  public  confidence,  and  the  press  became  our  warm  and 
indispensable  supporter. 

I  feel  great  satisfaction  in  reflecting  that  we  have  demonstrated 
two  things — that  an  almost  voluntary  association  can  conduct  all 
the  material  concerns  of  such  an  Exhibition  with  ease  and  accuracy, 
and  that  the  enterprise  has  come  to  the  last  day  without  a  single 
occurrence  above  microscopic  size  that  could  make  a  scandal  if 
exposed  to  public  view.  It  is  my  testimony,  after  four  and  a  half 
years’  presiding  over  the  Commission,  that  its  members,  although 
selected  with  no  just  idea  of  what  their  work  was  to  be,  have  proved 
to  be  a  very  capable  and  entirely  honest  body  of  men.  Many  of 
them  are  gentlemen  of  rare  qualifications  and  experience.  VVe  have 
labored  with  a  sincere  desire  to  make  the  Exhibition  one  that  our 
fellow-citizens  would  have  no  reason  to  feel  ashamed  of.  We  are 
ready  to  say  that  we  are  very  proud  of  our  success  in  the  material 
and  moral  aspects  of  the  whole  enterprise. 

Director-General  Goshorn  was  conspicuous  among  those  de¬ 
serving  the  highest  praise  of  their  countrymen  for  the  vigor  and 
ability  with  which  the  Exhibition  was  conducted.  He  was  the 
Executive  Officer  of  the  Commission,  and  for  the  excellent  organi¬ 
zation  of  the  gigantic  undertaking  and  its  orderly,  methodical 
and  intelligent  ^prosecution,  no  man  deserves  more  honor  than 
he.  Events  have  shown  how  adequate  were  his  plans,  how 
admirable  his  foresight,  and  how  competent  his  executive  talent 
to  grasp  and  hold  the  whole  work  and  make  it  more  than  fill 
the  measure  of  public  expectation. 

General  Goshorn ’s  judgment  of  the  results  of  the  Exhibition 
is  thus  stated  by  himself : 

There  has  been  much  less  difficulty  in  the  administration  of  the 
Exhibition  since  the  opening  than  I  anticipated.  A  disposition  has 
been  shown  on  the  part  of  exhibitors  and  visitors  to  comply  with 
the  rules  and  regulations  that  has  made  my  work  comparatively 
light.  I  feel  sure  that  the  Exhibition  has  run  more  smoothly  than 
any  of  the  great  European  fairs.  The  general  rules  and  regulations 
were  prescribed  two  years  before  the  opening,  and  to  our  credit  they 
remained  unchanged  to  the  end.  I  was  engaged  for  six  months  in 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


897 


preparing  them,  and  made  them  liberal  with  the  hope  that  they 
would  stand  without  alteration  and  meet  all  emergencies.  The 
attendance  has  been  somewhat  larger  than  I  predicted.  My  esti¬ 
mate  was  40,000  a  day,  and  it  will  run  over  50,000.  The  grand 
total  will  exceed  that  of  the  Paris  Exhibition,  which  was  open  a 
month  longer  than  this  and  had  the  advantage  besides  of  nearly  a 
month  of  Sundays,  on  which  days  the  attendance  was  always  the 
largest.  A  comparison  with  the  Vienna  Exhibition  will  be  found 
to  be  much  more  in  our  favor. 

All  the  foreign  commissioners  were  accredited  to  me,  and  I  gave 
personal  attention  to  their  departments,  so  that  I  have  had  excels 
lent  opportunities  to  know  the  views  of  this  class.  I  have  heard  but 
one  expression,  and  that  a  highly  favorable  one.  The  commis¬ 
sioners  were  especially  pleased  with  the  regulation  which  permitted 
them  to  arrange  the  spaces  assigned  them  according  to  their  own 
ideas.  My  aim  was  to  give  them  as  much  liberty  as  possible,  and 
I  found  them  at  all  times  entirely  willing  to  co-operate  with  the 
general  direction.  The  administration  of  the  customs  laws  gave 
them  a  good  deal  of  annoyance  which  I  could  not  obviate.  The 
customs  officials  never  comprehended  the  Exhibition.  Instead  of 
regarding  it  as  exceptional  and  peculiar,  they  treated  it  like  a  retail 
shop,  and  tied  it  up  with  all  the  red  tape  they  could  apply.  Besides, 
there  was  a  want  of  harmony  between  different  branches  of  the  cus¬ 
toms  service  which  added  to  the  troubles  of  exhibitors.  Foreigners 
have  expressed  themselves  to  me  as  greatly  impressed  with  the 
character  of  the  visitors,  their  good  order,  and  their  inquiring  dis¬ 
position. 

I  think  that  about  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  goods  displayed  have 
been  sold,  and  more  will  be  disposed  of  during  the  next  few  days, 
so  that  the  commercial  side  of  the  enterprise  has,  so  far  as  exhib¬ 
itors  are  concerned,  been  fairly  successful.  A  good  many  collections 
and  single  articles  of  value  have  been  generously  presented  by 
foreign  governments  to  public  institutions  like  the  Smithsonian  and 
the  Pennsylvania  Museum.  I  expect  to  see  the  Exhibition  rapidly 
dismantled.  Exhibitors  must  all  be  out  by  the  31st  of  December, 
but  they  will  not  take  advantage  of  the  seven  weeks  accorded  them 
for  removing  their  goods  except  in  a  few  cases.  The  disposition 
among  them  is  to  stop  expenses,  pack  up  and  be  off  as  soon  as  pos¬ 
sible.  The  foreigners  are  in  even  more  haste  to  get  home,  and  have 

made  arrangements  for  early  transportation  of  their  articles. 

57 


898 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


As  to  the  awards,  my  opinion  is  that  our  system  has  proved  to 
be  a  good  one,  but  for  its  entire  success  it  requires,  for  judges,  experts 
peculiarly  fitted  to  make  examinations  and  write  reports.  Wher¬ 
ever  we  had  such  in  any  group  the  result  was  satisfactory.  One 
serious  error  was  committed.  As  the  reports  came  in  they  should 
have  been  looked  over  by  the  Executive  Committee,  and  such  as 
did  not  correspond  with  the  system  should  have  been  returned  to 
the  judges  for  correction.  This  was  not  done,  and  the  whole  mass 
of  12,000  reports  was  laid  before  the  Commission  after  the  judges 
had  scattered  to  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe.  However,  I  can 
say  this  about  the  awards — there  never  was  an  Exhibition  where 
there  was  so  little  complaint  about  them.  This  is  because  like 
articles  were  not  examined  in  competition  with  each  other  to  deter¬ 
mine  their  comparative  excellence,  but  the  awards  are  made  for 
merit. 

I  should  have  added  that  my  system  of  dividing  the  labor  and 
responsibility  among  the  chiefs  of  bureaus,  giving  them  full  control 
over  the  details,  and  holding  them  responsible  for  the  general  re¬ 
sults  in  their  several  departments,  has  had  very  gratifying  results. 
This  plan,  adopted  before  the  opening  of  the  Exhibition,  has  re¬ 
mained  without  change. 

A  large  share  of  the  credit  for  the  successful  issue  of  the 
Exhibition  belongs  to  Mr.  John  Welsh,  the  President  of  the 
Centennial  Board  of  Finance,  who,  in  connection  with  his  col¬ 
leagues  in  the  board,  managed  its  finances  with  extraordinary 
sagacity  and  energy,  and  with  an  economy  nicely  balanced  by 
the  liberality  required  for  the  full  realization  of  the  project.  In 
a  word,  Mr.  Welsh  applied  to  the  Exhibition  the  principles 
upon  which  he  would  have  conducted  an  important  business 
enterprise  confided  to  his  care.  He  and  his  associates  regarded 
it  as  a  trust  and  not  as  a  speculation,  and  they  felt  bound  by 
sentiments  of  honor  and  patriotism  to  administer  it  with  discre¬ 
tion,  earnestness  and  fidelity. 

Mr.  Welsh  expressed  himself  as  follows,  with  respect  to  the 
financial  aspect  of  the  Exhibition  : 

The  expectations  I  held  out  to  the  public  have  in  every  respect 
been  realized  except  one — I  thought  we  should  have  10,000,000 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


899 


visitors,  and  we  have  had  only  8,000,000.  The  difference  is  attrib¬ 
utable  to  three  causes :  first,  the  indisposition  of  people  throughout 
the  country  to  believe  we  would  open  the  fair  on  the  10th  of  May; 
second,  to  the  tardiness  of  the  railroads  in  realizing  the  necessity 
of  bringing  their  rates  within  the  demands  of  the  public  ;  and  third, 
to  the  extraordinary  spell  of  hot  weather  which  began  in  June  and 
lasted  the  whole  summer  through.  The  reports  in  the  newspapers 
that  the  Exhibition  could  not  possibly  be  got  ready  on  the  day  ad¬ 
vertised  for  opening  deprived  us  of  the  attendance  we  expected 
during  the  first  month,  and  then  the  hot  spell  and  the  high  railroad 
fares  kept  people  away  until  September. 

My  calculations  of  the  outlay  required  up  to  the  opening,  sub¬ 
mitted  to  Congress  last  winter,  proved  accurate  almost  to  a  dollar, 
and  my  estimates  of  the  running  expenses  have  been  closely  real¬ 
ized.  We  have  a  surplus  of  about  $2,000,000.  The  total  stock 
subscriptions  amounted  to  $2,400,000.  So  we  shall  be  able  to  pay 
80  cents  on  the  dollar  to  the  stockholders,  if  we  are  not  required 
to  pay  back  the  million  and  a  half  appropriated  by  Congress. 
This  is  a  question  which  the  courts  must  settle.  The  English  of 
the  act  of  Congress  gives  the  stockholders  the  whole  of  their  money 
back  before  the  government  can  claim  anything,  and  the  Senate 
understood  it  so  ;  but  Mr.  Springer,  the  mover  of  the  amendment 
to  the  bill  in  the  House,  did  not.  I  learn  that  a  resolution  will  be 
introduced  by  a  member  next  winter,  directing  the  Attorney-Gen¬ 
eral  to  take  steps  to  prevent  us  from  paying  anything  to  the  stock¬ 
holders  until  the  United  States  is  reimbursed.  Congress  ought, 
instead  of  adopting  such  a  resolution,  to  pass  one  thanking  the 
managers  of  the  Exhibition,  and  exempting  us  from  all  demands 
on  the  part  of  the  government.  We  have  been  celebrating  the 
birthday  of  the  nation.  The  government  refused  to  appropriate 
anything  for  the  purpose  until  the  success  of  the  movement  was 
assured.  I  cannot  believe  that  it  will  now  step  in  and  grab  all  the 
assets,  and  thus  throw  the  whole  expense  upon  its  citizens  who 
were  patriotic  enough  to  subscribe  to  the  great  enterprise. 

We  shall  be  able  to  close  up  our  affairs  by  the  1st  of  January  if 
this  feature  of  the  disposition  of  the  surplus  is  settled  before  that 
time.  All  the  buildings  will  be  off  our  hands  on  the  1st  of  Decem¬ 
ber.  Memorial  Hall  remains  as  a  monument  of  the  Centennial 
year.  Machinery  Hall  and  Horticultural  Hall  are  the  property 
of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  will  be  retained,  the  latter  as  an 


900 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


embellishment  of  the  Park,  and  the  former  for  festivals,  celebra¬ 
tions,  and  the  fairs  of  the  Franklin  Institute.  The  Main  Building 
will  probably  be  bought  by  the  Permanent  Exhibition  Company, 
recently  organized  here,  and  if  so  will  be  preserved.  The  Art  An¬ 
nex,  Shoe  and  Leather  Building,  Carriage  Annex,  Judges’  Hall, 
Agricultural  Hall,  Commission  offices,  etc.,  will  be  sold  at  auction 
and  removed  by  the  purchasers.  The  State  buildings  will  also  be 
sold,  and  all  the  foreign  structures,  so  far  as  I  know,  except  the 
British  house,  which  has  been  presented  to  the  city.  The  restau¬ 
rants  and  other  business  structures  will  be  speedily  pulled  down. 
The  amount  received  for  concessions  has  not  varied  from  my  origi¬ 
nal  estimate  of  $500,000.  We  are  likely  to  close  all  the  business 
growing  out  of  concessions  and  contracts  without  disputes  and 
without  a  single  lawsuit. 

Mr.  John  Sartain,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Art,  said : 

I  consider  the  Art  Exhibit,  as  a  whole,  a  remarkable  success, 
and  believe  it  compared  favorably  with  the  displays  at  previous 
World’s  Fairs.  France  and  Germany  did  not  send  their  best 
works,  but  England  made  a  most  remarkable  contribution,  twice 
as  large  as  she  sent  to  Paris  in  1867,  and  three  times  as  large  as 
her  collection  at  Vienna  in  1873.  The  great  merit  of  the  English 
pictures  was  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  came  from  the  private 
galleries  of  gentlemen  owning  fine  works.  The  Netherlands  ex¬ 
hibit  was  good,  and  so  were  those  of  Belgium,  Sweden  and  Spain. 
It  was  altogether  an  aggregation  of  extraordinary  talent.  The 
Italians  sent  too  many  copies  of  old  masters,  but  among  their  pic¬ 
tures  were  some  of  first-rate  landscapes.  Nothing  in  the  whole 
Exhibition  attracted  so  much  attention  as  the  Italian  statuary. 
The  Art  Galleries  were  at  all  times  the  most  crowded  part  of  the 
fair,  and  the  rooms  containing  these  statues  were  the  most  crowded 
portions  of  the  galleries.  The  Italians,  Mr.  Sartain  says,  have 
struck  out  a  new  field  in  sculpture,  and  have  successfully  treated 
in  marble  subjects  heretofore  confined  to  canvas — scenes  from 
domestic  life.  Their  execution  is  wonderful,  and  whatever  the 
critics  may  say,  the  popular  instinct  recognizes  and  approves  the 
truthfulness  to  nature  manifested  in  these  works. 


Captain  Albert,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Machinery,  said : 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


901 


It  is  scarcely  necessary  for  me  to  speak  of  the  general  success  of 
the  Exhibition  in  my  department,  as  everybody  knows  that  it  has 
been  very  successful.  The  machinery  employed  in  our  various  in¬ 
dustries  was  thoroughly  represented  in  almost  every  respect  except 
that  of  marine  engineering-  and  shipbuilding,  which  important 
interest,  owing  to  the  decline  of  American  commerce,  is  not  in  as 
prosperous  a  condition  as  it  should  be.  The  number  of  exhibitors 
of  machinery  was  more  than  double  the  number  at  the  Vienna 
Exhibition,  the  only  previous  one  which  had  a  separate  hall  de¬ 
voted  to  this  department.  The  exhibitors,  as  a  rule,  were  very 
much  pleased.  The  majority  of  them  have  been  reimbursed. 
Large  sales  of  machinery  have  been  made,  both  to  foreign  and 
native  customers.  A  number  of  foreign  machines  have  been  sold 
and  will  remain  in  this  country.  Machinery  Hall  cost  less  than 
the  sum  appropriated  for  its  erection.  It  was  the  settled  policy  of 
the  Commission  to  encourage  the  exhibition  of  processes  of  manu¬ 
facture,  and  this  led  to  the  granting  of  permission  to  exhibitors  to 
sell  the  products  of  such  work,  a  percentage  of  the  proceeds  being 
paid  to  the  Board  of  Finance.  During  the  last  three  mouths  a 
sum  was  realized  in  this  way  sufficient  to  pay  all  the  expenses  of 
the  Machinery  Department  for  that  time. 

The  Corliss  engine  and  shafting  worked  during  the  whole  time 
of  the  Exhibition  without  any  mishap  whatever,  never  stopping 
from  any  disarrangement,  and  no  accident  has  happened  to  any 
person  from  machinery  under  the  control  of  the  Bureau.  To  drive 
all  the  machinery  in  the  Exhibition  4,400  horse-power  was  re¬ 
quired,  and  this  was  supplied  from  the  boilers  through  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  of  steam  pipe,  varying  in  diameter  from  two  to 
fifteen  inches.  This  power  was  communicated  by  one  mile  of  shaft¬ 
ing.  The  amount  of  coal  used  daily  was  from  twenty-five  to  thirty 
tons.  The  Bureau  has  conducted  the  largest  and  most  comprehen¬ 
sive  tests  of  steam-engines,  water-wheels,  and  steam  boilers  that 
have  ever  been  known,  as  well  as  trials  of  various  smaller  machines 
and  apparatus.  To  show  the  extent  of  this  work,  it  may  be  stated 
that  twenty-three  water-wheels,  belonging  to  eighteen  different 
manufacturers,  have  been  tested,  the  whole  apparatus  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  being  supplied  by  the  Commission.  Trials  have  also  been 
made  of  fifteen  different  boilers  and  about  a  dozen  fire-engines. 

Among  the  important  American  machines  of  recent  invention 
shown  were  those  for  cloth-cutting,  hat  making,  envelope  making, 


902 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


stone-cutting,  and  for  ornamenting  in  stone.  Much  European 
machinery  of  special  interest  and  merit  was  exhibited.  Among 
this  may  be  mentioned  machines  for  jute-making  and  for  tobacco¬ 
twisting,  and  a  sugar  mill  from  Great  Britain ;  Krupp’s  exhibit  of 
ordnance  and  heavy  marine  forging,  and  Schlickeysen’s  brick¬ 
making  machinery  from  Germany ;  wood-working  machinery  and 
a  lithographic  press  from  France,  and  mining  machinery  from 
Belgium.  Russia  had  a  fine  exhibit  from  beginning  to  end,  and 
that  of  Sweden  was  also  excellent  throughout.  The  most  interest- 


SCREW-CUTTING  LATHE,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


ing  part  of  Brazil’s  display  in  this  department  was  illustrative  of 
silk  production.  The  Canadian  machinery  was  various  and  good. 

Mr.  Burnett  Landreth,  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Agricul¬ 
ture,  expressed  great  satisfaction  with  the  general  results  of  his 
branch  of  the  Exhibition.  He  said  : 

No  previous  International  Exhibition  ever  had  a  separate  depart¬ 
ment  for  the  products  and  implements  of  farming,  and  the  marked 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


903 


success  of  the  experiment  here  would,  he  thought,  cause  it  to  be 
copied  in  future  fairs.  There  was  an  exceedingly  good  show  of 
American  agricultural  machinery.  A  good  deal  of  progress  in 
simplifying  and  improving  the  construction  of  mowers  and  reapers 
was  displayed.  The  presiding  judge  of  this  group,  an  Englishman, 
considered  a  hay-loading  machine  as  the  most  important  of  the  new 
inventions  shown.  None  of  the  foreign  countries  exhibited  much 
worth  considering  in  the  way  of  machinery  and  implements  except 
Canada.  England  might  have  done  so,  but  was  deterred  by  the 
want  of  a  market  in  this  country.  The  show  of  grains  and  seeds  in 
the  American  section  was  very  good,  and  several  foreign  countries 
were  well  represented  in  this  line.  Oregon  excelled  all  competitors 
in  the  quality  of  her  grains.  Iowa,  Nebraska  and  Michigan  sent 
the  best  fruits.  There  was  a  fine  display  of  tobacco,  and  a  remark¬ 
ably  extensive  one  of  wines,  in  which  Portugal,  Spain,  France,  and 
our  own  country  were  prominent.  The  exhibit  of  wool  and  cotton 
was  unfortunately  scanty  and  defective.  The  live-stock  show  did 
not  meet  expectation  as  far  as  the  quantity  of  stock  displayed  was 
concerned,  but  the  quality  was  superior  to  anything  ever  seen  in 
the  United  States.  The  poultry  show  was  exceptionally  good  and 
was  the  largest  ever  held  in  this  country,  while  the  display  of 
pigeons  was  never  equalled  in  the  world. 

Among  the  foreign  countries,  all  things  considered,  Canada  made 
the  best  show,  because  she  had  both  implements  and  products.  Of 
products  alone  Brazil  had  the  most  complete  and  best  arranged  ex¬ 
hibit.  The  special  exhibit  of  the  brewing  industry  was  a  notably 
creditable  feature  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  and  the  butter 
and  cheese  show  was  also  praiseworthy.  The  exhibitors  of  agricul¬ 
tural  machinery  were  very  successful  in  making  sale  to  foreign 
countries — Brazil,  the  Argentine  Republic,  Japan,  Australia  and 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  being  large  purchasers. 

Mr.  Charles  H.  Miller,  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Horticul¬ 
ture,  states: 

I  am  convinced  that  the  exhibition  in  that  department  has  led 
to  very  important  results.  At  no  previous  World's  Fair  was  there 
a  separate  department  devoted  to  horticulture,  but  the  innovation 
has  been  very  satisfactory  in  its  effects.  The  horticulturists  of  the 
delegation  of  French  artisans  who  visited  the  Centennial  Exhibition 
wrote  a  letter  on  their  return  highly  praising  the  exhibit  here,  and 


POOLE  &  HUNT’S  MACHINE  FOR  MIXING  CHEMICALS,  EXHIBITED  IN  MACHINERY  HALL. 


904 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


it  has  been  determined  to  have  a  horticultural  department  in  the 

Exhibition  at  Paris  in 
1878.  Besides  the  nu¬ 
merous  displays  of 
specialties  by  Ameri¬ 
cans,  many  foreign 
collections  of  impor¬ 
tance  were  sent  to  the 
Exhibition,  and  the 
space  reserved  by  the 
Commission  was  so 
used  as  to  give  the 
whole  great  attraction 
as  a  display  of  decora¬ 
tive  gardening.  Mul¬ 
titudes  of  visitors  have 
been  delighted  with  its 
beauty,  and  many  of 
them  have  learned  to 
appreciate  for  the  first 
time  the  results  of  the 
labors  of  florists  and 
horticulturists.  This 
awakening  of  popular 
interest  and  training 
of  taste  in  horticul¬ 
tural  matters  cannot 
fail  to  be  of  incalcula¬ 
ble  benefit.  Exhibit¬ 
ors  are  well  satisfied, 
and  many  horticultur¬ 
ists  who  made  no  dis¬ 
play  now  regret  that 
they  did  not  do  so.  A 
great  many  foreigners 
have  expressed  their 
admiration  of  the  Ex¬ 
hibition  in  this  depart¬ 
ment,  and  many  of  the  foreign  exhibitors  have  contributed  valuable 
collections  to  the  Park  Commissioners,  to  form  part  of  the  exhibi- 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


905 


tion  which  will  he  maintained  in  Horticultural  Hall.  Measures 
are  now  being  taken  to  organize  a  botanic  garden  and  arboretum  in 
Fairmount  Park,  and  an  excellent  nucleus  exists  in  the  foreign 
and  American  collections  that  would  be  given  to  aid  the  under¬ 
taking. 

General  Francis  A.  Walker,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Awards, 
said : 

The  so-called  American  system  of  awards  has  suffered  more  or 
less  disadvantage  in  its  first  trial  at  the  International  Exhibition 
of  1876,  first,  by  reason  of  its  novelty,  and,  secondly,  from  the  want 
of  early  and  adequate  preparation  for  the  work  of  adjudication. 
The  trial  made  at  this  Exhibition  has  not  disclosed  any  inherent 
defects  in  the  system,  but  it  has  shown  the  necessity  of  providing 
certain  conditions  and  imposing  certain  limitations  which  seem  not 
to  have  been  anticipated.  Among  these  I  may  indicate  a  restric¬ 
tion  upon  the  awards  to  be  given,  having  reference  to  the  impor¬ 
tance  of  the  exhibits.  Petty  exhibits,  especially  those  which  are 
not  of  a  commercial  character,  cannot  be  advantageously  dealt  with 
under  the  American  system.  If  an  exhibitor  who  presents  a  can 
of  maple  sugar,  or  two  or  three  bottles  of  wine,  or  a  piece  of  hand¬ 
worked  embroidery  made  for  the  purposes  of  the  Exhibition,  is  to 
receive  an  award  purely  upon  the  merit  of  the  individual  articles 
shown,  without  reference  either  to  the  extent  of  the  exhibition  made 
or  to  the  extent  and  importance  of  his  production,  the  reports  of  the 
judges  will  be  so  multiplied  and  their  subjects  will  become  so 
trivial  as  to  impair,  more  or  less,  the  dignity  and  authority  of  the 
reports  made  upon  exhibits  of  greater  importance. 

The  want  of  this  limitation  has  been  felt  at  the  present  Exhibition, 
and  as  the  result  we  find  the  number  of  awards  swollen  by  the 
recognition  of  a  great  number  of  articles  of  unquestioned  merit, 
but  of  merit  in  a  very  small  way. 

This  excess  inevitably  tends  to  diminish  the  proper  effect  of  those 
awards  which  are  given  to  exhibits  of  great  commercial  value. 

The  want  of  early  and  adequate  preparation  for  the  work  of 
adjudication  has  been  severely  felt  through  the  whole  progress  of 
the  Exhibition.  The  classification  of  articles  as  arranged  for  the 
judges’  work  omitted  some  of  the  most  important  groups  of  products 
in  the  Exhibition,  including  tea,  coffee,  tobacco,  spices,  and  the 
whole  line  of  cereals,  rendering  it  necessary  to  assign,  as  the  exi- 


906 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


gencies  of  the  situation  required,  the  omitted  products  to  groups 
which  were  perhaps  already  overburdened  with  the  number  and 
variety  of  objects  submitted  to  the  judges’  attention.  The  obscurity 
of  some  of  the  lines  of  classification  adopted,  moreover,  increased 
greatly  the  liability,  always  in  a  degree  existing,  of  articles  falling 
through  between  contiguous  but  not  absolutely  coterminous  groups ; 
of  even  more  serious  consequence  was  the  delay  in  sending  out 
blank  forms  to  be  filled  up  by  exhibitors  with  the  necessary  infor¬ 
mation  for  the  judges.  These  forms  were  not  prepared  and  issued 
in  season  to  reach  more  than  a  very  small  fraction  of  the  foreign 
exhibitors,  and  in  the  result  it  was  found  that  a  very  large  propor¬ 
tion  even  of  the  native  exhibitors  had  been  supplied  either  not  at 
all,  or  so  late  as  to  render  their  replies  unavailable  for  the  purposes 
of  the  judges,  who  were  therefore  left,  in  the  incompleteness  of  the 
official  catalogue,  to  find  out  for  themselves  both  the  location  of 
the  exhibits  and  the  special  advantages  claimed  by  their  pro¬ 
ducers. 

In  spite  of  the  defects  noted,  the  American  system  of  awards  is, 
I  think,  fully  acknowledged  to  be  a  success  by  all  who  have  seen 
enough  of  its  workings  to  be  able  to  judge  of  the  results;  and  I 
think  it  will  be  generally  approved  both  at  home  and  abroad,  when 
the  reports  of  the  judges  in  the  several  groups  shall  be  published. 
The  central  idea,  as  you  are  aware,  is  to  give  information  to  the 
body  of  would-be  purchasers  and  to  the  general  public  through  a 
series  of  discriminating  and  descriptive  reports,  instead  of  making 
use  of  tokens  like  graded  medals  which  convey  practically  no  in¬ 
formation. 

Under  the  present  system,  the  medal,  uniform  in  all  cases  as  to 
size,  design  and  material,  becomes  only  a  token  that  the  exhibitor 
has  received  an  award.  The  question  what  the  award  is  is  only 
answered  by  the  report  of  the  examining  judge,  which  is  expected 
to  set  forth  the  elements  of  merit,  and,  as  far  as  practicable,  the 
degree  of  merit.  In  other  words,  the  report  of  the  judge  answers 
the  question  which  Socrates  used  to  ask  of  his  antagonists  in  debate 
when  they  declared  a  thing  to  be  good — good  for  what?  Its  adap¬ 
tation  to  the  uses  designed,  its  economy,  its  efficiency,  and  every 
other  recognized  advantage  of  a  product,  come  thus  within  the 
scope  of  the  report.  The  medal  simply  declares  that  an  article  is 
good ;  the  report  tells  what  it  is  good  for,  and  how  good. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


907 


This  system  also  enables  us  to  avoid  forcing  comparison  between 
objects  having  more  or  less  different  uses,  though  falling  under  the 
same  class.  In  general  it  is  true,  I  think,  that  a  judge  should  be 
able  to  say  something  better  of  an  article  or  product  than  that  it  is 
the  best.  An  article  may  be  the  best  of  its  kind  and  yet  very  poor; 
and  of  many  very  good  things  it  may  be  impossible  to  say  which  is 
the  best.  Hence,  the  Bureau  of  Awards  has  steadily  discouraged 
the  use  of  superlatives  in  the  judges’  reports. 

The  reports  made  under  this  system  are  nearly  all  in  press,  and 
will  be  issued  in  pamphlets  by  groups  as  soon  as  practicable,  all 
probably  within  the  course  of  two  or  three  weeks.  In  general  the 
judges  have  very  clearly  apprehended  and  strongly  held  to  this 
plan  of  awards,  and  the  reports  as  rendered  will  do  great  credit  to 
the  Exhibition,  as  constituting  a  part  of  its  permanent  literature,  as 
well  as  convey  much  practical  information  of  commercial  value. 
Of  course,  when  a  judge  is  to  report  upon  an  exhibit  of  canned 
peas,  not  a  great  deal  can  be  said  except  that  the  peas  were  well 
selected  and  the  work  of  canning  well  done ;  but  in  regard  to  the 
many  exhibits  of  an  important  character,  highly  discriminating  and 
often  fully  descriptive  reports  have  been  presented.  Whether  in 
a  few  lines  or  in  two  or  three  pages,  the  characteristic  features  of 
each  exhibit  are  stated. 

Of  the  judges  selected  for  this  difficult  and  delicate  duty  it  cer¬ 
tainly  cannot  be  necessary  for  me  to  speak  in  terms  of  praise.  Many 
of  them  are  among  the  first  savants  of  this  country  and  Europe, 
while  others,  not  so  widely  known,  are  experts  of  large  experience 
and  high  authority  in  their  own  departments.  They  have  labored 
with  astonishing  zeal  and  energy.  They  have,  speaking  generally, 
overcome  not  only  the  intrinsic  difficulties  of  the  work  of  adjudica¬ 
tion,  but  the  disadvantages  which  have  attended  its  first  adoption 
here  in  Philadelphia,  with  rare  patience  and  pains.  I  believe  that 
substantial  justice  has  been  done  as  fully  as  can  be  expected  in 
human  afFairs,  and  that  the  results  as  they  appear  will  justify  the 
system  and  do  credit  to  its  author,  Mr.  Beckwith,  and  to  the  judges 
who  have  been  appointed  to  carry  it  out. 


PENN’S  TREATY  WITH  THE  INDIANS. 


908 


CHAPTER  XXXT. 


THE  PERMANENT  EXHIBITION. 

History  of  the  Enterprise — How  it  Grew  out  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition — 
Organization  of  the  International  Exhibition  Company — Its  Officers — The 
Capital  liaised — Co-operation  of  Exhibitors — Purchase  of  the  Main  Build¬ 
ing — Description  of  the  Main  Building  as  Arranged  for  the  Permanent 
Exhibition — A  Rich  and  Beautiful  Display — Additional  Objects  of  Interest 
— The  Pennsylvania  Museum  of  Industrial  Art. 

S  the  close  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition  drew  near  there 
was  everywhere  expressed  a  feeling  of  regret  that  the 
magnificent  structures  erected  for  it  should  be  torn 
down  at  its  close,  and  a  general  desire  was  manifested 
that  as  many  of  them  as  possible  should  be  preserved 
as  memorials  of  the  great  Exhibition.  Some  of  these  were 
destined  to  stand.  Machinery  and  Horticultural  Halls,  being 
the  property  of  the  city,  were  erected  as  permanent  ornaments  to 
Fairmount  Park,  and  the  beautiful  Memorial  Hall  was  to  be 
converted  into  the  Pennsylvania  Museum  of  Industrial  Art  at 
the  close  of  the  Exhibition.  The  Main  Building,  however,  the 
great  edifice  which,  by  the  grandeur  and  beauty  of  its  details, 
as  well  as  by  its  colossal  proportions,  had  won  the  enthusiastic 
admiration  of  the  whole  country,  was  doomed  to  destruction. 
There  was  a  widespread  desire  that  this  fate  might  be  averted, 
and  that  the  superb  structure  might  be  preserved.  Out  of  this 
feeling  grew  the  suggestion  that  a  second  Exhibition,  permanent 
in  character,  and  arranged  somewhat  after  the  plan  of  the 
Crystal  Palace,  at  Sydenham,  in  England,  might  be  successful, 
and  that  the  Main  Building  could  be  used  for  this  purpose  and 
thus  preserved.  The  suggestion  was  eagerly  welcomed  by  the 
public,  and  was  carefully  considered  by  a  number  of  prominent 

909 


910 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


citizens  of  Philadelphia,  many  of  whom  were  closely  identified 
with  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  it  was  agreed  that  the 
scheme  was  practicable  and  could  be  made  a  success  under 
proper  management. 

Three  things  were  necessary  :  first,  to  secure  the  consent  of 
the  Park  Commission  to  the  retention  of  the  Main  Building  in 
its  present  location  ;  second,  to  secure  the  necessary  funds  for 
the  purchase  of  the  Main  Building  and  the  proper  inauguration 
of  the  Permanent  Exhibition  ;  and  third,  to  secure  the  hearty 
co-operation  of  exhibitors.  The  consent  of  the  Park  Commis¬ 
sion  was  obtained  after  some  little  trouble,  and  the  use  of  the 
land  upon  which  the  Main  Building  stands  was  granted  upon 
liberal  terms.  Towards  the  last  of  October,  1876,  the  Inter¬ 
national  Exhibition  Company  was  organized.  Clement  M. 
Biddle,  of  Philadelphia,  was  elected  President,  and  E.  A. 
Hollins,  Treasurer.  Both  these  gentlemen  had  been  prominently 
concerned  in  the  management  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  and 
among  the  Board  of  Directors  and  Managers  of  the  new  Exhi¬ 
bition  were  many  who  had  in  a  similar  way  commended  them¬ 
selves  to  the  confidence  of  the  public.  Mr.  Henry  Pettit  was 
made  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Management;  Captain  John  S. 
Albert  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Machinery  Department  and 
made  Consulting  Engineer ;  to  Mr.  John  Sartain  was  confided 
the  Department  of  Fine  Arts ;  and  Captain  Dolphus  Torrey 
was  made  Superintendent  of  the  Transportation  Department. 

The  capital  of  the  new  company  was  fixed  at  $600,000,  di¬ 
vided  into  six  thousand  shares  of  $100  each.  Measures  were  set 
on  foot  to  secure  this  sum,  and  several  public  meetings  for  this 
purpose  were  held  in  the  Common  Council  Chamber  at  Phila¬ 
delphia.  The  replies  of  the  people  were  prompt.  Before  the 
close  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition  the  subscriptions  amounted 
to  $100,000  in  cash  and  $500,000  in  the  stock  of  the  Centen¬ 
nial  Board  of  Finance,  rated  at  fifty  cents  on  the  dollar,  making 
the  total  subscription  equal  to  $350,000.  By  the  middle  of 
November  $100,000  additional  in  cash  had  been  subscribed, 
and  before  the  close  of  the  year  almost  the  entire  amount  of  the 
capital  had  been  raised. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


911 


The  financial  difficulty  being  thus  removed,  the  next  step  was 
to  secure  the  co-operation  of  the  exhibitors.  Circulars  setting 
forth  the  nature  and  objects  of  the  proposed  Exhibition  were 
addressed  to  the  exhibitors  taking  part  in  the  Centennial  Ex¬ 
hibition.  These  circulars  contained  the  following  regulations 
for  the  government  of  the  new  enterprise : 

The  Exhibition  will  be  held  in  the  Main  Exhibition  Building,  Fairmount 
Park,  which  has  been  purchased  from  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance  ex¬ 
pressly  for  that  purpose. 

Exhibits  will  be  received  belonging  to  any  of  the  following  classes :  Mining, 
manufactures,  education  and  science,  art,  machinery,  agriculture  and  horti¬ 
culture. 

When  circumstances  will  admit,  special  arrangements  will  be  made  for  the 
exhibition  of  machinery  in  motion. 

Exhibitors  of  machinery,  apparatus  and  tools  especially  adapted  for  use  of 
the  Exhibition,  offered  free  of  cost  and  accepted  by  the  management,  will  be 
granted  special  privileges.  The  management  will  defray  the  necessary  ex¬ 
penses  of  exhibitors  lending  their  machinery,  tools,  etc.,  for  use,  beyond  that 
which  they  have  incurred  as  exhibitors,  wear  and  tear  excepted. 

Exhibitors  will  not  be  charged  for  space,  but  the  receiving,  unpacking  and 
rearrangement  of  the  exhibits  must  be  done  by  and  at  the  expense  of  the 
exhibitor. 

The  transportation,  receiving,  unpacking  and  arranging  of  new  exhibits 
must  be  done  at  the  expense  of  the  exhibitor. 

Exhibitors  accepting  space  must  guarantee  to  occupy  it  in  a  creditable  and 
satisfactory  manner,  in  accordance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  man¬ 
agement,  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  one  year  from  the  date  of  their  permit, 
unless  special  arrangement  to  the  contrary  is  made  in  writing  with  the  chief 
of  bureau. 

In  every  case  exhibitors  will  be  required  to  give  at  least  three  months’  notice 
of  their  intention  to  withdraw  from  the  Exhibition. 

The  management  reserves  the  right  to  make  such  rearrangement  of  space, 
from  time  to  time,  as  may  be  found  expedient  and  for  the  general  good  of  the 
Exhibition. 

Exhibitors  will  have  the  privilege  of  renewing  their  exhibits  from  time  to 
time,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  chief  of  bureau. 

Exhibitors  may  employ  attendants  or  watchmen  of  their  own  choice,  to  take 
care  of  their  spaces  and  exhibits.  Appointments  of  such  attendants  and 
watchmen  will  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  management. 

Exhibitors  not  desiring  to  employ  attendants  or  watchmen  may  leave  their 
exhibits  in  the  care  of  the  management,  who  will  then  assume  the  responsibility 
of  their  cleanliness. 

Exhibitors’  business  cards,  circulars  and  samples,  may  be  placed  within  their 
spaces  for  distribution,  but  visitors  shall  not  be  solicited  to  receive  them. 


912 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


Cards  may  be  affixed  to  goods,  stating  exhibitor’s  name,  address,  place  of 
manufacture,  price,  etc. 

Signs  will  not  be  allowed  to  project  beyond  the  floor  area  of  the  space  al¬ 
lotted,  nor  will  signs  of  canvas,  muslin,  linen  or  paper  be  permitted.  The  size 
and  style  of  all  signs  to  be  subject  to  approval. 

Exhibitors  must  provide,  at  their  own  cost,  all  show-cases,  shelving,  counters, 
platforms,  partitions,  fittings  and  appurtenances  which  are  required. 

All  arrangements  of  exhibits  and  decorations,  and  the  installation  generally, 
will  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  chief  of  bureau. 

Sketches,  drawings,  photographs,  or  other  reproductions  of  articles  exhibited 
will  only  be  allowed  upon  joint  assent  of  the  exhibitor  and  the  chief  of  bureau ; 
but  views  of  portions  of  the  building  may  be  made  with  the  written  permission 
of  the  chief  of  bureau. 

The  management  will  take  precautions  for  the  safe  preservation  of  all  objects 
in  the  Exhibition  ;  but  it  will  in  no  way  be  responsible  for  damage  or  loss  of 
any  kind,  or  for  accidents  by  fire  or  otherwise,  however  originating. 

Articles  that  are  in  any  way  dangerous  or  offensive  will  not  be  admitted  ; 
and  if  introduced  under  false  pretences  will  occasion  the  immediate  forfeiture 
of  the  exhibitor’s  space. 

Each  person  who  becomes  an  exhibitor  thereby  acknowledges  and  under¬ 
takes  to  keep  the  rules  and  regulations  established  for  the  government  of  the 
Exhibition. 

The  management  reserves  the  right  to  explain  or  amend  these  regulations 
whenever  it  may  be  deemed  necessary  for  the  interests  of  the  Exhibition. 

The  Centennial  Exhibition  had  been  so  beneficial  to  the  mer¬ 
chants  and  manufacturers  taking  part  in  it,  that  the  responses  to 
the  circular  of  the  new  company  were  so  general  that  long  be¬ 
fore  the  close  of  the  year  every  foot  of  space  in  the  Main 
Building  was  disposed  of.  Many  of  the  new  exhibitors  were 
foreign  merchants  or  manufacturers  who  had  taken  part  in  the 
Centennial  Exhibition. 

The  next  step  on  the  part  of  the  managers  was  to  purchase 
the  Main  Building.  On  the  1st  of  December,  1876,  as  re¬ 
quired  by  law,  a  number  of  the  principal  Exhibition  buildings 
were  sold  at  auction.  Among  these  was  the  Main  Building, 
which  was  purchased  by  the  Permanent  Exhibition  Company 
for  the  sum  of  $250,000. 

The  necessary  capital  having  been  secured,  the  Main  Building 
purchased,  and  the  co-operation  of  exhibitors  pledged,  the  plans 
for  the  Exhibition  were  carried  forward  with  great  rapidity. 

The  Permanent  Exhibition  will  be  formally  opened  on  the 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


913 


1st  of  May,  1877.  It  will  be  contained  entirely  within  the 
Main  Building,  and  will  be  a  more  magnificent  and  varied  dis¬ 
play  than  was  given  in  this  superb  edifice  during  the  Centen¬ 
nial  Exhibition.  As  many  of  the  articles  then  on  exhibition 
will  remain,  visitors  will  see  much  that  will  recall  to  them  the 
greatest  of  the  World’s  Fairs;  and  there  will  also  be  much  that 
will  be  new  and  attractive. 

The  arrangement  of  exhibits  will  be  such  as  will  bring  simi¬ 
lar  articles  of  the  same  group  in  close  proximity  to  each  other, 
thus  facilitating  comparison  and  study.  The  building  is  inter¬ 
sected  through  the  centre  lengthwise  by  the  main  nave  and 
crosswise  by  the  centre  transept,  and  is  thereby  divided  into 
four  principal  divisions.  Each  group  of  articles  as  classified 
will  have  a  frontage  on  either  the  nave,  centre  transept,  or  a 
prominent  cross  avenue  leading  directly  to  the  nave. 

At  the  centre  of  the  building  in  the  north  gallery  will  be 
placed  the  great  Centennial  organ,  and  immediately  in  front  of 
it,  to  be  treated  as  an  auditorium  for  musical  performances,  will 
be  an  area  of  200  feet  in  width,  and  extending  240  feet  in 
length  to  the  centre  of  the  building,  and  having  a  seating  ac¬ 
commodation  for  8000  people.  Tiers  of  seats  affording  ample 
provision  for  orchestra  and  chorus  will  extend  from  the  organ- 
gallery  down  to  the  floor. 

The  acoustic  qualities  of  this  portion  of  the  building  proved 
during  the  late  Centennial  Exhibition  to  be  exceptionally  fine, 
and  the  facilities  offered  by  the  place  for  musical  festivals,  or¬ 
chestral  and  vocal  concerts,  oratorios,  and  for  the  performance 
generally  of  both  classical  and  popular  music,  will  be  unequalled 
by  any  other  concert-room  in  the  United  States. 

In  the  centre  of  the  building,  extending  from  the  nave  south, 
will  be  the  department  devoted  to  painting  and  sculpture,  the 
admirable  light  of  the  building  affording  special  facilities  for  the 
display  of  works  of  fine  art. 

At  the  present  writing  this  department  is  in  better  order  than 
any  of  the  others,  and  there  are  a  number  of  pieces  of  statuary 
in  place.  These  are  arranged  in  a  circular  space  commencing 

at  the  column  that  marked  the  corner  of  the  German  depart- 
68 


914 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


ment,  and  extending  around  to  the  handsome  enclosure  of 
Tiffany  &  Co.’s  display  in  the  old  Exhibition.  At  the  extreme 
end  of  the  line  is  the  grim  bronze  statue  of  Bismarck.  In  the 
eastern  part  are  some  beautiful  agate  marbles,  whose  wave-like 
lines  are  marked  in  shades  of  light  yellowish  brown  and  white 
with  crystallized  portions  that  look  like  quartz.  It  is  known  as 
oriental  marble,  comes  from  Italy,  and  is  very  valuable.  A 
slab  about  five  feet  in  length  and  three  in  breadth,  and  a  little 
over  an  inch  thick,  was  sold  for  $1800.  In  the  rear  of  the 
statuary  are  three  large  equestrian  statues,  the  largest  of  which, 
representing  General  Scott,  is  of  colossal  size,  and  another  of 
General  McPherson  of  less  dimensions.  The  third,  which  is  a 
bronze  of  General  Blanco,  President  of  the  United  States  of 
Venezuela,  is  of  less  size,  being  a  little  larger  than  life.  These 
will  stand  at  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle,  and  in  the  centre 
will  be  a  handsome  fountain. 

An  interesting  feature  of  the  Exhibition  will  be  numerous 
foreign  courts  fronting  on  the  main  nave,  each  of  which  will  be 
formed  by  enclosures  erected  in  the  style  of  architecture  peculiar 
to  the  respective  countries,  and  will  also  contain  characteristic 
exhibits.  Owing  to  the  kind  co-operation  and  interest  mani¬ 
fested  in  the  Permanent  Exhibition  by  the  various  foreign  com¬ 
missions  to  the  recent  Centennial  Exhibition,  many  of  the 
foreign  governments  have  presented  their  enclosures  to  the  In¬ 
ternational  Exhibition  Company.  These  structures  will  be 
rearranged  in  the  form  of  courts,  and,  together  with  others  to 
be  hereafter  added,  will  form  permanent  attractions. 

In  the  west  wing,  on  the  north  side,  commencing  at  the  west 
end,  will  be  the  following  courts,  in  the  order  named  :  Nor¬ 
wegian,  Swedish,  Danish,  Tunisian,  Turkish,  Spanish  (Agricul¬ 
tural),  and  Chinese.  On  the  south  side,  as  follows:  Egyptian 
and  Spanish  (industrial).  In  the  east  wing,  on  the  north  side : 
Japanese,  French  Crystal  Court,  Belgian,  Swiss,  Mexican,  and 
the  superb  Brazilian  Pavilion,  presented  by  his  Majesty,  Dom 
Pedro  II. 

A  special  feature  of  the  Exhibition  will  be  the  Educational 
Department,  in  which  will  be  represented  model  school-rooms. 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


915 


complete  with  all  their  appliances  and  accessories.  These  rooms 
will  be  the  embodiment  of  the  latest  and  best  efforts  in  the 
cause  of  education,  and  will  show  standard  appliances  and  ar¬ 
rangements  for  the  benefit  and  instruction  of  all  persons  inter¬ 
ested  in  educational  matters.  The  exhibits  in  the  Educational 
Department  will  be  carefully  selected  by  experts  and  instructors 
actually  engaged  in  the  work  of  education.  Adjacent  to  the 
Educational  Department  a  large  space  will  be  devoted  to  the 
display  of  publications  and  objects  of  interest  to  the  book-trade 
generally. 

The  ceramic  art,  specimens  of  which  commanded  such  uni¬ 
versal  admiration  at  the  late  Centennial  Exhibition,  will  be 
largely  represented  in  the  Permanent  Exhibition,  provision 
being  made  for  the  collective  display  in  a  permanent  location 
of  ceramics  from  different  countries.  The  northwest  section  of 
the  building  will  be  devoted  exclusively  to  agriculture,  includ¬ 
ing  agricultural  machinery  in  motion,  and  many  State  collective 
exhibits  of  their  respective  agricultural  and  mineral  resources. 
In  the  southwest  portion  will  be  the  Machinery  Department 
proper,  in  which  will  be  exhibited  many  processes  of  manufac¬ 
ture,  the  motive  power  being  obtained  from  boiler-houses  erected 
adjacent  to  the  building  on  the  north  side.  A  novel  feature  of 
the  Exhibition  will  be  a  large  aquarium,  covering  15,000  square 
feet,  and  containing  both  salt  and  fresh  water  specimens.  In 
its  construction  advantage  will  be  taken  of  all  the  latest  im¬ 
provements  to  make  it  both  attractive  and  instructive.  For  the 
special  convenience  of  visitors,  a  Department  of  Public  Comfort 
will  be  established  on  the  south  side  of  the  building,  adjoining 
the  central  entrance.  This  department  will  enclose  a  first-class 
restaurant  and  beaufet,  reception  and  retiring  rooms,  telegraph 
office,  barber  shop,  bath  rooms,  facilities  for  checking  and 
storing  baggage,  and  obtaining  rolling-chairs  for  use  throughout 
the  building. 

In  the  extreme  northwest  corner  is  the  large  tower  and  wind¬ 
mill  that  used  to  stand  in  the  Agricultural  Hall  during  the  past 
Centennial.  The  Tunisian  archway  that  used  to  stand  in  the 
southeast  part  of  the  hall  has  been  given  a  prominent  position 


916 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY 


in  the  same  section,  near  the  Educational  Department.  Oppo¬ 
site  the  Spanish  portal  is  part  of  the  enclosure  that  encompassed 
the  Spanish  Agricultural  Section.  There  are  in  this  section  a 
very  large  and  fine  collection  of  seeds,  cereals,  and  plants,  and 
special  collections  from  the  different  States. 

There  is  a  section  that  will  be  devoted  to  the  special  display 
of  agricultural  and  horticultural  products.  In  it  is  a  pavilion 
that  will  be  much  admired.  It  is  hexagonal  in  form,  the  sides 
of  rustic  formed  of  straight  pine  saplings,  two  inches  in  diam¬ 
eter.  The  roof  is  supported  by  pine  sapling  posts  at  each  angle, 
and  the  roof  is  formed  by  a  series  of  gables  coming  down  from 
a  central  post.  The  latter  extends  through  the  roof  and  about 
twenty-five  feet  above  it.  This  pole  is  festooned  with  the  small 
cones  of  the  red  pine,  and  the  roof  is  covered  with  large  cones 
of  different  varieties  and  Spanish  moss.  The  outer  edges  of  the 
gable  ends  are  ornamented  with  large  cones  of  the  edible  pinon, 
some  of  them  eight  inches  in  length  and  six  in  diameter.  From 
the  top  of  the  central  pole  to  the  finials  at  the  front  of  each 
gable,  there  will  be  festoons  of  moss  and  cones.  The  appear¬ 
ance  of  the  pavilion  when  finished  will  be  very  fine.  It  is 
situated  in  the  space  underneath  the  northeast  tower  in  the  cen¬ 
tral  part  of  the  building. 

The  Permanent  Exhibition  will  open  May  1st,  1877.  Sales 
will  be  permitted  in  the  building  under  such  conditions  as  will 
be  advantageous  for  the  affording  facilities  to  manufacturers  and 
producers  to  bring  their  wares  to  the  further  notice  of  the  pub¬ 
lic.  Samples  of  goods  donated  to  and  accepted  by  the  Inter¬ 
national  Exhibition  Company  will  be  exhibited,  and  information 
given  as  to  prices,  etc.,  if  so  desired,  without  charge.  A  com¬ 
mission  of  ten  per  cent,  will  be  charged  on  the  sale  of  goods  for 
immediate  delivery. 

It  is  not  doubted  that  the  Permanent  Exhibition  will  be 
among  the  most  superb  displays  ever  witnessed.  It  will  be 
reinforced  by  the  exhibitions  and  other  festivals  which  will 
be  held  from  time  to  time  in  Machinery  Hall  ;  by  the  beautiful 
grounds  which  were  laid  out  by  the  Centennial  Commission, 
and  which  will  be  kept  in  order  by  the  Park  authorities ;  by 


OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 


917 


the  grand  conservatory  in  Horticultural  Hall ;  by  the  various 
foreign  buildings  donated  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia  by  the 
Commissioners  of  the  European  powers  taking  part  in  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  Exhibition;  and,  lastly,  by  the  rich  and  beautiful 
Museum  of  Art  in  Memorial  Hall. 

As  this  Museum  will  be  the  most  valuable  of  its  kind  in  this 
country,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  add  here  a  brief  account 
of  the  plan  upon  which  it  is  proposed  to  conduct  it. 

The  museum  to  be  established  in  Memorial  Hall  will  proba¬ 
bly  be  closely  modelled  after  the  South  Kensington  Museum 
of  London,  and,  profiting  by  past  experience,  its  good  results 
should  be  even  greater  than  those  of  its  famous  predecessor. 
When  the  South  Kensington  Museum  was  started,  England  had 
made  so  little  progress  in  industrial  art  that  her  manufactures 
were  totally  without  value  in  many  countries  with  which  she 
has  since  traded  largely.  Yet  so  rapidly  has  the  English 
standard  of  industrial  art  been  raised  within  the  past  twenty 
years  that  her  designs  are  now  purchased  in  France,  which, 
until  recently,  supplied  the  world  with  decorations. 

The  museum  proper  will  not  be  opened  until  the  10th  of 
May,  1877,  but  arrangements  are  now  being  made  for  deposit¬ 
ing  the  objects  secured  and  opening  a  school  of  industrial  art 
as  soon  as  practicable.  The  models  will  be  greatly  increased  by 
a  loan  collection  now  being  made,  and,  as  the  very  best  of 
teachers  are  to  be  engaged,  the  school  will  doubtless  become 
exceptionally  valuable  to  all  classes.  English  exhibitors,  who 
have  purchased  designs  from  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
and  employed  pupils  of  that  institution,  state  that  large  num¬ 
bers  of  ladies  earn  from  thirty  to  forty  dollars  a  week  in  such 
work  as  tile-painting,  etc.,  while  some  of  greater  industry  or 
talent  earn  far  more. 

It  is  not  anticipated  that  the  demand  for  superior  designs  or 
original  ornaments  will,  in  this  country,  immediately  make  such 
talent  remunerative,  but  it  is  confidently  expected  that  in  a 
remarkably  short  space  of  time  American  taste  will  so  change 
that  only  the  finest  products  can  be  sold,  and  the  demand  for 
talent  and  culture  in  art  decoration  must,  therefore,  increase 
with  equal  rapidity. 


918 


THE  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY. 


One  of  the  most  interesting,  as  well  as  the  most  curious, 
departments  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum  is  said  to  be 
what  is  known  as  the  “ Chamber  of  Horrors,”  an  apartment 
reserved  especially  for  the  exhibition  of  costly  pieces  of  furni¬ 
ture,  etc.,  which,  to  an  artistic  eye,  are  actually  ugly.  This  will 
probably  be  reproduced  in  the  Pennsylvania  Museum,  the  only 
difference  being  that  the  selections  for  the  new  “  Chamber  of 
Horrors  ”  will  be  made  from  American  instead  of  English 
manufactures.  It  is  expected  that  such  a  display  will  give 
offence  to  the  firms  which  have  been  largely  profiting  by  the 
sale  of  actually  ugly  yet  very  expensive  articles,  but  the  good 
end  to  be  attained  by  thus  contrasting  correct  with  incorrect 
designs  is  regarded  as  justifying  the  means. 

Interest  in  the  new  museum  has  been  daily  increasing  since 
its  organization,  and  among  the  more  recent  donations  should 
be  mentioned  a  large  collection  of  plaster  casts,  taken  from  the 
Alhambra,  in  Spain,  and  presented  by  Count  Dona  Dio,  and 
131  frames  of  fictile  ivory,  for  educational  drawings,  presented 
by  the  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon.  It  is  expected  that 
Dr.  Dresser’s  lectures  on  “Art  Museums,”  at  the  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts,  will  have  the  effect  of  creating  an  interest  in  the 
subject,  and  it  is  probable  that  other  lectures  will  follow. 


THE  END. 


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THE 


Centennial  History 


of  THE 


UNITED  STATES, 

TIE  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  AMERICAN  CONTIRERT 

TO 

Tfe  Close  of  the  First  Century  of  American  Independence. 


»^ITH  the  close  of  the  First  Hundred  Years  of  our  National  Progress,. 

|  and  its  celebration  by  a  Grand  International  Centennial  Exhibition, 
u a  renewed  and  wide-spread  interest  is  being  diffused  among  the  people  in  the 
History  of  the  Great  Events  which  have  culminated  in  such  power  and  wealth 
as  that  to  which  our  country  has  attained. 

The  author  gives  a  clear,  vivid,  and  brilliant  narrative  of  the  events  of  our  history, 
from  the  discovery  of  the  American  Continent  to  the  present  day.  1  he  voyages  of 
Columbus,  the  explorations  of  the  different  nations  of  Europe,  and  the  wanderings  of 
the  Spaniards  in  quest  of  gold  and  immortal  youth  are  told  with  graphic  power. 

Every  step  of  our  colonial  history  is  traced  with  patient  fidelity,  and  t lie  sources  of 
those  noble,  and  we  trust,  enduring  institutions  which  have  made  our  country'  free  and 
great,  are  shown  with  remarkable  clearness.  The  causes  of  our  great  struggle  for  inde¬ 
pendence  are  told  with  a  logical  force  and  ability  unsurpassed  in  any  woik  of  the  day; 
and  the  story  of  that  great  struggle  for  liberty,  with  its  triumphant  issue,  is  in  itself  worth 
the  price  of  the  book.  Then  fellows  a  clear  and  succinct  account  of  the  formation  of  the 
Federal  Constitution ;  the  establishment  of  the  Union  ;  the  course  of  a  flairs  until  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Second  War  with  England;  and  a  full  and  comprehensive  account 
©f  that  War  and  its  results.  The  history  of  the  country  from  the  peace  of  1815  to  the 
outbreak  of  the  Mexican  war  is  then  given,  and  the  thrilling  story  of  ihe  Mexican  War 
is  told  with  all  the  interest  of  a  romance.  The  history  of  the  (  ivil  "War  is  related  with 
intense  v.g^r,  and  with  strict  fidelity  to  truth.  The  author  writes  throughout  with  the 
calmness  and  impartiality  of  a  historian,  and  pleads  the  cause  of  no  )  arty  or  section. 
He  states  facts,  points  out  the  lessons  which  they  teach,  and  appealing  to  1  either  passion 
nor  political  feeling,  trusts  to  the  good  sense  of  his  countrymen  to  sustain  his  views. 

It  is  a  fitting  time  to  consider  the  story  of  the  ]  ast,  to  learn  the  lessens  which  it 
teaches,  and  to  ponder  the  warnings  which  it  conveys  for  the  future.  On  ihe  fourth  of 
July,  1876,  the  United  States  of  America  completed  the  first  century  of  their  national 
existence.  The  people  of  this  country  can  look  back  upon  this  period  with  pride,  for  it 
is  a  grand  history — a  record  of  the  highest  achievements  of  humanity — the  noblest,  most 
thrilling,  and  glorious  history  ever  penned  on  earth,  and  yet  the  fact  remains  that  the 
great  mass  of  the  American  people  are  but  imperfectly  acquainted  with  it.  There  is  a 
real  need  that  we  should  know  better  than  we  do  what  we  have  done.  Jt  is  only  by  a 
thoughtful  study  of  our  past  that  we  can  safely  provide  for  the  perils,  of  the  future.  \Ve 
have  triumphed  over  adversity,  and  we  are  uow  called  upon  to  bear  the  test  of  success. 
The  author  has  devoted  a  life  of  study  and  research  to  his  task,  and  has  produced  a  work 
that  will  take  rank  as  the  Standard  History  of  the  United  States. 


GOITEITIOITS: 

It  is  comprised  in  one  largo  Octavo  volume  of  1002  pages,  embellished  with  5  IS  fine  Historical 
Engravings,  and  will  be  furnished  to  subscribers,  in  neat  and  substantial  binding,  at  the  following  prices 

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make  it  the  best  opportunity  for  Agents  to  make  money  over  offered.  They  are  meeting  with  unptv 
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SEND  FOR  OCR  EXTR4  TERMS  TO  AGENTS,  AND  A  FULL  DESfRIPTIflN  OF  THE  WORK. 

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CAUTION 


— Old,  Incomplete  and  Unreliable  Histories  of  the  United  States  are  being  circulated  ;  see 
that  the  booli  you  'my  contains  518  Fine  Historical  JSngravings  and  MMStepagi  8 


PATHWAYS  OI1 


OR 

Palestine  and  Syria. 


BEIITG- 

A  FULL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THOSE  COUNTRIES,  THEIR  HISTORY^ 
ANTIQUITIES,  INHABITANTS  AND  CUSTOMS, 

ACCORDING  TO  THE 

GREAT  DISCOVERIES  RECENTLY  MADE  BY  THE 
PALESTINE  EXPLORING  EXPEDITIONS. 


Illustrated  with  212  line  Engravings  and  Maps . 

gg  INCE  the  establishment  of  Christianity  throughout  the  civilized  world 
the  country  known  as  Palestine,  or  the  Holy  Land,  has  been  the  most 
interesting  portion  of  the  globe  in  the  eyes  of  every  race  professing  faith 
in  Jesus  Christ.  Not  only  is  it  the  scene  of  the  eveots  recorded  in  the  Old 
Testament,  bat  it  witnessed  the  birth,  the  labors,  the  great  sacrifice,  and 
the  triumphant  resurrection  of  the  Redeemer  of  the  world. 

For  the  past  ten  years  there  has  been  a  constant  and  successful  effort 
to  explore  every  part  of  the  Holy  Land.  These  explorations  have  revolu¬ 
tionized  our  knowledge  of  Palestine,  and  the  most  interesting  discoveries 
have  been  made,  all  tending  to  strengthen  and  confirm  the  faith  of  the 
Christian  in  the  Bible.  The  author  has  devoted  years  of  study  and  research 
to  his  task,  and  has  produced  a  work  which  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  volumes  ever  issued. 

The  book  opens  with  the  Exodus  of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt ;  and 
traces  their  wonderful  march  from  the  Land  of  Goshen  to  Mount  Sinai, 
their  wanderings  in  the  Desert,  and  their  final  march  to  the  Promised 
Land.  Then  follows  a  clear  and  concise  history  of  Palestine  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  present  day. 

From  this  brief  outline  of  the  character  of  the  work  it  will  be  seen  that 
it  is  very  comprehensive.  The  Bible  gathers  new  interest  read  in  connection 
with  it,  ana  many  difficulties  which  are  constantly  presenting  themselves  to 
the  mind  of  the  unassisted  reader  will  vanish  in  the  light  of  the  clear 
explanations  of  this  work. 

ooisriDXTxoisrs  = 

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AGENTS  WANTED.  Address,  NATIONAL  PUBLISHING  CO. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. :  Chicago,  Ill. ;  and  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


HUMAN  SCIENCE; 

0X1, 


ITS  PRINCIPLES,  PROOFS,  ORGANS,  TEMPERAMENTS,  COMBINATIONS,  TEACHINGS,  !& 

^.S  APPLIED  TO 

HEALTH,  INTELLECT,  MENTAL  PHILOSOPHY,  Ete 

BY  PROF.  O.  S.  FOWLER. 

Ever  since  man  began  to  think,  or  to  regard  himself  as  a  reasonable  and  responsible 
being,  the  greatest  of  all  questions  to  him  has  been,  and  still  is,  how  to  live,  how  to  regu¬ 
late  the  life  given  to  him  by  the  Creator,  so  as  not  only  to  fulfil  the  high  destiny  of  an 
immortal  soul,  but  also  to  en^oy  the  rewards  which  attend  the  rightful  observance  of 
those  great  physical  laws  upon  which  his  whole  animal  existence  depends.  Human 
beings  may  be  said  to  live  two  lives — that  of  their  moral  and  spiritual  faculties,  and  that 
of  their  bodily  faculties.  These  two  lives  are  so  closely  interwoven  that  the  perfection 
of  the  one  depends  upon  the  perfection  of  the  other.  A  well  balanced  and  vigorous 
mental  and  moral  organization  cannot  exist  in  an  unsound  or  diseased  body,  and  he  only 
is  a  perfect  man  who  can  keep  both  mind  and  body  pure  and  sound. 

THE  WORK  TREATS 

OF  THE  NATURAL  LAWS  which  govern  man,  showing  that  nearly  all  pain  and 
suffering  is  the  direct  result  of  a  violation  of  these  laws. 

OF  THE  MIND  and  its  organ,  THE  BRAIN,  showing  the  wonderful  sympathy 
between  body,  mind  and  brain,  and  how  to  cause  each  to  increase  our  happiness. 

OF  THE  MENTAL  TEMPERAMENT,  showing  which  is  the  best  organization ;  how 
bad  qualities  may  be  improved,  and  good  ones  developed  into  controlling  powers.  Parents 
will  find  here  the  real  secret  of  instilling  sound  moral  principles  into  their  children. 

OF  CHARACTER  IN  INDIVIDUALS,  showing  how  to  recognize  and  read  it;  what 
traits  of  character  are  indicated  by  various  forms,  complexions,  eyes,  intonations,  modes 
of  walking,  speaking,  &c. 

OF  THE  NATURAL  PROCLIVITIES  OF  MAN,  showing  how  abnormal  physical 
conditions  create  sinful  proclivities ; — a  chapter  of  the  highest  importance. 

OF  HEALTH,  the  value  of  good,  sound  constitutional  health  ;  showing  that  all  may 
enjoy  it,  and  that  sickness  and  premature  death  can  be  almost  entirely  avoided. 

OF  CONSUMPTION,  showing  how  a  tendency  to  it  may  be  averted,  and  how  the 
disease  may  be  cured,  when  the  treatment  prescribed  is  adopted  in  time. 

OF  THE  SKIN,  its  structure  and  offices  ;  with  rules  for  bathing,  &c. 

OF  SLEEP  ;  “  Nature’s  sweet  restorer ;  ”  its  necessity  and  duration ;  showing  how  to 
enjoy  sound  and  refreshing  sleep  at  will. 

OF  THE  ANATOMY  OF  THE  HUMAN  BODY,  in  all  its  various  parts. 

OF  SICKNESS  AND  DISEASE,  describing  fully  the  various  “  ills  that  flesh  is  heii 
to,”  and  their  causes ;  with  rules  for  their  prevention,  proper  treatment  and  cure.  This 
portion  enables  mothers  to  have  a  competent  medical  adviser  always  at  hand. 

OF  THE  MENTAL  FACULTIES,  their  nature  and  offices,  with  rules  for  the  culti¬ 
vation  of  each.  A  complete  guide  for  the  proper  regulation  of  the  mental  character. 

OF  SUCCESS  IN  LIFE;  how  to  deserve  and  how  to  win  it;  showing  what 
developments  are  necessary  for  special  vocations ;  what  conditions  guarantee  success,  and 
cause  failure ;  and  hew  each  one  may  know  for  what  he  is  best  suited. 

In  short,  there  is  scarcely  a  question  concerning  the  various  relations  of  life  which  is 
not  satisfactorily  discussed  and  solved  in  this  wonderful  volume.  The  great  aim  of  the 
Author  is  to  show  his  fellow-men  how  to  live  aright,  both  as  to  their  moral  and  animal 
existence.  A  right  life  is,  incomparably,  the  most  exalted  attainment  and  achievement 
possible  to  human  beings.  Just  how  to  live  is  the  master  problem,  heretofore  unsolved, 
of  all  individual,  all  communities,  throughout  all  ages  and  climes;  and  its  scientific 
solution  and  application  to  all  the  relations  of  life,  immeasurably  exceeds  all  other 
studies  and  acquisitions,  because  it  embraces  all  knowledge,  all  virtue,  all  enjoyment. 

Jn  one  large  royal  octavo  volume,  of  1211  pages,  illustrated  with  over  2C0PincEngra7- 
Ings,  prepared  under  the  personal  supervision  of  the  Author,  and  furnished  to  subscribers 

In  Extra  Fine  Ruby  Cloth,  at  $3.75  per  Copy, 

In  Fine  Leather  (Library  Style,)  -  at  $4.50  ss  “ 

AGENTS  WANTED.  Address,  NATIONAL  PUBLISHING  01, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Chicago,  Ill. ;  or,  St.  Louis,  Mo, 


THE  OFFICIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE 

CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION, 

WITH  A  FULL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE 

GREAT  BUILDINGS  AND  ALL  THE  OBJECTS 
OF  INTEREST  EXHIBITED  IN  THEM, 

,  EMBELLISHED  WITH  NEARLY  400  FINE  ENGRAVINGS. 

This  work  gives  a  complete  and  vivid  description  of  the  great  Exhibition.  The 
Author  has  written  from  his  own  personal  knowledge,  having  gone  through  every  part 
of  the  great  Fair,  note-book  in  hand,  recording  the  vast  and  varied  information  contained 
in  this  book.  He  has  received  in  his  labors  the  constant  and  sympathetic  assistance  of 
the  Centennial  authorities,  and  has  enjoyed  peculiar  advantages  in  its  preparation.  It 
is  the  only  Official  History  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition  offered  to  the  public,  and  there 
is  not  another  book  in  print  which  gives  one-fourth  of  the  information  contained  in  this 
work.  To  those  who  have  visited  the  Exhibition,  it  will  be  a  pleasing  souvenir  of  their 
visit,  and  will  enable  them  to  recall  the  magnificent  scenes  they  have  witnessed.  To 
those  who  did  not  make  the  journey,  the  book  is  a  necessity,  for  it  will  enable  them  to 
enjoy  the  delights  of  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  great  World’s  Fair  in  the 
quietude  of  their  own  homes. 

THE  WORK  TREATS 

OF  THE  EXHIBITION  GROUNDS;  giving  an  account  of  them,  the  manner  in 
which  thev  were  laid  off,  and  the  location  of  everv  object  of  interest  in  them. 

OF  THE  GREAT  BUILDINGS  OF  THE  EXHIBITION  ;  giving  their  history,  their 
size,  the  details  of  their  construction,  and  an  accurate  description  of  each. 

OF  THE  MAIN  EXHIBITION  BUILDING,  that  superb  palace  of  glass  and  iron; 
of  the  rare  and  beautiful  articles  displayed  within  it ;  the  rich  Jewels,  Laces,  Silks,  and 
manufactures  of  all  kinds, which  were  here  spread  out  in  a  manner  surpassing  the  wildest 
flights  of  romance  ;  and  the  thousands  of  beautiful  objects  which  filled  the  vast  hall. 

OF  MACHINERY  HALL,  the  grand  temple  of  the  Mechanic  Arts  ;  of  the  great  Cor¬ 
liss  Engine,  and  the  thousands  of  machines  which  exhibit  the  mechanical  industries. 

OF  MEMORIAL  HALL,  the  beautiful  Art  Gallery,  with  its  thousands  of  Paintings, 
Statues,  Bronzes,  etc.;  the  most  superb  Art  Collection  ever  seen  in  any  Exhibition. 

OF  AGRICULTURAL  HALL,  in  which  was  made  the  most  complete  display  of  the 
agricultural  systems  of  the  nations  of  the  world.  This  was  the  grand  original  feature 
of  the  Exhibition,  and  was  a  source  of  the  deepest  interest  to  all.  To  farmers  this  ac¬ 
count  of  the  superb  display  in  this  building  is  worth  the  price  of  the  whole  book. 

OF  HORTICULTURAL  HALL,  the  fairy-like  palace  in  which  the  flowers  of  the 
world  were  to  be  seen  ;  and  of  the  beautiful  landscape  garden  which  surrounded  it. 

OF  THE  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING;  in  which  was  displayed  the  great  National 
Museum  and  the  practical  workings  of  the  Treasury,  War,  Navy,  and  P.  O.  Departments. 

OF  THE  WOMAN’S  PAVILION,  with  its  beautiful  collections  of  the  work  of  women 
in  the  various  occupations  in  which  her  skill  and  patience  have  won  her  success. 

OF  THE  STATE  BUILDINGS,  the  arrangements  made  for  special  displays,  and  for 
the  comfort  and  convenience  of  the  visitors  from  the  various  States. 

OF  THE  BUILDINGS  OF  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES;  giving  descriptions  of  the 
stately  mansions  of  Great  Britain,  the  handsome  pavilions  of  Spain  and  Germany,  the 
curious  residence  and  bazaars  of  the  Japanese  and  the  Cafes  of  the  Turks  and  Tunisians. 

OF  THE  CATTLE  SHOW  AND  LIVE-STOCK  EXHIBITION,  which  formed  so 
important  a  part  of  the  great  Exhibition;  of  the  Boat  Races;  the  Tournament;  the 
various  State  Days  ;  and  the  magnificent  displays  of  Fire  Works;  making  the  work  a 
complete  account  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition  from  its  inception  to  its  close. 

Jg^The  work  is  superbly  illustrated.  The  engravings  are  genuine  works  of  art,  and 
were  made  at  a  cost  of  over  $20,000.  The  great  number  and  high  character  of  these 
engravings  make  this  the  most  valuable  art  publication  of  the  Exhibition. 

CONDITIONS  : 

It  is  printed  from  clear,  new  type,  comprised  in  one  large  Octavo  volume  of  over  900 
pages,  embellished  with  nearly  400  fine  engravings,  of  buildings,  exhibits  and  scenes 
in  the  Great  Exhibition,  and  will  be  furnished  to  subscribers  at  the  following  prices. 

Iii  Extra  Fine  Satin  Cloth, . at  $3.50  per  copy. 

In  Library  Style,  (Morocco  Hack  and  Corners,). .  at  4.00  “  “ 

A  P  C  fU  T  C  Ilf  h  T  ST  n — Send  for  circulars  containing  extra  terms  to  Agents, 
MUtll  ■  Cfc  Mil  I  LU  and  a  fuller  description  of  the  work. 

Address,  NATIONAL  PUBLISHING  C0„ 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.;  CHICAGO,  ILL.;  or,  ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


NATIONAL  PUBLISHING  GO’S  SUPERFINE  EDITION 


NEW  DEVOTIONAL  AND  PRACTICAL 


With  over  1000  Fine  Scripture  Illustrations. 


a  UR  DEVOTIONAL  AND  PRACTICAL  PICTORIAL  FAMILY  BIBLE  is  u 
most  perfect  and  comprehensive  edition  ever  published  in  this  country. 

In  addition  to  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  Apocrypha,  Concordance  and  Psalms 
in  Metre,  it  contains  a  large  amount  of  explanatory  matter,  compiled  with  great  care,  and 
furnishing  a  complete  encyclopedia  of  Biblical  knowledge. 

The  following  are  among  its  leading  features: 

1.  A  comprehensive  and  critical  History  of  all  the  Books  of  the  Bible. 

2.  A  very  elegant  and  elaborate  Marriage  Certificate,  with  designs,  etc.,  in  seven  colors. 

3.  A  History  of  all  the  existing  Religious  Denominations  in  the  world,  and  the  various 
Sects,  both  ancient  and  modern. 

4.  Beautifully  illuminated  pages  of  the  Lord’s  Prayer  and  Ten  Commandments. 

5.  A  very  unique  Family  Record  for  Marriages,  Births  and  Deaths,  printed  in  colors. 

6.  The  History  of  the  Translation  of  the  English  Bible. 

7.  A  handsome  Photograph  Album  for  sixteen  Portraits,  printed  in  colors. 

8.  A  complete  and  practical  household  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  comprising  its  Antiqui¬ 
ties,  Biography,  Geography  and  Natural  History,  by  the  great  Biblical  scholar,  William 
Smith,  LL.  D.  Expounding  every  subject  mentioned  in  the  Bible. 

/?©=*  Special  attention  is  .called  to  tlie  great  value  of  this  feature.  Dr.  Smith’s  is  everywhere  conceded 
to  be  the  most  comprehensive  ami  valuable  Bible  Dictionary  ever  published. 

9.  Over  1(>  >  >  fine  Scripture  Illustrations,  accurately  showing  the  Manners  and  Customs 
of  the  Period,  Biblical  Antiquities  and  Scenery,  Natural  History,  etc.,  etc. 

10.  Topographical  Sketch  of  the  Holy  Land,  with  Maps  and  Panoramic  views  of  the 
country  as  occupied  by  the  different  tribes. 

11.  Illustrations  of  Jerusalem  and  its  environs,  showing  the  Holy  City  as  it  appeared  in 
the  time  of  David  and  again  in  the  time  of  Christ.  The  Mount  of  Olives,  Mount  Zion,  etc. 

12.  The  Wanderings  in  the  Wilderness,  with  Map  and  Illustrations  showing  the  Wilder¬ 
ness  of  Sinai,  the  Camp  of  the  Israelites,  Standards  of  the  Twelve  Tribes,  etc. 

13.  Illustrations  of  the  Tabernacle  and  Solomon's  Temple,  with  plans,  altars,  ark,  golden 
candlestick,  brazen  laver,  breastplate,  molten  sea,  and  the  high  priest  in  his  various  offices, 

14.  Illustrations  of  scenes  and  incidents  in  the  Life  of  Christ. 

15.  The  Cities  and  Towns  of  the  Bible,  showing  all  the  important  places  in  Palestine. 

16.  Scenes  in  the  Lives  of  the  Patriarchs,  Prophets  and  Kings  of  the  Old  Testament. 

17.  Illustrations  of  the  Animals,  Birds,  Insects,  Reptiles,  etc.,  mentioned  in  the  Bible. 
IS.  Illustrations  of  the  prominent  events  in  the  Life  of  St.  Paul. 

19.  Illustrations  of  the  trees,  plants  and  flowers  the  Bible. 

20.  Fac-similes  of  Ancient  Coins,  with  a  description  of  each,  including  the  Hebrew, 
Greek  and  Roman  coins,  with  their  value  in  gold. 

21.  A  Harmony  of  the  Four  Gospels,  and  Analysis  of  the  Bible. 

22.  A  Table  of  contents  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  so  arranged  that  any  subject 
or  occurrence  mentioned  in  the  Bible  can  be  readily  referred  to 

23.  A  Plan  showing  how  the  Bible  may  be  read  through  in  a  year. 

24.  A  Table  showing  how  the  earth  was  repeopled  by  the  descendants  of  Noah. 

25.  Nearly  One  Hundred  Thousand  Marginal  References  and  Readings. 

26.  A  Chronological  Table,  showing  the  principal  events  of  Jewish  and  contemporaneous 
History,  from  the  creation  of  the  world  to  the  present  time. 

27.  A  Table  of  the  Kings  and  Prophets  of  Judah  and  Israel,  arranged  in  parallels. 

The  following  are  specimens  of  letters  that  we  have  received  from 
Clergymen  and  from  Agents  who  are  selling  our  Bible: 

Rkv.  W.  S.  Black,  of  Monroe,  Union  Co.,  N.  G.,  writes: — “Every  person  is  delighted  with  your  Bible 
It  is  the  must  complete,  and  gives  more  entire  satisfaction  than  any  other  Bible  I  ever  saw.  I  sold  11  copier 
in  one  day,  I  t  in  another,  and  17  in  another,  mostly  in  the  finest  style  of  binding.” 


Bnv.  J.  G.  Monfort.  D.  P.,  of  Cincinnati.  0..  writes:— “This  Family  Bible  is  of  inestimable  value.  Tt* 
pictures  impress  sacred  characters  and  scenes  upon  the  imagination,  and  its  map*,  tables  and  marginal  refer, 
ences  make  it  the  best  of  all  Commentaries  Fait  no  family  that  can  afford  it  be  without  this  iarge,  well- 
printed,  handsomely-bound  and  illustrated  copy  of  the  Word  of  God.” 


Rf.v.  H.  Is.  HnsBAitn,  of  Point  Abino,  Ontario,  Canada,  who  has  sold  over  300  copies  of  our  Bible,  writes: — 
' 'The  latest  edition  of  your  Bible  is  superior  to  any  liiblo  liat  I  ever  saw  for  the  same  money.  Subscribers 
are  highly  delighted  with  it.”  _ 

Mr.  J.  Barnes,  our  Agent  at  St.  James,  Phelps  Co.,  Mo.,  writes: — “The  Bibles  you  sent  me  surprise  the 
people.  They  pronounce  them  the  finest  ever  brought  into  this  country.” 


C.  A.  Temple,  of  Reading,  Middlesex  Co.,  Mass.,  writes: — “There  is  a  man  selling  a  $20.  Bible  here.  It 
is  not  near  as  fine  as  your  $15.  Bible  in  any  respect;  binding,  paper,  type,  and  engravings  are  all  inferior,  and 
so  considered  by  those  who  have  seen  and  compared  the  two.” 

J.  I,.  Morrison,  of  Eldorado,  Preble  Co.,  0.,  writes: — “Your  Bible  is  the  best  selling  book  I  ever  tried. 
T  sold  115  copies  in  Adams  Township,  Darke  Co.,  O  ,  and  75  copies  in  Newberry  Township,  Miami  Co  ,  0.  I 
have  been  engaged  in  selling  books  by  subscription  for  the  past  fit  teen  years,  and  your  Bible  gives  better 
satisfaction  than  any  book  I  ever  sold.”  _ 


Aaron  Jones,  our  Agent  at  Keysville,  Charlotte  Co.,  Va.,  writes: — “  Your  Bible  is  a  perfect  gem  in  beauty, 
and  a  wonder  to  all  in  cheapness.  Nothing  like  it  has  ever  been  sold  in  this  county.” 


G.  W.  Ei.i.ts,  of  Linton,  Green  Co.,  Tnd.,  writes: — “  I  have  sold  52  Bibles;  38  of  them  in  one  small  town¬ 
ship.  My  subscribers  are  well  pleased  with  them.  One  man  says  he  would  not  take  $25.  for  his  $15.  Bible 
*ind  do  without  one  of  the  kiud.  Others  say  they  would  not  take  $2u.” 


J.  C.  Bii.i.inoiiam,  of  Gloversville,  N.  Y.,  writes: — “1  have  sold  71  Bibles  in  this  town,  and  have  not  yet 
■canvassed  more  than  half  of  it.” 

WE  APPEND  THE  FOLLOWING  REPORTS  FROM  AGENTS. 

W.  L.  Swift,  of  Fayette  Co.,  Tenn.,  sold  83  Bibles  in  eight  days. 

Mrs.  II.  Vansize,  of  Ada,  Mich.,  sold  140  Bibles  in  four  weeks. 

II.  G.  Conser,  of  Rebersburgh,  Centre  Co.,  Pa.,  sold  :  0  Bibles  in  two  days. 

Mr.  J.  Zimmerman,  a  student  from  the  Theological  Seminary  of  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  sold  105  Bibles  in  Carroll 
Co.,  Md.,  in  fourteen  days;  12  of  these  Bibles  were  sold  in  one  day. 

William  K.  Stiles  sold  79  Bibles  in  Lee  Township,  Platte  Co.,  Mo. 


Rev.  A.  J.  McGowx,  of  Huntsville,  Texas,  writes:— “I  sold  197  Bibles  last  month,  and  hope  to  do  better 
next  month.  In  one  day  I  sold  2G  Bibles.”  _ 

Mr.  George  Stevens,  our  Agent  at  Corning,  Steuben  Co..  N  Y.,  writes: — “  1  have  found  more  than  twenty 
different  styles  of  Family  Bibles  while  canvassing,  but  1  find  none  that  are  equal  to  yours.” 

OOWOlTSOMBs 

It  is  printed  from  large,  clear,  new  type,  on  fine  white  paper,  made  expressly  for  this 
Bible,  and  hound  in  the  most  handsome  and  substantial  manner;  contains  1400  pages, 
and  over  1000  Fine  Scripture  Illustrations,  on  steel  and  wood,  by  Gustave  Dorr,  and 
other  celebrated  Artists,  and  will  be  furnished  to  subscribers  at  the  following  Prices, 
payable  on  delivery: 

Bound  in  American  Morocco,  Panelled  Sides,  Marbled  Edges . at  $8.50- 

Bound  in  American  Morocco,  Panelled  Sides,  Gilt  Edges . at  10.00 

Elegantly  bound  in  Turkey  Morocco,  Full  Gilt,  Baised  Panels . at  15.00 

Also,  a  cheap  edition,  without  the  Dictionary  and  illustrated  matter . . at  6.50 


CAUT 


There  is  no  other  Bible  published  for  the  price  that  will  at  all  compare  with  it. 
The  binding  is  of  the  most  handsome  and  substantia!  kind,  being  very  heavy  and  durable. 
The  price  of  our  Bible  is  full  20  per  cent,  lower  than  other  publishers  sell  similar  Billies. 
Compare  our  $15.  Bible  with  any  other  one  that  sells  to  subscribers  for  C18.  or  $20. — examine 
the  binding,  engravings,  paper,  etc.,  carefully,  and  you  will  be  convinced  of  its  superiority. 

—  Inferior  Family  Bibles  ate  being  circulated. — See  that  the  copy 
you  buy  is  printed  on  Fine  Paper,  and  that  it  contains  over 
1000  Fine  Scripture  Illustr,  tions,  and  Dr.  SMITH’S  Complete 
Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

Published  in  both  English  and  German,  at  the  same  prices. 

JBiblrs  are  always  in  demand,  and  you  ran  often  sell  a  really  rala>  hie , 
handsome  and  cheap  one  to  persons  who  will  hay  no  other  book. 

II!  HUTCH — Sen(l  for  circulars  containing  terms  to  Agents,  and  a 
Wlllfil  [!  LU  fuller  description  of  our  Bible. 

Address,  NATIONAL  PUBLISHING  CO, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Chicago,  Ill. ;  or,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


THE 


LIGHT  IN  THE  EAST. 

A  COMPREHENSIVE  RELIGIOUS  WORK, 

EMBRACING  THE  LIFE  OF 

OUR  LORD  AND  SAVIOUR  JESUS  CHRIST 

AND  THE  LIVES  OF  HIS  HOLY  APOSTLES  AND  EVANGELISTS. 

BY  REV.  JOHN  FLEETWOOD,  D.D. 

Together  with  the  LIVES  of  the  PATRIARCHS  and  PROPHETS,  and  of  the  Mo$ 
Eminent  Christian  MARTYRS,  FATHERS  and  REFORMERS.  To 
which  is  added  the  HISTORY  OF  THE  JEWS,  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  the  Present  Day,  and  a 

HISTORY  OF  THE  RELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS  OF  THE  WORLD 

BOTH  ANCIENT  AND  MODERN. 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH  OVER  200  FINE  ENGRAVINGS. 

The  object  of  this  work  is  to  present  to  the  reader  a  full,  comprehensive  and  inteiligea' 
account  of  the  Life,  Ministry  and  Sufferings  of  our  Blessed  Redeemer.  On  all  sides  there  is 
a  growing  demand  for  some  plain  and  forcible  illustration  of  the  Life  and  Teachings  of  Our 
Saviour  while  on  earth,  which,  unmarrcd  by  the  errors  and  theories  of  M3DERN  philosophy, 
shall  serve  as  an  assistance  to  the  faithful  student  of  the  Gospel  story.  Swsh  a  work  is  needed 
in  every  household  to  strengthen  the  faith  of  the  aged,  and  to  keep  the  feet  of  the  young  in 
the  narrow  way.  The  Lives  of  the  Apostles  and  Evangelists  are  given  in  full,  and  to  them  are 
addod  biographies  of  the  other  New  Testament  characters.  It  will  be  found  a  great  assist¬ 
ance  to  an  intelligent  comprehension  of  Christ’s  ministry  to  be  thoroughly  instructed  in  the 
history  of  those  who  were  his  intimate  friends  and  the  agents  of  his  power. 

The  Lives  of  the  Patriarchs  and  Prophets  embrace  comprehensive  accounts  of  the  most, 
noted  Old  Testament  characters,  a  knowledge  of  whose  lives  is  essential  to  a  proper  under¬ 
standing  of  that  of  our  Saviour,  who  was  the  fulfilment  of  the  Old  Dispensation.  The  work 
would  be  incomplete  did  it  fail  to  trace  the  spread  of  Christinnity  from  the  days  of  the 
Apostles  to  the  modern  era.  This  is  done  in  a  series  of  biographies  of  the  Early  Christian 
Martyrs ,  Fathers  and  Reformers,  embracing  a  period  from  St.  John  to  the  Reformation,  and 
showing  how  the  truth  was  established  and  witnessed,  under  God,  by  those  noble  men.  To 
this  is  added  a  History  of  the  Jews  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present  Day,  which  is  very 
complete  and  comprehensive,  and  no  more  interesting  narrative  is  to  be  found  in  the  pages 
of  history. 

The  History  of  all  Religions  Denominations  comprises  a  series  of  comprehensive  accounts 
of  the  various  forms  of  truth  and  error  which  have  prevailed  in  the  world.  A  proper  under¬ 
standing  of  this  subject  will  do  much  to  soften  denominational  asperities  and  to  teach  us 
that  respect  for  the  religious  belief  of  our  brethren,  which  should  be  the  distinguishing  mark 
of  a  Christian.  The  Chronological  Table  will  be  found  especially  valuable  and  interesting, 
and  will  enable  the  reader  to  mark  the  progress  of  the  outside  world,  while  Israel  was  work¬ 
ing  out  her  destiny. 

One  of  the  great  merits  of  this  work  is  that  it  comprises  in  one  large  volume  that  which 
is  usually  spread  out  through  a  great  many  books,  so  that  it  may  be  said  it  is  in  effect  a 
complete  library  of  religious  literature  in  itself.  The  Editor  has  been  extremely  desirous 
of  including  in  it  all  that  it  is  essential  for  a  Christian  to  know,  and  much  that  is  pleasant  to 
read  of.  Nothing  necessary  to  a  full  and  intelligent  understanding  of  the  truths  of  revealed 
religion  has  been  omitted,  and  the  book  is  perfectly  free  from  sectarian  bias,  its  aim  being  to 
promote  the  cause  of  the  one  indivisible  Church. 

In  one  large  octavo  volume  of  850  pages,  embellished  and  illustrated  with  more  than  200 
fine  Engravings,  by  the  best  artists  of  England  and  America,  and  furnished  to  Subscribers, 


Elegantly  Bound,  in  Pine  Morocco  Cloth . . at  $3.75  per  Co^v 

“  «  In  Red  Roan,  Pull  Gilt  Back . . . -at  4.50  " 


“  “  In  French  Morocco,  Pull  Gilt  Panelled  Sides-  at  6.00  “  ‘ 

AGENTS  WANTED.  Address,  NAIIuNAL  PUBLISHING  CO., 
Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Chicago,  Ill. ;  or,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


A  WORK  DESCRIPTIVE  OF  THE 


CITY  OF  NEW  YORK  IN  ALL  ITS  VARIOUS  PHASES. 

Its  Splendors  and  Wretchedness;  Its  High  and  Low  Life;  Its  Marble  Palaces  and 
Dark  Dens ;  Its  Attractions  and  Dangers  ;  Its  Rings  and  Frauds ;  Its  Leading 
Men  and  Politicians ;  Its  Adventurers ;  Its  Mysteries  and  Crimes. 

ILLUSTRATED  WITH  NEARLY  200  FINE  ENGRAVINGS. 


Now  York  is  the  most  wonderful  of  all  the  many  wonderful  sights  of  this  great  country,  and  is  always 
a  theme  of  inexhaustible  interest  to  the  other  portions  of  the  Union.  It  is  constantly  changing,  and  grow¬ 
ing  more  magnificent  and  interesting  every  year.  Thousands  who  consider  themselves  well  acquainted 
with  the  Great  City,  by  reason  of  their  numerous  visits  to  it,  find,  upon  returning  after  an  absence  of  but 
»  few  years,  that  it  has  changed  to  an  extent  which  makes  it  almost  a  new  city  to  them. 

The  author  of  this  work  needs  no  endorsement;  bis  long  residence  in  NewYoik,  and  very  intimate 
acquaintance  with  metropolitan  life  in  all  its  varied  phases,  peculiarly  fit  him  for  the  preparation  of  such 
a  book;  and  he  has  produced  in  this  work  a  vivid  and  life-like  picture  of  the  Great  City,  painting  its 
Lights  and  Shadows  with  a  bold  and  skilful  hand,  and  reproducing  its  brilliant  Sights  and  wonderful  Sen¬ 
sations  with  a  graphicness  which  renders  it  the  most  absorbing  and  fascinating  book  that  has  ever  been 
wntten  upon  the  subject. 

IT  TEUEiATS 


Of  the  City  of  New  York ;  giving  a  concise  and  interesting  account  of  its  growth  and  progress 
from  its  first  settlement. 

Of  the  magnificent  public  and  private  buildings  of  the  city  ;  of  its  gardens,  parks, 
marble  palaces,  prisons,  and  public  works. 

Of  Broadway  ;  the  most  beautiful  and  wonderful  street  in  the  world,  with  full  accounts  of  its  sights 
bv  day  and  night. 

Of  New  York  Society;  showing  of  what  it  is  composed,  and  revealing  a  fearful  6tory  of  fashion¬ 
able  foilh'S,  and  dissipations. 

Of  the  ‘pRings  ”  of  New  York  ;  showing  how  the  city  is  plundered  by  a  fewr  unscrupulous  men. 

Of  Fifth  Avenue,  with  its  miles  of  palaces,  its  people,  and  its  sights ;  showing  the  interior  of  one  of 
the  most  fashionable  mansions. 

Of  W all  Street;  with  vivid  sketches  of  the  men  and  mysteries  of  Wall  Street;  how  fortunes  ara 
made  and  lost  in  a  day  ;  how  bogus  stock  o  mpanies  otiginate,  and  how  the  hubbies  burst. 

Of  the  Hotels  ;  showing  how  these  magnificent  establishments  are  conducted. 

Of  the  Central  Park,  its  lawns,  lakes,  rambles,  statuary,  museums,  and  summer  and  winter  sports 

Of  the  Detectives,  with  absorbing  accounts  of  some  of  their  most  celebrated  cases. 

Of  Fashionable  Stores,  with  a  complete  description  of  Stewart’s  great  retail  store,  its  attaches, 
customers,  amount  of  sales,  etc. 

Of  the  Five  Points  and  its  History,  a  fearful  account  of  misery,  suffering,  and  crime;  of  the 
dark  dens  and  filthy  lanes  of  the  Five  Points;  and  of  the  dwellers  in  this  section. 

Of  Crime  and  Criminals,  with  sketches  of  the  Professional  Thieves;  the  Pick-pockets,  Female 
Thieves,  Itiver  Thieves;  ';he  "Fences;  ”  the  Pawnbrokers;  the  Roughs,  and  others. 

Of  the  Theatres;  of  actors,  actresses,  ballet  girls  and  their  mode  of  life ;  Music  and  Beer  Gardens. 

Of  the  Social  Evil  ;  cf  the  Lost  Sisterhood;  of  Houses  of  Assignation  ;  of  Streetwalkers,  Concert 
Saloons  and  Waiter  Girls;  of  Masked  Bills,  Dance  Houses,  and  Harry  Hill’s;  of  Personals  and  Matri¬ 
monial  Advertisements;  of  the  Midnight  Mission;  Child  Murder;  the  Abortionists  and  tlieir  Victims. 

Of  the  Poor  of  New  York  ;  of  death  in  the  cellars,  and  suffering  in  its  most  appalling  form. 

Of  Black  Mailers;  of  sharpers,  male  and  female,  and  their  victims;  of  swindlers,  gift  enterprises, 
mock  auctions,  Cheap  Johns,”  impostors,  quack  doctors,  clairvoyants,  and  fortune  tellers. 

Of  Gambling  Houses  ;  of  aamblers  and  their  victims;  of  lotteries  and  policy  dealing. 

Of  the  Custom  House,  it*  inside  workings ,  and  many  interesting  details. 

Of  all  that  is  great,  noble,  mysterious,  brilliant,  startling,  genteel,  or  shabby,  and 
all  that  is  interesting  in  the  Great  City. 

No  volume  ever  written  concerning  New  York  contains  so  much  information  of  use  and  interest  to  the 

reader.  It  is  in  all  respects  the  most  brilliant,  reliable  and  fascinating  work  now  offered  to  the  public. 

Though  it  discusses  the  darker  sides  of  city  life,  it  does  so  with  delicacy  and  candor,  and  the  book  is  an 

emphatic  warning  against  tho  vices  of  the  city. 

In  one  large  Royal  Octavo  volume  of  850  pages,  embellished  and  illustrated  with  nearly  200  fine 

Engravings  of  noted  places,  life  and  scenes  in  New  York ;  and  furnished  to  Subscribers,  elegantly  bound 

In  Fine  Morocco  Cloth,  in  English  or  German . at  $2.75  per  copy. 

In  Fine  Leather,  (Library  Style,)  in  English  or  German,  at  $3.25  “  “ 


AGENTS  WANTED.  Address,  NATIONAL  PUBLISHING  CO., 

Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Chicago,  Ill. ;  or  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Published  in  both  English  and  German,  and  Sold  by  Subscription  only 


This  very  interesting  and  valuable  Work  will  be  sent  to 
any  address ,  postage  paid,  on  receipt  of  Price, 


MANHOOD,  WOMANHOOD, 

AND 


THEIR  MUTUAL  INTER-RELATIONS; 

LOVE,  ITS  LAWS,  POWER,  ETC. 

By  Prof.  O.  S.  Fowler. 

“  Sexual  Science  ”  is  simply  that  great  code  of  natural  laws  by  which  the  Almighty  re 
quires  the  sexes  to  be  governed  in  their  mutual  relations.  A  knowledge  of  these  laws  is  of 
the  highest  importance,  and  it  is  the  general  ignorance  of  them  which  swells  the  list  of  disease 
•and  misery  in  the  world,  and  wrecks  so  many  lives  which  would  otherwise  be  happy. 

THE  WORK  TREATS  OF  LOVE-MAKING  AND  SELECTION,  showing'how  love 
affairs  should  be  conducted,  and  revealing  the  laws  which  govern  male  and  female  attraction 
and  repulsion;  what  qualities  make  a  good,  and  a  poor,  husband  or  wife,  and  what  given 
persons  should  select  and  reject;  what  forms,  sizes,  etc.,  may,  and  must  not,  intermarry. 

OF  MARRIAGE,  its  sacredness  and  necessity,  its  laws  and  rights ;  of  perfect  and  miserable 
unions;  and  of  all  that  it  is  necessary  to  know  concerning  this  most  important  relation  in  life. 

OF  BEARING  AND  NURSING. — This  portion  being  a  complete  encyclopedia  for  pro* 
spective  mothers,  showing  how  to  render  confinement  easy,  and  manage  infants;  every  young 
wife  requires  its  instructions  as  affecting  her  embryo. 

OF  SEXUAL  RESTORATION. — This  is  a  very  important  part  of  the  work;  because 
almost  all  men  and  women,  if  not  diseased,  are  run  down.  The  laws  of  sexual  recuperation 
are  here,  for  the  first  time,  unfolded,  and  the  whole  subject  thoroughly  and  scientifically 
■treated;  giving  the  cause  and  cure  of  female  ailments,  seminal  losses,  sexual  impotence,  etc. 

And  Tells  how  to  promote  sexual  vigor,  the  prime  duty  of  every  man  and 
woman. 

How  to  make  a  right  choice  of  husband  or  wife ;  what  persons  are  suited  tG 
each  other. 

How  to  judge  a  man  or  woman’s  sexual  condition  by  visible  signs. 

How  young  husbands  should  treat  their  brides;  howto  increase  their  lov& 
and  avoid  shocking  them. 

How  to  avoid  an  improper  marriage,  and  how  to  avoid  female  ailments. 

How  to  increase  the  joys  of  wedded  life,  and  how  to  increase  female  passion. 

How  to  regulate  intercourse  between  man  and  wile,  and  how  to  make  it 
healthful  to  both  ;  ignmance  <>f  this  law  is  the  cause  of  nearly  all  the  woes  of  marriage. 

How  to  have  fine  and  healthy  children,  and  how  to  transmit  mental  and 
physical  qualities  to  offspring. 

How  to  avoid  the  evils  attending  pregnancy,  and  how  to  make  child-bearing 
healthful  and  desirable. 

How  to  prevent  self-abuse  among  the  young,  and  how  to  recognize  the  signs 
of  self-abuse  and  cure  it. 

How  intercourse  out  of  wedlock  is  injurious  ;  a  warning  to  young  men. 

How  to  restore  and  perpetuate  female  beauty,  and  how  to  promote  the  growth 
of  the  female  bust. 

How  to  be  virtuous,  happy,  healthful  and  useful,  by  a  rigid  compliance  with 
the  laws  of  sexual  science. 

There  is  scarcely  a  question  concerning  the  most  serious  duties  of  life  which  is  m/t  fully 
and  satisfactory y  answered  in  this  book.  Such  a  work  has  long  been  needed,  and  will  be 
found  invnluabk  to  every  man  and  woman  who  has  arrived  at  years  of  discretion.  It  should 
be  read  especially  by  the  married,  and  by  those  who  have  the  care  of  children,  and  it  will 
carry  happiness  with  it  wherever  it  goes,  by  diffusing  knowledge  on  those  subjects  concern¬ 
ing  which  it  has,  until  now,  been  almost  impossible  to  obtain  reliable  information.  The 
book  is  pure  and  ekvated  in  tone;  eloquent  in  its  denunciations  of  vice;  and  forcible  in  its 
warnings  against  th.  secret  sins  which  are  practiced  with  impunity  even  in  the  family  circle. 

Tn  one  large  royal  octavo  volume  of  930  pages,  embellished  and  illustrated  with  numeroi  9 


Engraving-,  and  furnished  to  Subscribers, 

Bound  in  Extra  Pine  Cloth . - . at  $3.75  per  Copy, 

Bound  in  Pine  Leather,  ^Library  Style,) . at  $4.50  “  “ 


AGENTS  WANTED.  Address,  NATIONAL  PUBLISHING  CO., 

Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Chicago,  Ill. ;  or,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


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